Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2018; SP1: 2995-2999

E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 Irrigation development in region JPP 2018; SP1: 2995-2999

MS Hinge MS Hinge, SS Bansode and SS Kale Prof. (Agril. Economics) Sau. K.S.K COA Beed VNMKV , Abstract , The growth rate of number of wells was highest in district in all three periods i.e. 4.01, 4.06 and 4.64 per cent per annum, respectively and lowest in i.e. -0.95 per annum. The growth SS Bansode rate of oil engines was highest in district i.e. 13.82 per cent per annum and lowest in Parbhani Prof. (MBA Agriculture) district i.e. -14.69 per cent per annum. The growth rate of electric engines was highest as 14.57 per cent Sau K.S.K COA Beed per annum in and lowest in as -0.45 per cent per annum. The growth in the VNMKV Parbhani, area irrigated by surface sources was highest in Beed district i.e. 15.83 per cent per annum and lowest in Maharashtra, India Latur district i.e. -10.86 per cent per annum. The area irrigated by subsurface sources has highest growth

rate of 11.69 per cent per annum in and lowest in Parbhani district with 1.55 per cent per SS Kale Prof. (MBA Agriculture) annum. The growth rate of area under surface irrigation was highest in Beed district and lowest in growth Shriman COABM Paniv rate in Latur district. The growth rate of area under subsurface irrigation was highest in Nanded district MPKV Rahuri, Maharashtra, and lowest in growth rate in Parbhani district. The growth rate of total irrigated area was highest in India district with 11.32 per cent per annum and lowest in Parbhani district i.e. -1.34 per cent per annum. The growth in percentage gross irrigated to gross cropped area was highest in Latur with 12.17 per cent per annum and lowest in with -0.20 per cent per annum. Wheat irrigated area was highest in Aurangabad district as 429.10 hundred hectares. Growth rate was highest as 18.78 per cent per annum in . The mean irrigated area under rabi jowar was highest in Beed district with 522.40 hundred hectares and growth rate was highest in district as 15.84 per cent per annum in second period. The irrigated area was highest in Aurangabad district with 220.40 hundred hectares. The growth rate was highest in Latur district with 19.65 per cent per annum. The irrigated area under summer groundnut was highest in Parbhani district with 266 hundred hectares. The growth rate was highest in

Aurangabad district with 9.38 per cent per annum. The Latur district was having highest irrigated area of

350.30 hundred hectares. The growth rate was highest in Osmanabad district with 13.65 per cent per annum.

Keywords: Irrigation, Growth Rate, Surface Irrigation, Sub-surface Irrigation

Introduction Water constitutes one of the several inputs for crop production which feeds human being.

Though water is renewable, it is finite. Therefore, water needs to be conserved and use efficiency. Availability of water is not regular as it is governed by the occurrence and distribution of rainfall. Hence it is highly essential to control water use and improve water use efficiency. “Irrigation is the artificial application of water to promote growth of crops from different

sources such as rivers, springs, lakes, wells etc.”Water is the most important input for enhancing agricultural productivity. India has numerous rivers with an estimated total catchment area of 252.8 m ha. The irrigation potential of India estimated to be 139.5 m ha in 2009-10. The ground water available for irrigation is 360 km3. The annual precipitation including snowfall, the main source of water in India is estimated to 4000 be km3. The amount

of rainfall in various regions in the country is variable. Hence irrigation in India has been of primary importance. Though there has been a 161per cent increase in the land under irrigation in India over the past 4 decades, it is supposed to be only 33per cent of the estimated potential. The net irrigated area in the country is about 5.5 m ha. Through tanks 3.1 m ha, Canal 17.1 m ha, through tanks 3.1 m ha, tube wells 17.9 m ha, other wells 11.9 m ha and other sources

including drip and sprinkler irrigation 6.5 m ha. The country as a whole receives good rainfall in the both monsoon seasons and there is ample scope for rainwater harvesting, storage and recycling. Through rainwater harvesting more cropped area can be brought under irrigation where total rainfall exceed 700 mm. per annum India has the second largest net irrigated area Correspondence in the world after China. The irrigation efficiency under canal irrigation is not more than 40 MS Hinge Prof. (Agril. Economics) per cent and for ground water schemes, it is 69per cent. The net irrigated area in the country Sau. K.S.K COA Beed 53.5 m ha which is about 38per cent of total sown area. VNMKV Parbhani, In India 70 per cent of agriculture land is dependent on the monsoon. Irrigation can conceived Maharashtra, India as an insurance against monsoon failure. In addition to insurance today’s trend is to consider a ~ 2995 ~

