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John Paul II (1920-2005) CAROL JASEF VODYA, elected Pope on October 16, 1978, was born on May 18, 1920, in Wadowice, Poland. He was the third of three children born to Karol Oytytya and Emilia Kakovsky, who died in 1929. His older brother Edmund, a doctor, died in 1932, and his father, Carol, a non-commissioned officer in the army, died in 1941. He was nine years old when he received his First Communion and eighteen years when he received the Sacrament of Confirmation. After graduating from high school in Vadowice, he enrolled at the University of Jagelon in Krakow in 1938. When the Nazi occupying forces closed the university in 1939, Karol worked (1940-1944) in a quarry and then at the Solvea chemical plant to earn a living and avoid deportation to Germany. Feeling called to the priesthood, he began his studies in 1942 at a secret large seminary in Krakow under the direction of Archbishop Adam Stefan Sapiehi. At the time, he was one of the organizers of the Rhapsodic Theatre, which was also underground. After the war, Carol continued his studies at the main seminary, recently reopened, and at the School of Theology at Jagelon University, before his priestly ordination in Krakow on November 1, 1946. Father Oytysha was then sent by Cardinal Sapieha to Rome, where he received his doctorate in theology (1948). He wrote his thesis on faith, as is understood in the works of St. John the Cross. As a student in Rome, he spent his holidays performing pastoral service with Polish expats in France, Belgium and Holland. In 1948, Father Voytish returned to Poland and was appointed priest at the parish church of Niegovic, near Krakow, and then in St. Florian in the city. He was a university chaplain until 1951, when he began his studies in philosophy and theology again. In 1953, Father Voytish presented his dissertation at the University of Jagelon in Krakow on the possibility of grounding Christian ethics on an ethical system developed by Max Scheler. Later he became a professor of moral theology and ethics at the main seminary of Krakow and at the theological faculty of Lublin. On July 4, 1958, Pope Pius XII appointed Father Ouitych as the auxiliary bishop of Krakow to see Ombi. Archbishop Eugeniusz Baziak ordained him at The Cathedral of Wavel (Krakov) on September 28, 1958. On January 13, 1964, Pope Paul VI appointed Bishop Of Agostaus as Archbishop of Krakow, and then, on June 26, 1967, created a cardinal for him. Bishop Woytysha participated in the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) and made a significant contribution to the drafting of the Constitution by Gaudum and Spes. He also attended five meetings of the Synod of Bishops before the beginning of his Papal Cathedral. On October 16, 1978, Cardinal Ouitysha was elected Pope, and on October 22 he began his ministry as a universal pastor of the Church. Pope John Paul 146 pastoral visits to Italy and, as Bishop of Rome, he visited 317 of the current 322 Roman parishes. His international Apostolic Journeys read 104 and were an expression of the constant pastoral care of The Successor of Peter for all churches. His main documents include 14 , 15 Apostolic Exhortations, 11 Apostolic Constitutions and 45 Apostolic Letters. He also wrote five books, Crossing the Threshold of Hope (October 1994); Gift and mystery: on the fiftieth anniversary of my priest (November 1996); Roman triptych, meditation in poetry (March 2003); Rebellion, let's be on our way (May 2004) and (February 2005). Pope John Paul II celebrated 147 beatifications, during which he proclaimed 1,338 blessed and 51 canonizations of a total of 482 saints. He named 9 consistory, in which he created 231 cardinals (plus one in the pector). He also presided over six plenary sessions of the College of Cardinals. Since 1978, Pope John Paul II has called 15 meetings of the Synod of Bishops: 6 ordinary general sessions (1980, 1983, 1987, 1990, 1994 and 2001), 1 emergency general session (1985) and 8 special sessions (1980, 1991,1994,1995,1997,1998 (2) and 1999). On May 3, 1981, an attempt was made on the life of Pope John Paul II in St. Peter's Square. Rescued by the mother hand of the Mother of God, after a long stay in the hospital, he forgave the attempt on the killer and, realizing that he received a great gift, with heroic generosity intensified his pastoral obligations. Pope John Paul II also demonstrated his pastoral care by erecting numerous dioceses and church prohibitions, as well as proclaiming the Codes of Canon Law for the Latin and Eastern Churches, as well as the catechism of the Catholic Church. He proclaimed the Year of Atonement, the Year of the Marianas and the Year of the Eucharist, as well as the Great Jubilee Year of 2000, in order to provide the people of God with a particularly intense spiritual experience. It also attracted young people by celebrating . No other pope has met as many people as Pope John Paul II. More than 17.6 million pilgrims visited his general audience on Wednesday (which numbered more than 1,160 people). This does not include any other special audiences and religious ceremonies (more than 8 million pilgrims in the Great Jubilee Year of 2000 alone). He met millions of believers during his pastoral visits to Italy and around the world. It also hosted numerous government officials, including 38 official visits and 738 meetings and meetings with heads of state, as well as 246 meetings and meetings with prime ministers. Pope John Paul II died at the Apostolic Palace at 21:37 on Saturday, April 2, 2005, at a Sunday vigil in Albis or Divine Mercy on Sunday, which he established. April 8th celebrated in St. Peter's Square, and he was buried in the crypt of St. Peter's Basilica. John Paul II was beatified in St. Peter's Square on May 1, 2011 by Pope Benedict XVI, his immediate successor and for many years his distinguished collaborator as prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. A booklet to celebrate the canonization of Blessed John XXIII and John Paul II, April 27, 2014, the 264th Pope and the Holy Catholic Church JP2 redirects here. For other purposes, see Jp2 and Pope John Paul II (disambiguation). In this Slavic name the surname Of Oytyla, sometimes translitered as Ownila. Pope John Paul IIBishop RimaJohn Paul II in 1985 GilokeseRomeorse SeePapacy began16 October 1978Papaces ended2 April 2005pretepresessionJohn Paul ISuccessorBenedict XVIUmoustst1 1946by Adam Stefan SapiehaConsec28 September 1958 Eugene Created by Cardinal June 26, 1967by Paul VIPersonal detailsRodal nameCarol Jazef Rousea Bourne (1920-05-18)18 May 1920Wadowice, Second Polish Republic April 2, 2005 (2005-04-02) (age 84)Apostolic Palace, Apostolic Palace, Vatican NationalityPolishDenominationCaolicPrestive Post Auxiliary Bishop of Krakow, Poland (1958-1964) Titular Bishop of Omby (1958-1964) Archbishop of Krakow , Poland (1964-1978) Cardinal Priest san Cesareo in Palatio (1967-1978) MottoTotus Tuus (Totally yours)SignatureCoat of armsSainthoodFeast day22 OctoberVenerated inCatholic ChurchBeatified May1 2011St. Peter's Square, Vatican Cityby Benedict 6Cancanon27 April 2014 Peter's Square, Vatican Cityby FrancisAttributesPapal ferulaPapal vestmentsPatronagPolandArchiocese of Krakow World Youth Day (co-patron)World Meeting of Families 2015 (co- patron)Young CatholicsFamilies, Tanza, Cavite papal stylesPopree John Paul IIReference styleIs HolinessHoven styleY Holy Father John Paul II (Latin: John Paulus II; Italian: Giovanni Paolo II; Polish: Jan Paul II; was born Karol Jazef Rouse (ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛv vɔjˈtɨwa); May 18, 1920 - April 2, 2005) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign state of the Vatican from 1978 until his death in 2005. He was elected pope by the second papal conclave of 1978, which was named after Pope John Paul I, who was elected in August to succeed Pope Paul VI, died 33 days later. Cardinal Oytysha was elected on the third day of the conclave and adopted the name of his predecessor in his honor. John Paul II was recognized as helping to end communist rule in his native Poland and, ultimately, throughout Europe. John Paul II significantly improved the relationship of the Catholic Church with Judaism, Islam and the Eastern Orthodox Church. He supported the Teachings of the Church on issues such as the right to life, artificial ordination of women and celibacy clergy, and although he supported the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, he was seen as generally conservative in their interpretation. He was one of the most traveling world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. As part of his special emphasis on the universal appeal to holiness, he beatified 1,340 and canonized 483 people, more than the combined tally of his predecessors during the previous five centuries. By the time of his death, he had named most of the College of Cardinals, consecrated or consecrated many bishops of the world, and ordained many priests. John Paul II was the second longest-serving pope in modern history after Pope Pius IX. John Paul II was born in Poland and was the first non-Italian pope since Pope Adrian 66th century. The case of John Paul II for canonization began a month after his death with the traditional five-year waiting period cancelled. On December 19, 2009, John Paul II was proclaimed the venerable successor by Benedict XVI and was beatified on May 1, 2011 (Divine Mercy Sunday) after the Congregation for the reasons of the Saints attributed one miracle to his intercession, the healing of a French nun named Marie Simon Pierre from Parkinson's disease. The second miracle was approved on July 2, 2013 and confirmed by Pope Francis two days later. John Paul II was canonized on April 27, 2014 (again Divine Mercy Sunday), along with Pope John XXIII. On September 11, 2014, Pope Francis added these two non-binding memorials to the world common Roman calendar of saints. Traditionally, the feast of saints is celebrated on the anniversary of their death, but the day of John Paul II (October 22) is celebrated on the anniversary of his papal inauguration. Posthumously, it was named by some Catholics as St. John paul the Great, although the name has no official recognition. Early Life Home Article: Early Life of Pope John Paul II Wedding Portrait of parents of John Paul II, Emilia and Carole Rouse Sr. Karol Jazef Rousee was born in the Polish city of Vadowice. He was the youngest of three children born to Karol Beitch (1879-1941), an ethnic Pole, and Emilia Kaksorovskaya (1884-1929), which was of distant Lithuanian heritage. Emilia, who was a schoolteacher, died of a heart attack and kidney failure in 1929, when Beitish was eight years old. His older sister Olga died before he was born, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years older than him. Edmund's work as a doctor eventually led to his death from scarlet fever, a loss that affected 1ed Deeply. As a child, Vishysh was athletic, often playing football as a goalkeeper. As a child, Oytysha had contact with a large Vadowice community. School School games were often organized between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Beitila often played on the Jewish side. I remember that at least a third of my classmates at Vadowice Elementary School were Jewish. There were fewer of them in primary school. I was very friendly with some of them. And what struck me about some of them was their Polish patriotism. Around the same time, the young Carola had his first serious relationship with a girl. He became close to a girl named Jinka Bir, who is called a Jewish beauty, with stunning eyes and black jet hair, a slender, superb actress. In mid-1938, Oytytcha and his father left Vadowice and moved to Krakow, where he enrolled at Jagiellonian University. Studying topics such as philology and various languages, he worked as a volunteer librarian and was required to participate in compulsory military training in the Academic Legion, but refused to fire weapons. He performed with various theatre groups and worked as a playwright. During this time, his talent for the language blossomed, and he learned 12 languages - Polish, Latin, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, English, German, Ukrainian, Serbian-Croatian, Slovak and Esperanto, nine of which he widely used as pope. In 1939, German occupation troops closed the university after the invasion of Poland. The able-bodied men had to work, so from 1940 to 1944, Beitisha worked as an envoy in a restaurant, manually working in a limestone quarry and at the Solvay chemical plant to avoid deportation to Germany. In February 1940, he met Jan Tyranovsky, who introduced him to The Carmelite Mystism and the Youth Groups of Living Rosary. Also in 1940 he was hit by a tram, which had a fractured skull. That same year he was hit by a truck in a quarry that left him with one shoulder taller than the other and a constant slouch. His father, a former Austro-Hungarian non-commissioned officer and then a Polish army officer, died of a heart attack in 1941, leaving Oytya the only surviving member of the family. I wasn't at my mother's death, I wasn't at my brother's death, I wasn't at my father's death, he said, reflecting on those times of his life, nearly forty years later, In twenty years I have already lost all the people I loved. John Paul II (second from right) in the Bodient working group circa 1941 The tomb of John Paul II's parents at the Rakovic Cemetery in Krakow, Poland After his father's death, he began to think seriously about the priesthood. In October 1942, as the war went on, he knocked on the door of the Episcopal Palace in Krakow and asked to study for the priesthood. Shortly thereafter, he began courses in an underground seminary run by the Archbishop of Krakow, Adam Stefan Cardinal Sapiehi. May 29 In 1944, Oytysha was hit by a German truck. German Wehrmacht officers cared for him and sent him to the hospital. He spent two weeks there recovering from a severe concussion and shoulder injury. It seemed to him that this accident and his survival were a confirmation of his calling. On August 6, 1944, the day known as Black Sunday, the Gestapo surrounded young people in Krakow to break up an uprising there, similar to the recent uprising in Warsaw. 10 Of Vytysha escaped, hiding in the basement of his uncle's house on Tynikka Street, 10, while German troops searched above. On that day, more than eight thousand men and boys were taken, while Woytysha fled to the Archbishop's Palace, where he remained until the Germans left. On the night of January 17, 1945, the Germans fled the city, and the students returned the destroyed seminary. Vonnesha and another seminarian volunteered to wash piles of frozen excrement from the toilets. 14-year-old Jewish refugee girl Edith Cier, who escaped from a Nazi labor camp in Chestokhov, also helped Out. Edith collapsed on the railway platform, so Oytytcha took her to the train and stayed with her all the way to Krakow. Edith attributes Vuchytice to saving her life that day. Bnai Brit and other authorities stated that Vonnetcha had helped protect many other Polish Jews from the Nazis. During the Nazi occupation of Poland, a Jewish family sent their son, Stanley Berger, to be hid by a Polish pagan family. Berger's biological Jewish parents died in the Holocaust, and after the war, Berger's new Christian parents asked Karol Woytya, the future Pope John Paul II, to baptize the boy. Beitysha refused, saying that the child should be brought up in the Jewish faith of his parents and nation, not as a Catholic. He did his best to have Berger leave Poland and be raised by Jewish relatives in the United States. In April 2005, shortly after the death of John Paul II, the Israeli Government established a commission in honor of the legacy of John Paul II. One of the ways of honor offered by Emmanuel Pacifici, head of the Jewish community of Italy, was the Medal of Righteous Among The Peoples. In 12 years of the Nazi regime, He described 12 years of the Nazi regime as bestiality, quoting the Polish theologian and philosopher Konstantin Michalski. Presbyterate history of ordinationPope John Paul IIHistoricon ordinationStephan Kar Sapieha (Krakov)Date20 October 1946In basically ordination Adem Stefan Sapieha (K November1, 1946Capel residence of the Krakow ArchbishopThepiscoral consecrationPricial consecrationEvgenius Baziak (Krakov AA)Co-consecrationFrace jep (Sandomieroz KominekDate28 September 1958Placed cathedral, KrakowCardinalateVist VIDate26 June 1967Piscopeal continuityBishopa consecrated by Pope John Paul II as chief consecratedPiotre Bednarczyk21 April 1968zef Rozwadovsky24 November 1968Stan 88 April 1970Albin Malishyak CM5 April 1970Pave CM26 December 1973Sef Marek December 1973Francek Macharski6 January 1979Ustiko Mullor Garcia a27 May 1979Alfio Rapisarda27 May 1979Ahill Silvestrin27 May 1979Saumuel Serafimov Jundrin AA27 May 1979Ruben Lopez Ardon27 May 191979 Apollo Lucudu Loro FSCJ27 May 1979Vincent Moivok Nyker27 May 1979Armido Gasparini FSCJ27 May 1979Mihael Hughes Kenny27 May 1979William Russell Russell Russell Houck27 May 1979Jos Cardoso Sobrinho OCarm27 May 1979Gerhard Ludwig Goebel MSF27 May 197927 May 1979Fernando Jose Penteado27 May 1979Girolamo Grillo27 May 1979Paciano Basil Aniceto27 May 197907Will Thomas Larkin27 May 1979John Joseph O'Connor27 May 1979Jean-Marie Lafontaine27 May 1979Ladislau Biernaski CM27 May 1979New Holanda Gurgel27 May 1979Matthew Harvey Clark27 May 1979Alandro Goic Karmelic27 May 1979 Magugat MSC27 May 1979Raman Lopez Carrozas Odem27 May 1979Isef Tomko15 September 1979Myroslaw Ivan Lubachevsky12 November 1979 Giovanni Koppa6 January 1980Carlo Maria Cardinal Martini SJ6 January 1980Crystal Viigan Tumi6 January 1980Marcel Bam'ba Gongoa4 May 1980Louis Nkinga Bondala CICM4 May 1980Laurent Monsengwo Pasinha4 May 1980Parid Taban4 May 1980Roger Mpungu4 May 1980 Michel-Joseph-Gerard Gagnon MAfr4 May 1980Dominique Kimpinde Amando4 May 1980Joseph Nduhirubusa4 may 1980Vicente Joaquim ziko CM6 January 1981Sergio Goretti6 January 1981Giulio Sangineti6 January 1981Frsco Voto6 January 1981 Gregory Obinna Ochiagha6 January 1981Anicetus Bontsu Antonius Sinaga OFM Cap6 January 1981Lucas Luis Denelli Carey OdeMM January 1981Philippo Giannini6 January 1981Innio Appignanesi6 January 1981Martino Scarafil6 January 1981Lessandro Plotti6 January 1981Stanislaw Shimeckski12 April 1981Caris Louis Joseph VandamE SJ6 January 1982John Boulaitis6 January 1982Trayan Krishan6 January 1982Charles Kweku Sam6 January 1982 Thomas Joseph O'Brien6 January 1982Antinio Alberto Guimaraes Rezende CSS6 January 1982France George Adeodatus Micallef OCD6 January 1982Anthony Michael Milone6 January 1982Salim Sayeg6 January 1982Virgilio Noe March 1982 Antonio Vitle Bommarco OFM Conv6 January 1983Ybas Sebastian Labois Gallego6 January 1983Carle-Joseph Rauber6 January 1983Frsco Monterisi6 January 1983Kevin Joseph Aje6 January 1961983John Olorunfemi Onaiyekan6 January 1983Pieftro Rossano6 January 1983Anacleto Sima Ngua6 January 1983Ildefonso Obama Obono6 January 1983Yroslav Okarvada6 January 1983Tomynic Hrushevsky6 January 1983Luigy del Gallo Roccagiovin6 January 1983 zenon Grocholevsky6 January Paetz6 January 1983Alfons Maria Stickler SDB1 November 1983Paolo Romeo6 January 1984Paul Kim Tchang-ryeol6 January 1984Policarp Pengo6 January 1984Nikolas ohOki6 January 1984Egenio Binini6 January 1984Hernest Combo SJ6 January 1984Jan Peter Schotte CICM6 January 1984Mathai Cocuparampil SDB6 January 1984Tomenico Pecile January 1984Ber Nard Patrick Devlin6 January 1985Cazimer Gurney6 January 1985Aloisius Balina6 January 1985Afonso Ntec OFM Cap6 January 1985 Pellegrino Tomaso Ronchi OFM Cap6 January 1985Fer Nando Saenz Lacalle6 January 1985Jorge Medina Estevez6 January 1985Ustin Francis Rigali14 September 1985Pied Luigi Celata6 January 1986France Komarica6 January 1986Valmir Alberto Valle IMC6 January 1986Norbert Wendelin Mtega6 January 1986John Bosco Manat Chuabsamai6 January 1986Donald William Wuerl6 January 1986Felip Gonzalez OFM Cap6 January 1986The Michalik16 October 1986Gilberto Agustoni6 January 198888Frank Perco6 January 1987Dino Monduzzi6 January 1987Josef Sangval Surasaranang6 January 1987Georg Biguzzi SX6 January 1987Benedikt Dotu Sekey6 January 1987Julio Edgar Cabrera Ovalle6 January 1987Oummila Jerome McCormack January 198Emgelman. Mapunda6 January 1987Dominich Su Ho Chiu6 January 1987John Magee SPS17 March 1987Beniamine Stella5 September 1987Rene Pierre Louis Joseph Szczynne5 September 1987Tiulio Nicolini5 September 1987 Giovanni Battista Re7 November 1987Mahel Sabbagh6 January 1988Marian Olesya6 January 1988Imeri Cabongo Kanundowi6 January 1988Luis d 'Andrea OFM Conv 6 January 1988Victor Adibe Chikwe6 January 1988Atanasius Atule Usuch6 January 1988Srecko Badurina T.O.R6 January 1988Jos Raul Vera Lopez, O.P.6 January 1988Luig Belloli6 January 1988John Gavin Nolan January 1988Arris Bakis4 October 1988Passcuale Mackie6 January 1989Francesco Marquisano6 January 198 1989Ustin Tetmu Samba6 January 1989John Mendes6 January 1989Lemin Augustine Tharmaraj6 January 1989Tarcisius Ngalalekumtwa6 January 1989Raffaele Calabro6 January 1989Francesco Jose Arneis SJdon SJ6 January 1989Raman Benito de La Rosa y Carpio January 1989Piriano Calderon Polo6 January 1989Alvaro Leonel Ramascini Imeri6 January 1989Andrea Maria Erba January 6, 1989Esef Kowalczyk6 January 1989Andmond Farhat6 January 1989Admond Farhat6 January 1989 Janusz Bolognek6 January 198 1989Tadeus Kondrusevic6 January 1989 Giovanni Tonucci6 January 1990Ignio Bedini S.D.B.6 January 1990Mario Milano6 January 1990 Giovanni Ceirano6 January 1990Oscar Rizzato6 January 1990Anthino Ignacio Velasco Garcia S.D.B6 January 1990Paul R. Ruzoka6 January 1990Marian Beagei Kruschovich O.F.M. Conv.6 January 1990Pier Francois Marie Joseph Dupri6 January 1990Damenico Umberto D'Ambrosio6 January 1990Dward Daichak6 January 1990Benjamin J. Almoneda6 January 1990FranceSco Joya O.F.M. Cap.5 April 1990Edward Novak5 April 1990Giacinto Berlco5 April 1990Erwin Josef Ender5 1990Jean-Louis Tauran6 January 1991Vinko Puljic6 January 1991Marcello Costalunga6 January 1991Osvaldo Padilla6 January 1991Francexco Javier Errasuris Ossa6 January 1991Bruno Pius Ngonyani6 January 1991France Emmanuel Ogbonna Okobo January 1991Andrea Gemma F.D.P6 January 1991Josef Habib Hitti6 January 1991Jasinto Guerrero Torres6 January 1991. Alvaro del Portillo6 January 1991Julin Herrans Casado6 January 1991Bruno Bertagna6 January 1991Source (s): , Vojtysha was ordained priests on All Saints Day , November 1, 1946, Archbishop of Krakow, Cardinal Sapieha. Sapieha sent Ouitylu to the Pontifical International Athenaeum Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of St. Foma Aquinas, to study under the guidance of the French Dominican Fr. Reginald Garrigu-Lagrange beginning November 26, 1946. At that time he was living at the Belgian Pontifical College, chaired by Mgr Maximilien de Furstenberg. Voitysha received his license in July 1947, passed his doctoral exam on June 14, 1948, and successfully completed his doctoral thesis called Doctrina de fide apud S. Ioannem a Cruce (Doctrine of Faith in St. John the Cross) in Philosophy on June 19, 1948. The Angelicum retains the original copy of Voitya's typewritten thesis. Among other courses at Angelicum, Oytyla studied Hebrew with the Dutch Dominican Peter G. Dunker, author of Compendium grammaticae linguae hebraicae biblicae. According to Woytya's classmate, the future Austrian Cardinal Alphonse Stickler, in 1947 during his stay in Angelicaum Woytynya visited Padre Pio, who heard his confession and told him that one day he would rise to the highest position in the Church. Cardinal Stickler added that Oytytisha believed that the prophecy was fulfilled when he became a cardinal. Uteysha returned to Poland in the summer of 1948 to perform his first pastoral assignment in the village of Niegovic, 24 kilometers (15 miles) from Krakow, in the Church of the Assumption. He arrived in Niegovic during the harvest, where his first action was to kneel and kiss the ground. He repeated this gesture, which he adapted from the French saint Jean Marie Baptiste Vianney, throughout his papacy. The Pontifical International Athenaeum