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Newsletter No. 58 June, 2004 3 Science Features

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Newsletter No. 58 June, 2004 3 Science Features No. 58, June, 2004 The Global Change NewsLetter is the quarterly newsletter of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). IGBP is a pro- gramme of global change research, sponsored by the International Council for Science. Compliant with Nordic www.igbp.kva.se Ecolabelling criteria. Wind-blown Dust and Discussion Forum: Dirt Light Pollution Mineral dust is Light pollution continues an important to increase around the component of globe. What are the eco- the atmospheric logical implica- aerosol loading. tions of this Sandy Harrison and are there describes how global con- atmospheric dust sequences affects regional climates by altering the to consider? balance of incoming and outgoing radiation, influ- Turn to the encing cloud properties, and affecting atmospheric Discussion chemical processes. Read why the regional and Forum to find global climate implications of dust loadings are cur- out. rently very unclear. Page 3 Page 14 The SOLAS Air-Sea Synthesis Book Gas Experiment Executive Summary In March/April A 40 page Execu- this year New tive Summary of Zealand SOLAS the recent IGBP successfully Synthesis Book coordinated – Global Change a month-long and the Earth voyage in System: A Planet sub-Antarctic Under Pressure waters mea- – is now available suring air-sea for free download from the IGBP exchanges of CO2 and dimethylsulphide in the dif- ficult high wind conditions of the “Roaring Forties”. website. See Read about the initial analyses of results and their book advertise- possible implications. ment for details. Page 7 Page 22 Both the IGBP science community and government Guest Editorial funding agencies are in the midst of an important evolu- tion in problem definition. The IGBP science community has highlighted the need for integration and an Earth A Funding Agency Perspective System approach, in addition to sub-system studies. Fund- ing agencies are equally excited and challenged by this Twelve years ago I was at sea as part of the JGOFS Equa- development. The IGBP science community has empha- torial Pacific project. Five years ago I was an Officer of sised that challenging Earth System studies require new the IGBP Scientific Committee. Now I find myself in a US approaches – sometimes even new conceptual tools federal agency that provides funds to projects of IGBP (as and techniques. Funding agencies work with resource well as to IGBP itself and its sister programmes) and that managers who emphasise that the problems they face participates in the International Group of Funding Agen- exist within systems, and that they must understand the cies for Global Change Research. My experience in both system to identify solutions that do not generate unan- the global change science community and the funding ticipated consequences. agency community, is that that the motivations, the crite- Finally, both the global change science community ria for making decisions, and the evolving directions are and funding agencies face a challenge for the next very similar in both worlds. decade. The former face the challenge of actually study- Colleagues in funding agencies in the US and around ing systems, and doing so without ignoring or starving the world share the passion of the science community to sub-system science. Funding agencies face the chal- emphasise science, first and foremost, and so we fund the lenge of working in bureaucratic systems with dispersed highest quality science. However, I know of no funding authority. We want to gain skill in transferring scientific agency that has sufficient funds to support all of the high- results to other researchers with specific applied prob- est quality research that is proposed – let alone the science lems, to government agencies charged with resource that is very good, but not of the highest rank. This is an management and policy making, and to international extremely frustrating reality. organisations that are building capacity around the Both the science community and the funding commu- world. And we want to do this without overburdening nity are forced to set priorities that leave much important, the small, but essential, basic research community. high quality research undone. Individual scientists make The perspectives of the global change science com- decisions about which of the many fascinating avenues to munity and the funding agency community may thus be pursue based on judgments of scientific importance and different, but I believe that in each case the basic values, based on personal interests. Funding agencies are much motivations and external pressures are very similar. For the same: they prioritise according to the scientific impor- these reasons I am optimistic: we will have to make diffi- tance ascribed to a project by their review mechanisms cult choices, but I believe they will result in research that and by their overall missions. Global change research is has the greatest potential transform science and inform funded by different types of government entities with policy. different review mechanisms and missions. They include research agencies or councils that look for the most chal- Margaret Leinen Assistant Director of Geosciences lenging and important science topics, and environmental National Science Foundation or resource agencies that look for the science most likely Washington DC, USA to advance the understanding in areas relevant to their E-mail: [email protected] environmental or resource management. Contents Science Features Discussion Forum Dust, Land-use and Climate Change..........................3 Scotobiology – the Biology of Darkness..............14 The Environment and Sustainable Local Global Change and the Global Economy..................16 Development in Coastal Areas......................................5 National Committee Science New Roles and Faces.......................................19 Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Activities in IGBP and Related Global Change New Zealand................................................................8 Meetings......................................................................20 Pin Board....................................................................23 Integration Model Inter-comparison Projects..................................11 Global Change NewsLetter No. 58 June, 2004 3 Science Features the extent to which land-use practices contributed to dust Dust, Land-use and Climate Change erosion. Dust from cropped and grazed lands was found to S.Harrison contribute less than a tenth of the total dust in the atmosphere today (Figure 1b, 1c). Using different estimates of the extent Mineral dust is an important component of the atmospheric of cropped and grazed land, or aerosol loading, with 1-2 Pg of dust eroded by the wind from different sources of the meteo- bare soils and lofted into the atmosphere every year. Atmo- rological data to drive the dust spheric dust affects regional climates by altering the balance model, has very little effect on the overall estimate: the anthro- of incoming and outgoing radiation, influencing cloud proper- pogenic component of the ties and affecting atmospheric chemical processes. The net current total atmospheric dust climatic impact could be large, but it is currently very unclear loading is small compared to whether dust will produce warmer or colder conditions at a the natural component. Thus, regional scale, and unclear how regional changes will affect although dust emissions from the global climate. agricultural soils may have a significant impact locally, they Part of the uncertainty is due to construction activities. How- are not of great importance for the different effects atmospheric ever, this estimate was based on the global radiation budget. dust can have on the climate, a small number of modelling The implications of this depending on the colour, size studies that found it impossible finding for the future were and mineralogy of the dust, the to reproduce observed dust simulated [2] using two dif- height of the dust clouds in the loadings by considering natural ferent climate models forced atmosphere, and the nature of dust sources alone. by changes in greenhouse-gas the surface (dark or light) over Recent work has shed new concentrations (from the IPCC which the dust clouds occur. light on the relative importance IS92a scenario), and different However, part of the uncertainty of natural and human atmo- scenarios about how land-use also stems from our limited spheric dust sources. A recent might change in the future [e.g. ability to answer questions such paper [2] analysed a new com- 4,5]. The analyses of potential as: (i) what proportion of the pilation of dust-storm observa- changes in dust emissions modern dust load is natural? tions [3] (Figure 1a) to show that showed that the effect of (ii) how have changes in human the frequency of dust storms in climate changes, rather than activities affected dust emissions cropped and grazed lands was changes in land-use, will be in past decades? and (iii) how somewhat higher than in areas more important in determining might human activities affect of natural vegetation with com- the effects of atmospheric dust atmospheric dust loadings in the parable climate and vegetation on regional climates. future? Conventional wisdom, cover. The dust-storm data were The new estimates of how enshrined in the last report of then used to calibrate a dust- much of the dust in the atmo- the Intergovernmental Panel on source model so that it repro- sphere is due to human activi- Climate Change [1], suggests duced
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