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Tema 20 (12): Familia Rutáceas

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Tema 20 (12): Familia Rutáceas

Prof. Francisco J. García Breijo Unidad Docente de Botánica
Dep. Ecosistemas Agroforestales
Escuela Técnica Superior del Medio Rural y Enología
Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

Diapositiva nº: 1

Taxonomía -1

 Pertenece:

 al clado Eudicotiledóneas (A.P.G. II, 2003)

Clado Eudicots nucleares

 Clado Rósidas
 Clado Eurósidas II

 a la subclase Rosidae (Takhtajan, 1997;
Cronquist, 1981)

 al superorden Rutanae (Thorne, 1992)  al superorden Rutiflorae (Dahlgren, 1985)

  • Familia Rutáceas
  • ©: Francisco José García Breijo
  • Diapositiva 2

Unidad Docente de Botánica. ETSMRE, UPV

Taxonomía -2

 Pertenece al:

 Orden Sapindales (A.P.G. II, 2003;

Cronquist, 1981)

 Superorden Rutanae, orden Rutales

(Takhtajan, 1997).
 Orden Rutales (Thorne, 1992; Dahlgren,
1985)

  • Familia Rutáceas
  • ©: Francisco José García Breijo
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Unidad Docente de Botánica. ETSMRE, UPV

Generalidades

Rutaceae Juss.

Distribución: trópicos y regiones templadas cálidas, especialmente el S de África y en Australia.

Importancia económica: en alimentación

(frutos cítricos: naranjas, limones, ...; Citrus,

Aegle, Casimiroa, Clausena, etc.), industria

(aceites para perfumería) y medicina (Ruta,

Galipea, Toddalia).

  • Familia Rutáceas
  • ©: Francisco José García Breijo
  • Diapositiva 4

Unidad Docente de Botánica. ETSMRE, UPV

Distribución

Caracteres diagnósticos -1

HÁBITO: Gran familia de árboles y arbustos, en algún caso hierbas, de gran importancia económica por ser productores de los frutos cítricos comerciales.

 El nombre de la familia viene de la ruda (Ruta

graveolens).

 Pequeña mata perenne, aromática, que ha venido cultivándose durante siglos como ornamental.

 Abundan en esta familia los conductos secretores lisígenos con aceites esenciales en su interior. Las hojas de ruda al ser estrujadas desprenden un olor desagradable.

 Plantas mesófitas o xerófitas.

  • Familia Rutáceas
  • ©: Francisco José García Breijo
  • Diapositiva 6

Unidad Docente de Botánica. ETSMRE, UPV

Caracteres diagnósticos -2

HOJAS: deciduas; trifoliadas o compuestas pinnadas, alternas, sin estípulas, con fuerte olor.

 Presentan cavidades secretoras lisígenas o esquizógenas.

 En algunas especies reducidas a espinas.

REPRODUCCIÓN y POLINIZACIÓN:

 Plantas hermafroditas, o monoicas o dioicas.  Polinización entomófila.

INFLORESCENCIAS: corimbos o panículas

terminales.

  • Familia Rutáceas
  • ©: Francisco José García Breijo
  • Diapositiva 7

Unidad Docente de Botánica. ETSMRE, UPV

Caracteres diagnósticos -3

FLORES: bracteadas; olorosas, de color amarillo verdoso y polinización entomófila.

 Presentan disco hipogino.
CÁLIZ: persistente de 4 o 5 lóbulos.  COROLA: 4 o 5 pétalos solapados, dentados o ciliados, y un grueso disco basal nectarífero con 8-10 glándulas.

  • Familia Rutáceas
  • ©: Francisco José García Breijo
  • Diapositiva 8

Unidad Docente de Botánica. ETSMRE, UPV

Caracteres diagnósticos -4

ANDROCEO: (2-)8-10(-60) estambres.

GINECEO: ovario súpero, lobulado, de (1-)4-
5(-100) carpelos soldados.

 (1-)4-5(-100) lóculos con abundantes óvulos
[1-5(-50)] por lóculo.

FRUTO: baya (hesperidio en Citrus).

 Las semillas poseen endospermo.

  • Familia Rutáceas
  • ©: Francisco José García Breijo
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Unidad Docente de Botánica. ETSMRE, UPV

Caracteres diagnósticos -5

Fisiología:

 Plantas C3.

Bioquímica.

 Cianogénicas o no cianogénicas.  Alcaloides presentes o ausentes.  Proantocianidinas presentes (cianidina y delfinidina) o no.

 Flavonoles presentes: quercetina, kenferol o miticetina.  Arbutina, iridoides y ácido elágico ausentes.  Saponinas ausentes o no.  Antroquinonas detectadas.

  • Familia Rutáceas
  • ©: Francisco José García Breijo
  • Diapositiva 10

Unidad Docente de Botánica. ETSMRE, UPV

Caracteres diagnósticos -6

FÓRMULA FLORAL:

 K5 C5 A 8-10 G (5)

  • Familia Rutáceas
  • ©: Francisco José García Breijo
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Unidad Docente de Botánica. ETSMRE, UPV

Caracteres diagnósticos -7

DIAGRAMA FLORAL:

  • Familia Rutáceas
  • ©: Francisco José García Breijo
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Unidad Docente de Botánica. ETSMRE, UPV

Flor de la ruda mostrando los 4 sépalos, 4 pétalos, 8 estambres y un ovario lobulado con un estilo simple.

ST del mismo ovario.
SL de un ovario de ruda, mostrando los lóculos con numerosos óvulos.

