DOCSLIB.ORG

Three Chamaeza Antthrushes in Eastern Brazil (Formicariidae) ’

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Three Chamaeza Antthrushes in Eastern Brazil (Formicariidae) ’ The Condor 94:110-l 16 0 The CooperOrnithological Society 1992 THREE CHAMAEZA ANTTHRUSHES IN EASTERN BRAZIL (FORMICARIIDAE) ’ EDWIN 0. WILLIS Departamento de Zoologia, UniversidadeEstadual Paul&a, 13500 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Abstract. There are three, not two, sibling antthrushesof the genusChamaeza (For- micariidae)in easternBrazil. One is the short-tailed,large, pale-billed, lower montaneC. campanisona,with a spottedthroat, dark forehead, and a longsong ending in severalgrunts. The secondis the long-tailed,small, dark-billed,montane and southernC. ruficauda,with barred undertail covertsand a short upscalesong. The third is medium-tailed,small, dark-billed,midmontane, with a longupscale song like that of midmontaneso-called “ruj- cauda” in Colombiaand Venezuela.This northerngroup is like the third Brazilianspecies in proportionsbut not in coloration,so is consideredto be the separatespecies C. turdina. The third Brazilian bird is probablyC. meruloidesVigors 1825, basedon an 1826 color plate;type specimenswere sold at auctionand have disappeared.It has a reddishcrown and olive-brownback as in C. campanisonabut reddishforehead and tail asin C. rujicauda; thethroat is unspottedbut the restof theunderparts are as in C. campanisona.C. meruloides and C. turdina form a vocally similar superspecies. Key words: Brazilian forests:Chamaeza; conservation; Formicariidae; holotypes;muse- urns. INTRODUCTION York (AMNH), the British Museum (Natural Recording birds in southeasternBrazil in 197 1, History) at Tring (BM), the Museum Alexander Paul Schwartz was surprised to find a different Koenig in Bonn, and from the Museum Hum- song in Chamaeza rujicauda (Formicariidae), an boldt in Berlin. antthrush said to be the same as a bird he knew RESULTS well in Venezuela (pers. comm.) He further noted that a bird he recorded and collected at the Bor- SONGS aceia Zoological Station of the University of S&o Sick (1985) describesthe three types of songsin Paulo, thinking it C. campanisona, had a voice eastern Brazil. One is a long series of Otus-like like Venezuelan C. “rujicauda.” He was unable whistles near 1.0 kHz, which end in a few low to follow up theseobservations, while Sick (1985) grunts (“ku ku ku ku,” Bertoni 190 1). Figure 1(A) was only able to add that there were three and showsthe end of a 13-set, 90-note song, includ- not two types of song in southeastern Brazilian ing two terminal grunts. The type specimen of Chamaeza. C. campanisona (Lichtenstein 1823) examined When I came to eastern Brazil in December in Bonn courtesy of the Museum Humboldt, is 1974, the first Chamaeza found, at 1,350 m on of this widespread lower montane species. the serra de Caparao in eastern Minas Gerais, The second type of song, a rising short trill, is sang like C. “ruficauda,” which I had studied in a familiar voice on mountaintops and southward Venezuela with Paul Schwartz. Here I show that and is associated(Belton 1985) with C. rujicauda the Caparao and Boractia birds belong to a pre- (Cabanis and Heine 1859). Figure l(B) shows a viously unrecognized third species in eastern 3.6-set song of 50 notes, given at twice the rate Brazil, different from C. ruficauda and C. cam- in C. campanisona; it rises from 950 to 1,350 panisona, and that Venezuelan “rujicauda” are Hz or 8 Hz per note. Hellmayr (in Cory and also different. Hellmayr 1924) examined the type specimen, mounted in the Museum Heineanum at Halber- METHODS stadt, Germany, and mentions size and plumage I checked specimens at the Museum of Zoology characterstypical of the montane bird. After no of the University of Sao Paulo (MZUSP), the answer to several letters, I visited Halberstadt American Museum of Natural History in New but was unable to seethe bird becausethe curator was away; I did meet his assistant,Rudiger Holz, who later sent information on the type specimen ’ ’ Received3 May 1991. Accepted2 October1991. that confirms Hellmayr’s account. ill01 BRAZILIAN ANTTHRUSHES 111 The third song is a series like that of C. cam- are reddish brown, including the tail, which has panisona but longer, ascending, and without ter- hardly any pale tips. On each buff under tail co- minal grunts. Figure 1(D) showsthe end of a song vert, there are three or four dark bars. Buff stain- of 165 notes and 22.8 set, rising from 1,250 to ing on the breast sometimes extends to the un- 1,600 Hz at a regular 2.1 Hz per