DOCSLIB.ORG

USGS Geologic Investigations Series I-2543, Map Without Base

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS SERIES I–2543 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Pamphlet accompanies map 30' 30' R 22 W 152°00' R 21 W R 20 W R 19 W R 18 W R 17 W151°00' R 16 W R 15 W R 13 W 150°00' R 11 W R 10 W 30' R 9 W R 8 W 149°00' R 6 W R 5 W 30' R 4 W R 3 W 148°00' R 1 W R 1 E 30' CORRELATION OF MAP UNITS LIST OF MAP UNITS POSTACCRETION COVER DEPOSITS PLUTONIC ROCKS POSTACCRETION COVER DEPOSITS Qs Surficial deposits (Quaternary) ree Qv Quaternary Be C k aver Qv Volcanic rocks (Quaternary) Qs Quaternary Thd Hornblende dacite (Pliocene) T 6 N QUATERNARY Tvs T 6 N Volcanic and sedimentary rocks (Tertiary) Thd Pliocene Tn Nenana Gravel (Pliocene and Miocene) Tn Pliocene TKs Sedimentary rocks (Miocene to Late Cretaceous) and Miocene Tu Usibelli Group (Miocene to Eocene) Tmg Mount Galen Volcanics of Decker and Gilbert (1978) (early Oli- CENOZOIC Tvs gocene and late Eocene) Miocene Tv Tu Early TERTIARY Volcanic rocks (Oligocene to Paleocene) 15' to Eocene 15' Miocene to Tmg Oligocene TKs Late and late Cantwell Formation (Paleocene and Late Cretaceous) Oligocene Tcv Cretaceous Eocene Oligocene Volcanic rocks (Paleocene) Tgr to Tcv Tv to Paleocene TKcs Sedimentary rocks (Paleocene and Late Cretaceous) Paleocene Paleocene Paleocene Kv Volcanic rocks (Late Cretaceous) TKcs TKgr and Late Paleocene Late Kv Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous Kgr Cretaceous PLUTONIC ROCKS T 4 N Cretaceous Tgr Granitic rocks (Oligocene to Paleocene) T 4 N MESOZOIC CRETACEOUS ACCRETED TERRANES TKgr Granitic rocks (Paleocene and Late Cretaceous) Baldry and Ruby terranes, undivided Kgr Granitic rocks (Cretaceous) ? ? ACCRETED TERRANES PERMIAN Baldry and Ruby terranes, undivided Permian(?) to Middle PENNSYLVANIAN PDa Argillaceous rocks (Permian? to Middle or Late Devonian?) T 3 N PDa or Late PDs Permian(?) to T 3 N Devonian(?) Devonian(?) PDs Schistose rocks (Permian? to Devonian?) MISSISSIPPIAN DSl Limestone, dolomite, greenstone, schist, and chert (Devonian and ? Silurian) ? DEVONIAN DOl Limestone, dolomite, greenstone, and schist (Devonian, Silurian, Devonian and Ordovician?) ? and DSl |c Clastic rocks (middle and early Paleozoic?) Silurian Devonian, PALEOZOIC DOl Silurian, and SILURIAN SOvs Volcanic and sedimentary rocks (Silurian and (or) Ordovician) 65°00' Middle Ordovician(?) Silurian 65 00' ° |c and early |=sq Late SOvs and (or) Schist, quartzite, phyllite, and slate (early Paleozoic and Precam- Paleozoic(?) Oc Ordovician brian) Ordovician ORDOVICIAN Oc Chert (Late Ordovician) ? Early Dillinger terrane CAMBRIAN |=sq Paleozoic DOsa Sandstone, argillite, and limestone (Middle Devonian to Ordovician) ? and Precambrian Livengood terrane Dq Quail unit (Late Devonian) T 1 N Dt Troublesome unit (Devonian?) T 1 N PRECAMBRIAN Dc Cascaden Ridge unit (Middle Devonian) Dillinger terrane Livengood terrane Manley terrane SZa Amy Creek unit (Silurian? to Late Proterozoic?) Old Livengood Dome Chert (Late Ordovician) Cretaceous CRETACEOUS KJcs and Late(?) _Zum Ultramafic and mafic rocks (Early Cambrian and (or) Late Proterozoic) Jurassic T 1 S Manley terrane T 1 S ? KJcs Clastic sedimentary rocks (Cretaceous and Late? Jurassic) JURASSIC