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Mercancía, Gentes Pacíficas Y Plaga: Bartolomé De Las Casas Y Los Orígenes Del Pensamiento Abolicionista En El Atlántico Ibérico

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Mercancía, Gentes Pacíficas Y Plaga: Bartolomé De Las Casas Y Los Orígenes Del Pensamiento Abolicionista En El Atlántico Ibérico CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by D-Scholarship@Pitt MERCANCÍA, GENTES PACÍFICAS Y PLAGA: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS Y LOS ORÍGENES DEL PENSAMIENTO ABOLICIONISTA EN EL ATLÁNTICO IBÉRICO by Rubén A. Sánchez-Godoy BA, Philosophy, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 1991 BA, Theology, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 1994 MA, Department of Hispanic Languages and Literatures, University of Pittsburgh, 2006 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2009 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH School of Arts and Sciences This dissertation was presented by Rubén A. Sánchez-Godoy It was defended on April 6, 2009 and approved by Jerome Branche, Associate Professor of Latin American and Cultural Studies, Department of Hispanic Languages and Literatures George Reid Andrews, Distinguished Professor, Department of History Co-Advisor: Hermann Herlinghaus, Professor of Latin American Literature and Cultural Studies, Department of Hispanic Languages and Literatures Dissertation Advisor: John Beverley, Professor of Spanish and Latin American Literature and Cultural Studies, Department of Hispanic Languages and Literatures ii Copyright © by Rubén A. Sánchez-Godoy 2009 iii MERCANCÍA, GENTES PACÍFICAS Y PLAGA: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS Y LOS ORÍGENES DEL PENSAMIENTO ABOLICIONISTA EN EL ATLÁNTICO IBÉRICO Rubén A. Sánchez-Godoy, Ph. D. University of Pittsburgh, 2009 This dissertation explores the process that drives Bartolomé de Las Casas from his early support for introducing black slaves in the West Indies to his late and strong criticism of the Portuguese slave trade in the third volume of The History of the Indies, and his regret for his early support of slave trafficking. Seeking to move beyond the traditional apologetic approach, our argument proceeds by a close genealogical reading of all of Las Casas’ known writings on the question of slavery. Our hypothesis is that from a representation that presents African slaves as a necessary commodity for the colonization of the New World, Las Casas will move toward a point of view according to which black slaves are similar to the indigenous population that he had defended in many of his works. However, this attempt to equate the black slaves with the indigenous population remains unresolved in Las Casas’ work. In his last writings, Las Casas comes to think of both slavery and slave population itself as a plaga. We connect Las Casas’ texts with (1) the early laws proposed by the Spanish authorities regarding black slaves, (2) the attempts of some Portuguese and Spanish chroniclers and intellectuals to justify slavery, as well as some early criticisms of the enslavement of Africans, and (3) the defense of the indigenous population that Las Casas proposes and develops. Our research allows the recognition of an early and decisive moment in the debate about slavery in the Iberian world. By following Las Casas’ texts about black slavery in the Indies, we can trace iv the basic arguments of both (1) discourses that justify and encourage black slavery, and (2) discourses that confront and criticize the Atlantic slave trade from its very beginning. Our conclusion is that the origins but also the aporias of an abolitionist position in the Iberian Atlantic pre-dating by almost a century and a half Northern European abolitionism are to be found in Las Casas. v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACIO .................................................................................................................................. IX 1.0 INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 LO QUE SE HA DICHO DE BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL INICIO DEL TRÁFICO DE ESCLAVOS AFRICANOS HACIA AMÉRICA: MÁS ALLÁ DE LA CONDENA Y LA APOLOGÍA ................... 1 1.2 ¿POR QUÉ REPRESENTACIONES CRÍTICAS? ....................................... 54 1.3 PLAN DE TRABAJO ........................................................................................ 65 2.0 LAS PRIMERAS PETICIONES DE ESCLAVOS (1516-1521) ............................ 70 2.1 ALGUNOS ANTECEDENTES: LOS ESCLAVOS Y LAS CASAS LLEGAN A LAS INDIAS POR DIFERENTES CAMINOS (1502-1516) .................... 70 2.2 LAS PRIMERAS SUGERENCIAS DE IMPORTAR ESCLAVOS A LAS INDIAS Y EL PASO HACIA LA IMPORTACIÓN DE ESCLAVOS BOZALES (1516-1521) .......................................................................................................................... 