Paleozoic–Mesozoic Eustatic Changes and Mass Extinctions: New Insights from Event Interpretation
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Cambrian Phytoplankton of the Brunovistulicum – Taxonomy and Biostratigraphy
MONIKA JACHOWICZ-ZDANOWSKA Cambrian phytoplankton of the Brunovistulicum – taxonomy and biostratigraphy Polish Geological Institute Special Papers,28 WARSZAWA 2013 CONTENTS Introduction...........................................................6 Geological setting and lithostratigraphy.............................................8 Summary of Cambrian chronostratigraphy and acritarch biostratigraphy ...........................13 Review of previous palynological studies ...........................................17 Applied techniques and material studied............................................18 Biostratigraphy ........................................................23 BAMA I – Pulvinosphaeridium antiquum–Pseudotasmanites Assemblage Zone ....................25 BAMA II – Asteridium tornatum–Comasphaeridium velvetum Assemblage Zone ...................27 BAMA III – Ichnosphaera flexuosa–Comasphaeridium molliculum Assemblage Zone – Acme Zone .........30 BAMA IV – Skiagia–Eklundia campanula Assemblage Zone ..............................39 BAMA V – Skiagia–Eklundia varia Assemblage Zone .................................39 BAMA VI – Volkovia dentifera–Liepaina plana Assemblage Zone (Moczyd³owska, 1991) ..............40 BAMA VII – Ammonidium bellulum–Ammonidium notatum Assemblage Zone ....................40 BAMA VIII – Turrisphaeridium semireticulatum Assemblage Zone – Acme Zone...................41 BAMA IX – Adara alea–Multiplicisphaeridium llynense Assemblage Zone – Acme Zone...............42 Regional significance of the biostratigraphic -
Diversity Partitioning During the Cambrian Radiation
Diversity partitioning during the Cambrian radiation Lin Naa,1 and Wolfgang Kiesslinga,b aGeoZentrum Nordbayern, Paleobiology and Paleoenvironments, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; and bMuseum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany Edited by Douglas H. Erwin, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, and accepted by the Editorial Board March 10, 2015 (received for review January 2, 2015) The fossil record offers unique insights into the environmental and Results geographic partitioning of biodiversity during global diversifica- Raw gamma diversity exhibits a strong increase in the first three tions. We explored biodiversity patterns during the Cambrian Cambrian stages (informally referred to as early Cambrian in this radiation, the most dramatic radiation in Earth history. We as- work) (Fig. 1A). Gamma diversity dropped in Stage 4 and de- sessed how the overall increase in global diversity was partitioned clined further through the rest of the Cambrian. The pattern is between within-community (alpha) and between-community (beta) robust to sampling standardization (Fig. 1B) and insensitive to components and how beta diversity was partitioned among environ- including or excluding the archaeocyath sponges, which are po- ments and geographic regions. Changes in gamma diversity in the tentially oversplit (16). Alpha and beta diversity increased from Cambrian were chiefly driven by changes in beta diversity. The the Fortunian to Stage 3, and fluctuated erratically through the combined trajectories of alpha and beta diversity during the initial following stages (Fig. 2). Our estimate of alpha (and indirectly diversification suggest low competition and high predation within beta) diversity is based on the number of genera in published communities. -
Triassic- Jurassic Stratigraphy Of
Triassic- Jurassic Stratigraphy of the <JF C7 JL / Culpfeper and B arbour sville Basins, VirginiaC7 and Maryland/ ll.S. PAPER Triassic-Jurassic Stratigraphy of the Culpeper and Barboursville Basins, Virginia and Maryland By K.Y. LEE and AJ. FROELICH U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1472 A clarification of the Triassic--Jurassic stratigraphic sequences, sedimentation, and depositional environments UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1989 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, Jr., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lee, K.Y. Triassic-Jurassic stratigraphy of the Culpeper and Barboursville basins, Virginia and Maryland. (U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1472) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs. no. : I 19.16:1472 1. Geology, Stratigraphic Triassic. 