note. As in other spotted throat, as well as to the sides of the Charnaeza, the first notes are fainter; but so are abdomen. The sides of the abdomen are heavily the last ones. A sonagram by J. Vielliard (Sick streaked,there are three dark stripes (one medial 1985:54), said to be C. campanisona, is actually and two lateral) per feather, but some flank feath- of the third species;songs are said to vary from ers under the wings have only one pale stripe on 25 to 40 seconds,longer than the 15-set songs the outer vane. Hellmayr overlooked thesefeath- of C. campanisona. This song is associatedwith ers,which are like thoseof C. campanisona.There the midmontane bird Schwartzcollected at Bora- is no black blotch on the forehead. The barred c&a (MZUSP 61988). It is like that of Venezu- undertail coverts and long tail suggestthat it may elan midmontane birds of the subspeciesC. “Y.” be related to the bar-bellied C. mollissima of the chionogaster.These Venezuelan birds and their Andean temperate-zone forests. It weighs 70- Colombian relatives, C. “r.” turdina, differ in 75.5 g in Rio Grande do Sul (Belton 1985). plumage from birds that sing like them in Brazil, The third species, which occupies midmon- as well as from Brazilian C. rujicauda. tane wet forests of eastern Brazil, looks like a collage of the other two. It is a small, medium- COLOR AND SIZE DIFFERENCES tailed bird with a blackish subterminal tail band C. c. campanisona of the eastern Brazilian low- that is barely visible and extensive pale tips, best lands and lower montane zones has a short tail seen from below. Similar to C. rujicauda, the (Table l), with a pale tip and blackish subter- rump and tail are reddish, the bill small and dark, minal bar on most tail feathers. There are small the forehead reddish with no black blotch, and black speckleson the white throat. A large black the throat white or buffish with few or no dark spot on the forehead and a pale, large bill (Table spots. The upper and under parts are otherwise 2) are characteristic.As noted by Cory and Hell- as in C. campanisona,so that it is normally clas- mayr (1924) many dark flank feathers have a sified with C. c. campanisona in museums. In pale streak on the outer web but not on the inner voice and in bill, tarsus, and wing, as well as web. Also noted by Hellmayr, in a brief comment midmontane habitat, it is like Venezuelan chio- on Bertoni (1901) some central flank and belly nogasterand Colombian turdina, but these have feathersare three-striped, with pale areason both spotted throats, mostly three-striped flank feath- inner and outer webs between the stripes (Cory ers, and barred undertail coverts. They are also and Hellmayr 1924). There sometimes are a few much darker and redder above, like C. rujicauda, faint dark bars on the buff undertail coverts. The and have shorter tails than any but C. campani- crown is redder than the olive-brown back and sona.(All northern Andean forms are short-tailed, tail. Subspeciesin Paraguay and Bolivia are rath- compared to eastern forms at similar elevations.) er similar; subspeciesfrom the northern Andes Birds of average mass 69 g, cited for C. “cam- to Guyana are much darker (including the bill), panisona” by Sick (1985:533), are far too light but the foreheadis always black and the tail short. for that speciesand probably are the midmon- Only two MZUSP specimens from Ceara (serra tane eastern form. de Baturite) and a few young birds (as AMNH With rare exceptions, eastern birds with wing 77 118 1 from Argentina) lack the black forehead, chord exceeding tail length between central tail and even these are speckle-throated and short- feathersby 30 mm or more are C. campanisona, tailed. Masses are 93-102 g in Rio Grande do ones with 20-30 mm difference are the mid- Sul (Belton 1985), 9 1.8 g in Corrientes, 89-90 g montane species,and ones with lo-20 mm dif- in Bolivia, 64-69 g in northern Venezuela, and ference are C. rujkauda. Tail length and color 104-l 12 g on Cerro Urutani in southeastern charactersshould be verified, however. Venezuela or northwestern Brazil. C. rujcauda of southeasternBrazil and north- BEHAVIOR AND HABITAT eastern Argentina (J. C. Chebez, pers. comm.) is All speciesin this genus walk on the forest floor, a long-tailed though short-winged and small spe- roots, and logs, pounding their short tails down- cies, with small and blackish bill. The upperparts ward, and peck insects from the ground, debris, 112 EDWIN 0. WILLIS TIME IN SECONDS FIGURE 1. (A) End of songof Chamaeza campanisona,showing two final grunts(bridge over ribeirao Espirito Santo, 500 m, 21”37’S, 48”33’W, Fazenda Tamandua forest, Matlo, Sao Paulo, 21 December 1982); (B) Song of C. rujicuudu(1,875 m, road to Sgo Jose dos Alpes, 22”43’S, 45”28’W, Campos do Jordao State Park, SLo Paulo, 2 1 July 1982); (C) “wh ‘h ‘h ert”‘ loud roll, same bird; (D) End of song of C. meruloides(Alto do Ribeira State Park, Km 9, 820 m, 24”24’S, 48”36’W, 29 January 1987).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (Pycnonotidae: Andropadus) Supports a Montane Speciation Model
