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Grafting Eriostemon Australasius

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Grafting Eriostemon Australasius Grafting Eriostemon australasius A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation by Jonathan Lidbetter, Tony Slater, Pauline Cain, Michelle Bankier and Slobodan Vujovic May 2003 RIRDC Publication No 02/140 RIRDC Project No DAN-181A © 2003 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 0 642 58539 3 ISSN 1440-6845 Grafting Eriostemon australasius Publication No. 02/140 Project No. DAN-181A The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of persons consulted. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole or in part on the contents of this report. This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186. Researcher Contact Details Jonathan Lidbetter Tony Slater NSW Agriculture Agriculture Victoria, Knoxfield Gosford HRAS Department of Natural Resources and Environment Locked Bag 26 Private Bag 15 Gosford NSW 2250 Ferntree Gully Delivery Centre VIC 3156 Phone: 02 4348 1900 Phone: 03 9210 9222 Fax: 02 4348 1910 Fax: 03 9800 3521 Email: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form. RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6272 4539 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected]. Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au Published in May 2003 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Canprint ii Foreword Eriostemon australasius is an excellent cut flower with a long vase-life which remains attractive even after the flowers close. Flower colour ranges from bright white to very dark pink/ purple with significant variation in flower size and petal width. Unfortunately, most of the E. australasius currently sold is bush-picked. At the commencement of this project the plants in cultivation were mainly of one clonal variety. The clonal variety could be reliably propagated, but was very slow to strike roots (strike rates of cuttings up to 80 - 90% after 6 - 9 months, and other forms yielding lower strike rates). Reliance on one clone restricts the harvest period at any site to a maximum of 4 - 5 weeks making the penetration of an export market very difficult. Natural variation in flowering time indicates that varieties could be chosen to extend the season to at least 2 - 3 months. The export market potential alone is estimated to be worth $0.5 - 1.0 million per annum. This species has been identified in both NSW and Victoria as a crop with excellent export potential for Europe and Asia, and the Flower Export Council of Australia (FECA) has reported its popularity with Japanese florists. This project had three major aims. Firstly to identify a range of new, superior clones from natural populations to expand the forms available and extend the season at any one location. Secondly, to develop a means for rapidly bringing these new field selections into cultivation using grafting so that new material could be then propagated and brought into commercial production on growers properties. The third aim was to evaluate possible scion/ rootstock combinations that may allow cultivation of this species over a much wider range of soil types and climatic situations to significantly expand the production season and potential growing zone. This publication reports on the introduction of a suite of new selections into cultivation and progress with their propagation. Grafting is the predominant method of propagation discussed, but this report also covers trials involving seed germination, cuttings and tissue culture. Through the development of these techniques the rapid introduction of new varieties into cultivation has been achieved and varieties are in the process of being multiplied for distribution to growers involved in the project. Unfortunately, to date no long term intergeneric scion/ rootstock combination has been found. This project was funded from RIRDC Core Funds which are provided by the Federal Government. This report, a new addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 900 research publications, forms part of our Wildflower and Native Plants R&D program, which aims to improve the productivity and sustainability of the Australian native plant industry. Most of our publications are available for viewing, downloading or purchasing online through our website: downloads at www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/Index.htm purchases at www.rirdc.gov.au/eshop Simon Hearn Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation iii Acknowledgements This project was conducted with support from the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, NSW Agriculture, the Victorian Department of Natural Resources and Environment, the Lisle Pearse Memorial Award and a number of wildflower growers and exporters. In particular we would like to thank Denis Tricks, Jamie Creer, Dennis Corr, Paul Dalley, Brian Parry, Craig Scott, Ian Sorrensen, Jeanette Sinclair and Robert Scowen for both their financial support and continuing assistance and enthusiasm in gathering genetic resources and evaluation of selected clones in cultivation. We would also like to thank Brian Daniels and Jeremy Smith for their prior involvement in this area of research. iv Abbreviations oC degrees Centigrade cm centimetre conc. concentrated GA gibberellic acid g/ L grams per litre h hour IAA indole-acetic acid IBA indole-butyric acid IBDU isobutylidene diurea kg kilogram km kilometre L litre m metre mL millilitre mm millimetre nm nanometre ppm parts per million NAA naphthalene-acetic acid µm micrometre µmol m-2 s-1 micromoles per metre squared per second PPFD photosynthetic photon flux density (in the range 400 to 700nm) v Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ iv Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... v Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. vii 1. General introduction........................................................................................................................ 1 2. Variation in Eriostemon australasius.............................................................................................. 3 2.1 Field Selection ....................................................................................................................... 3 3. Capturing the variation.................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Intergeneric Grafting.............................................................................................................. 5 3.2 Seed Germination................................................................................................................. 18 3.3 Grafting Onto Seedling Eriostemon Australasius................................................................ 24 4. Evaluation of cultivated selections................................................................................................ 30 4.1 Collaborator Assessment...................................................................................................... 30 5. Propagation of selections............................................................................................................... 49 5.1 Grafting Onto Cutting Grown Eriostemon Australasius...................................................... 49 5.2 Cutting Propagation .............................................................................................................51 6. Implications and recommendations............................................................................................... 63 6.1 Implications.......................................................................................................................... 63 6.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................ 63 7. Appendices.................................................................................................................................... 64 7.1 Appendix 1 – PREFERENCE QUESTIONNAIRE FOR COLLABORATORS 21/2/01 ... 64 vi Executive Summary Eriostemon australasius (austral eriostemon, pink waxflower) provides an excellent floral display of numerous five petalled star-like pink flowers two to four centimetres across. Eriostemon belongs to the family Rutaceae and is closely related to other commonly cultivated Australian genera such as Boronia, Crowea, Correa, Geleznowia (Yellow Bells), Philotheca, Phebalium and Zieria. This species has been available in the cut flower trade for over 60 years, but mainly as a bush-picked product. Early development saw one relatively easy to propagate variety enter the nursery trade but little further development occurred,
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