AND MESOZOIC }|p Phyllite, schistose phyllite, quartzite, siltite, amphibolite, diorite, TRIASSIC and greenstone (Mesozoic or Paleozoic) _Zsp Serpentinite and mafic rocks (Early Cambrian and (or) Late Pro- Mesozoic terozoic) }|p or 45' Paleozoic PERMIAN McKinley and Pingston terranes, undivided 45' TO KJf MISSISSIPPIAN Flysch (Early Cretaceous and Late Jurassic) ^bd Basalt, diabase, gabbro, and subordinate interbedded sedimentary Late ? Dq rocks (Late Triassic; Norian and Karnian) Devonian Dt Devonian(?) Middle Dc DEVONIAN ^cs ? Devonian Calcareous sedimentary rocks (Late Triassic; Norian and Karnian) ^*s ? Flysch-like sedimentary rocks (Late Triassic to Pennsylvanian) SILURIAN Dy DOsa Middle Yanert Fork sequence (Late Devonian) Devonian to PALEOZOIC Ordovician Minook terrane Late Old ^c T 3 S Ordovician Black shale and chert (Triassic) Silurian(?) ORDOVICIAN T 3 S SZa to Late Ps Sedimentary rocks (Permian) Proterozoic(?) Early Early Nenana terrane Cambrian Cambrian CAMBRIAN _Zum and (or) _Zsp and (or) ^sc Sedimentary calcareous rocks (Late Triassic) Late Late Proterozoic Proterozoic Nixon Fork and Minchumina terranes, undivided ? Dls Limestone and siltstone (Late? Devonian) PROTEROZOIC T 4 S McKinley and Pingston terranes, undivided Minook terrane Nenana terrane DOc Chert (Early Devonian to Ordovician) T 4 S DOs Shaly rocks (Early Devonian to Ordovician) Early Cretaceous CRETACEOUS KJf and |ma Late Jurassic Mudstone, argillite, grit, quartzite, calcareous quartz-chert are- JURASSIC nite, sandy limestone, and minor chert and quartz-mica schist (early Paleozoic?) Late Late 30' ^bd ^cs ^sc Triassic Triassic MESOZOIC 30' ^c Triassic TRIASSIC Seventymile terrane PMum Ultramafic and mafic rocks (Early Permian? to Mississippian?) T 5 S Late Triassic ^*s to T 5 S Tozitna terrane Pennsylvanian Ps Permian PERMIAN ^Mms Mafic igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks (Triassic to Mississippian) White Mountains terrane, Wickersham terrane, and PENNSYLVANIAN Yukon-Tanana terrane north of Tanana River, undivided ^m PALEOZOIC Mafic igneous rocks (Triassic) MISSISSIPPIAN Late Mg Globe unit (Mississippian) Dy DEVONIAN T 6 S Devonian M_bh Birch Hill sequence (Mississippian to Cambrian) T 6 S Nixon Fork and Minchumina terranes, undivided Seventymile terrane Tozitna terrane M_cr Chena River sequence (Mississippian to Cambrian) Dcg Conglomerate, graywacke, and slate (Devonian?) TRIASSIC DSt Tolovana Limestone (Middle Devonian to Early Silurian) MESOZOIC |cs Chert and siliceous shale (early Paleozoic) T 7 S ^Mms Triassic to PERMIAN |ch Chatanika unit (early Paleozoic) ? Mississippian Of Fossil Creek Volcanics (Late to Early Ordovician) T 7 S Early Permian(?) PMum PENNSYLVANIAN to Mississippian(?) _Zwa Wickersham unit (Early Cambrian and Late Proterozoic) ? MISSISSIPPIAN Zwg Grit (Late Proterozoic) 15' ? Late(?) 