    Recent diversi¢cation in African greenbuls (Pycnonotidae: Andropadus) supports a montane speciation model MICHAEL S. ROY Zoological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK 2100, Denmark SUMMARY It is generally accepted that accentuated global climatic cycles since the Plio-Pleistocene (2.8 Ma ago) have caused the intermittent fragmentation of forest regions into isolated refugia thereby providing a mechanism for speciation of tropical forest biota contained within them. However, it has been assumed that this mechanism had its greatest e¡ect in the species rich lowland regions. Contrary evidence from molecular studies of African and South American forest birds suggests that areas of recent intensive speciation, where mostly new lineages are clustered, occur in discrete tropical montane regions, while lowland regions contain mostly old species. Two predictions arise from this ¢nding. First, a species phylogeny of an avian group, represented in both lowland and montane habitats, should be ordered such that montane forms are represented by the most derived characters. Second, montane speciation events should predominate within the past 2.8 Ma. In order to test this model I have investigated the evolutionary history of the recently radiated African greenbuls (genus Andropadus), using a molecular approach. This analysis ¢nds that montane species are a derived monophyletic group when compared to lowland species of the same genus and recent speciation events (within the Plio-Pleistocene) have exclusively occurred in montane regions. These data support the view that montane regions have acted as centres of speciation during recent climatic instability. 1. I NTRODUCTION biodiversity of tropical lowland forests was the `refuge theory' (Ha¡er 1969, 1974; Diamond & Hamilton The most signi¢cant geological changes that a¡ected 1980; Mayr & O'Hara 1986; Crowe & Crowe 1982; re- the biota of Africa during the Tertiary were: (i) a views in Prance 1982; Whitmore & Prance 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • Aves: Rhinocryptidae): in and out Per G
    Circumscription of a monophyletic family for the tapaculos (Aves: Rhinocryptidae): in and out Per G. P. Ericson, Storrs L. Olson, Martin Irestedt, Herculano Alvarenga, Jon Fjeldså To cite this version: Per G. P. Ericson, Storrs L. Olson, Martin Irestedt, Herculano Alvarenga, Jon Fjeldså. Circumscrip- tion of a monophyletic family for the tapaculos (Aves: Rhinocryptidae): in and out. Journal für Ornithologie = Journal of Ornithology, Springer Verlag, 2009, 151 (2), pp.337-345. 10.1007/s10336- 009-0460-9. hal-00568355 HAL Id: hal-00568355 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00568355 Submitted on 23 Feb 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 2 3 4 Circumscription of a monophyletic family for the tapaculos 5 (Aves: Rhinocryptidae): Psiloramphus in and Melanopareia out 6 7 8 Per G. P. Ericson 1, 6, Storrs L. Olson 2, Martin Irestedt 3, Herculano Alvarenga 4, 9 and Jon Fjeldså 5 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 16 50007, SE–10405 Stockholm, Sweden 17 18 2 Division of Birds, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural 19 History, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematic Relationships and Biogeography of the Tracheophone Suboscines (Aves: Passeriformes)
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 (2002) 499–512 www.academicpress.com Systematic relationships and biogeography of the tracheophone suboscines (Aves: Passeriformes) Martin Irestedt,a,b,* Jon Fjeldsaa,c Ulf S. Johansson,a,b and Per G.P. Ericsona a Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden b Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden c Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Received 29 August 2001; received in revised form 17 January 2002 Abstract Based on their highly specialized ‘‘tracheophone’’ syrinx, the avian families Furnariidae (ovenbirds), Dendrocolaptidae (woodcreepers), Formicariidae (ground antbirds), Thamnophilidae (typical antbirds), Rhinocryptidae (tapaculos), and Conop- ophagidae (gnateaters) have long been