Angelicum in Rome, Italy In March 1949, Ochity was transferred to the parish of St. Florian in Krakow. He taught ethics at Jagiellonian University and then at the Catholic University of Lublin. During his training, he assembled a group of about 20 young people who began to call themselves Rodzinka, a small family. They met for prayer, philosophical discussion, and to help the blind and sick. Eventually, the group grew to about 200 participants, and their activities expanded to include annual ski and kayaking trips. In 1953 Thesis was accepted at the theological faculty of Jagiellonian University. In 1954, he received his doctorate in sacred theology, assessing the feasibility of Catholic ethics, based on the ethical system of the phenomenologist Max Scheler with a dissertation entitled Re-evaluate the possibility of establishing Catholic ethics on the ethical system of Max Scheler (Ocena mo'liwo'ci zbudowania etyki chrze'cijaskiej Scheler was a German philosopher who founded a broad philosophical movement, emphasizing the study of conscious experience. However, the communist authorities abolished the theological faculty of Jagelon University, thus preventing him from obtaining a degree until 1957. Woytisha developed a theological approach called phenomenological tomism, which combined traditional Catholic tomism with ideas of personalism, a philosophical approach derived from the phenomenology that was popular among Catholic intellectuals in Krakow during Woytya's intellectual development. He translated Sheler's formalism and the ethics of essential values. In 1961, he came up with Tomic Personalism to describe Aquinski's philosophy. During this period, Oytysha wrote a series of articles in the Catholic newspaper Krakow, The Silent Cross (Universal Weekly), devoted to contemporary church issues. He focused on creating original literary works during his first ten years as a priest. War, life under communism and his pastoral duties fed his poetry and plays. Uchytisha published his work under two pseudonyms, Andrzej Djavitch and Stanislav Andrzej Gruda, to distinguish his literature from his religious writings (under his own name), and that his literary works should be considered on their merits. In 1960, Beitisha published an influential theological book, , in defense of traditional church teachings about marriage from a new philosophical point of view. While a priest in Krakow, groups of students regularly joined Voytyla for hiking, skiing, biking, camping and kayaking, accompanied by prayer, outdoor mass and theological discussion. In the Stalin era of Poland, priests were not allowed to travel with groups of students. Voytisha asked his younger comrades to call him Woodjack (Polish for uncle) so that strangers would not leave him as a priest. The nickname has gained popularity among his followers. In 1958, when Ochitch was appointed auxiliary bishop of Krakow, his friends expressed concern that this would lead to his change. Vojtisha replied to his friends, Woods will remain Ujek, and he continued to live a simple life, avoiding the trappings that came with his position as bishop. This favorite nickname remained with Vonne for life and affectionately used, especially by the Polish people. The Episcopath and Cardinal Where John Paul II once lived as a priest and bishop on Canonica Street, Krakow (now the archdiocese museum) Calling for the Episcopate on July 4, 1958, while Woytych was kayaking in the lakes of northern Poland, Pope Pius XII appointed him auxiliary bishop of Krakow. He was then summoned to Warsaw to meet with the head of Poland, Cardinal Vyshinsky, who informed him of his appointment. He agreed to serve as auxiliary bishop to The Archbishop of Krakow, Eugeniusz Baziac, and on 28 September 1958 he received episcopal consecration (as the titular bishop of Ombi). Baziak was the chief consecrated. The main co-consecrations were Bishop Boleslaw Kominek (the titular bishop of Sophene and Vego, the auxiliary Catholic Archbishop of Wroclaw, and the future cardinal and archbishop of Wroclaw) and the then auxiliary bishop Francis Iop of the Catholic Diocese of Sandomiers (The Titular Bishop of Daulia; later auxiliary bishop of the Diocese). At the age of 38, Oytysha became the youngest bishop in Poland. In 1959, Bishop Ouityla began the annual tradition of saying midnight Mass at Christmas in an open field in Nowa Huta, a so-called exemplary city of workers outside Krakow that was without a church building. Bazyak died in June 1962, and on July 16, Loggingsha was elected vicar of the archdiocese until the archbishop was appointed. Attending the Second Vatican and subsequent events in October 1962, Woytysha participated in the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), where he contributed to two of his most historical and influential products, the Decree on Religious Freedom (in Latin, Dignitatis humanae) and the Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et spes). Vonnetsha and Polish bishops submitted a draft text to the Gaudium and Spes Council. According to historian John W. O'Malley, the draft text of Gaudium et spes, which was sent by Oytyla and the Polish delegation, had some influence on the version, which was sent to the fathers of the council this summer but was not accepted as a basic text. According to John F. Crosby, as pope, John Paul II used the words Gaudia and Speh later to present his own views on the nature of human beings in relation to God: man is the only being on earth whom God wanted for his own sake, but man can fully discover the true self only in sincere self-giving. He also participated in the meetings of the Synod of Bishops. On January 13, 1964, Pope Paul VI appointed him Archbishop of Krakow. On June 26, 1967, Paul VI announced the promotion of Archbishop Karol Oytyta to the Sacred College of Cardinals. [54] [77] was named cardinal priest of the title of San Cesareo in Palatio. In 1967, he was instrumental in the development of the Humanae vitae , which dealt with the same issues that prohibit abortion and artificial birth control. According to a modern witness, Cardinal Oytys was against the distribution of a letter around Krakow in 1970 that said the Polish episcopate was preparing for the 50th anniversary of the Polish-Soviet War. In 1973, Cardinal Vonnetila met the philosopher Anna-Teresa Timeniika, the wife of Hendrik S. Houtekker, professor of economics at Stanford University and Harvard University, and a member of President Nixon's Council of Economic Advisers, Tymieniecka collaborated with Vonnes on a number of projects, including the English translation of the book Byity Osoba i person.com. Person and Act, one of the main literary works of Pope John Paul II, was originally written in Polish. Timenetskaya has released an English-language version. They corresponded over the years and became good friends. In the summer of 1976, when Oytyla visited New England, Timenetskaya placed him as a guest in her family home. Beitisha enjoyed a vacation in Pomfret, Vermont, kayaking and outdoor activities, as he did in his beloved Poland. In 1974-1975, Cardinal Voityla, Archbishop of Krakow, served Pope Paul VI as consisor of the Pontifical Council for Layans, as Secretary of the Synod for Evangelization in 1974, and actively participated in the original compilation of the 1975 Apostolic Admonition, the Evangelian Nunn. Papal Elections Main Article: October 1978 Papal Conclave Newly Elected Pope John Paul II stands on a balcony at St. Peter's Basilica on October 16, 1978 at the Vatican. The coat of arms of Pope John Paul II with the letter M, meaning Blessed Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus In August 1978, after the death of Pope Paul VI, Cardinal Voytyla voted in the Papal Conclave, which elected Pope John Paul I. John Paul I died just 33 days later as Pope, triggering another conclave. The second conclave of 1978 began on October 14, ten days after the funeral. It was divided between two strong candidates for the papacy: Giuseppe Cardinal Siri, the conservative Archbishop of Genoa, and the liberal Archbishop of Florence, Giovanni Cardinal Benelli, a close friend of John Paul I. However, both men faced enough opposition to neither of them to win. Giovanni Colombo, Archbishop of Milan was considered a compromise candidate among Italian cardinal electors, but when he began to get votes, he announced that if elected he refuse to accept the papacy. Franz Cardinal Koenig, Archbishop of Vienna, offered his fellow voters another compromise candidate: Polish Cardinal Karol Jazef Rousee Rouse... Oytyusha won the eighth round of voting on the third day (October 16) - coincidentally with the day when the American evangelical preacher Billy Graham had just completed a 10-day pilgrimage to Poland, with, according to the Italian press, 99 votes from 111 participating voters. Among those cardinals who rallied around Wojtysha were supporters of Giuseppe Siri, Stefan Vyshinsky, most American cardinals (led by John Krol) and other moderate cardinals. He accepted his election with the words: With obedience to Christ, to my Lord, and with faith in the Mother of Christ and the Church, in spite of great difficulties, I accept. The Pope, in honor of his immediate predecessor, then took the name of John Paul II, also in honor of the late Pope Paul VI, and the traditional white smoke informed the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square that the pope was elected. There were rumors that the new pope would like to be known as Pope Stanislaw after the Polish holy name, but was convinced by cardinals that it was not a Roman name. When the new pontiff appeared on the balcony, he broke the tradition by addressing the assembled crowd: Dear brothers and sisters, we are saddened by the death of our beloved Pope John Paul I, and so the cardinals called for a new bishop of Rome. They called it from a distant land, far away and at the same time always close because of our communion in faith and Christian traditions. I was afraid to take on this responsibility, but I do so in the spirit of obedience to the Lord and full of loyalty to Mary, our Very Holy Mother. I speak to you in your, no, our Italian. If I make a mistake, please corrict me.... Deliberately incorrect pronunciation of the word correct became the 264th pope on the pope's chronological list, the first non-Italian in 455 years. At the age of just 58, he was the youngest dad since Pope Pius IX in 1846, who was 54. Like his predecessor, John Paul II abandoned the traditional papal coronation and instead received a church investment with a simplified papal inauguration on October 22, 1978. During his inauguration, when the cardinals had to kneel before him to take their oaths and kiss his ring, he stood up as the Polish prelate Of Stefan Cardinal Vyshinsky knelt down, stopped him from kissing the ring, and just hugged him. Pastoral Travel Main Article: List of pastoral visits by Pope John Paul II outside Italy Statue of Pope John Paul II featuring the Virgin of Guadalupe, near the Metropolitan Cathedral in Mexico City. The statue was made entirely of metal keys donated by the Mexican people. [95] his pontificate, Pope John Paul II traveled to 129 countries, traveling more than 1,100,000 kilometers (680,000 miles). It has consistently attracted large crowds, some of the largest ever assembled in human history, such as Manila's World Youth Day, which has gathered up to four million people, the largest papal gathering ever, according to the Vatican. John Paul II's first official visits were to the Dominican Republic and Mexico in January 1979. While some of his trips (e.g. to the United States and the Holy Land) were in places previously visited by Pope Paul VI, John Paul II became the first pope to visit the White House in October 1979, where he was warmly welcomed by then-President Jimmy Carter. He was the first pope to ever visit several countries in a single year, starting in 1979 with Mexico and Ireland. He was the first reigning pope to travel to Britain in 1982, where he met with the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. While in the UK, he also visited Canterbury Cathedral and knelt in prayer with Robert Ransey, Archbishop of Canterbury, at the site where Thomas Beckett was killed, and held several large-scale open air masses, including at Wembley Stadium, attended by some 80,000 people. In 1983, he went to Haiti, where he performed in Creole in front of thousands of poor Catholics who had gathered to greet him at the airport. His message that things need to change in Haiti, citing inequality between rich and poor, was met with thunderous applause. In 2000, he became the first modern pope to visit Egypt, where he met with the Coptic Pope, Pope Shenouda III and the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria. He was the first Catholic pope to visit and pray at an Islamic mosque in Damascus, Syria, in 2001. He visited the Umayyad Mosque, a former Christian church where John the Baptist is believed to be buried, where he gave a speech urging Muslims, Christians and Jews to live together. On January 15, 1995, during World Youth Day, he offered Mass to a crowd of five to seven million people in Luneta Park, Manila, Philippines, which was considered the largest gathering in Christian history. In March 2000, during a visit to Jerusalem, John Paul became the first pope in history to visit and pray at the Western Wall. In September 2001, amid the problems of 9/11, he traveled to Kazakhstan with an audience of mostly Muslims and to Armenia to participate in the celebration of the 1700th anniversary of Armenian Christianity. In June 1979, Pope John Paul II went to Poland, where he was constantly surrounded by enthusiastic crowds. This first papal trip to Poland elevated the spirit of the nation and caused the formation of the in 1980, which subsequently brought freedom and human rights to his troubled homeland. Poland's communist leaders intended to use the Pope's visit to show the people that although the pope was Polish, it did not change their ability to govern, oppress and distribute the benefits of society. They also hoped that if the pope complied with their rules, the Polish people would see his example and follow them. The Pope has won this fight, to go beyond politics. It was what Joseph Lai calls soft power - the power of attraction and repulsion. He started with a huge advantage, and used it to the greatest extent: He headed one institution that stood behind the polar opposite of the communist way of life that the Polish people hated. He was a Pole, but out of the reach of the regime. By identifying with him, the Poles would have the opportunity to cleanse themselves of the compromises they had to make in order to live under the regime. And so they came to him in millions. They listened. He told them to be good, not to compromise, to hold on to each other, to be fearless, and that God is the only source of good, the only standard of behavior. Don't be afraid, he said. Millions of people responded by shouting, We want God! We want God! We want God! The mode is cringe. If the Pope decided to turn his soft power into a hard variety, the regime could drown in blood. Instead, the Pope simply forced the Polish people to leave their rulers, reaffirming solidarity with each other. The Communists managed to hold out as despots for ten years longer. But as political leaders, they were finished. Visiting his native Poland in 1979, Pope John Paul II dealt a fatal blow to its communist regime, the Soviet Empire and, ultimately, communism. John Paul's first papal trip to Poland in June 1979, according to John Lewis Gaddis, one of the most influential historians of the Cold War, this trip led to the formation of Solidarity and the beginning of the process of the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe: when Pope John Paul II kissed the earth at the Warsaw airport, he began the process by which communism in Poland and, eventually, in other European countries ended. During his later trips to Poland, he tacitly supported Solidarity. These visits reinforced this message and contributed to the collapse of Eastern European communism, which occurred between 1989/1990 with the restoration of democracy in Poland, and then spread across Eastern Europe (1990-1991) and southeastern Europe (1990-1992). The World Youth Days as a continuation of his successful work with young people as a young priest, John Paul II became a pioneer of international youth young people's days. Youth. Paul II presided over nine of them: Rome (1985 and 2000), Buenos Aires (1987), Santiago de Compostela (1989), Chestokhova (1991), Denver (1993), Manila (1995), Paris (1997) and Toronto (2002). The total attendance of these signature pontificate events is in the tens of millions. Russian President Vladimir Putin at a meeting with John Paul II in June 2000, Aware of the rhythms of time and the importance of anniversaries in the life of the Church, John Paul II spent nine dedicated years during the twenty-six-and-a-half years of his pontificate: the Holy Year of Atonement in 1983-84, the Mariana Year in 1987-88, the Year of the Family in 1993-94, the trinitarian years of preparation for the Great Jubilee of 2000 - the Great Jubilee itself, the Year of the Rosary in 2002-3 and the Year of the Eucharist, which began on October 17, 2004 and ended six months after the pope's death. The Great Jubilee of 2000 was a call to the Church to become more aware and accept its missionary task for the work of evangelism. From the very beginning of my Papal, my thoughts were on this Holy Year 2000 as an important appointment. I thought of its celebration as a providential opportunity during which the Church, thirty-five years after the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, would consider how far it had been renewed to be able to take on its evangelistic mission with renewed enthusiasm. Teaching Part of the Aquinos Nanocoal Philosophy Series, Scotus, Ockham Ethics Cardinal Virtue Just Price Just War Probabilism Natural Law Personalism Social Learning Virtue School Augustineism Descarism Molinism Okkamism Salamanca Scholastism neo-scholasticism Scotism Tomic Philosophers Ancient Athanasius Great August Hippo Clement Alexandria Cypian Carfagen Cyril Cyril Alexandria's Gregory Nissa Ireneev from Lyon Jerome John Goldoust John Damascus Martyr Origen Paul Apostle Tertullian Post-Classical Pseudo-Dionysius Boethy Isidore Seville Scotus Eriugena Bede Anselm Canterbury Hildegard Bingen Peter Abular Simeon New Theologian Bernard Clairvaux Hugh St. Victor Thomas Aquinas Benedict Nurcia Pope Gregory I Peter Lombard Bonaventura Albert Magnus Dance Scotus Roger Bacon Giles Rome James Viterbo Giambattista Vico Gregory Rimini William Okham Cian Paul Venice Contemporary Baltasar Erasmus Of Rotterdam Thomas Cajet Nicolas Kusa Luis de Molina Teresa of Avila Thomas Mor Francis de Sale Francisco de Vitoria Domingo de Soto Martin de Azpilcoeta Tomas de Mercado Antoine Arnauls Rene Descartes Robert Bellarmin Ignasi Krasicki Hugo Costay Francois Fonone Alphonse Liguori Nicolas Malebrance Blaise Pascal Francisco Suarez Giovanni Botero Felicity Lamennais Antonio Rosmini John Henry Newman Modern Pope Benedict XVI Pope John Paul II G. E.M. Anscombe Hans Urs von Balthasar Maurice Blondel G. C. Chesterton Yves Congar Henri de Lubeck John Finnis Reginald Garrigu-Lagrange Etienne Gilson Rene Girard Nicholas Gomez Davila Romano Guardini John Cheddein Dietrich von Hildebrand Bernard Lonergan Marshall McLuhan Alasdair McIntyre Gabriel Marcel Marseille , John Paul II wrote 14 papal encyclicals Some of the key elements of his strategy to reposition the Catholic Church were encyclicals such as , Reconciliatio et paenitentia and . At the beginning of the new millennium (Novo-Millennialio Inente), he stressed the importance of starting afresh with Christ: No, we will be saved not by formula, but by Man. In , he emphasized man's dependence on God and His Law (Without the Creator, the being disappears) and the dependence of freedom on truth. He warned that man, giving himself relativism and skepticism, goes in search of illusory freedom, except the truth itself. In (On the relationship between faith and reason), John Paul promoted a renewed interest in philosophy and the autonomous shin of truth in theological matters. Drawing on many different sources (such as Tomic), he described the mutual relationship between faith and reason and stressed that theologians should focus on that relationship. John Paul II wrote extensively about the workers and social doctrine of the Church, which he discussed in three encyclicals: , and . Through his encyclicals and many apostolic letters and exhortations, John Paul II spoke of the dignity and equality of women. He argued the importance of the family for the future of humanity. Other encyclicals include the Gospel of Life () and (What They Can Be One). While critics accused him of inflexibility in explicitly re-affirming Catholic moral teachings against abortion and euthanasia that have been in place for more than a thousand years, he called for a more nuanced view of the death penalty. In the second encyclical, Immersion in misericordia, he emphasized that divine mercy is the greatest feature of God needed especially in our time. Social and Political Positions Main Article: Social and Political Positions of Pope John Paul II During a Visit to Germany, 1980 John Paul II was considered conservative on doctrine and issues relating to human sexual reproduction and Women. During his visit to the United States in 1977, a year before becoming pope, Woytyla said, All human life, from the moments of conception to all subsequent stages, is sacred. A series of 129 lectures by John Paul II during his wednesday in Rome from September 1979 to November 1984 was later compiled and published as a single work called Body Theology, an extended meditation on human sexuality. He extended his condemnation of abortion, euthanasia and virtually all death sentences, calling them all part of the struggle between the culture of life and the culture of death. He campaigned for global debt forgiveness and social justice. He coined the term social mortgage which stated that all private property had a social dimension, namely, that the goods of this are originally intended for all. In 2000, he publicly endorsed the Jubilee 2000 debt relief campaign, supported by Irish rock stars Bob Geldof and Bono, once famously interrupting a U2 recording session, by phone on the studio phone and asking him to speak with Bono. Pope John Paul II, who was present and very influential at the Second Vatican Council of 1962-1965, reaffirmed the council's teachings and did much to implement them. Nevertheless, his critics often wanted him to adopt a so-called progressive agenda that some hoped would evolve as a result of the council. In fact, the Council was not in favour of progressive change in these areas; for example, they continue to condemn abortion as an untold crime. Pope John Paul II continued to claim that contraception, abortion and homosexual acts were deeply sinful, and together with Joseph Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI) opposed the theology of liberation. After the Church elevated the marriage act of sexual intercourse between a baptized man and a woman into a sacramental marriage as the correct and exclusive for the sacrament of marriage, John Paul II believed that in all cases he was desecrated by contraception, abortion, divorce, followed by a second marriage, and homosexual acts. In 1994, John Paul II declared that the Church had no authority to ordain women in the priesthood, stating that without such authority, ordination was incompatible with faithfulness to Christ. It was also considered a rejection of calls to break with the constant tradition of the Church by ordaining women to the priesthood. In addition, John Paul II decided not to end the discipline of mandatory priestly celibacy, although in a small number of unusual circumstances he allowed some married clergymen of other Christian traditions, who later became Catholics, to be ordained Catholic priests. Apartheid in south Africa, Pope John Paul II was an ardent opponent of apartheid in south