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viral input in maximizing the production. The major irrigation Stability analysis sources in India today are wells, canals, tanks which irrigate The stability of the area of the crop was measured in terms of about 30 per cent of net cropped area of this wells account 49 the coefficient of variation (C.V.). per cent, canals 38 per cent and tanks 7 per cent. The C.V. = S.D. / mean X 100 traditional source of irrigation like tanks has a declining trend. Though it was a crude measure it was used to have some The increase in groundwater exploitation is growing at a understanding about the rate of fluctuations which may be due faster rate. to the season technology relative prices etc. and which may Maharashtra state as of today came into existence in 1960. differ from period to period. The increasing population was facing shortage of food grains. This has led to need of increasing agricultural production. By Mean giving priority to agricultural development, attempt has been In-spite of the variations or fluctuating in the figure it was made to achieve irrigation development in a planned manner. also interesting to know about the average for a certain period Adequate, timely and reliable water supply is a paramount and ultimately this has a more meaning from the point of view importance in agriculture and irrigation development plays a of the farming community. key role in alleviating rural poverty. In Maharashtra, the gross and net irrigated area during 2008- Irrigation ratios 09 was 39.70 lakh ha and 32.55 lakh ha respectively. The Irrigation ratios also are important to compare the irrigation percentage of gross irrigated area to gross cropped area was potential which exists in the districts and how this changing 17.7 in 2008-09 out of the net irrigated area, the area irrigated over the periods. The irrigation ratio is as below: under wells was 21.15 lakh ha (65 per cent). The state Gross irrigated area / gross cropped area (in percentage) government has undertaken various major, medium and minor irrigation projects to create maximum irrigation potential. Terms and concepts used: However, there is a wide gap between potential created and Irrigation utilized in major, minor projects. The total irrigation potential Irrigation is the artificial application of water to promote utilized in the state during 2009-10 was 30.5 lakh ha of which growth of crops from different sources such as rivers, springs, 17.71 lakh ha was from major irrigation projects, 3.67 lakh ha lakes, wells etc. was from medium irrigation projects and remaining 9.12 lakh ha was from minor irrigation projects. Surface irrigation At present, farmers predominantly adopt the surface irrigation Intermittent application of water to the field surface under methods i.e. sprinkler and drip irrigation. Farmers are using gravity flow which results in a series of ‘on’ of ‘off’ modes of surface irrigation methods on large scale yet it’s field level constant of variable time spans. application efficiency is often only 40-50 per cent In Maharashtra area under drip and sprinkler irrigation was 5.41 Subsurface irrigation lakh ha and 2.71 lakh ha in March 2010, respectively. In Water is applied through underground perforated pipes, Marathwada region total gross irrigated area was 9459 ha and through deep trenches at 15-30 m intervals water gradually total net irrigated area was 7540 ha in 1999-2000. Area under wets root zone through capillary movement. well irrigation was 5982 ha in 1999-2000. Net irrigated area Materials and Method Net irrigated area is defined as the area which irrigated once Keeping the view of the objective of study all the important during a year. aspects which were compositely deemed to depict the relationship was included in the study. Gross irrigated area The analysis based on time series data has been done by large When net irrigated area is added to the area irrigated more number of the scientists and which was suppose to have than once we obtained the gross irrigated area. reliability in the data though in aggregate manner. The farmers generally a lot the water to different crops based on Gross cropped area existing irrigation potential not only to increase their net Sometimes two crops in two seasons are grown during a returns but also the consider with them marketing of particular year on the same area. Hence such an area will be commodities availability of impacts with some component sown only once then we get gross cropped area. present in their way of thinking. Thus their behaviour as show a pure economic behaviour as the farming problems may be Stability analysis varied in nature and some times over shadow the economic Stability of the crop area is measured in terms of the aspects of cultivation. coefficient of variation. The tools used were defined and specified in their manner of understanding. Results and Discussion Number of wells Growth analysis It was revealed from the Table 4.1 that in first period i.e.1981- The growth analysis was done compounding in all the growth 1990 the growth rate of the number of wells in the computations. The formula used as, Marathwada region was 1.85per cent per annum. Amongst the Y = a + bt district number of wells was highest in Nanded district (4.01 The growth parameter has been expressed in percentage to the per cent per annum) followed by Aurangabad district (2.24 mean which was easy to understand for diver at period of per cent per annum) and lowest in Beed district (-0.14 per time. cent per annum).