15' Dls Zf Fairbanks schist unit (Late Proterozoic) ? Devonian DEVONIAN Yukon-Tanana terrane south of Tanana River T 8 S MDt Totatlanika Schist (Early Mississippian to Middle Devonian) ? PALEOZOIC T 8 S SILURIAN Early Devonian Dms Metasedimentary rocks (Late or Middle Devonian) DOc DOs to Ordovician Dmg Metagabbro (Late Devonian?) Early |ma ORDOVICIAN |kp Keevy Peak Formation (early Paleozoic) Paleozoic(?) |=s Pelitic and quartzose schist (early Paleozoic and (or) Precambrian) CAMBRIAN T 9 S Contact—Dashed where inferred; dotted where concealed; queried where doubtful ? T 9 S Fault—Dashed where inferred; dotted where concealed; queried where doubtful White Mountains terrane, Wickersham terrane, and Strike-slip fault—Arrows show relative horizontal movement Yukon-Tanana terrane north of Tanana River, undivided U Fault—U, upthrown side; D, downthrown side D Thrust fault—Sawteeth on upper plate ^m Triassic TRIASSIC High-angle reverse fault—Sawteeth on upper plate MESOZOIC T 10 S PERMIAN Fold—Showing crestline and plunge. Dashed where inferred; dotted where con- AND T 10 S cealed; queried where doubtful PENNSYLVANIAN Anticline Mg Mississippian MISSISSIPPIAN Syncline 64°00' 64°00' ? Strike and dip of beds Dcg Devonian(?) DEVONIAN Inclined ? Vertical Middle Devonian DSt to Early Silurian T 11 S Strike and dip of foliation M_cr Missippian SILURIAN M_bh PALEOZOIC T 11 S to Cambrian Inclined Vertical Late to Early Of |cs |ch Early ORDOVICIAN Ordovician Paleozoic Drill hole Gravity contours—Contour interval 5 milligals. Hachured contours show CAMBRIAN closed areas of relatively lower gravity. X is control point Early _Zwa Cambrian T 12 S T 12 S 152° 150° 148° Zwg Late TZ LG TZ Proterozoic { MNK BRY-RB Zf PROTEROZOIC MAN WHM-WS-YTN Yukon-Tanana terrane south of Tanana River 65° T 13 S MISSISSIPPIAN T 13 S Early Mississippian ? MDt Dmg Late to Middle Devonian Dms Late or Middle Devonian ? Devonian(?) DEVONIAN TKcs 45' 45' TKcs TKcs SILURIAN SV TKcs { TKcs NX-MN TKcs TKcs PALEOZOIC |kp Early T 14 S ORDOVICIAN TKcs TKcs Paleozoic YTS T 14 S Early Paleozoic 64° TKcs |=s YTS and (or) CAMBRIAN Precambrian TKcs YTS TKcs YTS MK-PN TKcs TKcs MK-PN TKcs TKcs NN T 15 S DL PRECAMBRIAN TKcs TKcs TKcs 0 25 50 75 100 KILOMETERS T 15 S TKcs TKcs 0 50 MILES TKcs TKcs TKcs TKcs TERRANE MAP Map of study area showing lithotectonic terranes of the Nenana basin area TKcs 153° 150° 147° TKcs 66° of central Alaska. Adapted from Jones and others (1987) and Silberling and ALASKA Jones (1984). TKcs T 16 S TANANA LIVENGOOD EXPLANATION TKcs 152°05' 147°26' 65°25' { T 16 S TKcs E Cenozoic deposits TKcs G 1 2 BRY-RB Baldry and Ruby terranes, undivided N TKcs 30' 30' 65° DL Dillinger terrane A 4 TKcs A LG Livengood terrane TKcs K R KANTISHNA RIVER FAIRBANKS MAN Manley terrane A L A S TKcs MK-PN McKinley and Pingston terranes, undivided TKcs EXPLANATION 3 5 6 1 Chapman and others (1982, 1975a) MNK Minook terrane R 23 W R 22 W R 21 W R 20 W R 19 W R 17 W R 16 W R 15 W R 14 W R 12 W R 11 W R 9 W R 8 W R 7 W R 6 W R 4 W R 3 W R 2 W R 1 W R 1 E 152°00' 30' 151°00' 30' 150°00' 30' 149°00' 30' 148°00' INTERIOR—GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, RESTON, VA—2001 30' 2 Chapman and others (1971); Weber 64° NN Nenana terrane and others (1992) Base from U.S. Geological Survey, Fairbanks, 1956 (rev. 1976); SCALE 1:250 000 Bedrock geology compiled by Gina M. Frost in 1993 1 NX-MN Nixon Fork and Minchumina terranes, undivided 24 /2 3 Chapman and Yeend (1981); Chapman Healy, 1956 (minor rev. 1981); Kantishna River, 1952 (limited ° from sources shown on Index Map. Isostatic gravity 787 9 505110 520 MILES ALASKA
Recommended publications
  • Triassic- Jurassic Stratigraphy Of