Africa. In 1985 during a visit to the Netherlands, he he a passionate speech condemning apartheid in the International Court of Justice, proclaiming that no system of apartheid or individual development would ever be acceptable as a model for relations between people or races. In September 1988, Pope John Paul II made a pilgrimage to ten South African countries, including those bordering South Africa, while defiantly avoiding southern Africa. During his visit to zimbabwe, John Paul II called for economic sanctions against the country's government. Following the death of John Paul II, Nelson Mandela and Archbishop Desmond Tutu praised the Pope for defending human rights and condemning economic injustice. Pope John Paul II was an outspoken opponent of the death penalty, although previous had accepted the practice. At a papal Mass in St. Louis, Missouri, in the United States, he said, A sign of hope is the growing recognition that the dignity of human life should never be taken away, even in the case of someone who has done great evil. Modern society has the means of protection, without denying criminals the opportunity to reform. I reiterate my appeal, as recently as Christmas, to a consensus to end the death penalty, which is cruel and unnecessary. During that visit, John Paul II persuaded then-Missouri Governor Mel Carnahan to reduce the death sentence of convicted murderer Darrell J. Miz to life in prison without parole. Other attempts by John Paul II to reduce the sentences of death row inmates were unsuccessful. In 1983, John Paul II visited Guatemala and unsuccessfully asked the country's President, Efraana Rios Montt, to reduce the sentences for six left-wing guerrillas sentenced to death. In 2002, John Paul II went back to Guatemala. At that time, Guatemala was one of two countries in Latin America (the other being Cuba) for the death penalty. John Paul II asked the President of Guatemala, Alfonso Portillo, to impose a moratorium on the death penalty. Pope John Paul II insisted on mentioning Europe's Christian cultural roots in the draft European Constitution. In his 2003 Apostolic Infusion in Europe, John Paul II wrote that he fully (respects) the secular nature of (European) institutions. However, he would like the EU Constitution to enshrine religious rights, including recognition of the rights of religious groups to a free organization, recognition of the specific identity of each denomination and establish a structured dialogue between each religious community and the EU, as well as extend to all countries of the European Union the legal status enjoyed by religious institutions in individual member states. I would like to once again appeal to those who are developing a future European contract to keep it included in the The Pope's desire to mention Europe's Christian identity in the Constitution was supported by non-Catholic representatives of the Church of England and the Eastern Orthodox Church from Russia, Romania and Greece. John Paul II's demand to include a reference to Europe's Christian roots in the European Constitution was supported by some non-Christians, such as Joseph Weiler, a practicing Orthodox Jew and a prominent constitutional lawyer, who said that the absence of a reference to Christianity in the Constitution was not a demonstration of neutrality but rather a Jacobian attitude. At the same time, John Paul II was an enthusiastic supporter of European integration; in particular, he supported the accession of his native Poland to the bloc. On May 19, 2003, three weeks before Poland held a referendum on EU membership, the Polish pope addressed his compatriots and urged them to vote for Poland's EU membership in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican. While some conservative, Catholic politicians in Poland opposed EU membership, John Paul II said: I know that there is a lot in opposition to integration. I appreciate their concern for the preservation of the cultural and religious identity of our people. However, I must stress that Poland has always been an important part of Europe. Europe needs Poland. The Church in Europe needs the testimony of Poles of faith. Poland needs Europe. The Polish pope compared Poland's accession to the EU with the Lublin Union, which was signed in 1569 and united the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into one nation and created an elected monarchy. Evolution on October 22, 1996, speaking at the plenary session of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences at the Vatican, John Paul II said of evolution that this theory was gradually adopted by researchers, after a number of discoveries in various fields of knowledge. Convergence, not other and not fabricated, results of work that was conducted independently, in itself is an important argument in favor of this theory. The embrace of the evolution of John Paul II was enthusiastically appreciated by american paleontologist and evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould, with whom he had an audience in 1984. Although John Paul II generally accepts the theory of evolution, he has made one major exception: the human soul. If the human body has its origin in living material that exists before, the spiritual soul is immediately created by God. The 2003 Iraq War by John Paul II criticized the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, declaring in his address No to war! War is not always inevitable. It is always a defeat for humanity. He sent Cardinal Laga, a former Apostolic Pronunzio, to the United States to speak with George W. Bush, President of the United States, opposition to war. John Paul II stated that the United Nations must resolve the international conflict diplomatically and that unilateral aggression was a crime against peace and a violation of international law. The pope's opposition to the War in Iraq led to him becoming a candidate for the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize, which was eventually awarded to an Iranian lawyer/judge, and human rights defender Shirin Ebadi noted. The theology of liberation in 1984 and 1986, through Cardinal Ratzinger (the future Pope Benedict XVI) as prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, John Paul II officially condemned aspects of liberation theology, which had many followers in Latin America. Visiting Europe, Salvadoran Archbishop Oscar Romero unsuccessfully sought to get the Vatican to condemn El Salvador's right-wing regime for human rights violations during El Salvador's civil war and its support for death squads, and expressed his disappointment at working with the clergy that cooperated with the government. John Paul II called on him to preserve episcopal unity as a priority. During his 1983 trip to Managua, Nicaragua, John Paul II sharply denounced what he dubbed the people's church (i.e. church basic communities supported by CELAM) and the tendency of the Nicaraguan clergy to support the leftist Sandinists, reminding the clergy of their duties of obedience to the Holy See. During this visit, Ernesto Cardinal, a priest and priest of the Sandinista government, knelt down to kiss his hand. John Paul took it off, waved his finger at Cardenal's face, and said to him, You must straighten your position with the church. Organized crime John Paul II was the first pontiff to condemn mafia violence in southern Italy. In 1993, during a pilgrimage to Agrigento, Sicily, he turned to the mafia: I say to the responsible: Transform! One day god's judgment will come! in 1994 John Paul II visited Catania and told the victims of mafia violence to stand up and cloak himself in light and justice! In 1995, the Mafia bombed two historic churches in Rome. Some thought it was mob revenge against the pope for his denunciations of organized crime. The Gulf War between 1990 and 1991, a coalition of 34 countries led by the United States waged war against Iraq of Saddam Hussein, who invaded and annexed Kuwait. Pope John Paul II was an ardent opponent of the Gulf War. In his 1991 encyclical Centesimus Annus John Paul II sharply condemned the conflict: No, never again is a war that destroys the lives of innocent people, teaches to kill, throws in a coup even life who kills and leaves behind a trail of indignation and hatred, which makes it even more difficult to find an accurate solution to the very problems that provoked the war. In April 1991, during The Urbi et Orbi's Sunday message in St. Peter's Basilica, John Paul II called on the international community to give an ear to the long-ignored aspirations of oppressed peoples. In particular, he called the Kurds, the people who are waging a civil war against Saddam Hussein's troops in Iraq, one such person, and called the war a darkness threatening the land. During this time, the Vatican expressed its disappointment at the international disregard for the Pope's calls for peace in the Middle East. Rwandan Genocide Additional information: The genocide in Rwanda John Paul II was the first world leader to describe as genocide the slaughter of Hutus Tutsi in the predominantly Catholic country of Rwanda, which began in 1990 and reached its heyday in 1994. He called for a ceasefire and condemned the massacres on 10 April and 15 May 1990. In 1995, during his third visit to Kenya in front of an audience of 300,000, John Paul II called for an end to the violence in Rwanda and Burundi, pleading for forgiveness and reconciliation as a solution to the genocide problem. He told the Rwandan and Burundian refugees that he was close to them and shared their great pain. He said: What is happening in your countries is a terrible tragedy that must end. During the African Synod, we, the pastors of the church, felt a duty to express our outrage and call for forgiveness and reconciliation. This is the only way to dispel the threats of ethnocentrism that have been looming over Africa these days and which have so severely affected Rwanda and Burundi. Views on Sexuality Main article: Body theology, taking a traditional position on human sexuality, supporting the moral opposition of the Church to homosexual acts, John Paul II argued that people with homosexual tendencies have the same inalienable dignity and rights as everyone else. In his book Memory and Identity, he referred to strong pressure from the European Parliament to recognize homosexual unions as an alternative type of family with the right to adopt children. In a book quoted by Reuters, he wrote: It is legitimate and necessary to ask yourself whether this may be part of a new ideology of evil, more subtle and hidden, perhaps the intention to use human rights against human beings and against the family. A 1997 study found that 3% of the Pope's statements were about sexual morality. In 1986, the Pope approved the release of a document by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on a letter to Catholic bishops about pastoral care for homosexuals. Not neglecting comments and moral order, the letter published several statements about the dignity of homosexuals. Reform of canon law Part series on the canonical law of the Catholic Church Ius vigens (current law) Omnium in mentem Magnum principium Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Indulgentia Do Katrina Pontificalis Domus Veritatis gaudium Custom Marriage Court reforms invalid pope Francis Documents of the Second Vatican Council Christos Dominus Lumen gentium Optatam totius Orientalium ecclesiarum Presbyterorum ordinis Sacrosanctum concilium Precepts of the Church Legal HistoryUs antiquum (app. 33-1140) Ancient Ecclesiastical Orders didache Canons of the Apostolic Collection of Ancient Canons Collection Canonum Dionysianae Collectio canonum quadripartita Collectio canonum Kesaclianian Collectio canonum Wigorniensis Decretum Gelasianum Symmachian forges Pseudo-Isidor Decretals Donation by Constantine Gregorian Reforma Lay investiture wrangling 1140-1563) Corps Juris Canonici Decretum Gratiani Decretist Canon Episcopi Margarita Jus commune Decretals Gregory IX Decretalist Regula Juris Extravagant Liber Septimus Jus novissimum (c. 1563-1918) Council of Trent Benedict Deus (Pius IV) Tameci Apostolic Cedis moderation Jus codicis (1918-present) 1917 Code of Canon Law Ecclesiae Sanctae 1983 Code of Canon Law Other Treaties 1trinius Papal Judge- Delegate The Right to Choose Eastern Law Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Eastern Canonical Reforms Pius XII Nomokanon Archeporch Diocese of Exarchate for East Catholic faithful Protosyncellus territory depends on the Patriarch's Liturgical LawLat General Roman Calendar Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite General Instruction of the Roman Miss Code of Scripturarum Thesaurus Liturgiam authenticam authenticam magnum principium Mysterii Paschalis Sacrosanctum consilium Tra le sollecitudini Musicam sacram Summorum Pontificum quattuor abhinc ann an Ecclesia Dei Mass Holy Day of Obligation Sacramental Law Communicatio in sacris Ex opere operato Omnium in mentem Valid, but the illegal Mysteries of the Holy Order of Obstruction (canonical law) Abstemius Birth Defect Commitment of the celibacy Nullity of the Sacred Ordination of the Apostolic Chickens Dimissorial letters Episcopal Co-Consecration Confession Pennic canons Paenitentiale Theodori Seal Confession Internal Forum Note on the Importance of the Internal Forum and the Integrity of the Sacramento Seal Apostolic Penitentiary Canon Incarceration Of The Absolution of The Sacramento Poenitentiae Eucharist Discipline Canon 915 Celebret Mass Scholarship Sacrament Indulgencesenti Indulgarum doctrina Place Home Basilica Small Basilica Basilica (Chapel) I do not go Holy Times Holiday days Fast days and abstinence Paenitemini Holy Day commitment Marital Law Canonical Form (Latin Church) Tametsi Ne Temere Banns Marriage Declaration Nullity Dignitas connubii Marital Reforms Nullity Judicial Pope Francis Vetitum Defender Bond Obstacles to Marriage Affinity Bigamy Clandestinity Crime Inequality Cult Cult Ligamen Public Decency Married Resolution Ratum sed non consummatum Sanatio in the radis Natural Marriage Pauline privilege Petrin privilege of the Supreme Power, particularchurches, and canonical structuresSupial power of the Church of the Roman Pontiff College of Bishops Supra-diocesan/diocesan structures College of Cardinals Conference of Bishops Synod of Bishops Special Churches of the Church sui juris Latin Church Eastern Catholic Church Local Church Appointment of Bishops Abbasi nullius Apostolic Vicar of the Apostolic Vicar of the Apostolic Administration Director of Cathedraticum In persona episcopy Diocese of Curia Moderator Curia Clerical denomination vicar forane Archeparchy Eparchy Eparchy curia Territory depends on the Patriarch Military Ordinary Mission sui juris Personal custom Anglicanorum Coetibus jurisprudence persons parish team of priests in the solidum Collegiate Church Register Lay Dicasteria Papal Council Personal Prelature Types membership in the Opus Dei Association Christian faithful vicar general quinquenal visit ad limina Jurisprudence Canonical Coronation Canonically crowned images Calculating the time Of Custom Delegata potestas non potest delegari Delegari Derogation Disrogpen Taxa Innocentiana Faculty Indult Obstruction Interpretation of the Pontifical Council on Legislative Texts Jurisdiction Peritus Obreption - Subrepection Of the Promulgation The Resignation of the Roman pontiff Sede vacante Simoni Vacantio legis Valid, but illegal visit to the Apostolic Visitor Philosophy, theology, and the fundamental theory of canonical law Theology Ecclesiology Treatise on the law Determinatio Temporary Goods (property) Benefis Cathedraticum Treaty Law Mass Scholarship Stole fee Temporary Law persons (canonical law) Formal act of desertion from the Catholic Church canonical era Liberation of Clerics Regular clergy Commitment celibacy person Jus patronatus Association of faithful consecrated life Canon documents Acta Apostolica Sedis Acta Acta Sanctae Sedis Censor librorum Imprimatur Imprimatur potest Notary (canonical law) Protonotar Apostolic Apostolic Apostolic Constitution Canon Concordat Decree Decretal Encyclical Motu proprio Papal decree of the brief papal bull Rescript Parish Register of Church Latin Criminal Law Canon 1324 Canon 1398 Censure (canonical law) De delictis gravioribus Complicity absolution Crimen sollicitationis Excommunication List of excommunicated crimes in the Catholic Church List of people, Excommunicated from the Church Catholic Church List of Excommunicated Cardinals Interdict Internal Forum Laicization (Criminal) Latae sententiae Lifetime Prayers and Repentance Canon Admonitions Of the Church Prison Procedural LawPars Static (Tribunals and Ministers /sides) Tribunals Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Tribunal Signatura Roman Roth Apostolic Penitentiary Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith of Ministers of Justice Judicial Vicar / Officialis Auditor Of The Party Defender Bond Attorney Pars Dynamics (judicial procedure) Dignitas connubii (marriage reasons) Appeal as from the abuse of the Presumption of Criminal-Executive Procedure Vos estis lux mundi Canonization Congregation for Causes of Saints Maiorem hac dilectionem Advocatus Diaboli Oblatio Vitae Positio Beatification and the process of canonization in 1914. The election of the Roman pontiff Current law Papal rejection Of The Abdication of Pope Benedict XVI Historic Cum proxime Jusime exclusivae Papal appointment Aeterni Patrice Filius Romano Pontifici eligendo Ingravescentem aetatem Ubi periculum quia propter legal practice and Scholarships List of Legal Abbreviations Academic Degrees Licentiate Canonical Law Dr. Canon Law Doctor of both Laws of Journals and Professional Societies Canon Law Society of America Jurassic Faculty of Canon Law School of Canonists of medieval Gratian Hostiensis Jean Lemoine Raymond of Penyafort Rufinus Johannes Teutonicus Jeffrey of Trani Burchard of Wormscard Bro. Farisa Pietro Gasparri Ladislas Horde Edward N. Peters Law consecrated life Solemn vow Exclaustration Manifestation of conscience Canon erection house of religious papal law of the Diocesan law Congregation for institutions of consecrated life and societies of the Apostolic Life Institute of consecrated life Religious Institute Congregation of the Congregation of the Congregation of the Congregation of the Order of the Monastic Canons regular Mendicant orders of the Clerics of the regular secular institution Cum sanctissimus Primo , Latin and Eastern, and the reform of the Roman Curia. On October 18, 1990, in publicizing the Canonical Code of the Eastern Churches, John Paul II stated that the publication of this Code, the canonical order of the entire Church, is thus in detail completed, following as it does ... The Apostolic Constitution on the Roman Curia of 1988, which is added to both codes as the roman pontiff's main instrument for communion In 1998, Pope John Paul II issued a motu proprio ad tuendam fidem, which amended the two canons (750 and 1371) of the Code of Canon Law 1983 and two canons (598 and 1436) of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches of 1990. 1983 Code of Canon Law Main Article: 1983 Code of Canon Law January 25, 1983, with the Apostolic Constitution Sacrae disciplinary leges John Paul II unveiled the current Code of Canon Law for all members of the Catholic Church who belonged to the Latin Church. It came into force on the first Sunday of the next Advent, which was November 27, 1983. John Paul II described the new Code as the last Vatican II document. Edward N. Peters called the 1983 Codex Johannes Paulus for John Paul, in parallel with the 1917 Pio-Benedictine code that he replaced. Codex of the Eastern Church Main Article: The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Pope John Paul II unveiled the Code of Canons of Eastern Churches (CCEO) on October 18, 1990 in the document Sacri Canones. CCEO came into force on October 1, 1991. This is the codification of the general parts of the Canon Law for 23 of the 24 Sui-Iuris churches in the Catholic Church that are eastern Catholic Churches. It is divided into 30 titles and has a total of 1,540 canons. Pastor Bonus Home Article: Pastor John Paul II unveiled the Apostolic Constitution of Pastor Bonus on June 28, 1988. It has introduced a number of reforms in the process of governing the Roman Curia. The pastor of the bonus outlined to a large extent the organization of the Roman Curia, specifying exactly the names and composition of each dicastery, and listing the competencies of each dicastery. He replaced the previous special law, Regimini Ecclesi' univers, which was proclaimed by Paul VI in 1967. Catechism the main article of the Catholic Church: The Catechism of the Catholic Church on October 11, 1992 in its Apostolic Constitution Fidei depositum (Deposit of Faith), John Paul ordered the publication of the catechism of the Catholic Church. He stated that publication is a sure standard for teaching faith ... correct and genuine reference text for teaching Catholic doctrine and, in particular, for the preparation of local catechisms. It was designed to encourage and assist in the writing of new local catechisms (both applicable and faithful) rather than to replace them. The role in the collapse of the dictatorships of Pope John Paul II is credited with inspiring the political changes that led not only to the collapse of communism in his native Poland and, ultimately, throughout Eastern Europe, but also to many countries ruled by dictators. According to Joaquin Navarro-Waltz, spokesman for John Paul II: The only fact of the election of John Paul II in 1978 has changed It all started in Poland. Neither in East Germany nor in Czechoslovakia. Then it all spread. Why did they fall in Gdansk in 1980? Why did they decide, now or never? Just because he was a Polish dad. He was in Chile, and Pinochet wasn't there. He was in Haiti, and Duvalier wasn't. He was in the Philippines and Marcos was out. In many of these cases, people come here to the Vatican, thanks to the Holy Father for changing something. Chile before John Paul II's pilgrimage to Latin America, during a meeting with journalists, he criticized the regime of Augusto Pinochet as dictatorial. According to The New York Times, he used unusually strong language to criticize Pinochet, and told reporters that the Church in Chile should not only pray but also actively fight for the restoration of democracy in Chile. During his visit to Chile in 1987, John Paul II asked the 31 Catholic bishops of Chile to campaign for free elections in the country. According to George Weigel and Cardinal Stanislav Dziwisz, he called on Pinochet to accept the democratic opening of the regime and may even have called for his resignation. According to Monsignor Slavomir Oder, the postman of beatification John Paul II, the words of John Paul Pinochet had a profound impact on the Chilean dictator. The pope confided in a friend: I received a letter from Pinochet in which he told me that as a Catholic he listened to my words, he accepted them, and he decided to start the process of changing the leadership of his country. During his visit to Chile, John Paul II supported the Vicar of Solidarity, led by a church-led pro-democracy, anti-Pinochet organization. John Paul II visited the vicar's offices, talked to his employees, and encouraged them to continue their work, emphasizing that the gospel constantly calls for respect for human rights. While in Chile, Pope John Paul II made gestures of public support for Chile's anti-pinchet democratic opposition. For example, he hugged and kissed Carmen Gloria quintana, a young student who was almost burned to death by the Chilean police, and told her that we should pray for peace and justice in Chile. He later met with several opposition groups, including those declared illegal by Pinochet's government. The opposition praised John Paul II for denouncing Pinochet as a dictator because many members of the Chilean opposition were persecuted for making much more lenient statements. Bishop Carlos Camus, one of the harshest critics of the Pinochet dictatorship in the Chilean church, praised John Paul II's position during the papal visit: I am very touched because