recognized to constitute a monophyletic group of suboscine passerines. However, the monophyly of these families have been contested and their interrelationships are poorly understood, and this constrains the pos- sibilities for interpreting adaptive tendencies in this very diverse group. In this study we present a higher-level phylogeny and classification for the tracheophone birds based on phylogenetic analyses of sequence data obtained from 32 ingroup taxa. Both mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and nuclear genes (c-myc, RAG-1, and myoglobin) have been sequenced, and more than 3000 bp were subjected to parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses. The phylogenetic signals in the mitochondrial and nuclear genes were compared and found to be very similar. The results from the analysis of the combined dataset (all genes, but with transitions at third codon positions in the cytochrome b excluded) partly corroborate previous phylogenetic hypotheses, but several novel arrangements were also suggested.
    [Show full text]
  • Breeding Biology of Yellow-Browed Antbird Hypocnemis Hypoxantha
    Daniel M. Brooks et al. 156 Bull. B.O.C. 2016 136(3) Breeding biology of Yellow-browed Antbird Hypocnemis hypoxantha by Daniel M. Brooks, Pablo Aibar, Pam Bucur, Ron Rossi & Harold F. Greeney Received 17 February 2016 Summary.—We provide novel data concerning the nests, eggs and parental care of Yellow-browed Antbird Hypocnemis hypoxantha based on two nests in eastern Ecuador and Peruvian Amazonia, one of which was video-taped. Both adults participated in incubation, with earliest and latest feeding events at 06.11 h and 17.22 h, respectively. Feeding behaviour is described, with intervals of 1–114 minutes (mean = 38.3 minutes) and tettigoniid cicadas the primary prey. Nestlings frequently produced faecal sacs (interval range = 4–132 minutes, mean = 37.8 minutes) immediately following food delivery, and the sac was always carried from the nest by an adult. Two events involving a parent bird being chased from the nest are described, the first involving a male Fulvous Antshrike Frederickena fulva. Systematics are discussed in light of nest morphology and architecture. Yellow-browed Antbird Hypocnemis hypoxantha is a distinctive Amazonian thamnophilid that comprises two currently recognised subspecies: nominate hypoxantha in western Amazonian lowland and foothill forests from southern Colombia south to central Peru, and H. h. ochraceiventris in south-east Amazonian Brazil (Zimmer & Isler 2003). Generally found below 400 m, the nominate subspecies occasionally ranges as high as 900 m (Zimmer & Isler 2003, Ridgely & Tudor 2009). The species’ reproductive biology is almost completely unknown (Zimmer & Isler 2003). Willis (1988) provided a cursory description of a nest with nestlings from Colombia, but included few details of the nest and no description of the eggs or behaviour.
    [Show full text]
  • Predation on Vertebrates by Neotropical Passerine Birds Leonardo E
    Lundiana 6(1):57-66, 2005 © 2005 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - UFMG ISSN 1676-6180 Predation on vertebrates by Neotropical passerine birds Leonardo E. Lopes1,2, Alexandre M. Fernandes1,3 & Miguel Â. Marini1,4 1 Depto. de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-910, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 2 Current address: Lab. de Ornitologia, Depto. de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-910, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]. 3 Current address: Coleções Zoológicas, Aves, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, INPA II, 69083-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]. 4 Current address: Lab. de Ornitologia, Depto. de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract We investigated if passerine birds act as important predators of small vertebrates within the Neotropics. We surveyed published studies on bird diets, and information on labels of museum specimens, compiling data on the contents of 5,221 stomachs. Eighteen samples (0.3%) presented evidence of predation on vertebrates. Our bibliographic survey also provided records of 203 passerine species preying upon vertebrates, mainly frogs and lizards. Our data suggest that vertebrate predation by passerines is relatively uncommon in the Neotropics and not characteristic of any family. On the other hand, although rare, the ability to prey on vertebrates seems to be widely distributed among Neotropical passerines, which may respond opportunistically to the stimulus of a potential food item.