2. Geology, Stratigraphic Jurassic. 3. Geology Culpeper Basin (Va. and Md.) 4. Geology Virginia Barboursville Basin. I. Froelich, A.J. (Albert Joseph), 1929- II. Title. III. Series. QE676.L44 1989 551.7'62'09755 87-600318 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract.......................................................................................................... 1 Stratigraphy Continued Introduction... .......................................................................................... -
Eustatic Curve for the Middle Jurassic–Cretaceous Based on Russian Platform and Siberian Stratigraphy: Zonal Resolution1
Eustatic Curve for the Middle Jurassic–Cretaceous Based on Russian Platform and Siberian Stratigraphy: Zonal Resolution1 D. Sahagian,2 O. Pinous,2 A. Olferiev,3 and V. Zakharov4 ABSTRACT sediment gaps left by unconformities in the cen- tral part of the Russian platform with data from We have used the stratigraphy of the central part stratigraphic information from the more continu- of the Russian platform and surrounding regions to ous stratigraphy of the neighboring subsiding construct a calibrated eustatic curve for the regions, such as northern Siberia. Although these Bajocian through the Santonian. The study area is sections reflect subsidence, the time scale of vari- centrally located in the large Eurasian continental ations in subsidence rate is probably long relative craton, and was covered by shallow seas during to the duration of the stratigraphic gaps to be much of the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The geo- filled, so the subsidence rate can be calculated graphic setting was a very low-gradient ramp that and filtered from the stratigraphic data. We thus was repeatedly flooded and exposed. Analysis of have compiled a more complete eustatic curve stratal geometry of the region suggests tectonic sta- than would be possible on the basis of Russian bility throughout most of Mesozoic marine deposi- platform stratigraphy alone. tion. The paleogeography of the region led to Relative sea level curves were generated by back- extremely low rates of sediment influx. As a result, stripping stratigraphic data from well and outcrop accommodation potential was limited and is inter- sections distributed throughout the central part of preted to have been determined primarily by the Russian platform. -
Sea Level and Global Ice Volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene
Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene Kurt Lambecka,b,1, Hélène Roubya,b, Anthony Purcella, Yiying Sunc, and Malcolm Sambridgea aResearch School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; bLaboratoire de Géologie de l’École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8538 du CNRS, 75231 Paris, France; and cDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China This contribution is part of the special series of Inaugural Articles by members of the National Academy of Sciences elected in 2009. Contributed by Kurt Lambeck, September 12, 2014 (sent for review July 1, 2014; reviewed by Edouard Bard, Jerry X. Mitrovica, and Peter U. Clark) The major cause of sea-level change during ice ages is the exchange for the Holocene for which the direct measures of past sea level are of water between ice and ocean and the planet’s dynamic response relatively abundant, for example, exhibit differences both in phase to the changing surface load. Inversion of ∼1,000 observations for and in noise characteristics between the two data [compare, for the past 35,000 y from localities far from former ice margins has example, the Holocene parts of oxygen isotope records from the provided new constraints on the fluctuation of ice volume in this Pacific (9) and from two Red Sea cores (10)]. interval. Key results are: (i) a rapid final fall in global sea level of Past sea level is measured with respect to its present position ∼40 m in <2,000 y at the onset of the glacial maximum ∼30,000 y and contains information on both land movement and changes in before present (30 ka BP); (ii) a slow fall to −134 m from 29 to 21 ka ocean volume. -