our pastor fully supports us. No one else can say that we interfere in politics when we protect human dignity. He added: No country visited by the Pope has remained the same after The Pope's visit is a mission, an extraordinary social catechism, and his stay here will be a turning point in the history of Chile. Some wrongly accused John Paul II of approving the Pinochet regime by appearing with the Chilean ruler in public. However, Cardinal Roberto Tucci, the organizer of John Paul II's visits, said that Pinochet had deceived the pontiff by telling him that he would answer him to the living room, when in fact he had beaten him on the balcony. Tucci says the pontiff was frantic. Pope John Paul II visited Haiti on March 9, 1983, when Duvalier's Baby Doc ruled the country. He directly criticized the country's poverty, directly addressing Baby Doc and his wife, Michelle Bennett, to a large crowd of Haitians: Your beautiful country is rich in human resources, but Christians can't help but know about injustice, excessive inequality, deteriorating quality of life, suffering, hunger, fear suffered by most people. John Paul II spoke French and sometimes Creole, and in his sermon laid out the basic human rights that most Haitians lacked: There is enough opportunity to care for when it is bad to find housing, to study, to overcome illiteracy, to find a worthwhile and properly paid job; everything that provides a truly human life for men and women, for young and old. After the pilgrimage of John Paul II, the Haitian opposition duvalier often multiplied and quoted the Pope's message. Shortly before leaving Haiti, John Paul II called for social change in Haiti, saying, Raise your heads, realize your dignity as a person, created in the image and likeness of God... In response to this visit, 860 Catholic priests and church workers signed a statement obliging the Church to work on behalf of the poor. In 1986, Duvalier was overthrown by a rebellion. Paraguay's collapse of the dictatorship of General Alfredo Straussner of Paraguay was linked, among other things, to pope John Paul II's visit to the South American country in May 1988. Since Stressner came to power in a coup in 1954, Paraguay's bishops have increasingly criticized the regime for human rights abuses, electoral fraud and the country's feudal economy. During a face-to-face meeting with Straussner, John Paul II told the dictator: Politics has a fundamental ethical dimension, because it is primarily service to man. The Church can and should remind people, and in particular those who govern, of their ethical responsibilities for the benefit of the whole society. The Church cannot be isolated within its temples, just as the conscience of men cannot be isolated from God. Later, during mass, Pope John Paul II criticized the regime for impoverishing peasants and the unemployed, saying that must give people greater access to land. Although Stressner tried to prevent him from doing so, Pope John Paul II met with opposition leaders in a one-time state. Role in the fall of communism U.S. President Ronald Reagan meeting John Paul II in Fairbanks, Alaska in May 1984 The main article: Holy See-Soviet Union Relationship Role as a spiritual inspiration and catalyst By the end of the 1970s the collapse of the Soviet Union was predicted by some observers. John Paul II is credited with playing an important role in bringing down communism in Central and Eastern Europe, being the spiritual inspiration that led to his fall and the catalyst for the peaceful revolution in Poland. Lech Walesa, the founder of Solidarity and The first post-communist president of Poland, entmurts John Paul II to the courage to demand change. According to Walesa, before his pontificate, the world was divided into blocs. No one knew how to get rid of communism. In Warsaw in 1979, he simply said, Don't be afraid, and later prayed, May your Spirit come down and change the image of the earth... This land. It was also widely alleged that the Vatican Bank had secretly financed Solidarity. In June 2004, for the first time since 1870, U.S. President George W. Bush opened diplomatic relations with the Vatican, gifting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to John Paul II. Relations between Reagan and John Paul II were close, especially because of their common anti-communism and great interest in ousting the Soviets from Poland. Reagan's correspondence with the pope shows continuous snousing to strengthen the Vatican's support for U.S. policy. Perhaps most surprisingly, the newspapers show that back in 1984 the pope did not believe that the communist Polish government could be changed. British historian Timothy Garton Ash, who describes himself as an agnostic liberal, said shortly after the death of John Paul II that no one could convincingly prove that he was the main cause of the end of communism. However, the main figures from all sides are not only Lech Walesa, the leader of the Polish Solidarity, but also the opponent of Solidarity, General Uzech Jaruzelski; not only former U.S. President George H.W. Bush, but also former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev-now agree with what he was. I would say a historical case in three stages: without the Polish pope, no solidarity revolution in Poland in 1980; without solidarity, without fundamental changes in Soviet policy towards Eastern Europe under Gorbachev; without this change, no velvet revolutions in 1989. Graffiti depicting Pope John Paul II with a quote Do not be afraid in Rijeka, Croatia In December 1989, John Paul II met with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev at the Vatican and each expressed his respect and admiration for others. Gorbachev once said, The collapse of the Iron Curtain would not have been possible without John Paul II. On the death of John Paul II, Mikhail Gorbachev said, John Paul II's devotion to his followers is a wonderful example for all of us. On June 4, 2004, U.S. President George W. Bush presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award of the United States, to John Paul II during a ceremony at the Apostolic Palace. The President read out a quote that accompanied the medal, which recognized this son of Poland whose principled position for peace and freedom inspired millions of people and helped overthrow communism and tyranny. Receiving the award, John Paul II said, May the desire for freedom, peace, a more humane world, symbolizing this medal, inspire men and women of goodwill at any time and in any place. Communist attempt to humiliate John Paul II In 1983, the Communist government of Poland unsuccessfully tried to humiliate John Paul II, falsely claiming that he was the father of an illegitimate child. Section D of the Security Service of The Security Service of Sybe Bezpica (SB) held a rally called Triangolo to carry out criminal operations against the Catholic Church; The operation included all Polish hostile actions against the pope. Captain Grzegorz Piotrovsky, one of the killers of beatified Ezhi Popelushko, was the head of Section D. They drugged Irena Kinashevskaya, secretary of the Krakow weekly Catholic magazine Silent Poushny where Karol Comingych, worked, and tried unsuccessfully to force her to confess to sexual relations with him. SB then tried to compromise the Krakow priest Andrzej Bardetsky, the editor of the Tigodnik Of the Ear and one of Cardinal Karol Uvetic's closest friends, before he became pope, planting a false memoir in his home, but Piotrowski was exposed and forged and found and destroyed before SB could detect them. John Paul II traveled and met with believers from many different faiths and religions. On the World Day of Prayer for Peace, held in Assisi on 27 October 1986, more than 120 representatives of different religions and denominations held a day of fasting and prayer. Anglican John Paul II had good relations with the Church of England. He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom in 1982, where he met with the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. He preached at Canterbury Cathedral and received Robert Ransey, Archbishop of Canterbury. He said he was disappointed by the Church of England's decision to ordain and saw it as a step away from unity between the Anglican community and the Catholic Church. In 1980, John Paul II issued a Pastoral Clause allowing married former Episcopal priests to become Catholic priests, as well as for the admission of former Episcopal Church parishes to the Catholic Church. He allowed the creation of an Anglican form of use of the Latin Rite, which includes the Anglican book of common prayer. He helped establish Our Lady of Atonement Catholic Church, along with Archbishop Patrick Flores of San Antonio, Texas, as the first parish for Anglican liturgy use. Animism In his book interview Crossing the Threshold of Hope with italian journalist Vittorio Messori, published in 1995, John Paul II draws parallels between animism and Christianity. He says: ... it would be useful to remember ... animist religions that emphasize the worship of ancestors. It seems that those who practice them are particularly close to Christianity, and among them it is also easier for Church missionaries to speak a common language. Is there, perhaps, in this veneration of ancestors a kind of preparation for the Christian faith in the Communion of the Saints, in which all believers, whether alive or dead, form a single community, a single body? [...] There is nothing strange in the fact that African and Asian animists more easily than followers of the great religions of the Far East, will become believers in Christ. In 1985, the Pope visited the African country of Togo, where 60 percent of the population professes animist beliefs. To honor the pope's memory, religious leaders greeted him at a Catholic Mariana shrine in the woods, to the pontiff's delight. John Paul II continued to call for the need for religious tolerance, praised nature and emphasized the common elements between animism and Christianity, saying: Nature, exuberant and magnificent in this area of forests and lakes, impregnates the spirits and hearts of its secret and spontaneously orients them to the mystery of the One who is the author of life. It is this religious feeling that animates you, and you can say that animates all your compatriots. During the investment of President Thomas Boni Yayi of Benin on December 20, 2008, the ruling Oloni of Il Ifa, Nigeria, Olubuz II, named Pope John Paul II the previous recipient of the same royal honor. The Armenian Apostolic Church of John Paul II had good relations with the Armenian Apostolic Church. In 1996, he brought the Catholic Church and the Armenian Church closer together, agreeing with Armenian Archbishop Karekin II on the nature of Christ. During the audience in 2000, John Paul II and Karekin II, by that time Catholicos of all Armenians, issued a joint statement condemning the Armenian Genocide. Meanwhile, the Pope gave The Karekin the relics of St. Gregory the Illuminati, head of the Armenian Church, which was kept in Naples, Italy, for 500 years. In September 2001, John Paul II went on a three-day pilgrimage to Armenia to take part in an ecumenical celebration with Karekin II at the newly consecrated Cathedral of St. Gregory the Enlightenment in Yerevan. The leaders of the two churches signed a declaration in memory of the victims of the Armenian Genocide. Buddhism Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, visited John Paul II eight times. The two men held many similar views and understood similar plight, both from countries affected by communism and from those who serve as heads of the main religious bodies. As Archbishop of Krakow, long before the 14th Dalai Lama was a world-renowned figure, Oytyila held special Masses to pray for the non-violent struggle of the Tibetan people for freedom from Maoist China. During his visit to Sri Lanka, a country where the majority of the population adheres to the Theravada Buddhism, John Paul II expressed his admiration for Buddhism: In particular, I express my highest respect for the followers of Buddhism, the majority religion in Sri Lanka, with his ... Four great values ... loving kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and composure; with his ten transcendental virtues and the joys of Sangha, so beautifully expressed in Theragathas. I fervently hope that my visit will serve to strengthen the goodwill between us and that it will reassure all in the Catholic Church's desire for inter-religious dialogue and cooperation in building a more honest and fraternal world. I forgive the hand of friendship, remembering the magnificent words of Dhammapada: Better than a thousand useless words is one single word, gives the world... - the main article of the Eastern Orthodox Church: Pope John Paul II's relationship with the Eastern Orthodox Church In May 1999, John Paul II visited Romania at the invitation of Patriarch Theocistist Arapa. It was the pope's first visit to the predominantly eastern Orthodox country since the Great Divide in 1054. Upon arrival, the Patriarch and President of Romania Emil Constantinescu greeted the Pope. The Patriarch stated: The second millennium of Christian history began with the painful wound of the unity of the Church; at the end of this millennium, we saw a real commitment to the restoration of Christian unity. On June 23-27, 2001, John Paul II visited Ukraine, another heavily Orthodox nation, at the invitation of the President of Ukraine and the bishops of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Pope addressed the leaders of the All Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations, calling for open, tolerant and honest dialogue. About 200,000 people attended the liturgy celebrated by the Pope in Kiev, and the liturgy in Lviv gathered almost one and a half million people John Paul II said that the end of the Great Divide was one of his best wishes. The healing of the divisions between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches in relation to Latin and Byzantine traditions is undoubtedly of great personal interest. For many years, John Paul II sought to promote dialogue and unity, stating back in 1988 in the Juntes in the Mundum: Europe has two lungs, it will never breathe easily until it is used by both. During his travels in 2001, John Paul II became the first pope to visit Greece in 1291. In Athens, the Pope met with Archbishop Christodoulos, head of the Church of Greece. After a private 30-minute meeting, they spoke publicly. Christodoulos read out a list of the Catholic Church's 13 crimes against the Eastern Orthodox Church since the Great Divide, including the plundering of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204, and lamented the lack of apology from the Catholic Church, saying so far no clemency requests have been heard for the maniacal crusaders of the 13th century. The Pope responded by saying, In past and present cases, when the sons and daughters of the Catholic Church have sinned by actions or inaction against their Orthodox brothers and sisters, may the Lord forgive us, to which Christodoulos immediately applauded. John Paul II stated that the looting of Constantinople was a source of deep regret for Catholics. Later, John Paul II and Christodoulos met at the place where St. Paul once preached to Athenian Christians. They issued a general declaration, saying, We will do everything in our power to ensure that the Christian roots of Europe and its Christian soul can be preserved... We condemn all appeals to violence, proselytism and bigotry in the name of religion. Then the two leaders said that the Lord's Prayer was together, breaking the Orthodox taboo against prayer with Catholics. The pope throughout his pontificate said that one of his greatest dreams was to visit Russia, but it never happened. He tried to solve the problems that arose over the centuries between the Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches, and in 2004 gave them a copy of the lost icon of Our Lady of Kazan in 1730. Islam John Paul II was the first pope to enter and pray in the mosque, visiting the tomb of John the Baptist in the Damascus Mosque of Umayyads. John Paul II made considerable efforts to improve the relationship between Catholicism and Islam. On May 6, 2001, he became the first Catholic pope to enter and pray at a mosque, namely the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria. Respectfully taking off his shoes, he entered the former Byzantine-era Christian church dedicated to John the Baptist, who is also revered as the prophet of Islam. He gave a speech including a statement: For all times that Muslims and Christians have insulted each other we have to forgiveness from the Almighty and offer forgiveness to each other. He kissed the Koran in Syria, which made it popular with Muslims, but it bothered many Catholics. In 2004, John Paul II organized the Pontifical Concert of Reconciliation which was attended by leaders of Islam with leaders of the Jewish community and the Catholic Church at the Vatican for a concert by the Krakow Philharmonic Choir from Poland, the London Philharmonic Choir from Great Britain, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra from the United States and the Ankara State Polyphonic Choir of Turkey. The event was conceived and hosted by Sir Gilbert Levine, KCSG and broadcast worldwide. John Paul II presided over the publication of the Catholic Church's Catechism, which makes a special provision for Muslims; It says, Together with us, they adore one merciful God, the judge of mankind on the last day. In 1995, Pope John Paul II held a meeting with 21 Jain organized by the Pontifical Council for Interfaith Dialogue. He praised Mohandas Gandhi for his unwavering faith in God, assured the Jains that the Catholic Church would continue to engage in dialogue with their religion, and spoke of the common need to help the poor. The Jain leaders were impressed by the Pope's transparency and simplicity and the meeting received much attention in the state of Gujarat in western India, where many Jains are located. The main article of Judaism: Pope John Paul II and Judaism Relations between Catholicism and Judaism greatly improved during the pontificate of John Paul II. In 1979, John Paul II visited the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, where many of his compatriots (mostly Jews) died during the German occupation during World War II, the first pope to do so. In 1998, he published We Remember: Reflections on the Shoah, in which he outlined his thinking about the Holocaust. He became the first pope to make an official papal visit to the synagogue when he visited rome's Great Synagogue on April 13, 1986. On 30 December 1993, John Paul II established formal diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the State of Israel, recognizing its central role in Jewish life and faith. On April 7, 1994, he organized a Papal concert in memory of the Holocaust. It was the first event in the history of the Vatican dedicated to the memory of the six million Jews killed in World War II. The concert, which was conceived and conducted by the American conductor Gilbert Levin, was attended by the Chief Rabbi of Rome Elio Toaff, President of Italy Oscar Luigi Scalfaro and Holocaust survivors from all over the world. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, actor Richard Dreyfuss and cellist Lynn carried out on this occasion under the direction of Levin. In the morning, at the concert, the Pope received members of the survivors' community in a special audience at the Apostolic Palace. In March 2000, John Paul II visited Yad Vashem, israel's national Holocaust memorial, and later made history by touching one of the holiest sites in Judaism, the Western Wall in Jerusalem, posting a letter (in which he prayed for forgiveness for his actions against Jews). In part of his speech, he said, I assure the Jewish people, the Catholic Church... deeply saddened by the hatred, acts of persecution and anti-Semitism directed against Jews by Christians at any time and anywhere, and added that there are no words strong enough to regret the terrible tragedy of the Holocaust. Israeli Cabinet Minister Rabbi Michael Melchior, who hosted the Pope's visit, said he was very moved by the Pope's gesture. It was beyond history, beyond memory. We are deeply saddened by the behaviour of those who have in history caused these children to suffer, and we apologize and we want to dedicate ourselves to a true brotherhood with the people of the Covenant. In October 2003, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) issued a statement congratulating John Paul II on the 25th anniversary of the papacy. In January 2005, John Paul II became the first pope to receive a priestly blessing from a rabbi when Rabbis Benjamin Blech, Barry Dov Schwartz and Jack Bemporad visited the pontiff in the Clementian Hall of the Apostolic Palace. Immediately after the death of John Paul II, the ADL said in a statement that it had revolutionized Catholic-Jewish relations, saying that more changes for the better have occurred in its 27-year-old papacy than nearly 2,000 years ago. In another statement issued by the Council for The Jews of Australia/Israel, Director Dr Colin Rubenstein said: The Pope will be remembered for his inspiring spiritual guidance in the land of freedom and humanity. He has achieved far more in terms of transforming relations with both the Jewish people and the State of Israel than any other figure in the history of the Catholic Church. Therefore, we have a relationship with Judaism that we do not have with any other religion. You are our dear beloved brothers, and in a sense you can say that you are our older brothers. In an interview with the Polish Press Agency, Michael Shudrich, Poland's chief rabbi, said that never in history has anyone done as much for Christian-Jewish dialogue as Pope John Paul II, adding that many Jews have more respect for the late pope than some rabbis. Shudrich praised John Paul II for condemning anti-Semitism as a sin, which no previous pope had done. About John Paul II Rome's chief rabbi, Riccardo Di Segni, said in an interview with Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano that John Paul II was a revolutionary because he broke off a millennial wall of Catholic distrust of the Jewish world. Meanwhile, Elio Toaff, the former chief rabbi of Rome, said that: The memory of Pope Karola Staline will remain strong in the collective Jewish memory because of his calls for brotherhood and the spirit of tolerance that excludes all violence. In the turbulent history of relations between popes and Jews in the ghetto in which they were closed for more than three centuries in humiliating circumstances, John Paul II is a striking figure in his uniqueness. In the relationship between our two great religions in a new century tainted by bloody wars and the plague of racism, the legacy of John Paul II remains one of the few spiritual islands guaranteeing the survival and progress of mankind. From 15 to 19 November 1980, John Paul II visited West Germany on his first visit to a country with a large Lutheran Protestant population. In Mainz, he met with leaders of the Evangelical Church in Germany, as well as representatives of other Christian denominations. On December 11, 1983, John Paul II attended an ecumenical service at the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Rome, the first papal visit to the Lutheran Church. The visit took place 500 years after the birth of Martin Luther, a German Augustian monk and Protestant reformer. In his Apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden in June 1989, John Paul II became the first pope to visit a country with a Lutheran majority. In addition to celebrating Mass with Catholic believers, he participated in ecumenical services in places that were Catholic shrines before the Reformation: Nidalos Cathedral in Norway; near St. Olav Church in Vesarra, Iceland; Turku Cathedral in Finland; Roskilde Cathedral in Denmark; and Uppsala Cathedral in Sweden. On 31 October 1999 (482nd anniversary of The Reformation Day, published by Martin Luther 95 misa), representatives of the Vatican and the World Lutheran Federation (LWF) signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification as a gesture of unity. The signing was the fruit of a theological dialogue that has been going on between the LWF and the Vatican since 1965. Assassinations and Plots Main Articles: Pope John Paul II Assassination, Juan Maria Fernandez and Kron, and Bojinka Plot Fiat Popemobile, which carried John Paul II during an assassination attempt on his life in 1981 in St. Peter's Square at the Vatican, as he entered St. Peter's Square to address the audience on May 13, 1981, Pope John Paul II was shot and critically wounded by Meh Ali Aak , 96 236 expert Turkish militant who was a member of the militant fascist group Grey The killer used a 9mm Browning semi-automatic pistol, shooting dad several times in the stomach and perforating his large and small intestine. John Paul II was taken to the Vatican complex and then to The Gemelli Hospital. He passed out on the way to the hospital. Although two bullets missed his abdominal artery and abdominal aorta, he lost nearly three- quarters of his blood. He underwent a five-hour operation to treat his wounds. Surgeons performed a colostomy, temporarily redirecting the upper part of the colon to the damaged lower part healed. When he briefly regained consciousness before surgery, he ordered doctors not to remove his brown shovel during surgery. One of the few who was allowed to see him at the Jemelli clinic was one of his closest friends, the philosopher Anna-Teresa Tymienetska, who arrived on Saturday, May 16, and kept him in company while he was recovering from emergency surgery. The Pope later stated that the Blessed Virgin Mary had helped him live throughout the ordeal. A small marble plaque in St. Peter's Square indicating where the shooting of John Paul II took place. Can I forget that the event in St. Peter's Square took place on the day and at the time when the first appearance of the Mother of Christ to poor little peasants was remembered for more than sixty years in Fatima, Portugal? For in all that happened to me that day, I felt that extraordinary maternal protection and care that turned out to be stronger than a deadly bullet. Ashka was caught and detained by a nun and other passers-by before police arrived. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. Two days after Christmas 1983, John Paul II visited Ayuka in prison. John Paul II and Ashka talked in private for about twenty minutes. John Paul II said, What we have been talking about must remain a mystery between him and me. I spoke to him as a brother whom I pardoned and who has my full confidence . Numerous other theories have been put forward to explain the assassination attempt, some of them controversial. One such theory, put forward by Michael Ledin and strongly put forward by the United States Central Intelligence Agency at the time of the assassination, but never corroborated by the evidence, was that the Soviet Union was behind the assassination attempt on John Paul II in retaliation for the Pope's support for Solidarity, a Catholic, democratic Polish labour movement. This theory was supported by the 2006 Commission of The Mitrokhin, created by Silvio Berlusconi and led by Forza Italia Senator Paolo Guzzanti, who claimed that the communist Bulgarian security departments were used to prevent the disclosure of the role of the Soviet Union, and that the Soviet military intelligence (The Chief Intelligence Agency) is responsible for this, not the KGB. Boris Labusov, a spokesman for Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service, called the accusation absurd. The Pope said during a visit to Bulgaria in May 2002 that the country's Soviet-bloc leadership had nothing to do with the assassination attempt. However, his secretary, Cardinal Stanislaw Dzivis, claimed in his book, A Life with Carol, that the Pope was privately convinced that the former Soviet Union was behind the attack. It later emerged that many of John Paul II's aides had attachments to a foreign government; Bulgaria and Russia disputed the Italian commission's findings, saying the pope had publicly denied the Bulgarian connection. The second assassination attempt took place on 12 May 1982, just one day before the anniversary of the first attempt on his life, in Fatima, Portugal, when a man tried to stab John Paul II with a bayonet. Stanislav Dzivis later said that John Paul II was wounded in the assassination attempt, but he managed to cover up the non-life-threatening wound. The assailant, a traditionalist Catholic Spanish priest named Juan Maria Fernandez and Kron, was ordained a priest by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre of the Society of St. Pius X and opposed the changes made by the Second Vatican, claiming that the Pope was an agent of communist Moscow and the Marxist Eastern Bloc. Fernandez and Cron subsequently left the priesthood and served three years of six-year terms. The former priest was treated for mental illness and later expelled from Portugal to become a lawyer in Belgium. The al-qaeda-funded Bojinka plot planned to assassinate John Paul II during a visit to the Philippines during world youth day celebrations in 1995. On 15 January 1995, a suicide bomber planned to dress up as a priest and detonate a bomb when the pope drove in his motorcade on his way to the San Carlos Seminary in the city of Makati. The murder was supposed to divert attention from the next phase of the operation. However, a chemical fire inadvertently started by a cell alerted police to their whereabouts, and they were all arrested a week before the pope's visit and confessed to the plot. In 2009, John Koehler, a journalist and former army intelligence officer, published the book The Spies in the Vatican: The Cold War of the Soviet Union Against the Catholic Church. Koehler says the attacks were supported by the KGB, and gives details mainly in the archives of East German and Polish secret police officers. During the papacy of John Paul II in the Vatican there were many clergymen who refused to be ordained and then mysteriously left the church. There is a widespread assumption that they were, in fact, KGB agents. Main article: Apologies to Pope John Paul II John Paul II have apologized to many groups that have suffered at the hands of the Catholic Church over the years. Before becoming pope, he was a prominent editor and supporter of initiatives such as the Letter on reconciliation of Polish bishops to German bishops since 1965. As pope, he formally apologized for more than 100 offences, including: 254255256 257 trial on the Italian scientist and philosopher Galileo Galilei, who himself was a devout Catholic, circa 1633 (October 31, 1992). The participation of Catholics in the activities of African leaders who sold their subjects and prisoners to the African slave trade (9 August 1993). The role of the Church Hierarchy in the bonfire fires and religious wars that followed the Protestant Reformation (May 20, 1995 in the Czech Republic). Injustice against women, violation of women's rights and historical denigration of women (10 July 1995 in a letter to each woman). The inaction and silence of many Catholics during the Holocaust (see article Religion in Nazi Germany) (March 16, 1998). The Great Jubilee of 2000 included a day of prayer for the forgiveness of the Church's sins on March 12, 2000. On November 20, 2001, from a laptop at the Vatican, Pope John Paul II sent his first email apologizing for Catholic sexual abuse, supported by the Church Stolen Generations of Aboriginal Children in Australia and china for the behavior of Catholic missionaries in colonial times. The main article on health: The health of Pope John Paul II Sick John Paul II riding in the Popemobile in September 2004 in St. Peter's Square, when he became Pope in 1978 at the age of 58, John Paul II was an avid athlete. He was very healthy and active, jogging in the Vatican gardens, weight training, swimming, and hiking in the mountains. He was fond of football. The media contrasted the athleticism and finishing of the figure of the new pope to the ill health of John Paul I and Paul VI, the portability of John XXIII and the constant claims to the ailments of Pius XII. The only modern pope with a fitness regime was Pope Pius XI (1922-1939), who was an avid climber. In the 1980s, an Irish independent article named John Paul II pope. However, after more than twenty-five years as pope, two attempted murders, one of which injured him severely, and a number of cancer scares, John Paul's physical health declined. In 2001, he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. International observers have suspected this for some time, but this was not publicly recognized by the Vatican until 2003. Despite the difficulty of speaking more than a few sentences at a time, hearing problems, and severe osteoarthritis, he continued to tour the world, rarely walk in public. Death and Funeral Home article: article: Pope John Paul II In the last months Pope John Paul II was hospitalized with breathing problems caused by a flu attack on February 1, 2005. He left the hospital on 10 February, but was admitted to hospital again two weeks later with breathing problems and suffered from a tracheotomy. The final illness and death on 31 March 2005, after a urinary tract infection, developed septic shock, a form of infection with high fever and low blood pressure, but he was not hospitalized. Instead, he was overseen by a team of consultants at his private residence. It was accepted as an indication by the Pope, and by those close to him, that he was close to death; it would be in accordance with his desire to die in the Vatican. Later in the day, Vatican sources announced that John Paul II had received the anointing of the sick from his friend and secretary, Stanislav Dziwisz. The day before his death, one of his closest personal friends, Anna-Teresa Tymenica, visited him at his bedside. In the last days of the Pope's life, the light was on all night as he lay in the papal apartment on the top floor of the Apostolic Palace. Tens of thousands of people gathered and held a vigil in St. Peter's Square and surrounding streets for two days. Upon hearing this, the dying father is said to have said: I have been looking for you, and now you have come to me, and I thank you. On Saturday, April 2, 2005, at about 3:30 P.M. CEST, John Paul II said his last words in Polish: Pozw'lcie mi odej domu Ojca (Let me go to the Father's House), his assistants, and fell into a coma about four hours later. A vigil on the Second Easter Sunday, dedicated to the canonization of St. Mary Faustina on 30 April 2000, had just been celebrated at his bedside, chaired by Stanislav Dziwisz and two Polish associates. At the bedside was a cardinal from Ukraine who served as a priest with John Paul in Poland, along with the Polish nuns of the Congregation of sisters of the Sisters of the Holy Heart of Jesus, who ruled the papal family. Pope John Paul II died in his private apartment at 21:37 CEST (19:37 UTC) from heart failure from deep hypotension and complete circulatory collapse from septic shock, 46 days before his 85th birthday. His death was confirmed when an electrocardiogram that lasted 20 minutes showed a flat line. At the time of his death, he had no close relatives; his feelings are reflected in his words, written in 2000 at the end of his last will and covenant. Stanislav Dzivis later said that he did not burn the pontiff's personal records, despite the fact that the request was part of the will. George W. Bush, Laura Bush, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, Condoleezza Rice and Andrew Card, American dignitaries paying tribute Paul II April 6, 2005 in st. Peter's Basilica, After the death of the pontiff in motion rituals and traditions dating back to the Middle Ages. The rite of passage took place from April 4, 2005 to April 7, 2005 in St. Peter's Basilica. The will of John Paul II, published on 7 April 2005, revealed that the pontiff had considered being buried in his native Poland, but left the final decision to the College of Cardinals, which, in passing, preferred burial under St. Peter's Basilica, in honor of the pontiff's request to be placed in bare ground. It was reported that Requiem's Mass, which was captured on 8 April 2005, set world records for both attendance and the number of heads of State attending the funeral. It was the largest gathering of heads of state until that time, surpassing the funerals of Winston Churchill (1965) and Josip Broz Tito (1980). It was attended by four kings, five queens, at least 70 presidents and prime ministers, as well as more than 14 leaders of other religions. An estimated four million mourners gathered in the Vatican and its area. From 250,000 to 300,000 watched the event from the walls of the Vatican. The ceremony was held by cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, dean of the College of Cardinals. John Paul II was buried in the grottoes under the basilica, the Tomb of the Pope. It was lowered into a tomb created in the same niche previously occupied by the remains of Pope John XXIII. The alcobe has been empty since the remains of John XXIII were transferred to the main body of the basilica after its beatification. Posthumous Confession of SaintJohn Paul IIPatriarch of RomePainting St. John Paul II, written by Mahto Hogue, 2009Pop and ConfessorBorn18 May 1920Wadowice, PolandDied2 April 2005 (age 84)Apostolic Palace, Vatican City at the Catholic ChurchIsified on May 1, 2011, St. Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI17 April 2014, St. Peter's Square, Vatican Pope Francis October22AtributesPapal ferula, Pope Francis, Patriarchs, Poland, World Youth Day, Young Catholics , the visionary, families, the World Meeting of Families 2015 After the death of John Paul II, a number of clergy in the Vatican and lay people258281 began to refer to the late pontiff as John Paul the Great - in theory only the fourth pope who was so highly praised. Cardinal Angelo Sodano specifically called John Paul Great in his published written sermon for the Pope's cellar. In the South African Catholic newspaper The Southern Cross, it was described in print as John Paul II the Great. Some Catholic institutions in the U.S. have further changed their names to include The Great, including John Paul, the Great Catholic University and schools called John's version. Great high school. Scholars of canon law say that there is no official process for declaring the Pope the Great; the name simply sets through popular and ongoing use,258287 288 as was the case with illustrious secular leaders (e.g., Alexander III of Great became widely known as Alexander the Great). The three popes who today are widely known as the Great are Leo I, who reigned from 440-461 and persuaded Attila Huns to leave Rome; Gregory I, 590-604, after whom the Gregorian chant is named; and Pope Nicholas I, 858-867, who consolidated the Catholic Church in the Western world in the Middle Ages. John Paul's successor, Benedict XVI, did not use the term directly in public speeches, but made oblique references to the great Pope John Paul II in his first address from the loggia of St. Peter's Basilica, on the 20th World Youth Day in Germany 2005, when he said in Polish: As the great Pope John Paul II would say: Keep the flame alive in your life and your people; and in May 2006, during a visit to Poland, where he repeatedly referred to the great John Paul and my great predecessor. The tomb of John Paul II at the Vatican Chapel of St. Sebastian in St. Peter's Basilica institutions, named after John Paul II pope John Paul II High School (Tennessee) John Paul The Great Catholic University of John Paul Great Catholic High School (Indiana) John Paul II Catholic High School (London, Ontario, Canada) John Paul of the Great Catholic High School (Virginia) , Kaunas, Lithuania Pope John Paul II High School in Olympia, Washington Carol Wojty'a building at Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia in Jakarta, Indonesia John Paul II Chapel and Museum at Pakuwon Mall in Surabaya, Indonesia John Paul II Minor Seminary, Small Seminary in Antipolo City, Philippines, N.Y.) St. John Paul II High School (Hyannis, Mass.) St. John Paul II Academy boca-Raton, FL St. John Paul II Catholic High School (Ala. , D.C.) Beatification Home article: Beatification of Pope John Paul II 1.5 million visitors to St. Peter's Square to witness the beatification of John Paul II on May 1, 2011 in the Vatican , Poland Inspired by the appeals of Santo Subito! (Make him a saint immediately!) From the crowd gathered during the mourning Mass he was celebrating, Benedict XVI began the process of beatification of his predecessor, bypassing the usual restriction, which must take five years after the death of a man, before the process of beatification begins. In an audience with Pope Benedict XVI, Camillo Ruini, vicar of the General Diocese of Rome, who was as a propaganda of the reason for the canonization of any person who has died in the diocese, exceptional circumstances are cited that suggest that the waiting period may be abolished. The decision was announced on May 13, 2005, a celebration of Our Lady of Fatima and the 24th anniversary of the assassination attempt on John Paul II in St. Peter's Square. In early 2006, it was reported that the Vatican was investigating a possible miracle involving John Paul II. Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun and member of the Congregation for The Little Sisters of Catholic Maternity Wards, bedridden with Parkinson's disease, reportedly endured full and long treatment after members of her community prayed for the intercesion of Pope John Paul II. Since May 2008, Sister Marie-Simon-Pierre, then 46 years old, has been working again in the maternity ward run by her religious institution. I was sick and now I'm cured, she told reporter Jerry Shaw. I'm cured, but it's up to the church to say whether it was a miracle or not. On May 28, 2006, Pope Benedict XVI celebrated Mass in front of some 900,000 people in John Paul II's native Poland. In January 2007, Cardinal Stanislaw Dziviss announced that the interview phase in Italy and Poland was nearing completion. In February 2007, the relics of Pope John Paul II, the pieces of white papal robes he wore, were freely distributed with prayer cards for the cause, a typical pious practice after the death of a catholic saint. On March 8, 2007, the vicar of Rome announced that the diocesan phase of John Paul's beatification case had ended. After the ceremony on April 2, 2007, the second anniversary of the pontiff's death, the case was reviewed by a committee of laymen, clerical and bishop members of the Vatican Congregation for Saints to conduct a separate investigation. On the fourth anniversary of the death of Pope John Paul on April 2, 2009, Cardinal Dzivis told reporters about a supposed miracle that recently occurred at the tomb of the former pope in St. Peter's Basilica. A nine-year-old Polish boy from Gdansk, who suffered from kidney cancer and was completely unable to walk, visited the tomb with his parents. Leaving St. Peter's Basilica, the boy told them, I want to go and began to walk normally. On November 16, 2009, a group of congregation reviewers voted unanimously for Pope John Paul II to live a heroic life. On December 19, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI signed the first of two decrees necessary for beatification and declared John Paul II honorable, claiming that he had lived a heroic, virtuous life. The second vote and the second signed decree certifying the authenticity of the first miracle, the healing of the sister of Maria Simon-Pierre, a French nun, from Parkinson's disease. After signing the second decree, positio (a report on the reason, with documentation of his life and writings and with information about the reason) is complete. It can then be beatified. Some have speculated that he will be beatified sometime during (or shortly after) the month of the 32nd anniversary of his election in 1978, in October 2010. As Monsignor Oder said, this course would have been possible if the second decree had been signed in time by Benedict XVI, stating that a posthumous miracle had taken place, directly related to his intercession, completing the positive. Candles around the monument to Pope John Paul in zasp, Gdansk at the time of his death, the Vatican announced on January 14, 2011, that Pope Benedict XVI confirmed a miracle involving Sister Mary Simon-Pierre and that John Paul II was to be beatified on May 1, the feast of Divine Mercy. May 1 was celebrated in former communist countries such as Poland, and some Western European countries like May Day, and John Paul II was well known for his contribution to the relatively peaceful demise of communism. In March 2011, the Polish Mint issued a gold coin of 1,000 Polish zlotys (equivalent to US$350), with a picture of the Pope commemorating his beatification. On April 29, 2011, the coffin of John Paul II was dried from a grotto under St. Peter's Basilica on the eve of his beatification, when tens of thousands of people arrived in Rome for one of the biggest events since his funeral. The remains of John Paul II, which were not exhibited, were placed in front of the main altar of the basilica, where believers could pay their respects before and after the beatification mass in St. Peter's Square on May 1, 2011. On May 3, 2011, his remains were reburied in a marble altar in the Chapel of Saint Sebastian Pier Paolo Cristo Cristo Cristo christophari, where Pope Innocent XI is buried. In July 2012, Colombian Marco Fidel Rojas, former mayor of Vila, Colombia, testified that he had miraculously contracted Parkinson's disease after a trip to Rome, where he met John Paul II and prayed with him. Dr. Antonio Schlesinger Pidrahita, a renowned neurologist in Colombia, confirmed Fidel's healing. The documentation was then sent to the Vatican office for reasons of holiness. In September 2020, Poland unveiled the sculpture it in Warsaw, designed by Hedgehog Kalina and installed outside the National Museum, holding a meteorite. In the same month, a relic containing his blood was stolen from spolato cathedral in Italy. Canonization Main article: Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II Canonization of John Paul II and John XXIII To have the right to canonization (declared holy) by the Catholic Church, two miracles must be attributed to the candidate. The first miracle attributed to John Paul was the aforementioned healing of human Parkinson's disease, which was recognized in the process of beatification. According to an article published by the Catholic News Service (CNS) of April 23, 2013, the Vatican's medical commission concluded that healing has no natural (medical) explanation, which is the first requirement to officially document the declared miracle. The second miracle was recognized shortly after the beatification of the late Pope on May 1, 2011; it has been reported that the healing of Costa Rican woman Floribet Mora is otherwise terminal brain aneurysm. The Vatican group of expert theologians examined the evidence, found that it was directly related to the intercession of John Paul II, and recognized it as miraculous. The next stage was for the cardinals, who make up membership of the Congregation for the reasons of the Saints, to give their opinion to Pope Francis to decide whether to sign and promulgate the decree and set a date for canonization. On July 4, 2013, Pope Francis reaffirmed his endorsement of the canonization of John Paul II, officially acknowledging the second miracle attributed to his intercessive. He was canonized with Pope John XXIII. The date of the canonization was April 27, 2014, Divine Mercy Sunday. The mass of the canonization of the happy Popes John Paul II and John XXIII was celebrated by Pope Francis (with Honorary Pope Benedict XVI) on April 27, 2014 in St. Peter's Square at the Vatican (Pope John Paul died at a vigil of Divine Mercy on Sunday in 2005). About 150 cardinals and 700 bishops shook the Mass, and at least 500,000 people attended the Mass, with an estimated 300,000 others watching from video screens around Rome. The beatification