    Triassic- Jurassic Stratigraphy Of

    Triassic- Jurassic Stratigraphy of the <JF C7 JL / Culpfeper and B arbour sville Basins, VirginiaC7 and Maryland/ ll.S. PAPER Triassic-Jurassic Stratigraphy of the Culpeper and Barboursville Basins, Virginia and Maryland By K.Y. LEE and AJ. FROELICH U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1472 A clarification of the Triassic--Jurassic stratigraphic sequences, sedimentation, and depositional environments UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1989 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, Jr., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lee, K.Y. Triassic-Jurassic stratigraphy of the Culpeper and Barboursville basins, Virginia and Maryland. (U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1472) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs. no. : I 19.16:1472 1. Geology, Stratigraphic Triassic. 2. Geology, Stratigraphic Jurassic. 3. Geology Culpeper Basin (Va. and Md.) 4. Geology Virginia Barboursville Basin. I. Froelich, A.J. (Albert Joseph), 1929- II. Title. III. Series. QE676.L44 1989 551.7'62'09755 87-600318 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract.......................................................................................................... 1 Stratigraphy Continued Introduction... ..........................................................................................
  • Chapter 2 Paleozoic Stratigraphy of the Grand Canyon

    Chapter 2 Paleozoic Stratigraphy of the Grand Canyon

    CHAPTER 2 PALEOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY OF THE GRAND CANYON PAIGE KERCHER INTRODUCTION The Paleozoic Era of the Phanerozoic Eon is defined as the time between 542 and 251 million years before the present (ICS 2010). The Paleozoic Era began with the evolution of most major animal phyla present today, sparked by the novel adaptation of skeletal hard parts. Organisms continued to diversify throughout the Paleozoic into increasingly adaptive and complex life forms, including the first vertebrates, terrestrial plants and animals, forests and seed plants, reptiles, and flying insects. Vast coal swamps covered much of mid- to low-latitude continental environments in the late Paleozoic as the supercontinent Pangaea began to amalgamate. The hardiest taxa survived the multiple global glaciations and mass extinctions that have come to define major time boundaries of this era. Paleozoic North America existed primarily at mid to low latitudes and experienced multiple major orogenies and continental collisions. For much of the Paleozoic, North America’s southwestern margin ran through Nevada and Arizona – California did not yet exist (Appendix B). The flat-lying Paleozoic rocks of the Grand Canyon, though incomplete, form a record of a continental margin repeatedly inundated and vacated by shallow seas (Appendix A). IMPORTANT STRATIGRAPHIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS • Principle of Original Horizontality – In most cases, depositional processes produce flat-lying sedimentary layers. Notable exceptions include blanketing ash sheets, and cross-stratification developed on sloped surfaces. • Principle of Superposition – In an undisturbed sequence, older strata lie below younger strata; a package of sedimentary layers youngs upward. • Principle of Lateral Continuity – A layer of sediment extends laterally in all directions until it naturally pinches out or abuts the walls of its confining basin.
  • The Geologic Time Scale Is the Eon