Substantial Vegetation Response to Early Jurassic Global Warming with Impacts on Oceanic Anoxia
ARTICLES https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0349-z Substantial vegetation response to Early Jurassic global warming with impacts on oceanic anoxia Sam M. Slater 1*, Richard J. Twitchett2, Silvia Danise3 and Vivi Vajda 1 Rapid global warming and oceanic oxygen deficiency during the Early Jurassic Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event at around 183 Ma is associated with a major turnover of marine biota linked to volcanic activity. The impact of the event on land-based eco- systems and the processes that led to oceanic anoxia remain poorly understood. Here we present analyses of spore–pollen assemblages from Pliensbachian–Toarcian rock samples that record marked changes on land during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event. Vegetation shifted from a high-diversity mixture of conifers, seed ferns, wet-adapted ferns and lycophytes to a low-diversity assemblage dominated by cheirolepid conifers, cycads and Cerebropollenites-producers, which were able to sur- vive in warm, drought-like conditions. Despite the rapid recovery of floras after Toarcian global warming, the overall community composition remained notably different after the event. In shelf seas, eutrophication continued throughout the Toarcian event. This is reflected in the overwhelming dominance of algae, which contributed to reduced oxygen conditions and to a marked decline in dinoflagellates. The substantial initial vegetation response across the Pliensbachian/Toarcian boundary compared with the relatively minor marine response highlights that the impacts of the early stages of volcanogenic -
Early Silurian Oceanic Episodes and Events
Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 150, 1993, pp. 501-513, 3 figs. Printed in Northern Ireland Early Silurian oceanic episodes and events R. J. ALDRIDGE l, L. JEPPSSON 2 & K. J. DORNING 3 1Department of Geology, The University, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK 2Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology, SiSlvegatan 13, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden 3pallab Research, 58 Robertson Road, Sheffield $6 5DX, UK Abstract: Biotic cycles in the early Silurian correlate broadly with postulated sea-level changes, but are better explained by a model that involves episodic changes in oceanic state. Primo episodes were characterized by cool high-latitude climates, cold oceanic bottom waters, and high nutrient supply which supported abundant and diverse planktonic communities. Secundo episodes were characterized by warmer high-latitude climates, salinity-dense oceanic bottom waters, low diversity planktonic communities, and carbonate formation in shallow waters. Extinction events occurred between primo and secundo episodes, with stepwise extinctions of taxa reflecting fluctuating conditions during the transition period. The pattern of turnover shown by conodont faunas, together with sedimentological information and data from other fossil groups, permit the identification of two cycles in the Llandovery to earliest Weniock interval. The episodes and events within these cycles are named: the Spirodden Secundo episode, the Jong Primo episode, the Sandvika event, the Malm#ykalven Secundo episode, the Snipklint Primo episode, and the lreviken event. Oceanic and climatic cyclicity is being increasingly semblages (Johnson et al. 1991b, p. 145). Using this recognized in the geological record, and linked to major and approach, they were able to detect four cycles within the minor sedimentological and biotic fluctuations. -
Revised Correlation of Silurian Provincial Series of North America with Global and Regional Chronostratigraphic Units 13 and D Ccarb Chemostratigraphy