La Ruda (Ruta graveolens L.), tallo con hojas bipinnadas e inflorescencias cimosas.
Rama con flores y hojas del

limonero (Citrus limon (L.)

Burm)
La naranja amarga (Citrus

aurantium L.), tallo con hojas y

frutos (hesperidio).
Flor de la naranja amarga en SL mostrando los numerosos estambres y el prominente disco nectarífero en la base del ovario.

Géneros y especies -1

Número de géneros: 160.  Número de especies: unas 1600.

 Las rutáceas se dividen en 4 subfamilias:

Rutoideae Dreyer (p.e. géneros Ruta y Melicope).

Toddaloideae K. Koch (p.e. género Phellodendron).  Citroideae Engler (=Aurantioideae) (p.e. género Citrus).  Flindersioideae Luerss (p.e. género Flindersia).

 La de mayor importancia económica es la Citroideae

Engler (=Aurantioideae).

  • Familia Rutáceas
  • ©: Francisco José García Breijo
  • Diapositiva 15

Unidad Docente de Botánica. ETSMRE, UPV

Estambres

  • Pétalos
  • Ovario lobulado

Géneros y especies -2

 Género Citrus: con frutos en hesperidio con abundantes glándulas lisígenas repletas de aceites esenciales en su piel y una pulpa compuesta de largas células llenas de jugo.

Citrus aurantifolia (Chistm.) Sw.: el limero (llimona).

Citrus aurantium L.: el naranjo amargo de Sevilla (taronger agre).

Citrus limon (L.) Burm.: el limonero (llimoner).

Citrus medica L.: el cidro (poncemer)  Citrus paradisi Macfad.: el pomelo (aranger).

Citrus reticulata L.: las mandarinas, satsumas y tangerinas
(mandariner).

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck : el naranjo dulce (taronger).

  • Familia Rutáceas
  • ©: Francisco José García Breijo
  • Diapositiva 17

Unidad Docente de Botánica. ETSMRE, UPV

Estambres
Pétalo
Pétalo
Estambres

(5)
(3)

Citrus aurantium L.

(6)
(4)

(2)

(1) Rama con flor y fruto. (2) Flor (3) Cáliz (4) Pétalo (5) Estambres (6) Gineceo

(1)
(7)

(7) Hesperidio (ST)

Lámina con los caracteres diagnósticos

(8)

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  • Rutoideae, Rutaceae)

    Rutoideae, Rutaceae)

    UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FFCLRP – DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA COMPARADA Ontogenia de frutos em Galipeeae (Rutoideae, Rutaceae) Laura Fernandes Afonso Dissertação apresentada á Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da USP, como parte das exigências para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências, Área: Biologia Comparada. Ribeirão Preto – SP 2018 © C. Ferreira UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FFCLRP – DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA COMPARADA Ontogenia de frutos em Galipeeae (Rutoideae, Rutaceae) Orientada: Laura Fernandes Afonso Orientador: Milton Groppo Júnior Coorientadora: Juliana Marzinek Dissertação apresentada á Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da USP, como parte das exigências para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências, Área: Biologia Comparada. Ribeirão Preto – SP 2018 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Ficha catalográfica Afonso, Laura Fernandes Ontogenia de frutos em Galipeeae (Rutoideae, Rutaceae). Ribeirão Preto, 2018. 66 p. Dissertação de Mestrado, apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto/USP. Área de concentração: Biologia Comparada. Orientador: Groppo, Milton. FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO 1. Anatomia 2. Desenvolvimento 3. Fruto deiscente 4. Fruto indeiscente 1. Ontogenia de frutos em Galiepeeae (Rutoideae, Rutaceae) Dissertação apresentada á Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-USP, como parte das exigências para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências, Área: Biologia Comparada Aprovado em: ___/___/______ Banca Examinadora Dr. (a): ______________________________________________________________________ Instituição:__________________________________ Assinatura:________________________ Dr. (a): ______________________________________________________________________ Instituição:__________________________________ Assinatura:________________________ Dr.
  • Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Zieria Prostrata (Rutaceae)

    Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Zieria Prostrata (Rutaceae)

    Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Zieria prostrata (Rutaceae) N. Prakash Department of Botany, University of New England, Armidale, NSW Abstract Zieria prostrata has tetrasporangiate anthers with a five layered wall, the innermost layer being the secretory tapetum with binucleate cells. The processes of microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis is normal with no evidence of either meiotic abnormalities or pollen sterility. The mature pollen grains are two-celled and tricolpate. There are four ovules in each ovary. They are anacampylotropous, bitegmic and crassinucellar. There may be several archesporial cells but usually one grows into a megaspore mother cell. Meiosis is normal and gives rise to a tetrad of megaspores. The development of the female gametophyte follows the monosporic Polygonum type. The endosperm is of the Nuclear type. The embryo development appears to be of the Onagrad type. Although all the ovules appear to form seeds, nearly half become infected with insect larvae which eat through the endosperm and embryo. The seeds are exotestal, monoembryonate and ex-arillate. Seed germination under laboratory conditions is extremely low. This cannot be explained in terms of seed coat anatomy. The fruit wall shows sub epidermal oil glands. Introduction Zieria prostrata is an endangered species of the ROTAP category 2E, restricted to three headlands in the vicinity of Coffs Harbour. It has horticultural potential because of the beautiful flowers and prostrate habit and is relatively easy to propagate from stem cuttings. Griffith (1991) studied the distribution of the species, assessed its conservation status and suggested recovery objectives. Virtually nothing is known of the reproductive biology of the species which may help in effective management aimed at conserving the species in the wild.