of the Pope's parents on October 10, 2019, the Krakow archdiocese and the Conference of Polish Bishops approved a non- Jewish report on the opening of the beatification of the parents of his patron Saint Paul II, Karol Ostatyi Sr. and Emilia Kakozorovskaya. He is currently awaiting approval from the Holy See to open the diocese phase of the case. Criticism and controversy Highlights: Criticism of Pope John Paul II and criticism of the Catholic Church by John Paul II has been widely criticized for his various views, including his opposition to ordination and the use of contraception, his support for the Second Vatican Council and its reform of the liturgy, and its response to child sexual abuse in the Church. Child sex abuse scandals Main article: Catholic sex abuse cases of John Paul II have been criticized by representatives of clergy sexual abuse victims for failing to react quickly enough to the Catholic sex abuse crisis. In his reply, he stated that there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who harm youth. The Church introduced reforms to prevent future abuses by requiring background checks for church employees and, since the vast majority of victims were boys, prohibiting the ordination of men with deeply entrenched homosexual tendencies. They now require dioceses facing approval to alert the authorities, investigate and suspend the accused from service. In 2008, the Church claimed that the scandal was a very serious problem, and estimated that it was probably caused by no more than 1 percent (or 5,000) of the more than 500,000 Catholic priests worldwide. In April 2002, John Paul II, despite the weakness of Parkinson's disease, summoned all American cardinals to the Vatican to discuss possible solutions to the problem of sexual violence in the American Church. He asked them to thoroughly investigate the allegations. John Paul II invited American bishops to be more open and transparent in dealing with such scandals and emphasized the role of seminary preparation to prevent sexual rejection among future priests. In what The New York Times called unusually direct language, John Paul denounced the arrogance of priests that led to scandals: priests and priesthood candidates often live at a level both material and educational, surpassing the level of their families and members of their own age group. Therefore, it is very easy for them to be tempted to think of themselves better than others. When this happens, the ideal of priestly service and selflessness may disappear, leaving the priest unsatisfied and frustrated. The pope read a statement intended for American cardinals, calling sexual violence a terrible sin and saying the priesthood has no place for such men. In 2002, Archbishop Julius Paetz, the Catholic archbishop of Poznan, was accused of molesting seminarists. Pope John Paul II accepted his resignation and imposed sanctions against him prohibiting Paec from serving as bishop. These restrictions were lifted in 2010 by Pope Benedict XVI. In April 2003, a three-day conference was held The abuse of children and young people by Catholic priests and where eight non-Catholic psychiatrists were invited to speak with almost all representatives of the Vatican's dicastery. The panel of experts overwhelmingly opposed the zero tolerance policy proposed by the American Conference of Catholic Bishops. One expert called the policy a case of redundancy because it did not allow flexibility to distinguish between individual cases. In 2004, John Paul II recalled Bernard Francis Law as archbishop of the Pontifical Basilica of St. Mary Major in Rome. Law previously resigned as archbishop of Boston in 2002 in response to sexual abuse by the Catholic Church after church documents emerged that suggested he covered up the sexual abuse committed by priests in his archdiocese. The law resigned from this position in November 2011. John Paul II was a staunch supporter of the Legion of Christ, and in 1998 dropped the investigation into the sexual misconduct of its leader, Marcial Masiel, who resigned in 2005 and was later asked by the Vatican to resign from the ministry. However, the trial of Maciel began in 2004 during the pontificate of John Paul II, but the Pope died before it ended, and the conclusions were known. Opus Dei's main article: The Controversy of The Opus Dei of John Paul II was criticized for supporting the prelature opus dei and canonizing in 2002 its founder, Josemaria Eskriwe, whom he called the saints of ordinary life. Other movements and religious organizations of the Church marched decisively under his wing the Legion of Christ, the Neokatechumenal Path, Schoenstatt, the charismatic movement, etc. and he was repeatedly accused of taking a soft hand with him, especially in the case of Marcial Maciel, the founder of the Legion of Christ. In 1984, John Paul II appointed Joaquin Navarro-Waltz, a member of Opus Dei, as director of the Vatican press office. An Opus Dei spokesman said opus Dei's influence in the Vatican had been exaggerated. Of the nearly 200 cardinals of the Catholic Church, only two are known to be members of Opus Dei. Banco Ambrosiano Scandal Home article: Banco Ambrosiano Pope John Paul is alleged to have ties to Banco Ambrosiano, the Italian bank that collapsed in 1982. At the heart of the bank's failure was its chairman, Roberto Calvi, and his membership in the illegal Masonic Lodge Propaganda Because Of (aka P2). The Vatican Bank was a major shareholder in Banco Ambrosiano, and the death of Pope John Paul I in 1978 is rumoured to be linked to the Ambrosiano scandal. Calvi, often referred to as God's banker, was also associated with the Vatican Bank, Istituto per le Opere di Religione, and was close to Bishop Paul Marcinkus, the bank's chairman. Ambrosiano also provided funds for political parties in Italy, as well as for the Somos dictatorship in Nicaragua and Sandinista opposition. It was widely alleged that the Vatican Bank provided money for Solidarity in Poland. Kalvi used his complex network of foreign banks and companies to move money out of Italy, to inflate stock prices and to arrange massive unsecured loans. In 1978, the Bank of Italy produced a report on Ambrosiano, which predicted a future catastrophe. On June 5, 1982, two weeks before the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano, Calvi wrote a letter warning Pope John Paul II, stating that such an impending event will cause a catastrophe of unimaginable proportions in which the Church will be most seriously damaged. On 18 June 1982, Calvi's body was found hanged in scaffolding under the Blackfriars Bridge in London's financial district. Calvi's clothes were filled with bricks and contained cash worth $14,000 in three different currencies. Problems with traditionalists In addition to all the criticism from those who demand modernization, some Catholic traditionalists condemned it. These issues included the demand for a return to Trident Mass and the rejection of post-Vatican Second Council reforms, such as the use of the folk language in the former Latin Roman ceremonial Mass, ecumenism and the principle of religious freedom. In 1988, the controversial traditionalist Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, founder of the Society of St. Pius X (1970), was excommunicated under John Paul II because of the disapproved ordination of four bishops, which Cardinal Ratzinger called a divisive act. The World Day of Prayer for Peace, with a meeting in Assisi, Italy, in 1986, at which the Pope prayed only with Christians, was criticized for giving the impression that syncretism and indifference were openly perceived by the Pontifical Master. When the second Day of Prayer for World Peace was held in 2002, he was condemned as a tangled, worldly worldly peace-loving and compromising false religion. Similarly, he was criticized for kissing the Koran in Damascus, Syria, during one of his travels on 6 May 2001. His call for religious freedom was not always supported; bishops such as Antonio de Castro Mayer promoted religious tolerance, but at the same time rejected the principle of religious freedom of Vatican II as a liberalist and already condemned by Pope Pius IX in his Sillabus (1864) and at the First Vatican Council. Religion and AIDS Main article: Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS John Paul II continued the tradition of promoting Cultures of Life and in solidarity with the Humanae Vitae pope Paul VI rejected artificial birth control, even in the use of condoms to prevent the spread of AIDS. Critics say that large families are caused by the lack of contraception and exacerbate poverty in third world countries and problems such as America. John Paul the Great argued that the right way to prevent the spread of AIDS was not condoms, but the correct practice of sexuality, which involves chastity and fidelity. John Paul II's focus is that the need for artificial birth control is itself artificial, and this principle of respect for the sanctity of life should not be adopted to achieve the benefit of AIDS prevention. Social programs have been heavily criticized by the pope for the controversy surrounding the alleged use of charitable social programs as a means of transforming people in third world countries into Catholicism. The Pope made a fuss on the Indian subcontinent when he suggested that the subcontinent in the third Christian millennium would see a great harvest of faith. Dictatorships in Latin America John Paul visited General Augusto Pinochet, the military ruler of Chile. According to United Press International, Pope John Paul II preached the need for peaceful change and greater participation up and down Chile ... but stayed away from direct confrontation with the military regime of General Augusto Pinochet... disappointment of Pinochet's opponents, who hoped that the pope would publicly condemn the regime and bless their campaign for a return to democracy. John Paul supported Cardinal Laga, who critics said supported the Dirty War in Argentina and was friendly with the Argentine generals of the military dictatorship, playing regular tennis matches with the Navy's representative in the junta, Admiral Emilio Eduardo Massera. In 1988, when Pope John Paul II gave a speech to the European Parliament, Ian Paisley, leader of the Democratic Unionist Party and moderator of the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, shouted, I condemn you as the Antichrist! and held a red banner that read Pope John Paul II ANTICHRIST. Otto von Habsburg (the last crown prince of Austria-Hungary), a German MEP, snatched the Paisley banner, tore it up and helped kick him out of the chamber with other MEPs. The Pope continued his speech after Paisley was expelled. Meygorje quotes a number of quotes about the Meyugorje phenomena in Bosnia and Herzegovina, attributed to John Paul II. In 1998, when a German had collected various statements allegedly made by the Pope and Cardinal Ratzinger and then sent them to the Vatican in a memorandum, Ratzinger replied in writing on 22 July 1998: The only thing I can say about the allegations about Mezhugorje attributed to the Holy Father and me, is that they are a complete invention. Controversy about beatification Some Catholic theologians disagreed with the call for beatification of John Paul II. Eleven dissidents including Jesuit professor Jose Maria Castillo and Italian theologian Giovanni Franzoni, said his stance against contraception and the ordination of women, as well as church scandals during his pontificate, presented facts that, in accordance with their conscience and beliefs, should be an obstacle to beatification. Some traditional Catholics opposed his beatification and canonization for his views on the liturgy and his participation in prayer with the enemies of the Church, heretics and non-Christians. The personal life of Anna-Teresa Tymienetska External videoPresidente Carl Bernstein's presentation of His Holiness: John Paul II and the Hidden History of our time, September 24, 1996, C-SPAN Karol Uchity was a supporter of the football team Cracovia (the club retired number 1 in his honor). Playing himself as a goalkeeper, John Paul II was a fan of the English football team Liverpool, where his compatriot Jeji Dudek played in the same position. In 1973, while still archbishop of Krakow, Karol Ochtych befriended the Polish philosopher, later the American philosopher Anna-Teresa Tymienecka. Thirty-two-year friendship (and sometimes academic collaboration) continued until his death. She served as his master when he visited New England in 1976, and photographs show them together on skis and hikes. The letters he wrote to her were part of a collection of documents sold by the Tymetskaya estate in 2008 to the National Library of Poland. According to the BBC, the library initially kept the letters in the public eye, in part because of John Paul's path to holiness, but a library official announced in February 2016 that the letters would be made public. In February 2016, the BBC's Panorama documentary reported that John Paul II appeared to have a close relationship with a Polish philosopher. The pair have been exchanging personal letters for more than 30 years, and Sturton believes that Timenetska has confessed her love for Vonnetir. The Vatican described the documentary as more smoke than mirrors, and Timenitzka denied involvement with John Paul II. They interviewed her and devoted 20 pages to her in their 1996 book His Holiness. Bernstein and Politi even asked her if she had ever developed any romantic relationship with John Paul II, however one-sided it may be. She said, No, I've never fallen in love with a cardinal. How can I fall in love with a middle-aged priest? Besides, I'm a married woman. See also the Biographical portal Christianity portal History portal Beatifications by Pope John Paul II Cardinals created John Paul II Compendium of the Church's Social Doctrine List of the Longest Reigning Popes List of Catholic Saints List of World Activists List of Places Named after Pope John Paul II List of Pope Francis II Museum of John Paul II and Primate of the Vyshinsky Pontifical Journey ˈjuzɛf Hedgehog Kluger People Peter Le Jack Boleslaw Taborsky Links April 27, 2014. Received on May 2, 2014. John Paul II proclaimed the patron saint of the church. May 9, 2012. Received on May 2, 2014. Trecastelli celebra il suo patron ricordando Giovanni Paolo II. October 21, 2017. Received on March 31, 2018. Comone di Borgo Mantovano (MN). Tuttaitalia. Received on March 31, 2018. Il patrono del nuovo commune - Giovanni Paolo II. Messaggero Veneto. April 11, 2015. Received on March 31, 2018. ^ . February 3, 2020 . Received on February 3, 2020. There is no or empty name (help) (Chief Patron) Paradhan, Tanza, Kavit and John Paul of the Great Catholic University. Archive from the original on January 22, 2012. Received on January 28, 2012. Jason Evert (2014). St. John Paul the Great: His five loves. Ignatius Press. Archive from the original on April 12, 2014. Received on May 6, 2014. Lenchowski, John. Public diplomacy and the lessons of the Soviet collapse, 2002 - John Paul's Conservative legacy. Received on May 18, 2018. The Enigma of John Paul II. www.beliefnet.com. received on May 18, 2018. BEATIFICATIONS BY POPE JOHN PAUL II, 1979-2000 - Pope John Paul II (St. Carol Jazef Rousee). Catholic-Hierarchy.org M. Cheney. Received on October 31, 2014. b Report: Pope Francis says that John Paul II will be canonized on April 27. National Catholic Register. September 3, 2013. Received on September 6, 2013. Carol Glatz (September 11, 2011). The holidays of St. John Paul II, John XXIII are added to the universal calendar. Catholic news service. Archive from the original on January 8, 2015. Received on October 22, 2014. The Vatican declares Popes John Paul II and John XXIII saints. BBC News. April 27, 2014. Received on April 27, 2014. Hundreds are flocking to the U.S. sanctuary to celebrate the first feast of St. John Paul II. October 22, 2014. Received on December 27, 2014. John Paul Great Catholic University. Archive from the original on February 5, 2016. Received on February 13, 2016. Our story. Archive from the original on October 20, 2014. Received on October 20, 2014. John Paul the Great Academy - Lafayette, Los Angeles. Archive from the original on March 3, 2016. - Beabout, Gregory; Carter, Daniel. Two greetings for democracy from Paul the Great: Ronheimer, Kraynak, and the Unfinished Agenda dignitatis Dignitatis Received on February 23, 2020. a b c d e f g Biography of John Paul II (1920-2005). Television networks ASE. Received on January 1, 2009. a b c d e f g His Holiness John Paul II : A Brief Biography. Vatican press office. June 30, 2005. Archive from the original on December 30, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. a b c d e CNN Report Pope John Paul II 1920-2005. Cnn. Received January 1, 2009. a b c Karol Loggingsha (Papa John Paul II) Chronology. Christian Broadcasting Network. Received on January 1, 2009. a b Stourton 2006, page 11. sfn error: several goals (2×): CITEREFStourton2006 (help) - b Stourton 2006, p. 25. error sfn: several goals (2×): CITEREFStourton2006 (help) - Svidercoschi, Gian Franco. The Jewish Roots of Karola Logging. Vatican.va. received on July 3, 2013. Pope John Paul II 2005, page 99. Sturton, Edward (2006). John Paul II: The Man of History. London: Hodder and Staughton. page 32. ISBN 978-0-340-90816-7. a b c d e Kuhiwczak, Peter (January 1, 2007). Literary dad. Polish radio. Received on May 1, 2011. Grosjean, Francois (1982). life with two languages (8 ed.). USA: Harvard University Press. page 286. ISBN 978-0-674-53092-8. Received on July 6, 2013. Weigel, George. Witness of Hope: Biography of Pope John Paul II (p. 44). Harper Collins. Kindle Edition. The Guardian, A History of The Pope's Health Problems, April 1, 2005. Received March 26, 2015 - Happy Pope John Paul II's Family Genealogy. 2012. Received on 3 February 2012. Happy Pope John Paul II's Family Genealogy - b Stourton 2006, page 60. sfn error: several goals (2×): CITEREFStourton2006 (help) - b c d e Stourton 2006, p. 63. sfn error: multiple goals (2×): CITEREFStourton2006 (help) - b c Weigel 2001, p. 71. sfn error: several goals (2×): CITEREFWeigel2001 (help) - b c d Davies 2004, page 253-254. a b Weigel 2001, page 71-21. sfn error: multiple goals (2×): CITEREFWeigel2001 (help) - Weigel 2001, p. 75. error sfn: several goals (2×): CITEREFWeigel2001 (help) - b Profile Of Edith Sirier (1946). Voices of the Holocaust. 2000 Paul W. Galvin Library, Illinois Institute of Technology. Archive from the original on April 19, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. CNN Live transcript of the event. Cnn. April 8, 2005. Received on January 1, 2009. Roberts, Jeniviv. Death of Pope John Paul II: He saved my life - with tea and bread. Archive from the original on December 15, 2007. Received On 1 June 2016., The Independent, 3 April 2005. Received on June 17, 2007. Roger Cohen (2011). John Paul II met edith Cieler: a Polish seminary student and a Jewish girl he saved. International Herald Tribune. Received on January 28, 2012. Jan Paul IIRued the Warud of the Schwiat Peoples? John Paul II The Righteous Among Nations? (in Polish). Ekai.pl. April 5, 2005. Archive original of 22 22 2014 Papie sprawiedliwym w'r'd narod'w wiata (In Polish). Kosciol.pl. 26 September 2003. Received on October 22, 2014. Papiesh oeddymy tytu Sprawiedliwy w'rad squiat? The Pope will receive the honorary title of Righteous Among Nations? (in Polish). Onet.pl. April 4, 2005. Archive from the original on October 23, 2014. Received on October 22, 2014. Pope John Paul II 2005, page 16. - Miiji Heroism Of the Beatiality (between heroism and bestiality). Czestochowa. 1984 - Biographical profile: John Paul II. Booklet to celebrate the canonization of Blessed John XXIII and John Paul II. April 27, 2014. Received on September 2, 2017. Peter Kent (2002). The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe. McGill University Press. page 128. Sturton 2006, page 71. error sfn: multiple goals (2×): CITEREFStourton2006 (help) - b c e f g h i j K His Holiness John Paul II, biography, Pre-Pontificate. The Holy See. Received on January 1, 2008. Belgen in Rome. April 4, 2016. His Holiness John Paul II, biography, pre-pontificate. Received on October 6, 2012. Although his doctoral work was unanimously approved in June 1948, he was denied a degree because he could not afford to print the text of his dissertation in accordance with the Angelicum rule. In December 1948, the revised text of his dissertation was approved by the theological faculty of Jagiellonian University in Krakow, and Voityla finally received his degree. Carole Ouittila: Pope, who hails from Angelicum (Citte Nuova, Roma 2009). Pust.it archive from the original dated April 7, 2014. Received on October 23, 2014. 30Giorni 11 December 2002, Access 19 February 2013 - Kvitney, Jonathan (March 1997). Man of the Century: The Life and Times of Pope John Paul II. page 768. ISBN 978-0-8050-2688-7. Paula (June 17, 2002). Padre Pio is granted holiness. Cnn. Received January 19, 2008. a b Maxwell-Stewart 2006, page 233. Pope John Paul II: Light for peace. Council of Catholic Bishops of the United States. 2003. Archive from the original dated July 7, 2011. Received on January 1, 2009. Sturton 2006, page 97. error sfn: several goals (2×): CITEREFStourton2006 (help) - Highlights about the life of Karol Voitish. The press office of the Holy See. Received on June 23, 2013. Intended for freedom: The Man in philosophy by Carole Loggingila / John Paul II. 2000. ISBN 978-0-8132-0985-2. Received on June 23, 2013. Michael Walsh (1994). John Paul II: Biography. London: Harper Collins. 20-21. ISBN 978-0-00-215993-7. Logging, Carole. Tomistic personalism. people and the community. Translation: Translation: Sandock, OSM. Pages 165-175. New York: Peter Lang, 1993. Originally published 1961 in Polish - b c John Paul II to publish the first poetic work as Pope. Senit Innovative Media, Inc. January 7, 2003. Archive from the original on May 29, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. 1981. Witness of hope; Biography of Pope John Paul II, George Weigel. New York: Cliff Street Books/Harper Collins, 1999. page 992. Patricia Rice (January 24, 1999). They call it Wujek. St. Louis Post- Dispatch. John Paul II, Pope (2004). Come in, let's get on our way. Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-446-57781-6. b Sturton 2006, page 103. sfn error: multiple goals (2×): CITEREFStourton2006 (help) - Weigel, George. Witness of Hope: Biography of Pope John Paul II (p. 151). Harper Collins. Kindle Edition. John W. O'Malley (2008). What Happened at Vatican II. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 204-205. ISBN 978-0-674-03169-2. Crosby, John F. (2000). Gneuhs, Jeffrey (see Vision of sexuality and marriage of John Paul II: The Mystery of Just Love. Legacy of Pope John Paul II: His contribution to Catholic thought. ISBN 978-0-8245-1831-8. b Short biography. vatican.va archive from the original on December 30, 2008. Received on October 25, 2009. a b c d e f h i j k l John Paul II: Strong moral vision. Cnn. February 11, 2005. Received on January 1, 2009. Humanae vitae. July 25, 1968. Archive from the original on March 3, 2011. Received on January 1, 2009. a b Stourton, Ed (February 15, 2016). Secret letters from Pope John Paul II - BBC News. BBC News. Received on February 15, 2016. a b c d e f g Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (February 15, 2016). Letters from Pope John Paul II reveal a 32-year relationship with a woman. Keeper. Received on February 16, 2016. - b c d e f g What really happened between Pope John Paul II and his close friend Anna-Teresa Tymineka? Edward Sturton, February 15, 2016, The Telegraph: The Telegraph: The Secret Letters of Pope John Paul II by Ed Sturton, February 15, 2016 - Moreira Neves, Lucas Cardinal. EVANGELII NUNTIANDI: THE PASTORAL TESTAMENT OF PAUL VI CHURCH. The eternal word of the television network. b Foreign Pope. Time Magazine. October 30, 1978. page 1. Received on January 1, 2009. (subscription required) - b c d Foreign Pope. Time Magazine. October 30, 1978. page 4. Received on January 1, 2009. (subscription required) - Reese, Thomas J. (1998). Inside the Vatican: The politics and organization of the Catholic Church. Harvard University Press. 