    The Geologic Time Scale Is the Eon

    Exploring Geologic Time Poster Illustrated Teacher's Guide #35-1145 Paper #35-1146 Laminated Background Geologic Time Scale Basics The history of the Earth covers a vast expanse of time, so scientists divide it into smaller sections that are associ- ated with particular events that have occurred in the past.The approximate time range of each time span is shown on the poster.The largest time span of the geologic time scale is the eon. It is an indefinitely long period of time that contains at least two eras. Geologic time is divided into two eons.The more ancient eon is called the Precambrian, and the more recent is the Phanerozoic. Each eon is subdivided into smaller spans called eras.The Precambrian eon is divided from most ancient into the Hadean era, Archean era, and Proterozoic era. See Figure 1. Precambrian Eon Proterozoic Era 2500 - 550 million years ago Archaean Era 3800 - 2500 million years ago Hadean Era 4600 - 3800 million years ago Figure 1. Eras of the Precambrian Eon Single-celled and simple multicelled organisms first developed during the Precambrian eon. There are many fos- sils from this time because the sea-dwelling creatures were trapped in sediments and preserved. The Phanerozoic eon is subdivided into three eras – the Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, and Cenozoic era. An era is often divided into several smaller time spans called periods. For example, the Paleozoic era is divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous,and Permian periods. Paleozoic Era Permian Period 300 - 250 million years ago Carboniferous Period 350 - 300 million years ago Devonian Period 400 - 350 million years ago Silurian Period 450 - 400 million years ago Ordovician Period 500 - 450 million years ago Cambrian Period 550 - 500 million years ago Figure 2.
  • North American Coral Recovery After the End-Triassic Mass Extinction, New York Canyon, Nevada, USA

    North American Coral Recovery After the End-Triassic Mass Extinction, New York Canyon, Nevada, USA

    North American coral recovery after the end-Triassic mass extinction, New York Canyon, Nevada, USA Montana S. Hodges* and George D. Stanley Jr., University of INTRODUCTION Montana Paleontology Center, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Mass extinction events punctuate the evolution of marine envi- Montana 59812, USA ronments, and recovery biotas paved the way for major biotic changes. Understanding the responses of marine organisms in the ABSTRACT post-extinction recovery phase is paramount to gaining insight A Triassic-Jurassic (T/J) mass extinction boundary is well repre- into the dynamics of these changes, many of which brought sented stratigraphically in west-central Nevada, USA, near New sweeping biotic reorganizations. One of the five biggest mass York Canyon, where the Gabbs and Sunrise Formations contain a extinctions was that of the end-Triassic, which was quickly continuous depositional section from the Luning Embayment. followed by phases of recovery in the Early Jurassic. The earliest The well-exposed marine sediments at the T/J section have been Jurassic witnessed the loss of conodonts, severe reductions in extensively studied and reveal a sedimentological and paleonto- ammonoids, and reductions in brachiopods, bivalves, gastropods, logical record of intense environmental change and biotic turn- and foraminifers. Reef ecosystems nearly collapsed with a reduc- over, which has been compared globally. Unlike the former Tethys tion in deposition of CaCO3. Extensive volcanism in the Central region, Early Jurassic scleractinian corals surviving the end- Atlantic Magmatic Province and release of gas hydrates and other Triassic mass extinction are not well-represented in the Americas. greenhouse gases escalated CO2 and led to ocean acidification of Here we illustrate corals of Early Sinemurian age from Nevada the end-Triassic (Hautmann et al., 2008).
  • Devonian and Carboniferous Stratigraphical Correlation and Interpretation in the Central North Sea, Quadrants 25 – 44