    [Show full text]
  • GALLEY File#13TQ
    WILSON BULLETIN Thursday Mar 03 2005 12:43 AM wils 117_112 Mp_103 Allen Press • DTPro System GALLEY File#13TQ SHORT COMMUNICATION 103 Wilson Bulletin 117(1):103-105, 2005 The Nest and Nestlings of the Wing-banded Antbird (Myrmornis torquata) from Southern Guyana Nathan H. Rice'-'"* and Christopher M. Milensky^ ABSTRACT.•The Wing-banded Antbird (Myrmor- ground in the fork of a small tree, providing nis torquata) is a poorly known suboscine passerine additional natural history evidence that the found in lowland Amazonian forests. Here, we present Wing-banded Antbird should be classified as new information about the nest and nestlings of this enigmatic species. Our findings differ from previous a member of the typical antbird (Thamno- observations and notes on clutch size. Received 2 July philidae) assemblage. The natural history and 2004, accepted 9 December 2004. population centers for this species, however, remain poorly known (Zimmer and Isler 2003: 671). Zimmer and Isler (2003) also suggest The Wing-banded Antbird {Myrmornis tor- that the Guianan region may be a productive quata) has long mystified avian systematists region for the study of Wing-banded Antbirds. as to its taxonomic affinities. Prior to discov- Here, we present additional information on the ery of the first Wing-banded Antbird nest by nest of the Wing-banded Antbird with the first Tostain and Dujardin (1988), some authors description of nestlings and additional behav- (Peters 1951, Meyer de Schauensee 1966) ioral notes from Guyana. aligned this species with the ground antbirds During an avifaunal and botanical survey of (Formicariidae). The nest discovered by Tos- the Acari Mountains in extreme southern tain and Dujardin (1988) was placed off the Guyana (r20'N, 58° 56'W, 250 m in ele- vation, 3 September 1998), we photographed the nest and collected the nestlings and adults ' Univ.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analysis of the Nest Architecture of Neotropical Ovenbirds (Furnariidae)
    The Auk 116(4):891-911, 1999 PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE NEST ARCHITECTURE OF NEOTROPICAL OVENBIRDS (FURNARIIDAE) KRZYSZTOF ZYSKOWSKI • AND RICHARD O. PRUM NaturalHistory Museum and Department of Ecologyand Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas,Lawrence, Kansas66045, USA ABSTRACT.--Wereviewed the tremendousarchitectural diversity of ovenbird(Furnari- idae) nestsbased on literature,museum collections, and new field observations.With few exceptions,furnariids exhibited low intraspecificvariation for the nestcharacters hypothe- sized,with the majorityof variationbeing hierarchicallydistributed among taxa. We hy- pothesizednest homologies for 168species in 41 genera(ca. 70% of all speciesand genera) and codedthem as 24 derivedcharacters. Forty-eight most-parsimonious trees (41 steps,CI = 0.98, RC = 0.97) resultedfrom a parsimonyanalysis of the equallyweighted characters using PAUP,with the Dendrocolaptidaeand Formicarioideaas successiveoutgroups. The strict-consensustopology based on thesetrees contained 15 cladesrepresenting both tra- ditionaltaxa and novelphylogenetic groupings. Comparisons with the outgroupsdemon- stratethat cavitynesting is plesiomorphicto the furnariids.In the two lineageswhere the primitivecavity nest has been lost, novel nest structures have evolved to enclosethe nest contents:the clayoven of Furnariusand the domedvegetative nest of the synallaxineclade. Althoughour phylogenetichypothesis should be consideredas a heuristicprediction to be testedsubsequently by additionalcharacter evidence, this first cladisticanalysis
    [Show full text]
  • On the Origin and Evolution of Nest Building by Passerine Birds’