91, 99. ISBN 978-0-674-93261-6. a b c Stourton 2006, page 171. error sfn: several goals (2×): CITEREFStourton2006 (help) - New Pope Announced. BBC News. Received on January 1, 2009. Agosso, Renzo. Caro Carol. Effata Editrike IT, стр. 23. a b c d e f h Bottum, '18 ' '2005'. Джон Павел Павел Weekly standard. 1-2. Received on January 1, 2009. First greetings and first blessings to believers: Address by John Paul II, Monday, October 16, 1978 Archive October 18, 2013 in the Wayback car. Vatican. Vatican.va. - 1978 in review: the election of Pope John Paul II. Upi. December 6, 1978. Received on February 17, 2013. Events at the Pope's Cathedral of John Paul II. vatican.va on June 30, 2005. Archive from the original on October 28, 2011. Received on January 1, 2009. Next Pope Anura Guruge 2010 ISBN 978-0-615-35372-2 page 227 - b c d e f Maxwell-Stewart 2006, page 234. The largest papal gathering of millions flock to the papal Mass in Manila, a gathering called the largest pope seen at the service. The Baltimore Sun. The New York Times Press Office. 2012 received January 29, 2012 a b with Philippines, 1995: Pope Dreams of the Third Millennium of Asia. AsiaNews. April 4, 2005. Received on January 1, 2009. CBN Pope John Paul II Timeline-CBN.com Spiritual Life. Christian Broadcasting Network. The Associated Press. 2011. Received on 28 June 2011. Ginger Thompson (July 30, 2002). The pope's visit to Mexico is divided over his teachings. The New York Times. Received on October 22, 2014. The Irish remember the papal visit of 1979. BBC News. April 2, 2005. Received on January 1, 2009. BBC on this day 29, 1982: Pope makes a historic visit to Canterbury. BBC News. May 29, 1982. Received on June 23, 2013. Systems, equalizer. Retrospective 1982 Visit / Visit the background / Home - Visit. www.thepapalvisit.org.uk archive from the original dated October 12, 2016. Received on August 16, 2016. Abbott, Elizabeth (1988). Haiti: Duvalier years. McGraw Hill Book Company. 260-262. ISBN 978-0-07-046029-4. b c The Pope calls for harmony between the veers. BBC News. February 24, 2000. Received on January 1, 2009. b c Plett, Barbara (May 7, 2001). The mosque visit crowns the Pope's tour. BBC News. Received on January 1, 2009. a b c d e 2000: Pope Prays for Holocaust forgiveness BBC News. March 26, 2000. Received on January 1, 2009. a b c d e f Klenicki, Rabbi Leon (April 13, 2006). Pope John Paul II's visit to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority: Pilgrimage of Prayer, Hope and Reconciliation (PDF). Anti-defamation league. Archive from the original (PDF) dated November 28, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. Henneberger, Melinda (September 21, 2001). The pope will leave for Kazakhstan and Armenia this weekend. The New York Times. Received on October 22, 2014. a b 1979: Millions Cheer as Daddy Comes Home. BBC News. June 2, 1979. Received on January 1, 2009. b Angelo M. Codevilla, Political War: a set of means to achieve political goals, in Waller, ed., Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counter-Propaganda and Political Warfare (IWP Press, 2008.) - John Gaddis, Cold War: A New History, page 193, Penguin Books (2006), (2006), a b c d CBC News Online (April 2005). The pope looked down communism in his homeland, and won. Religion News Service. Archive from the original on June 30, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. b c Gorbachev: Pope John Paul II was an example to all of us. Cnn. April 4, 2005. Received on January 1, 2009. B Weigel, George. End and Beginning: Pope John Paul II - Victory of Freedom, Last Years, Legacy . Corona Publishing Group. Kindle Edition. New Millennium Inuente No.2 - Pope John Paul II (1988). : An Apostolic letter on the dignity and calling of women. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.CS1 maint: location (link) - b Kyung, Hans (March 26, 2005). The Pope's contradictions. Der Spiegel. Received on January 1, 2009. Pope John Paul II visits the United States, 1977 in review. Upi. Received on September 12, 2010. John Paul II-Millennial Pope Summarizes Pope John Paul II-Millennial Pope John Paul II(1995). Evangelou Vitae. Vatican City: Vatican's Libreria, No 95 - Article 42, Solicitudo Rei Socialis - U2-Eno Lets Bono Speak to the Pope. Get in touch with the music. 2010. Received on December 22, 2011. The Apostolic Letter of of John Paul II to the bishops of the Catholic Church on the reservation of priestly ordination only to men. The Vatican's Editing by Edithrik. Archive from the original on January 18, 2012. Received on January 24, 2012. Pope Attacks Apartheid in a speech at the United Nations Los Angeles Times, May 13, 1985 - Pope Pope Visits 2 Oaths of The New York Times, May 13, 1995 - Mandela is deeply inspired by the Pope (South Africa Info), April 5, 2005 - Religious views: Statements by Pope John II on the death penalty of Paul. Death Penalty Information Center. Received on November 3, 2013. Trigilio Jr., Reverend John, The Rev. Kenneth Briggenci and The Rev. Jonathan Toborowski. John Paul II for Dummies, page 140, John Wylie and Sons, 2011 ISBN 978-0-471-77382-5 - Virginia Garrard-Burnett. Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit: Guatemala Under General Efrain Rios Montt, 1982-1983, page 20-21, John Wylie and Sons, 2010 ISBN 978-0-19- 537964-8 - With papal push, Guatemala May End of Execution. Christian Science Monitor. May 24, 2013. Received on November 3, 2013. The pope says the EU constitution should invoke Christian heritage. EU business. June 28, 2003. Received on November 14, 2013. A Jewish professor defends the mention of Christianity in the euro text. The news agency Senit. September 17, 2003. Received on November 14, 2013. Marcin Freidrih (May 21, 2003). The pope is paving the way for the Polish vote yes. EUObserver.com. received on November 14, 2013. The Rev. Adam Bonecki (May 25, 2003). Od Unii Lubelskiej do Unii (from the Lublin Union to the European Union) (in Polish). Tigodnik Tigodnik Received on November 14, 2013. Doug Linder. Vatican view on evolution: Pope Paul II and Pope Pius. Michelle Green, Stephen J. Gould 1986. A message from the Pontifical Academy of Sciences on October 22, 1996. Catholic Information Network (CIN). October 24, 1997. Received on January 1, 2009. Magisterium is concerned about the question of evolution for it involves the conception of man. National Center for Scientific Education. October 24, 1996. Received on January 1, 2009. Tagliabue, John (October 25, 1996). Pope Strengthens Church Support for Evolution. The New York Times. Received on October 22, 2014. John Paul II, Address to the Diplomatic Corps, Vatican City, January 13, 2003 (received February 7, 2007). Pope, Nobel Peace Prize winner, October 9, 2003 - Pope John Paul II is a favorite for the Nobel Peace Prize Deseret News, October 10, 2003 - b c Garvin, Glenn (July 18, 1999). Hostility to the United States, an expensive mistake. Miami Herald. Received on January 1, 2009. Beatification of Oscar Romero. A New Yorker. May 19, 2015. What the canonization of Oscar Romero says about Pope Francis. The Atlantic Ocean. November 2018. The pope says taking sides in Nicaragua is a danger to the church. The New York Times. March 5, 1983. They will be done. Mother Jones. 1983 - Ostling, Richard N.; Roberto Suro (September 10, 1984). Religion: berating the false hopes of Marxism. It's time. Received on July 27, 2011. (subscription required) - Filip Mazurchak (May 24, 2013). A priest who confronted the mafia. First things. Received on November 2, 2013. Mafia vs. Pope John Paul II. Spokesman-review. The Associated Press. May 24, 2013. Received on November 15, 2013. The pontiff's message condemns the destruction of the Gulf War. Los Angeles Times. Times Wire Services. April 1, 1991. Received on November 22, 2013. Drew Christiansen, SJ (August 12, 2002). Hawks, pigeons and Pope John Paul II. Received on November 22, 2013. Clyde Haberman (April 1, 1991). The pope condemns the Gulf War as Darkness. The New York Times. Received on November 22, 2013. Dariusz Roshac (July 21, 2013). Arcybiskup i maczety (archbishop and machete) (in Polish). The Tignednik Of the Cross. Archive from the original on November 9, 2013. Received on November 9, 2013. Donatella Lorch (September 20, 1995). The Pope calls for an end to the killings in Rwanda. The New York Times. Received on November 9, 2013. William Frank Smith (November 2010). Catholic Church of The Highs: The people and events that shaped the institutional church. Dog Ear Publishing. 86. ISBN 978-1-60844-821-0. Received on January 25, 2012. Pope John Paul II 2005, page 12. Weigel, George (2001). The truth of Catholicism. New York: Harper Collins. page 3. ISBN 978-0-06-621330-9. Letter to Catholic Bishops on Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons Items 7, 10, 11, 13 and Const. Sacri Canones. Code of canons of Eastern churches, churches, Edition, New English Translation (Canon Law Society of America, 2001), page xxv. Cf. Pastor Bonus n. 2 a b. Const. Sacre Discipline Ledes - NYTimes.com, New Canonical Code, by effect for Catholics, November 27, 1983, access to June-25-2013 - Master Page on The Johanno-Pauline Code 1983, CanonLaw.info, Access 17 March 2016 - AAS82 (1990) p. 1033-1063 - Dr. Thomas Kuzhinapurath, Salvific Law: The Saving Character of CCEO, Historical Review, Malankara Seminary Publications, Trivandrum, 2008, p.79 - Pete Vere and Michael Truman, Surprised canon Law, 2008, p.79 - Pete Vere and Michael Truman, Surprised canon law, Canon Vol. 2 (Cincinnati, Ohio: Servant of the Book, 2007); Pg. 123 - Akin, Jimmy. Is Pope Francis about to tear up the Vatican's constitution? 12 things to know and share, National Catholic Register, October 2, 2013 - Jonathan Kvitney, Man of the Century: The Life and Times of Pope John Paul II, page 592, Henry Holt and Co. (1997), ISBN 978-0-8050-2688-7 - Pope, on Latin Travel, Pinochet Attacks Mode New York Times, April 1, 1987 - Pope Bishop tells Chile to press for free elections; The pontiff joins Pinochet on the Balcony of the Palace, The Washington Post, April 3, 1987. Biography de Juan Pablo II-Testigo de Esperanza (Biography of John Paul II - Witness of Hope) (in Spanish). Edited by Plaza and Janas. ISBN 978-84-01-01304-1.; Geraldo Munoz (2008). Shadow dictator: life under the leadership of Augusto Pinochet. The main books. page 183. ISBN 978-0-465-00250-4. Slawomir Oder, Why He Is Holy: The Life and Faith of Pope John Paul II and the Case of Canonization, page 107-108, Rizzoli International Publications (2010), ISBN 978-0-8478-3631-4 Timmerman, Jacobo Chile: Death in the South, p. 114, Alfred A. Knopf, Knopf, Inc., 1987 ISBN 978-0-517-02902-2 - Papal Mass in Chile erupts in chicago Tribune violence, April 4, 1987 - Enemies of Pionchet, battered by the presence of Pope The New York Times, April 3, 1987 z Pinochetem na balkon (Why John Paul II came out on the balcony pinchet). Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). December 24, 2009. Received on October 22, 2014. Riccardo Orizio, Conversations about the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators, page 131, Walker and Company (2003), ISBN 978-0-8027-1416-9 - James Ferguson, Papa Doc, Baby Doc: Haiti and Duvaliers, page 75-77, Basil Blackwell (1987), ISBN 978-0-631-16579-8 - Douglas Bond, Christopher Kruger, Roger S. Powers, and William B. Vogel, Protest, Power, and Change: Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage, page 227, Routledge (1997), ISBN 978-0-8153- 0913-0 Pope John Paul II, Catholic Church, and New World Order, page 227, St. Martin's Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-312-08798-2 - bailey83221: Anticipating the failure of communism (Scholarly list of those predicted the fall. May 2, 2006. Archive from the original on May 2, 2006. Received on February 24, 2019. Daniel Patrick Moynihan: Will Russia explode? Newsweek (November 19, 1979): 144,147. a b c Dominguez 2005. a b c d Lewis, Paul (July 28, 1982). Italy's mysterious deepening banking scandal. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Received on January 25, 2012. a b c d Lawrence M. Salinger (2005). Encyclopedia of white-collar and corporate crimes. Sage. ISBN 978-0-7619-3004-4. Received on January 25, 2012. Andrew M. Essig and Jennifer L. Moore. Diplomacy of the United States and the Holy See: establishing formal relations, 1984. Catholic Historical Review (2009) 95'4, page 741-764741-764. online - Marie Gate, Vatican City and the Reagan administration: Cold War Alliance?. Catholic Historical Review (2011) 97'4 p. 713- 736 online - Mark Riebling (April 7, 2005). Pope Reagan: The Alliance of Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II of the Cold War. National review. Archive from the original dated July 1, 2012. Received on September 12, 2010. First world leader. Keeper. April 4, 2005. Received on November 4, 2013. Poles were worried, proud of Pope John Paul II 10/13/03. Topeka Capital Magazine. The Associated Press. April 3, 2012. Archive from the original on April 4, 2004. Received on January 28, 2012. Address by Pope John Paul II to the Honourable President of the United States of America, George W. Bush. Vatican.va. 4 June 2004. Received on August 19, 2011. Polish security services played a key role in the criminal plot to assassinate John Paul II. Canada Free Press. October 13, 2006. Received on October 23, 2014. a b Nieslubn dzikko Jan Pavsha II. Kulisi esbekei provocative Illegal Child of John Paul II. He is a zennik (in Polish). October 4, 2013. Received on October 23, 2014. Andrea Riccardi. La Pace Prevent. Milan: Sao Paolo 2004. Alex Kirby (April 8, 2005). John Paul II and the Anglicans. BBC News. Received on January 1, 2009. Introduction to the parish of Our Lady of the Atonement of the Catholic Church. Our Lady of the Atonement. Archive from the original on December 26, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. John Paul II. Crossing the Threshold of Hope, 82, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1994 ISBN 978-0-307-76457- 7 - Pope visits the palace in Togo, then the women's filthy hut of The New York Times, August 10, 1985 - His Imperial Majesty, Alayluuv Oba Okkunade Sidjuadee, Olue and Oufei. Theooni.org december 20, 2008. Archive from the original on March 3, 2013. Received on April 28, 2014. Dad to make his first visit to Armenia. Los Angeles Times. The Associated Press. April 24, 1999. Received on December 6, 2014. Pope John Paul II recognizes the Armenian Genocide. Atour.com on November 10, 2000. Received on December 6, 2014. George Weigel, End and End Pope John Paul II - Victory of Freedom, Last Years, Legacy, page 283, Doubleday Doubleday (2010), ISBN 978-0-385-52480-3 - The Dalai Lama mourns Pope John Paul II, The True Spiritual Practitioner. AsiaNews. March 4, 2005. Received on January 1, 2009. Simpson, Victor L. (November 27, 2003). Pope John Paul II meets with the Dalai Lama. WorldWide Religious News. Archive from the original on October 14, 2007. Received on January 1, 2009. Levi, Mons Virgilio and Christine Ellison. John Paul II: Tribute in Words and Pictures, page 165, William Morrow, 1999 ISBN 978-0- 688-16621-2 Text greeting Bishop Brunetta. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops by the Office of Media Relations. Archive from the original on April 16, 2013. Received on October 30, 2012. b c Brunvasser, Matthew (August 2, 2007). Patriarch Theoctist, 92, a Romanian who held a hand to John Paul II, dies. The New York Times. Received on January 1, 2009. b c d Pope John Paul II's visit to Ukraine. Lviv: Institute of Religion and Society. Received on May 1, 2011. a b c d e f g Macedonian Press Agency: News in English, 2001-05-04b. Macedonian Press Agency (Greek Resources Network). May 4, 2001. Received on January 1, 2009. Stephanopoulos, Nikki (January 28, 2008). Archbishop of Athens Christodoulos. The Associated Press. Archive from the original on July 23, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. Pope John Paul II (1994). Crossing the threshold of hope. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 93-94. ISBN 978-0-679-76561-5. Akin, Jimmy (April 6, 2006). John Paul II kisses the Koran. JimmyAkin.org. received on January 1, 2009. a b VEEDOM/PBS Present ' Celebration of Faith: Papal Concert Reconciliaton' 90 Minutes Television Special (Press Release). I'M. Archive from the original on March 8, 2009. Received on January 1, 2009. b Orchestra to make Vatican history. BBC News. November 9, 2003. Received on January 1, 2009. a b Papal reconciliation concert. London Philharmonic Choir. 11 January 2005. Archive from the original on November 20, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. b Pittz, Marilynn; Andrew Drukenbrod (November 8, 2003). Pittsburgh Symphony to perform for the Pope. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Received on January 1, 2009. Catechism of the Catholic Church. Vatican archives. The Vatican's Editing by Edithrik. Archive from the original on April 7, 2015. Received on January 1, 2009. Dad impresses jain team with personal warmth, encourages more dialogue. Ucanews.com on April 20, 1995. Archive from the original on December 13, 2014. Received on December 6, 2014. Cassidy, Cardinal Edward Idris (March 16, 1998). We remember: Reflections on the Shoah. Vatican archives. Archive from the original on December 26, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. a b c d AIJAC expresses sorrow at the passing of the Pope. Australia/Israel - Council for Jews. April 4, 2005. Received on January 1, 2009. Address to the Great Synagogue of Rome. College. April 13, 1986. Year. July 8, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. Address of His Holiness John Paul II to a group of Jewish leaders and those responsible for organizing a concert in memory of the Shoah. Received on February 12, 2013. Events in the Pontifical Cathedral of John Paul II. Archive of the original on October 28, 2011. Received on February 12, 2013. Online news hour - Papal apology. McNeil/Lehrer Productions. Archive from the original july 6, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. The biggest gathering of Jewish leaders to ever meet a sitting pope. PTWF. 2004-2009 Pave The Way Foundation, Inc. Archive from the original April 8, 2009. Received on January 1, 2009. Kenneth Jacobson (April 2, 2005). Pope John Paul II: Gratitude: The seer remembered. Anti-defamation league. Archive from the original on January 19, 2012. Received on December 22, 2011. Pope John Paul II quotes. brainymedia.com 2007. Received on January 11, 2009. Syuji was ban jpii bardzia no rabines (Jews respect John Paul II more than rabbis) (in Polish). Fact. April 21, 2011. Archive from the original november 9, 2014. Received on October 22, 2014. Siji wyrazili rado z powodu beatyfikacji Jan Paul II Jews expressed joy because of the beatification of John Paul II (in Polish). Fact. April 5, 2011. Archive from the original on October 5, 2012. Received on October 8, 2012. Travel-Federal Republic of Germany 1980 -John Paul II. Vatican.va archive from the original May 5, 2011. Received on June 3, 2011. Okumenishes Treffen mit der Evangeven-Lutherish Jemaine von Rom. Vatican.va archive from the original dated July 29, 2013. Received on June 3, 2011. Apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden (June 1-10, 1989). Vatican.va archive from the original dated February 7, 2011. Received on May 1, 2011. 1981 In review: Pope John Paul II Assassination (sic) Attempt. United Press International (UPI). 1981 - b c Dziwisz 2001. b c Lee, Martin A. (May 14, 2001). Assassination of Pope John Paul II in 1981, the Grey Wolves and the Turkish government intelligence services of the United States. San Francisco Bay Guardian. 23, 25. 1981 In review: Pope John Paul II attempted murder. Upi. June 20, 1981. Received on February 17, 2013. - b Time Magazine 1982-01-25, page 1. Lo Scapolare del Carmelo (in Italian). Shalom. 2005. page 6. ISBN 978-88-8404-081-7. Bertone 2000-2009. Pope John Paul II 2005, page 184. - b c d e Tips were a dad shot to support solidarity. Telegraph. March 3, 2006. Late Pope's 'Thought of Resignation'. BBC News. January 22, 2007. Received on January 1, 2009. Gordon Thomas (2000). Gideon's spies are the secret mossad warriors. Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-37537-5. Received on December 15, 2011. a b c Pope John Paul 1982. BBC News. October 16, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. - b c Papa John Paul was wounded in 1982 in a knife attack, says the aide. CBC News. October 16, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. a b c John Paul was injured in 1982 as a result of a stabbing, an aide reveals. Reuters. October 15, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. b c Hebblethwaite 1995, page 95. McDermott, Terry (September 1, 2002). Plot. Los Angeles Times. Archive from the original on April 12, 2003. Received on January 1, 2009. John O. Koehler (February 14, 2011). Spies in the Vatican: The Cold War of the Soviet Union against the Catholic Church. Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-60598-140-6. Received on February 4, 2012. Publishers Weekly, review of Spies at the Vatican, May 11, 2009 - Pope John Paul II 2005, page 1. Carroll, Rory (March 13, 2000). The pope apologizes for the sins of the church. Keeper. London. Received on October 22, 2014. - BBC News. Dad apologizes. BBC News. Received on January 14, 2013. - BBC News (March 12, 2000). The pope apologizes for the church's sins. BBC News. Received on January 14, 2013. Robinson, BA (March 7, 2000). Apologies to Pope John Paul II. Received on January 14, 2013. a b c d e f g h Weeke, Stephen (March 31, 2006). Perhaps St. John Paul the Great?. NBC News. Received on January 1, 2009. The religion of Galileo Galilei, astronomer and scientist. Adherents. 2011. Archive from the original on June 29, 2011. Received on July 12, 2011. Dad sends first apologies via email. BBC News. November 23, 2001. Received on January 30, 2012. With a laptop in the Vatican murals Clementine Hall the 81-year-old pontiff delivered the message, his first virtual apology. Cardinal Ratti is the new Pope as Pius XI. New York Times. February 7, 1922. Received on January 1, 2009. Cardinal Ratti the New Pope as Pius XI, Full Article (PDF). The New York Times. February 7, 1922. Received on January 1, 2009. Profile: Pope John Paul II. BBC News. February 2005. Received on October 22, 2014. Pope John Paul rushed to hospital. BBC News. February 2, 2005. Received on February 17, 2013. Pope John Paul rests; breathing on your own after a tracheotomy. Catholic News Agency. February 25, 2005. Received on February 17, 2013. a b BBC 2005-04-01. a b c d Secret Letters of Pope John Paul II by Ed Sturton, BBC NEWS and b c Does Pope John Paul II have a secret lover? Barbie Latzu Nado, February 15, 2016 - b Final Days, last words of Pope John Paul II. Catholic News of the World (CWN). September 20, 2005. Received on January 1, 2009. a b John Paul's last words are revealed. BBC News. April 18, 2005. Received on January 1, 2009. Pisa, Nick (March 18, 2006). Vatican diagnosis of Pope's Parkinson's disease for 12 years. The Daily Telegraph. London. Received on January 1, 2009. Navarro-Waltz on April 2, 2005. - The New York Times (September 19, 2005). Vatican releases official report of Pope John Paul II II Days. Received on January 29, 2018. Sturton 2006, page 320. sfn error: multiple goals (2×): CITEREFStourton2006 (help) - Pope's assistant didn't burn the paper. BBC News. June 5, 2005. Received on August 12, 2013. The Latter will be the Testament of John Paul II. Innovative Media, Inc. Archive of the original September 17, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. a b Pope John Paul II is buried in the Vatican crypt; Millions of people around the world are watching funerals. Cnn. Archive from the original June 13, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. a b The Independent: Millions mourn the pope at the largest funeral in history. London: Independent News and MEDIA Limited. April 8, 2005. Archive from the original on December 1, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. a b c Holmes, Stephanie (April 9, 2005). The city of Rome celebrates the Miracle. BBC News. Received on January 1, 2009. Funeral of Pope John Paul II. outside the Beltway. April 8, 2005. Received on January 1, 2009. a b c Saunders, William (2005). John Paul the Great. Catholic Herald. Received on January 1, 2009. David O'Reilly (April 4, 2005). Papal Legacy: Will History use the name of John Paul the Great?. Detroit Free Press. Knight Ridder Newspapers. Pope John Paul the Great was the name proposed by many for Karol Yazef Rouse of Russia. Throughout its long history, the Catholic Church has awarded the posthumous title of The Great to only two popes: Leo I and Gregory I, both of whom reigned in the first thousand years of Christianity and Murphy, Brian (April 5, 2005). Faithful hold the key to the great's honor for John Paul. The Associated Press. Text: Benedict XVI's first speech. April 19, 2005. Received on January 1, 2009. Dear brothers and sisters, after the great Pope John Paul II, the cardinals elected me as a simple and humble worker in the Lord's vineyard. The fact that the Lord can work and act not even enough comforts me, and above all I entrust myself to your prayers. In the joy of the resurrected Lord, we move on with His help. He's going to help us, and Mary's going to be on our side. Thank you. Eucharist Condelition for the peace of the soul of Pope John Paul II: The sermon of the map by Angelo Sodano. The Holy See. April 3, 2005. Archive from the original on December 25, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. Southern Cross: John Paul the Great. South Cross 2008 by Posmay Media. Received on January 1, 2009. Noonan, Peggy (August 2, 2002). John Paul the Great: What 12 million know, and I learned too. Wall Street Journal. Received on January 1, 2009. Noonan, Peggy (November 2005). John Paul the Great: Remembering the Spiritual Father. Penguin Group (USA). ISBN 978-0-670- 03748-3. Received on January 1, 2009. - Susan Crimp, The Last Wish of Pope John Paul II: The Life and Messages of St. Faustina, page 92 - The Pastoral Visit of Pope Benedict XVI to Poland 2006: Holy Father. Libreria Libreria Vatican. May 25, 2006. Received on January 1, 2009. JPII Home. Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia. A map of the campus. Welcome to John Paul II Seminary. Nicole Winfield and Vanessa Gera. Pope Beatififs John Paul II to 1.5 million believers. CNS News. Archive from the original on May 4, 2011. Received on February 17, 2013. Pope John Paul II is beatified in front of 1.5 million. Telegraph. May 1, 2011. Received on February 17, 2013. b c Moore, Malcolm (May 22, 2008). Pope John Paul II is on course to become a saint in record time. The Daily Telegraph. Uk. Received on January 1, 2009. b c Hollingshead, Ian (April 1, 2006). Whatever happened to ... Canonization of John Paul II?. Keeper. Uk. Received on October 22, 2014. b c d e Hooper, John (March 29, 2007). Mystery nun Key to Pope John Paul II The cause of holiness. Keeper. London. Received on January 1, 2009. Owen, Richard. Hopes placed on the beatification of Pope John Paul II - Times Online. Times. Uk. Received on January 1, 2009. His Holiness Benedict XVI's response to the study of beatification and canonization of the Servant of God John Paul II. The Vatican's Editing by Edithrik. May 9, 2005. Archive from the original january 5, 2009. Received on January 1, 2009. a b John Paul II on a fast track to canonization -Framingham, Massachusetts-The MetroWest Daily News. Metrost Daily News. Archive from the original on December 9, 2012. Received on January 1, 2009. The reason for the beatification of John Paul II opens. Zenit. June 28, 2005. Received on October 22, 2012. Pope Benedict forgoes Waiting Period, begins John Paul II Beatification Process Catholic News Agency 13 May 2005 Received May 1, 2011 - b d f Vicariato di Roma: the nun tells her story .... 2009 - The Vatican may have found the Miracle of Pope John Paul. ABC (Australia). Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, CNN, BBC World Service. January 31, 2006. Archive from the original on October 11, 2007. Received on January 1, 2009. The miracle attributed to John Paul II is associated with Parkinson's disease. Catholic World News (CWN). 2009 Trinity Communications. January 30, 2006. Received on January 1, 2009. a b c French nun says that life has changed since she was healed thanks to JPII. Catholic news service. Archive from the original on April 7, 2009. Received on January 1, 2009. Willan, Philip. No more labels on Pope John Paul II's Path to Holiness. The Sunday Gazette. Archive from the original on February 10, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. 900,000 to gather for Mass with Pope Benedict. International Herald Tribune. May 28, 2006. Received on October 22, 2014. b Westcott, Katherine (April 2, 2007). Vatican under pressure from Pope John II Push. BBC News. Received on October 22, 2012. Malcolm Moore (September 25, 2007). A call for a free Pope John Paul II relic. Telegraph. London. London. January 1, 2009. The reason for the beatification and canonization of the Servant of God: John Paul II. Vicariato di Roma III Piano Postulazone Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano. Archive from the original on December 16, 2008. Received on January 1, 2009. a b Blessed John Paul II?. ncregister.com. received on March 7, 2011. a b Child 'Able to Walk Again' After praying at the Pope's tomb. Catholic Herald. Archive from the original on January 17, 2012. Received on May 1, 2011. CNS STORY: For Pope John Paul II, the Beatification process may be on the last lap. Catholic news service. Archive from the original on October 5, 2009. Received on January 1, 2009. a b c The Holiness of Pope John Paul II on a fast track - The World Newser. ABC News. Archive from the original on November 19, 2009. Received on November 18, 2009. a b c d Beatification Looms Closer to John Paul II. catholicculture.org. November 18, 2009. Pope Benedict paves the way for the beatification of John Paul II. January 14, 2011. Received on January 14, 2011. The gold coin marks the beatification of John Paul II. Boston Globe. March 30, 2011. ISSN 0743-1791. Archive from the original on November 6, 2013. Received on December 22, 2011. The body of Pope John Paul II is exhumed before the Beification Mass. Public Radio International. April 29, 2011. Received on June 15, 2017. - Willie, David (May 1, 2011). Celebration as John Paul beatified. BBC News. Received on May 11, 2020. Visit the tomb of John Paul II at St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican. A guide to the Vatican. August 23, 2013. Received on May 11, 2020. Kerr, David. The remains of Pope Innocent XI take place for John Paul II. Received on May 11, 2020. The healing of a Colombian could pave the way for the canonization of John Paul II. Received on August 4, 2012. A new sculpture by Pope John Paul II has been unveiled in Warsaw. euronews.com September 24, 2020. A relic holding the blood of Pope John Paul II stolen from an Italian cathedral. 9news.com. September 25, 2020. The article by Cindy Wooden quoted news from Italian news agencies, and included comments by the pope's longtime aide, Cardinal Krakow Stanislaw Dziwisz, and Vatican spokesman Jesuit Father Federico Lombardi, SJ and b with the Second Miracle of John Paul II approved-report. Agence France-Presse (AFP). Rappler.com on July 2, 2013. Received on July 2, 2013. b with Livsai, Christopher (July 2, 2013). John Paul set for holiness after the second miracle well. ANSA (Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata). www.ansa.it. received on July 2, 2013. A Costa Rican woman describes John Paul's Miracle Cure Archive on March 11, 2016 in Wayback Machine, Fox News Latino, July 6, 2013 - Italian media report on progress in the cause of the sanctity of Blessed John Paul. News service. April 23, 2013. Archive from the original on April 23, 2013. Received on June 12, 2013. Pope John Paul II, John John be holy: Vatican. Reuters. July 5, 2013. Received on July 9, 2013. Povoledo, Elizabeth; Alan Cowell (September 30, 2013). Francis canonized John XXIII and John Paul II on the same day. The New York Times. Received on September 30, 2013. Adam Easton (September 30, 2013). The date is set for Popes John Paul II and John XXIII of holiness. BBC News. Received on September 30, 2013. Patrick J. McDonnell; Kington, Tom (April 27, 2014). The canonization of predecessors gives another boost to Pope Francis. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. An estimated 800,000 people descended on Rome for double canonization, a Vatican spokesman said. This included half a million around the Vatican and another 300,000 watching the event on giant television screens installed throughout the city of Rome. b c The Catholic Church to ease the ban on condom use. Deutsche Hlule. April 24, 2006. Received on January 12, 2009. Radio, Southern California Public (April 24, 2014). Priests of victims of sexual violence condemn holiness for Pope John Paul II. scpr.org. th b Walsh (2003). John Paul II: Light for the World. 62. b Conference of Catholic Bishops of the United States (2005). Charter for the Protection of Children and Youth. Conference of Catholic Bishops of the United States. Archive from the original on April 26, 2011. Received on October 8, 2007. Pope Benedict XVI (2005). Instruction on criteria for distinguishing professions with respect to persons with homosexual tendencies in connection with their admission to seminary and the Holy Orders. Vatican. Archive from the original on February 25, 2008. Received on March 9, 2008. Filto, Jerry (2004). The report states that sexual violence by clergy brought the smoke of Satan to the church. Catholic news service. Archive from the original on October 4, 2009. Received on March 10, 2008. Scandals in the church: decisions of bishops; The Charter of the Council for the Protection of Children and Youth. The New York Times. June 15, 2002. Received on October 22, 2014. Richard Owen (January 7, 2008). The Pope calls for constant prayer to rid the priesthood of paedophilia. Times Online UK edition. London: Times Newspapers Ltd. received on March 31, 2008. Terry, Karen; et al. (2004). The nature and scope of the problem of sexual abuse of minors by priests and deacons. John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Archive from the original on April 25, 2005. Melinda Henneberger (April 21, 2002). Dad takes on scandals. The Sun's Guardian. Received on November 9, 2012. a b Berry, Jason (May 16, 2011). Shame on John Paul II: how the sex abuse scandal tarnished his papacy. Nation. Received on January 24, 2012. Europe Polish archbishop molested students. BBC News. February 23, 2002. Received on February 17, 2013. Watykan: Nie zrehabilitowali'my (Vatican: no rehabilitation for Paetz). Fakt (in Polish). June 19, 2010. Archive from the original February 9 Received on November 9, 2012. Ultimatum arcybiskupa Gedequigo: Ja albo Paetz (Ultimatum of Archbishop Gedetsky: either me or Paetz) (in Polish). Poznan.gazeta.pl June 18, 2010. Archive from the original on May 14, 2013. Received on February 17, 2013. Whispers in the loggia: Showing a gift ... Or the papal gaff?. Whispersintheloggia.blogspot.com on June 18, 2010. Received on February 17, 2013. Gallagher, Delia. Vatican study on sexual violence. Zenit. Archive from the original on March 16, 2012. Abuse in the Catholic Church / Cardinal Law and Rest. Boston Globe. 2004. ISSN 0743-1791. Received on January 24, 2012. Piekara, Marek (2014). Ko Yang Paul II wiedzia'o ks. Macela? wiara.pl. Martin, S.J., James (February 25, 1995). Opus Day in the United States. Archive of America Press Inc. from the original january 16, 2009. Received on January 10, 2009. Saint Josemaria Escriva de Balaguer. Catholic Internet. Received on January 1, 2009. The text of the letter of accusation sent to John Paul II (in Spanish). Pepe-rodriguez.com. received on February 17, 2013. Decoding the secret world of Opus Dei. BBC News. September 16, 2005. Received on April 30, 2010. Associated Press, Opus Dei supports the new pope, CNN, April 19, 2005. Grey, Sadie (October 6, 2005). A request to the Pope from God's banker reveals how the murder trial begins. Times. London. BBC on this day 1982: God's banker found hanged. BBC News. June 19, 1982. Received on January 27, 2012. Hewitt, Hugh (June 4, 2005). Criticism of John Paul II : another thing the mainstream press does not understand about the Catholic Church. Weekly standard. Received on January 10, 2009. For example, Marcel Lefebvre, Open Letter confused Catholics (Herefordshire: Gracewing Publishing, 1986). ISBN 9780852440476 - Discussion of Ratzinger's crucial work (later the pope) on the attempted reconciliation between Lefebvre and the Holy See, vide John Thavis, The Vatican Diaries: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at Power, Personality and Politics at the Heart of the Catholic Church (London: Penguin, 2014), 147-49. ISBN 9780143124535 - Appeal to representatives of Christian churches and church communities and world religions. The Vatican's Editing by Edithrik. October 27, 1986. Archive from the original on December 27, 2008. Received on January 12, 2009. Address to representatives of other Christian churches and church communities. The Vatican's Editing by Edithrik. October 27, 1986. Archive from the original on April 17, 2009. Received on January 12, 2009. A day of prayer for world peace. Vatican archives. The Vatican's Editing by Edithrik. January 24, 2002. Archive from the original on May 15, 2009. Received on January 12, 2009. John Paul II kisses the Koran. Tradition in action. May 14, 1999. Received on January 12, 2009. Jan Paul II Live at the Vatican in 1999. youtube.com 28 2011. Extracted 17 17 2013. Carvalho, Nirmala (December 8, 2005). India: Hindu extremists against grants to missionaries. AsiaNews. Archive from the original on June 20, 2008. Received on January 12, 2009. Shah, Hira. Mother Teresa's hidden mission in India: converting to Christianity. IndiaStar. Archive from the original on July 14, 2008. Received on January 12, 2009. Allen Jr., John L. Death of the Pope: Analysis of the reign of Pope John Paul II. National Catholic Reporter. Received on January 12, 2009. Dad avoids confrontation with Pinochet. United Press International. April 11, 1987. The Argentine military dictator confirms that the hierarchy of the Catholic Church was well aware of the disappeared. MercoPress. July 24, 2012. The Vatican says its former envoy is not interested. The Washington Post on May 23, 1997. A former Argentine dictator says he told the Catholic Church had disappeared. Irish times. July 24, 2012. Pio Lagi, papal messenger, dies at 86 The New York Times. January 13, 2009. a b Ian Paisley dies: How Paisley made his point. Belfast: BBC Northern Ireland. Received on 12 September 2014. Ian Paisley and politics of the world. Los Angeles Times. March 24, 2010. Received on February 16, 2012. 1:45 m in video and b Davenport, Mark (January 19, 2004). BBC NEWS Paisley's exit from Europe. BBC News. Received on January 28, 2012. Paisley, Dr. Ian R.K. (2012). Historical documents reveal the plans of the former pope. ianpaisley.org. received on January 28, 2012. Headliners; Papal audience. The New York Times. October 16, 1988. Received on October 22, 2014. Cloud, David W. (2012). Free Presbyterian Church - Dr. Ian Paisley. freepres.org archive from the original on September 30, 2011. Received on January 28, 2012. MacDonald, Susan (October 2, 1988). Paisley was kicked out for insulting the Pope. Times. Crisafis, Angelica (September 16, 2004). The return of Dr. No. Keeper. London. Received on October 22, 2014. The quotes of Pope John Paul II of Meshuriuri. Medjugorje.org. received on August 4, 2012. Ogledalo Pravda, page 283 - Dissident theologians participate in the process of canonization of Pope John Paul II. catholicnewsagency.com. Cna. Received on March 4, 2020. Michael Matt (March 21, 2011). Statement of reservations regarding the impending beatification of Pope John Paul II. Received on May 2, 2011. Krakowia about people - John Paul II. en.cracovia.pl September 9, 2010. Received April 4, 2019. Dad supports Liverpool. BBC Sport. November 27, 2003. Received on March 16, 2016. Joanna Berendt; Chan, Sewell (February 15, 2016). Letters from Pope John Paul II show a deep friendship with a woman. The New York Times. Received on February 16, 2016. Pope John Paul II Letters Show 32-Year-Old Relationship With Woman Stephanie Kirchgaessner, Rome, 15 February 2016 - Vatican City JPII 'letter love-deal' probe: 14 February 2016, Vatican City John Paul II conducted a secret affair with a married woman tells a new documentary by John Kelly, Mirror.co.uk News : His Holiness: John Paul II - The Story of Our Time-Carl Bernstein, Marco Politi (1996) Sources Bertone, Tarcisio. Fatima's message. The Holy See. Archive from the original on August 21, 2014. Received on January 1, 2009. The reason for the beatification and canonization of the Servant of God: John Paul II. Vicarato di Roma. Archive from the original on December 30, 2009. Received on January 1, 2009. 'Cured' Pope Returns to Vatican. BBC News. February 10, 2005. Received on October 22, 2014. Dominguez, Juan (April 4, 2005). Pope John Paul II and communism. religion-cults.com. Archive from the original on April 6, 2004. Received January 1, 2009.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Dziwisz, Bishop Stanislaw (May 13, 2001). On May 13, 1981, Bishop Stanislav Dziwisz's Conference for an Honorary Doctorate. CatholicCulture.org. Received January 1, 2009.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Frail Pope suffers from heart failure. BBC News. April 1, 2005. Received on October 22, 2014. Half alive: Dad is against his doctors. Time Magazine. January 25, 1982. Received on January 1, 2009. (Requires a Subscription) Pope Back to Vatican for Easter? It's possible. NBC News. The Associated Press. March 3, 2005. Received on January 1, 2009. Editorial (April 5, 2005). Pope John Paul II. Voice of America. Archive from the original on February 1, 2014. Received on February 2, 2014. The Pope returns to the Vatican after surgery. BBC News. March 13, 2005. Received on October 22, 2014. Sean Gannon (April 7, 2006). Papal error. Haaretz. Received on October 22, 2014. Stasi files involve the KGB in shooting at the Pope. Deutsche Hlule. Received on October 22, 2014. The Last Days of Pope John Paul II. St. Anthony Messenger Press. AmericanCatholic.org. received on January 1, 2009. Kamil Chorek; Roger Boyes (April 2, 2005). Krakow lights a candle for the last fight of his beloved son. Times. London. Received on January 1, 2009. Vinci, Alessio (April 1, 2005). Vatican Source: Pope Gave Last Rites. Cnn. Received January 1, 2009. Alessio Vinci; Chris Burns; Jim Bittermann; Miguel Marquez; Walter Rogers; Christian Amanpour; John Allen (April 2, 2005). The world is waiting for a word about the state of the Pope. Cnn. Received October 22, 2014. The bibliography See also: Pope John Paul II bibliography of Berry, Jason; Gerald Renner (2004). Oaths of Silence: Abuse of Power in the Papacy of John Paul II. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-4441-1. Davis, Norman (2004). Rebellion '44: The Battle of Warsaw. London: Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-03284-6.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) de Montfort, St. Louis Marie Grignion (March 27, 2007). The true devotion of Mary. Mark L. Jacobson San Diego, CA: Avetine Press. ISBN 978-1-59330-470-6. Duffy, Eamonn (2006). Saints and sinners, the story of dads a.d.). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11597-0. Hebblethwaite, Peter (1995). Pope John Paul II and the Church. London: 1995 Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-55612-814-1.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Mannion, Gerard, (2008). Vision of John Paul II: Assessment of his thought and influence. Collegeville, Mn.: The Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5309-8. Maxwell-Stewart, P.G. (2006) (1997). Chronicle of Dads: Trying to come full circle. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28608-1.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Menachery, Professor George (November 11, 1978). John Paul II Election Surprises. Menachi, Professor George (April 11, 2005). The Last Days of Pope John Paul II. (dead link) Meissen, Randall (2011). Miracles of Life: The Spiritual Sons of John Paul the Great. Alpharetta, Ga.: Mission Network. ISBN 978-1-933271-27-9. Noonan, Peggy (November 2005). John Paul the Great: Remembering the Spiritual Father. New York: Penguin Group (USA). ISBN 978-0-670-03748-3. Received on January 1, 2009. Navarro-Waltz, Joaquin (April 2, 2005). Il Santo Padre and deceduto quest sulfur alle ore 21.37 ner suo appartamento privato Holy Father died at 9:37 this evening in his private apartment. (PDF) No, no, no. (In Italian). The Holy See. O'Connor, Harry (2006). Universal Father: The Life of Pope John Paul II. London: 2005 Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7475-8241-0. Received on January 1, 2009. Pope John Paul II (2005). Memory and Identity - Personal Reflections. London: 2006 Weidenfeld and Nicholson. ISBN 978-0-297-85075-5.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Renehan, Edward; Schlesinger, Arthur Meyer (INT) (November 2006). Pope John Paul II. Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-7910-9227-9. Received on February 25, 2010. John Paul II, Pope (2004). Come in, let's get on our way. 2004 Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-446-57781-6. Stanley, George E (January 2007). Pope John Paul II: A young man of the Church. Fitzgerald Books. ISBN 978-1-4242-1732-8. Received on February 25, 2010. Sturton, Edward (2006). John Paul II: The Man of History. London: Hodder and Staughton. ISBN 978-0-340-90816-7.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Szulc, Tadeusz. Pope John Paul II: Biography. London: 2007 Simon Schuster Adult Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4165-8886-3. Poynter Institute (May 1, 2005). Pope John Paul II: May 18, 1920 - April 2, 2005 (first St. Petersburg, Florida: Andrews McMill Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-5110-3. Received on February 25, 2010. Weigel, George (2001). Witness Hope. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-018793-4.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Udinsha, Carol (1981). Love and responsibility. London: William Collins Sons and ISBN LLC 978-0-89870-445-7. Received January 1, 2009.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Yallop, David (2007). Strength and glory. London: Constable and Robinson LLC ISBN 978-1-84529-673-5. Received on January 1, 2009. Further reading For Comprehensive books written and about John Paul II, please see the bibliography of Pope John Paul II For other references see Pope John Paul II in the popular culture of The Work or about Pope John Paul II in libraries (catalogue WorldCat) External Wikimedia Commons links has media related to John Paulus II. John Paul II in the Encyclopedia Britannica John Paul The Great Catholic University of the Holy See website - John Paul II Papal Transition 2005 Web Archive from the Library of Congress Carole Oytys on Culture.pl the Third Pilgrimage of John Paul II to Poland, the Institute of National Remembrance of the Tomb of John Paul II in the text of St. Peter's Apostolic Constitution Fidei Depositum Appearance on C-SPAN Liturgical texts for the optional Memorial of John Paul II, Pope: Celebration of the Eucharist (English, Latin); The liturgy of the clock (English, Latin) from the site of the Holy See. The names of the Catholic Church, preceded by Eugene Baziak, as Apostolic Administrator of the Krakow Archbishop of Krakow Archbishop Krakow January 13, 1964 - October 16, 1978 ReplacedFrishishek Macharski, Which was preceded by John Paul I Pope16 October 1978 - April 2, 2005 . biography of pdf. witness to hope the biography of pope john paul ii. short biography of pope john paul ii. best biography of pope john paul ii. biography of saint pope john paul ii

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