Smart Cards Contents
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Smart cards Contents 1 Smart card 1 1.1 History ................................................ 1 1.1.1 Invention ........................................... 1 1.1.2 Carte Bleue .......................................... 2 1.1.3 EMV ............................................. 2 1.1.4 Development of contactless systems ............................. 2 1.2 Design ................................................ 2 1.2.1 Contact smart cards ..................................... 3 1.2.2 Contactless smart cards .................................... 3 1.2.3 Hybrids ............................................ 4 1.3 Applications .............................................. 4 1.3.1 Financial ........................................... 4 1.3.2 SIM .............................................. 4 1.3.3 Identification ......................................... 4 1.3.4 Public transit ......................................... 5 1.3.5 Computer security ...................................... 6 1.3.6 Schools ............................................ 6 1.3.7 Healthcare .......................................... 6 1.3.8 Other uses .......................................... 6 1.3.9 Multiple-use systems ..................................... 6 1.4 Security ................................................ 6 1.5 Benefits ................................................ 6 1.6 Problems ............................................... 7 1.7 See also ................................................ 7 1.8 Further reading ............................................ 7 1.9 References .............................................. 8 1.10 External links ............................................. 8 2 Oyster card 9 2.1 Background .............................................. 9 2.1.1 Operator ........................................... 9 2.1.2 Brand ............................................. 9 2.1.3 Technology .......................................... 9 i ii CONTENTS 2.1.4 Architecture ......................................... 10 2.2 Features ................................................ 10 2.2.1 Registration and protection .................................. 10 2.2.2 Sales ............................................. 10 2.2.3 Reporting ........................................... 11 2.3 Use .................................................. 11 2.3.1 Touching in and out ..................................... 11 2.3.2 Season tickets ........................................ 12 2.3.3 Pay-as-you-go ........................................ 13 2.3.4 Oyster photocards ...................................... 16 2.3.5 Oyster and credit card .................................... 17 2.4 Validity ................................................ 17 2.4.1 TfL services ......................................... 18 2.4.2 National Rail ......................................... 18 2.4.3 London River Services .................................... 18 2.4.4 Emirates Air Line ...................................... 18 2.5 Pricing ................................................ 18 2.5.1 Fare capping ......................................... 18 2.5.2 Railcard Discount ...................................... 19 2.5.3 Bus & Tram Discount .................................... 19 2.5.4 River boat discounts ..................................... 19 2.5.5 Penalty fares and maximum Oyster fare ........................... 19 2.6 Roll-out history ............................................ 19 2.6.1 Roll-out on National Rail ................................... 20 2.7 Impact ................................................ 21 2.8 Usage statistics ............................................ 21 2.9 Future ................................................. 21 2.9.1 Beyond London ........................................ 21 2.9.2 Contactless payment cards .................................. 22 2.10 Visual design ............................................. 22 2.10.1 Designs ............................................ 22 2.10.2 Oyster card holder/wallet ................................... 22 2.10.3 Staff cards .......................................... 23 2.10.4 Limited edition cards ..................................... 23 2.11 Issues and criticisms ......................................... 23 2.11.1 Touching out penalties .................................... 23 2.11.2 Extension fares ........................................ 23 2.11.3 Privacy ............................................ 23 2.11.4 Design ............................................ 23 2.11.5 Technical faults ........................................ 24 2.11.6 The difference between pay-as-you-go and Travelcards ................... 24 CONTENTS iii 2.11.7 Validity on National Rail ................................... 24 2.11.8 Online and telesales ..................................... 25 2.11.9 Security issues ........................................ 25 2.12 Strategic research ........................................... 25 2.13 See also ................................................ 25 2.14 References .............................................. 25 2.15 External links ............................................. 29 3 OV-chipkaart 30 3.1 History and coverage ......................................... 30 3.2 Travelling with the OV-chipkaart ................................... 30 3.2.1 Checking in and out ...................................... 30 3.2.2 Use on trains and metros ................................... 31 3.2.3 Use on buses, trams and light rail ............................... 31 3.3 Technology .............................................. 32 3.4 Types of cards ............................................. 32 3.4.1 Disposable OV-chipkaart ................................... 32 3.4.2 Anonymous OV-chipkaart .................................. 32 3.4.3 Personal OV-chipkaart .................................... 33 3.5 Issues and criticisms .......................................... 33 3.5.1 Passengers not checking out ................................. 33 3.5.2 Privacy concerns ....................................... 34 3.5.3 Security ............................................ 34 3.6 Awards ................................................ 35 3.7 See also ................................................ 35 3.8 References ............................................... 35 3.9 External links ............................................. 36 4 MIFARE 37 4.1 Variants ................................................ 37 4.1.1 MIFARE Classic ....................................... 37 4.1.2 MIFARE Ultralight and MIFARE Ultralight EV1 ...................... 38 4.1.3 MIFARE Ultralight C ..................................... 38 4.1.4 MIFARE DESFire ...................................... 38 4.1.5 MIFARE DESFire EV1 ................................... 38 4.1.6 MIFARE DESFire EV2 ................................... 39 4.1.7 MIFARE Plus ......................................... 39 4.1.8 MIFARE SAM AV2 ..................................... 39 4.2 Applications .............................................. 40 4.3 History ................................................. 40 4.4 Security of MIFARE Classic, MIFARE DESFire and MIFARE Ultralight .............. 41 4.5 Considerations for systems integration ................................. 42 iv CONTENTS 4.6 See also ................................................ 42 4.7 Places that use MIFARE technology ................................. 42 4.7.1 Transportation ........................................ 43 4.7.2 Application References .................................... 43 4.7.3 Institutions .......................................... 43 4.8 References ............................................... 44 4.9 Further reading ............................................ 46 4.10 External links ............................................. 46 4.11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses .......................... 47 4.11.1 Text .............................................. 47 4.11.2 Images ............................................ 48 4.11.3 Content license ........................................ 50 Chapter 1 Smart card thalate based polyesters, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or polycarbonate. Since April 2009, a Japanese company has manufactured reusable financial smart cards made from paper.[1] Smart cards can provide identification, authentication, data storage and application processing.[2] Smart cards may provide strong security authentication for single sign- on (SSO) within large organizations. 1.1 History 1.1.1 Invention In 1968 and 1969 German electrical engineers Helmut Gröttrup and Jürgen Dethloff jointly filed patents for the automated chip card (for details see page of Helmut Gröt- trup). French inventor Roland Moreno[3] patented the memory card concept[4] in 1974. An important patent for smart cards with a microprocessor and memory as Contact-type smart cards may have many different contact pad used today was filed by Jürgen Dethloff in 1976 and layouts, such as these SIMs granted as USP 4105156 in 1978.[5] In 1977, Michel Ugon from Honeywell Bull invented the first micropro- cessor smart card. In 1978, Bull patented the SPOM (self-programmable one-chip microcomputer) that de- fines the necessary architecture to program the chip. Three years later, Motorola used this patent in its “CP8”. At that time, Bull had 1,200 patents related to smart cards. In 2001, Bull sold its CP8 division together with its patents to Schlumberger, who subsequently combined its own internal smart card department