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Westhaver-Randal-MA-HIST-April A Bank Clerk at War The Great War Diary of Nova Scotian A.I.M. Taylor, 85th Battalion C.E.F. by Randal Westhaver Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia April 2020 © Copyright by Randal Westhaver, 2020 Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iv Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………..…………. v Chapter One: Introduction……………………………………………………………………………... 1 Historiography…………………………………………………………………………………..... 2 Thesis and Source Material………………………………………………………….…....... 8 Historical Setting……………………………………………………………………………….. 12 Chapter Two: “Drilled all Day for a Change:” Training in England and France, October 1916 to March 1917…………………………………………………………… 16 Prewar Biography.…………………………………………………………………………….. 18 Recruiting and Expansion of the Corps……………………………………………… 21 A Typical Soldier Who Does Not Fit The Mould………………………………….. 26 Camaraderie in Khaki………………………………………………………………………... 29 Training and Retraining……………………………………………………………………. 31 Breaking Social Supports…………………………………………………………………... 38 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………. 41 Chapter Three: “In the Trenches:” Taylor’s Experiences in Combat Rotation and Under Fire, April to November 1917………………………………………. 44 Drudgery and Working Parties………………………………………………………….. 46 Camaraderie Under Fire…..……………………………………………………………….. 52 Taylor in Combat……………………………………………………………………………….. 55 Casualties and Death…………………………………………………………………………. 63 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………. 69 Chapter Four: Loafing, Leisure Activities, and Contemporary Comparisons… 71 Leisure Time for the Corps………………………………………………………………… 72 Leisure Time for Taylor…………………………………………………………………….. 78 Training versus Trench Rotation………………………………………………………. 87 Typicality, Taylor, and his Cohort……………………………………………………… 91 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………. 101 Chapter Five: Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………… 106 ii Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………… 112 Primary Sources……………………………………………………………………………… 112 Secondary Sources…………………………………………………………………………... 113 Appendix A: Tables and Figures………………………………………………………………… 117 Appendix B: Select Diary Entries…….…………………………………………………………. 118 Appendix C: Image of Taylor……………………………………………………………………… 121 iii Abstract This thesis is an exploration of the previously unpublished diary of Aleck Taylor, a private of the Canadian Expeditionary Force in the First World War. Taylor’s methodical daily entries offer a unique opportunity for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of his wartime experiences. Archival research and secondary sources, as well as comparison to contemporaneous accounts inform the discussion of Taylor’s world, and enable analysis of his time in training, in combat both under fire, and during the monotony of daily trench life, and his time at leisure. Taylor’s entries regarding some of the most pivotal Canadian engagements of the war as well as the humdrum of daily life offer a robust source for microhistory analysis. Examination of Taylor’s diary with regard to contemporaries like Will R. Bird and Sydney Frost reveal that Taylor’s war experiences were broadly typical, but his reactions to them mark him as being somewhat atypical, placing him within a spectrum of typicality among Canadian soldiers of the First World War. The reserved, bookish Taylor who emerges from his diary does not mesh with the current view of Canadian troops as mischievous, unruly brawlers and troublemakers. Taylor may be representative of many young Canadian soldiers who did not fit this stereotype, but are underrepresented in the current literature. iv Acknowledgements Throughout the past three years I have consistently enjoyed furthering this project, though sometimes I could not devote to it the time it deserved. Even when life brought other concerns my way, my interest in this project was unflagging. I am now proud to say that with the aid and support of no small number of individuals, this project has been brought to completion. I owe a great deal of thanks to the friends and family who have helped me on this journey, and especially to those who generously volunteered to read my early drafts, or listen to me enthuse at length about the diary entries of a young man they had never met. This thesis evolved out of a chance conversation with an historian, and mentor of sorts who never failed to have the answer to even my most obscure of questions. I would like to thank Kevin Robbins for his encyclopaedic mind, and uncanny knowledge of just where to find whatever I needed, even if I didn’t know what I was looking for. I would also like to thank Dr. Ruth Bleasdale and Dr. Roger Marsters for generously agreeing to serve as readers on my defense committee. I would also like to offer special