    T H E C 0 N D 0 R r : : ,‘ “; i‘ . .. \ :i A JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY ,I : Volume 99 Number 2 ’ I _ pg$$ij ,- The Condor 99~253-270 D The Cooper Ornithological Society 1997 ON THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF NEST BUILDING BY PASSERINE BIRDS’ NICHOLAS E. COLLIAS Departmentof Biology, Universityof California, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1606 Abstract. The object of this review is to relate nest-buildingbehavior to the origin and early evolution of passerinebirds (Order Passeriformes).I present evidence for the hypoth- esis that the combinationof small body size and the ability to place a constructednest where the bird chooses,helped make possiblea vast amountof adaptiveradiation. A great diversity of potential habitats especially accessibleto small birds was created in the late Tertiary by global climatic changes and by the continuing great evolutionary expansion of flowering plants and insects.Cavity or hole nests(in ground or tree), open-cupnests (outside of holes), and domed nests (with a constructedroof) were all present very early in evolution of the Passeriformes,as indicated by the presenceof all three of these basic nest types among the most primitive families of living passerinebirds. Secondary specializationsof these basic nest types are illustratedin the largest and most successfulfamilies of suboscinebirds. Nest site and nest form and structureoften help characterizethe genus, as is exemplified in the suboscinesby the ovenbirds(Furnariidae), a large family that builds among the most diverse nests of any family of birds. The domed nest is much more common among passerinesthan in non-passerines,and it is especially frequent among the very smallestpasserine birds the world over.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cryptic New Species of Antpitta (Formicariidae: Grallaria) from the Peruvian Andes
    THE WILSON BULLETIN A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF ORNITHOLOGY Published by the Wilson Ornithological Society VOL. 99, No. 3 SEPTEMBER1987 PAGES 3 13-520 Wilson Bull., 99(3), 1987, pp. 313-321 A CRYPTIC NEW SPECIES OF ANTPITTA (FORMICARIIDAE: GRALLARIA) FROM THE PERUVIAN ANDES GARY R. GRAVES ’ ABSTRACT.-TWO morphologically similar antpittas, Grallaria rufila and G. blakei, sp. nav., are sympatric on Cordillera Colan and Cordillera Carpish in the Peruvian Andes. These taxa appear to replace one another elevationally: G. r&a-2590 to 3450 m; G. blakei- 35 to 2470 m. G. blakei differs from Peruvian populations of G. rujiila in having barring on the lower belly and much darker reddish-brown plumage. A unique specimen from the geographically isolated Cordillera Yanachaga may represent an undescribed sub- species of G. rufila or G. blakei, or an undescribed third species. Received 30 June 1986, accepted 7 Nov. 1986. Four or more antpitta species of the genus Grallaria occur along an elevational gradient at nearly every humid forest locality in the main chain of the Andes from Venezuela and Colombia south to northern Bolivia. Up to eight species have been collected along an elevational gradient in the Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. In this region and others, the morphological distinction between sympatric species has been clear-cut. The only taxonomic difficulty regularly encountered has been deciding the status of allopatric taxa (e.g., Schulenberg and Williams 1982). Here I report an exception to previously known patterns in the genus. Two morphologically similar antpittas occur sympatrically in at least two localities along the forested Amazonian slope of the Eastern Andes in Peru.