    Devonian and Carboniferous Stratigraphical Correlation and Interpretation in the Central North Sea, Quadrants 25 – 44

    CR/16/032; Final Last modified: 2016/05/29 11:43 Devonian and Carboniferous stratigraphical correlation and interpretation in the Orcadian area, Central North Sea, Quadrants 7 - 22 Energy and Marine Geoscience Programme Commissioned Report CR/16/032 CR/16/032; Final Last modified: 2016/05/29 11:43 CR/16/032; Final Last modified: 2016/05/29 11:43 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ENERGY AND MARINE GEOSCIENCE PROGRAMME COMMERCIAL REPORT CR/16/032 Devonian and Carboniferous stratigraphical correlation and interpretation in the Orcadian area, Central North Sea, Quadrants 7 - 22 K. Whitbread and T. Kearsey The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database rights Contributor 2016. Ordnance Survey Licence No. 100021290 EUL. N. Smith Keywords Report; Stratigraphy, Carboniferous, Devonian, Central North Sea. Bibliographical reference WHITBREAD, K AND KEARSEY, T 2016. Devonian and Carboniferous stratigraphical correlation and interpretation in the Orcadian area, Central North Sea, Quadrants 7 - 22. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, CR/16/032. 74pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement
  • Permian Basin, West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico

    Permian Basin, West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico

    Report of Investigations No. 201 Stratigraphic Analysis of the Upper Devonian Woodford Formation, Permian Basin, West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico John B. Comer* *Current address Indiana Geological Survey Bloomington, Indiana 47405 1991 Bureau of Economic Geology • W. L. Fisher, Director The University of Texas at Austin • Austin, Texas 78713-7508 Contents Abstract ..............................................................................................................................1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Methods .............................................................................................................................3 Stratigraphy .....................................................................................................................5 Nomenclature ...................................................................................................................5 Age and Correlation ........................................................................................................6 Previous Work .................................................................................................................6 Western Outcrop Belt ......................................................................................................6 Central Texas ...................................................................................................................7 Northeastern Oklahoma
  • ' Or ''Long'' Rhaetian? Astronomical Calibration of Austrian Key Sections

    ' Or ''Long'' Rhaetian? Astronomical Calibration of Austrian Key Sections

    ”Short” or ”long” Rhaetian ? Astronomical calibration of Austrian key sections Bruno Galbrun, Slah Boulila, Leopold Krystyn, Sylvain Richoz, Silvia Gardin, Annachiara Bartolini, Martin Maslo To cite this version: Bruno Galbrun, Slah Boulila, Leopold Krystyn, Sylvain Richoz, Silvia Gardin, et al.. ”Short” or ”long” Rhaetian ? Astronomical calibration of Austrian key sections. Global and Planetary Change, Elsevier, 2020, 192, pp.103253. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103253. hal-02884087 HAL Id: hal-02884087 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02884087 Submitted on 29 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Galbrun B., Boulila S., Krystyn L., Richoz S., Gardin S., Bartolini A., Maslo M. (2020). « Short » or « long » Rhaetian ? Astronomical calibration of Austrian key sections. Global Planetary Change. Vol. 192C. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103253 « Short » or « long » Rhaetian ? Astronomical calibration of Austrian key sections Bruno Galbruna,*, Slah Boulilaa, Leopold Krystynb, Sylvain Richozc,d, Silvia Gardine, Annachiara
  • And Early Jurassic Sediments, and Patterns of the Triassic-Jurassic

