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LED-Belysningens Effekter På Djur Och Natur Med Rekommendationer: Fokus På Nordiska Förhållanden Och Känsliga Arter Och Grupper

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LED-Belysningens Effekter På Djur Och Natur Med Rekommendationer: Fokus På Nordiska Förhållanden Och Känsliga Arter Och Grupper LED-belysningens effekter på djur och natur med rekommendationer: Fokus på nordiska förhållanden och känsliga arter och grupper LED -belysningens effekter på djur och natur med rekommendationer OM RAPPORTEN: Titel: LED-belysningens effekter på djur och natur med rekommendationer: Fokus på nordiska förhållanden och känsliga arter och grupper. Version/datum: 2018-10-01 Rapporten bör citeras såhär: Jägerbrand, A.K. (2018). LED-belysningens effekter på djur och natur med rekommendationer: Fokus på nordiska förhållanden och känsliga arter och grupper. Calluna AB. English title : Effects of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on animals and the natural environment, and recommendations: with focus on the Nordic countries and sensitive species and areas. Omslag: bilden föreställer vägbelysning med träd i höstskrud, belysning i träd med siluetter av uggla och fladdermöss, samt exempel på och utan armaturavskärmning. Bilder: Bilder i rapporten är författarens egna eller utgivna/publicerade under licens att de är godkända för redigering och/eller publicering. OM PROJEKTET: Utfört av: Calluna AB (organisationsnummer: 556575–0675) Adress huvudkontor: Linköpings slott, 582 28 Linköping Hemsida: www.calluna.se Telefon (växel): +46 13-12 25 75 På uppdrag av: Trafikverket (Adress: Trafikverket, 781 89 Borlänge) Beställarens kontaktperson: Petter Hafdell Projektledare: Annika K. Jägerbrand (Calluna AB) Rapportgranskning: Andreas Brutemark (Calluna AB) Intern projektkod: AJD0008 ii LED -belysningens effekter på djur och natur med rekommendationer Innehåll 1 Sammanfattning 1 2 Summary 3 3 Förord och granskningsprocess 5 4 Förkortningar och definitioner 6 5 Bakgrund 8 5.1 Kunskapsläge om ekologiska effekter av artificiellt ljus ............................................................................. 9 5.2 Kunskapsbrister ....................................................................................................................................... 10 5.3 Vad utgör betydande ekologiska effekter? .............................................................................................. 11 6 Mål & Syfte 11 7 LED som ljuskälla 12 7.1 Ljusets våglängdsfördelning och färg ...................................................................................................... 13 7.2 Ljuskvantitet (styrka) ................................................................................................................................ 17 7.3 Rumslig fördelning ................................................................................................................................... 20 7.4 Temporal fördelning ................................................................................................................................. 23 7.5 Ljusföroreningar och himlaglim ................................................................................................................ 24 7.6 Flimmer ................................................................................................................................................... 26 7.7 Polarisering.............................................................................................................................................. 26 8 Ljus uppfattas olika och påverkar olika beroende på art 27 8.1 Däggdjur .................................................................................................................................................. 27 8.2 Fåglar och kräldjur ................................................................................................................................... 31 8.3 Fiskar ....................................................................................................................................................... 33 8.4 Groddjur .................................................................................................................................................. 35 8.5 Insekter .................................................................................................................................................... 37 8.6 Terrestra växter ....................................................................................................................................... 38 8.7 Övriga ...................................................................................................................................................... 39 8.8 Flimmer ................................................................................................................................................... 39 8.9 Polariserat ljus ......................................................................................................................................... 40 9 Dygnsaktivitet och årstidsvariation 40 9.1 Nattaktiva djur/organismer ....................................................................................................................... 40 9.2 Dagaktiva djur/organismer ....................................................................................................................... 41 9.3 Krepuskulära (skymnings- och gryningsaktiva) djur/organismer.............................................................. 41 9.4 Katemerala djur/organismer .................................................................................................................... 41 9.5 Årstidsvariation ........................................................................................................................................ 41 10 Effekter av LED-belysning på arters fysiologi, beteende och ekologi 42 10.1 Leddjur (insekter och spindlar) ................................................................................................................ 42 10.2 Fladdermöss ............................................................................................................................................ 45 10.3 Fåglar ...................................................................................................................................................... 46 10.4 Fiskar ....................................................................................................................................................... 47 10.5 Terrestra växter ....................................................................................................................................... 49 10.6 Övriga ...................................................................................................................................................... 50 11 Prioriteringar för naturvårdande åtgärder 51 iii LED -belysningens effekter på djur och natur med rekommendationer 11.1 Lagstiftning .............................................................................................................................................. 52 11.2 Exempel på ljusföroreningars påverkan på skyddade arter enligt art- och habitatdirektivet .................... 56 11.3 Artskydd .................................................................................................................................................. 56 11.4 Dygnsaktivitet och skyddsstatus .............................................................................................................. 57 11.5 Områdesskydd ........................................................................................................................................ 59 12 Rekommendationer för att minimera ekologisk påverkan av utomhusbelysning 59 12.1 Förhindra och begränsa nya områden från att belysas ........................................................................... 60 12.2 Begränsa omfattningen (arean) av belysta områden ............................................................................... 62 12.3 Begränsa tiden med belysning ................................................................................................................ 68 12.4 Begränsa belysningsstyrkan/ljuskvantitet ................................................................................................ 72 12.5 Ljusets våglängdsfördelning .................................................................................................................... 76 13 Anpassning till olika miljöer och ekosystem 79 13.1 Centrala stadsmiljöer ............................................................................................................................... 79 13.2 Urbana miljöer ......................................................................................................................................... 80 13.3 Landsbygd ............................................................................................................................................... 81 13.4 Skogsekosystem ..................................................................................................................................... 82 13.5 Vattennära miljöer ................................................................................................................................... 83 13.6 Nordliga miljöer ........................................................................................................................................ 85 14 Riktlinjer för utomhusbelysning i skyddade eller känsliga naturmiljöer 86 14.1 Ljuskällor och armaturavskärmning ......................................................................................................... 86 14.2 Schemalagd belysning ...........................................................................................................................
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