thanks to Dr. Jerry Bannister for his unwavering support throughout this voyage of discovery. Without his patience and guidance this project would not have come to fruition. When I was inclined to doubt myself, Jerry was there to put me back on course. I am indebted to him for his advice and understanding, and for the successful completion of this thesis. v Chapter One: Introduction Canadian soldiers of the First World War were forbidden from keeping personal diaries, lest they fall into enemy hands. Many soldiers disobeyed this order and kept diaries, photographs, and other records of their wartime activities. Though personal war diaries are not rare, the vast majority remain underutilized by academic historians. Such was the case with the diary of A.I.M. Taylor, languishing in the Nova Scotia Archives among correspondence pertaining to the 85th Battalion memorial at Passchendaele. Taylor’s diary offers a highly descriptive account of the daily life of an average Canadian soldier during 1917. Taylor’s faithful entries record his thoughts and activities from the humdrum of weather, training, and fatigues to the excitement of leisure hours, and matter-of-fact accounts of some of the war’s most pivotal engagements. This thesis explores what his diary reveals about the soldiers’ experience of the First World War. Taylor’s highly detailed daily entries offer a unique perspective of the Canadian fighting experience during the First World War. Traditional top-down histories have tended to neglect individual experience in favour of grand narrative. Taylor’s diary provides a view of life in the trenches, both in rear-echelon areas as well as at the forefront of the allied advance. Taylor’s diary informs a much- neglected area of the literature surrounding Canada’s First World War experience. The years surrounding the First World War proved to be a pivotal time for Canadians and continue to affect our national and individual identities today. It is important that new studies expand upon the current knowledge base to inform both 1 social and national histories. Individual experience can inform the literature as much as grand narrative. Historiography Recent movements toward social and microhistories have opened realms of previously marginal study to mainstream historiography. Personal histories of “average” people have become more useful in informing the literature surrounding numerous subjects, including the First World War. Tim Cook has been a pioneer in using individual experience to expand larger narratives, and other modern First World War scholars have followed suit. This thesis relies greatly on Cook’s research and methodology in an examination of Private A.I.M. Taylor. Canada’s experience of the First World War has been extensively treated from the national point of view, and those of its war leaders. G.W.L. Nicholson’s official history of the Canadian Expeditionary Force in the First World War1 takes a top-down view of the field. Nicholson and many authors that followed were happy to focus on the sweeping national narrative, and leave individual soldiers’ voices to be captured by informal regimental histories.2 More recent evolutions in the field have stressed the importance of alternative sources to compliment national narrative. Ground-up studies of the Canadian experience of the First World War are far less prevalent and accessible than traditional alternatives. Until late in the 20th century, the study of the First 1 G.W.L. Nicholson, Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914-1919 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1962). 2 Tim Cook, Clio’s Warriors: Canadian Historians and the Writing of the World Wars (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2006), 63. 2 World War in Canada was tightly controlled by official historians employed by the Department of National Defence. Restricted access to records ensured control of the academic narrative remained with official historians. As J.L. Granatstein stated, until the 1960s “the number of academic experts in Canadian foreign and defence policy could be counted on two hands – with fingers to spare.”3 Deviation from the national narrative runs the risk of being accused of delving in obscurity, but scholars like Cook and Desmond Morton have managed to carve out a niche. Cook balances narrative prose with testimonies mined from dozens of individual diaries across the entirety of the C.E.F. to great effect. His treatment of soldier’s accounts introduces their voices to the field and expands our view of the Canadian experience.4 Desmond Morton also successfully focuses on the soldiers in the trenches, discussing training, morale, treatment of wounded, and returning veterans. A few soldiers’ personal accounts of the war have entered the academic consciousness, such as those of
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