    And Early Jurassic Sediments, and Patterns of the Triassic-Jurassic

    and Early Jurassic sediments, and patterns of the Triassic-Jurassic PAUL E. OLSEN AND tetrapod transition HANS-DIETER SUES Introduction parent answer was that the supposed mass extinc- The Late Triassic-Early Jurassic boundary is fre- tions in the tetrapod record were largely an artifact quently cited as one of the thirteen or so episodes of incorrect or questionable biostratigraphic corre- of major extinctions that punctuate Phanerozoic his- lations. On reexamining the problem, we have come tory (Colbert 1958; Newell 1967; Hallam 1981; Raup to realize that the kinds of patterns revealed by look- and Sepkoski 1982, 1984). These times of apparent ing at the change in taxonomic composition through decimation stand out as one class of the great events time also profoundly depend on the taxonomic levels in the history of life. and the sampling intervals examined. We address Renewed interest in the pattern of mass ex- those problems in this chapter. We have now found tinctions through time has stimulated novel and com- that there does indeed appear to be some sort of prehensive attempts to relate these patterns to other extinction event, but it cannot be examined at the terrestrial and extraterrestrial phenomena (see usual coarse levels of resolution. It requires new fine- Chapter 24). The Triassic-Jurassic boundary takes scaled documentation of specific faunal and floral on special significance in this light. First, the faunal transitions. transitions have been cited as even greater in mag- Stratigraphic correlation of geographically dis- nitude than those of the Cretaceous or the Permian junct rocks and assemblages predetermines our per- (Colbert 1958; Hallam 1981; see also Chapter 24).
  • What Really Happened in the Late Triassic?

    What Really Happened in the Late Triassic?

    Historical Biology, 1991, Vol. 5, pp. 263-278 © 1991 Harwood Academic Publishers, GmbH Reprints available directly from the publisher Printed in the United Kingdom Photocopying permitted by license only WHAT REALLY HAPPENED IN THE LATE TRIASSIC? MICHAEL J. BENTON Department of Geology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. (Received January 7, 1991) Major extinctions occurred both in the sea and on land during the Late Triassic in two major phases, in the middle to late Carnian and, 12-17 Myr later, at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Many recent reports have discounted the role of the earlier event, suggesting that it is (1) an artefact of a subsequent gap in the record, (2) a complex turnover phenomenon, or (3) local to Europe. These three views are disputed, with evidence from both the marine and terrestrial realms. New data on terrestrial tetrapods suggests that the late Carnian event was more important than the end-Triassic event. For tetrapods, the end-Triassic extinction was a whimper that was followed by the radiation of five families of dinosaurs and mammal- like reptiles, while the late Carnian event saw the disappearance of nine diverse families, and subsequent radiation of 13 families of turtles, crocodilomorphs, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, lepidosaurs and mammals. Also, for many groups of marine animals, the Carnian event marked a more significant turning point in diversification than did the end-Triassic event. KEY WORDS: Triassic, mass extinction, tetrapod, dinosaur, macroevolution, fauna. INTRODUCTION Most studies of mass extinction identify a major event in the Late Triassic, usually placed at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.
  • The Devonian Fauna of the Ouray Limestone

    The Devonian Fauna of the Ouray Limestone

    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR 391 THE DEVONIAN FAUNA OF THE OURAY LIMESTONE BY E. M. KINDLE ' WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1909 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction,.............................................................. 5 Nomenclature and stratigraphic relations. ..................................... 6 Comparison of the two faunas in the Ouray limestone........................... 11 Distribution of the fauna..........................................:......... 13 Description of fauna....................................................... 15 Ccelenterata............................................................ 15 Vermes............................................................... 15 Brachipoda........................................................... 15 Pelecypoda........................................................... 30 Gastropoda............................................................ 33 Cephalopoda.......................................................... 36 Index.................................................................... 59 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. PLATE I. Quray fauna. 40 II. Ouray fauna. 42 III. Ouray fauna. 44 IV. Ouray fauna. 46 V. Ouray fauna. 48 VI. Ouray fauna. 50 VII. Ouray fauna. 52 VIII. Ouray fauna. 54 IX. Ouray fauna. 56 X.- Ouray fauna. 58 THE DEVONIAN FAUNA OF THE OURAY LIMESTONE, By E. M. KINDLE. INTRODUCTION. The first discovery of a Devonian fauna in Colorado was made by F. M. Endlich in 1875, during his survey of the San Juan district.
  • Assessing the Record and Causes of Late Triassic Extinctions