Revised correlation of Silurian Provincial Series of North America with global and regional chronostratigraphic units 13 and d Ccarb chemostratigraphy BRADLEY D. CRAMER, CARLTON E. BRETT, MICHAEL J. MELCHIN, PEEP MA¨ NNIK, MARK A. KLEFF- NER, PATRICK I. MCLAUGHLIN, DAVID K. LOYDELL, AXEL MUNNECKE, LENNART JEPPSSON, CARLO CORRADINI, FRANK R. BRUNTON AND MATTHEW R. SALTZMAN Cramer, B.D., Brett, C.E., Melchin, M.J., Ma¨nnik, P., Kleffner, M.A., McLaughlin, P.I., Loydell, D.K., Munnecke, A., Jeppsson, L., Corradini, C., Brunton, F.R. & Saltzman, M.R. 2011: Revised correlation of Silurian Provincial Series of North America with global 13 and regional chronostratigraphic units and d Ccarb chemostratigraphy. Lethaia,Vol.44, pp. 185–202. Recent revisions to the biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic assignment of strata from the type area of the Niagaran Provincial Series (a regional chronostratigraphic unit) have demonstrated the need to revise the chronostratigraphic correlation of the Silurian System of North America. Recently, the working group to restudy the base of the Wen- lock Series has developed an extremely high-resolution global chronostratigraphy for the Telychian and Sheinwoodian stages by integrating graptolite and conodont biostratigra- 13 phy with carbonate carbon isotope (d Ccarb) chemostratigraphy. This improved global chronostratigraphy has required such significant chronostratigraphic revisions to the North American succession that much of the Silurian System in North America is cur- rently in a state of flux and needs further refinement. This report serves as an update of the progress on recalibrating the global chronostratigraphic correlation of North Ameri- can Provincial Series and Stage boundaries in their type area. -
Guadalupian, Middle Permian) Mass Extinction in NW Pangea (Borup Fiord, Arctic Canada): a Global Crisis Driven by Volcanism and Anoxia
The Capitanian (Guadalupian, Middle Permian) mass extinction in NW Pangea (Borup Fiord, Arctic Canada): A global crisis driven by volcanism and anoxia David P.G. Bond1†, Paul B. Wignall2, and Stephen E. Grasby3,4 1Department of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK 2School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK 3Geological Survey of Canada, 3303 33rd Street N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2L 2A7, Canada 4Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada ABSTRACT ing gun of eruptions in the distant Emeishan 2009; Wignall et al., 2009a, 2009b; Bond et al., large igneous province, which drove high- 2010a, 2010b), making this a mid-Capitanian Until recently, the biotic crisis that oc- latitude anoxia via global warming. Although crisis of short duration, fulfilling the second cri- curred within the Capitanian Stage (Middle the global Capitanian extinction might have terion. Several other marine groups were badly Permian, ca. 262 Ma) was known only from had different regional mechanisms, like the affected in equatorial eastern Tethys Ocean, in- equatorial (Tethyan) latitudes, and its global more famous extinction at the end of the cluding corals, bryozoans, and giant alatocon- extent was poorly resolved. The discovery of Permian, each had its roots in large igneous chid bivalves (e.g., Wang and Sugiyama, 2000; a Boreal Capitanian crisis in Spitsbergen, province volcanism. Weidlich, 2002; Bond et al., 2010a; Chen et al., with losses of similar magnitude to those in 2018). In contrast, pelagic elements of the fauna low latitudes, indicated that the event was INTRODUCTION (ammonoids and conodonts) suffered a later, geographically widespread, but further non- ecologically distinct, extinction crisis in the ear- Tethyan records are needed to confirm this as The Capitanian (Guadalupian Series, Middle liest Lopingian (Huang et al., 2019). -
North American Coral Recovery After the End-Triassic Mass Extinction, New York Canyon, Nevada, USA
North American coral recovery after the end-Triassic mass extinction, New York Canyon, Nevada, USA Montana S. Hodges* and George D. Stanley Jr., University of INTRODUCTION Montana Paleontology Center, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Mass extinction events punctuate the evolution of marine envi- Montana 59812, USA ronments, and recovery biotas paved the way for major biotic changes. Understanding the responses of marine organisms in the ABSTRACT post-extinction recovery phase is paramount to gaining insight A Triassic-Jurassic (T/J) mass extinction boundary is well repre- into the dynamics of these changes, many of which brought sented stratigraphically in west-central Nevada, USA, near New sweeping biotic reorganizations. One of the five biggest mass York Canyon, where the Gabbs and Sunrise Formations contain a extinctions was that of the end-Triassic, which was quickly continuous depositional section from the Luning Embayment. followed by phases of recovery in the Early