75 3.0 LA PRIMERA CRÍTICA AL TRÁFICO DE ESCLAVOS Y LA DEFENSA DE LOS INDIOS CONTRA LA ESCLAVIZACIÓN: CRISTIANIZACIÓN PARA INDIOS Y MERCADO PARA NEGROS (1521-1540) ............................................................................ 103 3.1 LA CRÍTICA AL MONOPOLIO .................................................................. 103 3.2 LA LUCHA CONTRA LA ESCLAVIZACIÓN INDÍGENA ..................... 116 4.0 DESTELLOS DE LA ESCLAVITUD AFRICANA EN LA NATURALIZACIÓN LASCASIANA DE LOS INDÍGENAS: LA ETAPA DEPORTADORA LIBRE, LA BREVÍSIMA RELACIÓN DE LA DESTRUCCIÓN DE INDIAS, EL ENCUENTRO CON vi EL ESCLAVO PEDRO CARMONA Y LA RECONSIDERACIÓN DE LOS CONCEPTOS INFIEL Y BÁRBARO (1540-1556) ......................................................................................... 126 4.1 LAS LEYES NUEVAS, LA BREVÍSIMA RELACIÓN DE LA DESTRUCCIÓN DE INDIAS, EL NOMBRAMIENTO DE LAS CASAS COMO OBISPO Y SUS ÚLTIMAS PETICIONES DE ESCLAVOS (1540-1544) ................ 128 4.2 EL REGRESO A INDIAS Y EL ENCUENTRO CON CARMONA (1544- 1547) ........................................................................................................................... 143 4.3 LA INTENSIFICACIÓN DE LAS POLÉMICAS CON RESPECTO A LA ESCLAVITUD INDÍGENA Y EL NUEVO CONCEPTO DE INFIEL (1547-1550) . 150 4.4 LA POLÉMICA CON SEPÚLVEDA Y LA REDEFINICIÓN DEL BÁRBARO (1550-1552) ................................................................................................... 161 4.4.1 Buscando un bárbaro para esclavizar..................................................... 163 4.4.2 Bárbaros pero de cierto tipo .................................................................... 172 4.5 LA REDACCIÓN DE LA HISTORIA DE INDIAS Y LA APOLOGÉTICA HISTORIA SUMARIA (1552-1556) ............................................................................... 183 5.0 LOS ESCLAVOS NEGROS COMO PROBLEMA EN LAS INDIAS Y EN LA PENÍNSULA (1545-1556) ........................................................................................................ 197 5.1 LOS RECUERDOS DE BENZONI ACERCA DE LOS ‘MORI DI GUINEA’ (1565) ............................................................................................................... 200 5.2 LAS RESPUESTAS DE VITORIA (1546) .................................................... 206 5.3 LAS LEGISLACIONES RACIALIZADAS, BORRANDO AL MORO Y PRODUCIENDO AL NEGRO (1548-1553) ................................................................... 210 vii 5.4 LOS INTENTOS DE LEGITIMACIÓN DE LA GUERRA JUSTA Y LA ESCLAVIZACIÓN .......................................................................................................... 220 5.5 DOS COMENTARIOS DE LÓPEZ DE GÓMARA Y DOS CRÍTICAS A LA ESCLAVITUD (1555-1556) ...................................................................................... 234 6.0 LA ‘BREVÍSIMA RELACIÓN DE LA DESTRUCCIÓN DE ÁFRICA’, LA DISCUSIÓN CON LAS CRÓNICAS PORTUGUESAS Y LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DE LA REPRESENTACIÓN DE LOS ESCLAVOS AFRICANOS (1555-1556) ..................... 253 6.1 LAS ISLAS CANARIAS: EL INICIO DE LA ESCLAVITUD ATLÁNTICA EN EL CONTEXTO DE UNA DISPUTA POR EL DOMINIO TERRITORIAL .... 258 6.2 LAS ISLAS DEL ATLÁNTICO Y LA COSTA OCCIDENTAL DE ÁFRICA: EL FIN DE LA ÉPICA Y EL INICIO DE LA HISTORIA ........................ 276 6.3 LA VENA PORTUGUESA DE COLÓN: UNA EXPLICACIÓN LASCASIANA DEL COMIENZO DE LA ESCLAVITUD AFRICANA EN LAS INDIAS ........................................................................................................................... 310 7.0 EL LIBRO TERCERO DE LA HISTORIA DE INDIAS, LOS ÚLTIMOS ESCRITOS Y EL ARREPENTIMIENTO (1559-1564): LA VÍCTIMA Y LA PLAGA ... 319 8.0 CONCLUSIÓN: LA RESONANCIA DE LAS CASAS EN EL DEBATE ESCLAVISTA POSTERIOR EN LA AMÉRICA IBÉRICA ............................................... 335 APÉNDICE: CAPÍTULO XXV DE LA CHRONICA DO DESCOBRIMENTO E CONQUISTA DO GUINÉ DE GOMES EANES DE ZURARA (EN PORTUGUÉS) ....... 356 9.0 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ...................................................................................................... 359 9.1 FUENTES PRIMARIAS ................................................................................. 359 9.2 FUENTES SECUNDARIAS ........................................................................... 363 viii PREFACIO Aunque usualmente escrita por la mano o, más precisamente, la punta de unos cuantos dedos de un individuo, una disertación es el fruto de la resonancia de muchas voces, unas más claras y definidas, otras más difusas y distantes pero no por ello menos decisivas. Quiero agradecer en este prefacio a todas esas voces cuya resonancia en la escritura alcanzo a reconocer. En primer lugar, agradezco al profesor John Beverley por su apoyo a este trabajo. Tanto sus planteamientos acerca de la subalternidad y lo transatlántico como sus agudos comentarios y su respeto al desenvolvimiento de las ideas aquí expuestas han sido de gran valor para llevar a cabo esta investigación. En segundo lugar, agradezco
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