    Assessing the Record and Causes of Late Triassic Extinctions

    Earth-Science Reviews 65 (2004) 103–139 www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Assessing the record and causes of Late Triassic extinctions L.H. Tannera,*, S.G. Lucasb, M.G. Chapmanc a Departments of Geography and Geoscience, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA 17815, USA b New Mexico Museum of Natural History, 1801 Mountain Rd. N.W., Albuquerque, NM 87104, USA c Astrogeology Team, U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Rd., Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA Abstract Accelerated biotic turnover during the Late Triassic has led to the perception of an end-Triassic mass extinction event, now regarded as one of the ‘‘big five’’ extinctions. Close examination of the fossil record reveals that many groups thought to be affected severely by this event, such as ammonoids, bivalves and conodonts, instead were in decline throughout the Late Triassic, and that other groups were relatively unaffected or subject to only regional effects. Explanations for the biotic turnover have included both gradualistic and catastrophic mechanisms. Regression during the Rhaetian, with consequent habitat loss, is compatible with the disappearance of some marine faunal groups, but may be regional, not global in scale, and cannot explain apparent synchronous decline in the terrestrial realm. Gradual, widespread aridification of the Pangaean supercontinent could explain a decline in terrestrial diversity during the Late Triassic. Although evidence for an impact precisely at the boundary is lacking, the presence of impact structures with Late Triassic ages suggests the possibility of bolide impact-induced environmental degradation prior to the end-Triassic. Widespread eruptions of flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) were synchronous with or slightly postdate the system boundary; emissions of CO2 and SO2 during these eruptions were substantial, but the contradictory evidence for the environmental effects of outgassing of these lavas remains to be resolved.
  • International Chronostratigraphic Chart

    International Chronostratigraphic Chart

    INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART www.stratigraphy.org International Commission on Stratigraphy v 2014/02 numerical numerical numerical Eonothem numerical Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Erathem / Era System / Period GSSP GSSP age (Ma) GSSP GSSA EonothemErathem / Eon System / Era / Period EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) / Eon GSSP age (Ma) present ~ 145.0 358.9 ± 0.4 ~ 541.0 ±1.0 Holocene Ediacaran 0.0117 Tithonian Upper 152.1 ±0.9 Famennian ~ 635 0.126 Upper Kimmeridgian Neo- Cryogenian Middle 157.3 ±1.0 Upper proterozoic Pleistocene 0.781 372.2 ±1.6 850 Calabrian Oxfordian Tonian 1.80 163.5 ±1.0 Frasnian 1000 Callovian 166.1 ±1.2 Quaternary Gelasian 2.58 382.7 ±1.6 Stenian Bathonian 168.3 ±1.3 Piacenzian Middle Bajocian Givetian 1200 Pliocene 3.600 170.3 ±1.4 Middle 387.7 ±0.8 Meso- Zanclean Aalenian proterozoic Ectasian 5.333 174.1 ±1.0 Eifelian 1400 Messinian Jurassic 393.3 ±1.2 7.246 Toarcian Calymmian Tortonian 182.7 ±0.7 Emsian 1600 11.62 Pliensbachian Statherian Lower 407.6 ±2.6 Serravallian 13.82 190.8 ±1.0 Lower 1800 Miocene Pragian 410.8 ±2.8 Langhian Sinemurian Proterozoic Neogene 15.97 Orosirian 199.3 ±0.3 Lochkovian Paleo- Hettangian 2050 Burdigalian 201.3 ±0.2 419.2 ±3.2 proterozoic 20.44 Mesozoic Rhaetian Pridoli Rhyacian Aquitanian 423.0 ±2.3 23.03 ~ 208.5 Ludfordian 2300 Cenozoic Chattian Ludlow 425.6 ±0.9 Siderian 28.1 Gorstian Oligocene Upper Norian 427.4 ±0.5 2500 Rupelian Wenlock Homerian