Jurassic. The earliest The well-exposed marine sediments at the T/J section have been Jurassic witnessed the loss of conodonts, severe reductions in extensively studied and reveal a sedimentological and paleonto- ammonoids, and reductions in brachiopods, bivalves, gastropods, logical record of intense environmental change and biotic turn- and foraminifers. Reef ecosystems nearly collapsed with a reduc- over, which has been compared globally. Unlike the former Tethys tion in deposition of CaCO3. Extensive volcanism in the Central region, Early Jurassic scleractinian corals surviving the end- Atlantic Magmatic Province and release of gas hydrates and other Triassic mass extinction are not well-represented in the Americas. greenhouse gases escalated CO2 and led to ocean acidification of Here we illustrate corals of Early Sinemurian age from Nevada the end-Triassic (Hautmann et al., 2008). -
Species Extinctions
http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/wcpa/?7695/Multiple-ocean-stresses- threaten-globally-significant-marine-extinction Multiple ocean stresses threaten “globally significant” marine extinction 20 June 2011 | News story An international panel of experts warns in a report released today that marine species are at risk of entering a phase of extinction unprecedented in human history. The preliminary report arises from a ‘State of the Oceans’ workshop co-hosted by IUCN in April, the first ever to consider the cumulative impact of all pressures on the oceans. Considering the latest research across all areas of marine science, the workshop examined the combined effects of pollution, acidification, ocean warming, over-fishing and hypoxia (deoxygenation). The scientific panel concluded that the combination of stresses on the ocean is creating the conditions associated with every previous major extinction of species in Earth’s history. And the speed and rate of degeneration in the ocean is far greater than anyone has predicted. The panel concluded that many of the negative impacts previously identified are greater than the worst predictions. As a result, although difficult to assess, the first steps to globally significant extinction may have begun with a rise in the extinction threat to marine species such as reef- forming corals. “The world’s leading experts on oceans are surprised by the rate and magnitude of changes we are seeing,” says Dan Laffoley, Marine Chair of IUCN’s World Commission on Protected Areas, Senior Advisor on Marine Science and Conservation for IUCN and co-author of the report. “The challenges for the future of the ocean are vast, but unlike previous generations, we know what now needs to happen. -
Letter to the Editor
GeoArabia, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2005 Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain LETTER TO THE EDITOR from Ghaida Al-Sahlan ([email protected]), Kuwait Oil Company, Ahmadi, Kuwait n the recent GeoArabia, Haq and Al-Qahtani (2005) updated the chronostratigraphic Arabian Plate Iframework of Sharland et al. (2001). These studies cite the paper by Yousif and Nouman (1997) to represent the Jurassic type section of Kuwait. Yousif and Nouman published the composite log for the Minagish-27 well (see Figure on page 194) and depicted the Jurassic formations and stages, side-by- side, but only in a generalized manner. In order to refine the ages for this section, I would like to share some preliminary unpublished biostratigraphic and Sr isotope data (see Table and Notes) from analyses by Varol Research (1997 unpublished report), ExxonMobil (1998 unpublished report) and Fugro-Robertson (2004 unpublished report). To convert Sr ages (Ma) to biostages, or biostages to ages, I have used the Geological Time Scale (GTS) 2004 (Gradstein et al., 2004). I thank G.W. Hughes, A. Lomando, M. Miller and O. Varol for their comments. Unit or Boundary Age and Stage Gradstein et al. (2004) Makhul (Offshore) Tithonian-Berriasian (Bio) Base Makhul (N. Kuwait) No younger than Tithonian (Bio) greater than 145.5 + 4.0 Top Hith (W. Kuwait) 150.0 (Sr) = c. Tithonian/Kimmeridgian ? 150.8 + 4.0 Upper Najmah (S. Kuwait) 155.0 (Sr) = c. Kimmeridgian/Oxfordian 155.7 + 4.0 Najmah (N. Kuwait) No older than Oxfordian (Bio) less than 161.2 + 4.0 Lower Najmah Shale (N. Kuwait) middle and late Bathonian (Bio) 166.7 to 164.7 + 4.0 Top Sargelu (S.