    [Show full text]
  • The Breeding Biology and Nest Success of the Short-Tailed Antthrush Chamaeza Campanisona (Aves: Formicariidae) in the Atlantic Rainforest of Northeastern Brazil
    ZOOLOGIA 35: e12906 ISSN 1984-4689 (online) zoologia.pensoft.net RESEARCH ARTICLE The breeding biology and nest success of the Short-tailed Antthrush Chamaeza campanisona (Aves: Formicariidae) in the Atlantic rainforest of northeastern Brazil Anita Studer1, Marcelo Cardoso de Sousa1, Begoña Barcena-Goyena1 1Nordesta Reforestation and Education. 19, rue de Chantepoulet 1201, Geneva, Switzerland. Corresponding author: Anita Studer ([email protected]) http://zoobank.org/7663DA60-0907-40AC-8B39-D968E96097FF ABSTRACT. We present the results of a 26-year study on the breeding biology of the Short-tailed Antthrush, Chamaeza cam- panisona (Lichtenstein, 1823) in an Atlantic rainforest remnant of northeastern Brazil (Alagoas/Pernambuco). We followed the fate of 38 nests, of which 19 failed, 11 succeeded and 8 had an unknown fate. The presence of most nests coincided with the beginning of the rainy season in March/April but nests with eggs and/or chicks were found throughout the year, with no records only in January. Nests were placed inside natural tree cavities that result from broken branches and trunks. Both parents were engaged in feeding the chicks, their diet consisted mainly of insects, spiders, and some unidentified berries. All nests had a clutch size of two eggs. Incubation took 19 days and the mean nestling period was 20.75 days. Mayfield (1975) showed a survival rate of 31.87% and MARK 24.09%. Hotelling’s T2 revealed no differences in nest characteristics between successful and failed nests (p-value > 0.05). Linear models showed that the size of the entrance of the cavity and its height from ground are the main nest characteristics influencing the nesting success ofC.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Antpitta (Formicariidae: Grallaria) from the Eastern Andes of Colombia
    THEWILSONBULLETIN A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF ORNITHOLOGY Published by the Wilson Ornithological Society VOL. 104, No. 3 SEPTEMBER1992 PAGES 389-570 Wilson Bull., 104(3), 1992, pp. 389-399 A NEW SPECIES OF ANTPITTA (FORMICARIIDAE: GRALLARIA) FROM THE EASTERN ANDES OF COLOMBIA F. GARY STILES ’ ABSTRACT.-The Cundinamarca Antpitta (Grallaria kaestnerisp. nov.) is described from a locality at upper subtropical elevations of the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes of Colombia. It is a terrestrial bird of the understory of primary and secondary cloud forest, known from elevations of ca 1800-2300 m at the type locality; its vocalizations, foraging behavior, and probable breeding season are described. The closest relative of the new form appears to be the Santa Marta Antpitta (G. bangsi)of the Santa Marta mountains; in fact, G. kuestnerimay be the present-day representative of the ancestral population that gave rise to G. bangsi. The probable distribution, and possible conservation measures for G. kaestneriare discussed. Received10 Dec. 1991, accepted13 May 1992. ABSTRACTO.-Se describe Grallaria kaestneri sp. nov. de una localidad de la zona sub- tropical alta de la vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Oriental de 10s Andes de Colombia. Es un ave terrestre de1 sotobosque de selva nublada primaria y secundaria; en la localidad tipica ha sido registrado entre ca 1800 y 2300 m de elevacibn. Se presentan datos sobre la 6poca de cria, las vocalizaciones, y el comportamiento de forrajeo de la nueva especie, cuya pariente mas cercano parece ser G. bangsi de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; incluso, kaestneribien podria ser el representante actual de la poblacibn ancestral que dio origen a bangsi.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Breeding Biology and Nest Success of Short
    Breeding biology and nest success of Short-tailed Antthrush Chamaeza campanisona (Aves: Formicariidae) in the Atlantic rainforest of northeastern Brazil Anita Studer1,*, Marcelo Cardoso de Sousa1, Begoña Barcena-Goyena1 1Nordesta Reforestation and Education. 19, rue de Chantepoulet 1201. Geneva, Switzerland *Corresponding author:[email protected] Abstract We present the results of a 26-years study on the breeding biology of the Short-tailed Antthrush, Chamaeza campanisona (Lichtenstein, 1823) in an Atlantic rainforest of northeastern Brazil (Alagoas/Pernambuco). We found a total of 38 nests, of which 19 failed, 11 succeeded and 8 had an unknown fate. The presence of most nests coincided with the arrival of rains in March/April but nests with eggs and/or chicks were found throughout the year, with no records in January only. Nests were placed inside natural tree cavities resulting from broken branches and trunks. Both parents fed the chicks and diet consisted mainly of insects, spiders, and some unidentified berries. All nests had a clutch size of two eggs. Incubation took 19 days and the mean nestling period was 20.75 days. Mayfield (1975) showed a survival rate of 31.87% and MARK 24.09%. Hotelling’s T2 revealed no differences on nest characteristics between successful and failed nests (p-value>0.05) and linear models showed that cavity entrance size and cavity entrance height from ground are the main nest characteristics influencing nesting success of C. campanisona. Key words: Short-tailed Antthrush, Formicariidae, breeding biology, breeding season, nest success, nest characteristics. Introduction Four species of Chamaeza antthrushes are recorded in forested habitats in Brazil (Piacentini et al.
    [Show full text]