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In case of second period i.e.1991-2000 the growth rate of the 4.2 Annual compound growth rates of area irrigated by number of wells in the Marathwada region was 4.94 per cent surface irrigation per annum. It was increased over the first period. Within the It was revealed from the Table 4.2 that in first period i.e.1981- districts the number of wells were highest in Nanded district 1990 the growth rate of area under surface irrigation in the (4.06 per cent per annum) followed by Latur district (2.48 per Marathwada region was 7.71 per cent. Amongst the districts cent per annum) and lowest in Parbhani district (-0.95 per proportionate highest growth in area under surface irrigation cent per annum). was in Beed district (15.83 per cent per annum) followed by At an overall period i.e. 1981-2000 the growth rate of the Osmanabad district (7.42 per cent per annum). Lowest growth number of wells was 3.49 per cent per annum in Marathwada in area under surface irrigation was in Latur district (-10.86 region and it was decreased over the second period. Amongst per cent per annum). the districts the growth in number of wells were highest in Nanded (4.64 per cent per annum) followed by Aurangabad Table 4.2: Annual compound growth rates of area irrigated by (2.48 per cent per annum) and lowest in Osmanabad district (- surface irrigation (Area in 00’ ha)

0.37per cent per annum). Surface irrigation Study made by earlier scientists Bastine and Palanisami Districts Period-I Period-II Period-III (overall) (1998), Pawar et al (1999) is in conformity with this study 1981-1990 1991-2000 1981-2000 that the growth in number of wells was not uniform in all 6.94 -1.51 4.17 Aurangabad districts even in different period’s number of wells increased (0.458)NS (-0.336)NS (0.609)** -1.77 -6.78 0.77 at highest rate in Nanded district in all three periods and Jalna lowest in Parbhani district. (-0.777)NS (-0.543)NS (0.101)NS 15.83 0.72 2.63 Beed NS Number of oil engines (0.898)** (0.143) (0.427)** -10.86 2.54 1.95 It was revealed from the Table 4.1 that in first period i.e.1981- Latur (-0.630)NS (0.415)NS (0.253)NS 1990 the growth rate of the number of oil engines in the 7.42 -2.07 1.28 Osmanabad Marathwada region was 0.03 per cent per annum. Amongst (0.397)NS (-0.465)NS (0.187)NS the district growth in number of oil engines were highest in 2.02 -0.28 -0.31 Nanded Beed district (9.95 per cent per annum) followed by (0.246)NS (-0.076)NS (-0.097)NS Osmanabad district (4.69 per cent per annum) and lowest in 6.39 -9.67 -1.57 Parbhani Aurangabad district (-0.55 per cent per annum.) (0.404)NS (-0.579)NS (-0.191)NS The oil engines increased at highest rate in Latur whereas in Marathwada 7.71 -2.15 1.13 Parbhani district there was negligible use of oil engines. This region (0.802)** (-0.545)NS (0.313)NS may be due to electrification and alternative as electric * Significant at 5 per cent Figures in brackets indicate ‘r’ value engines available which might have replaced the oil engines ** Significant at 1 per cent and this can be seen in the growth of number of electric NS - Non significant engines in almost all district. In case of second period i.e.1991-2000 the growth rate of

surface irrigated area in the Marathwada region was -2.15 per Number of electric engines It was revealed from the Table 4.1 that in first period i.e.1981- cent per annum. It was decreased over the first period. Within 1990 the growth in the number of electric engines at overall the districts growth in surface irrigated area was highest in level in the Marathwada region as a whole was 1.00 per cent Latur district (2.54 per cent per annum) followed by Beed per annum. Amongst the district number of electric engines district (0.72 per cent per annum) and lowest in Parbhani were highest in (3.89 per cent per annum) district (-9.67 per cent per annum) followed by Parbhani district (2.05 per cent per annum) and At an overall period i.e. 1981-2000 the growth rate of area lowest in Latur district (-0.45 per cent per annum). under surface irrigation was 1.13 per cent per annum in In case of second period i.e.1991-2000 the growth in the Marathwada region and it was increased over the second number of oil engines at overall level the Marathwada region period. Amongst the districts highest growth in area under as a whole was 3.77 per cent per annum. It was increased over surface irrigation was in Aurangabad (4.17 per cent per the first period. Within the districts the number of electric annum) followed by Beed (2.63 per cent per annum) and engines were highest in Beed district (14.57 per cent per lowest in Parbhani district (-1.57 per cent per annum). Similar annum) followed by Parbhani district (13.59 per cent) and results were found with Anonymous (2001), Firake and lowest in Aurangabad district (5.14 per cent per annum). Shinde (2000), Alshi and Kakade (1999). At an overall period i.e. 1981-2000 the growth rate of the number of electric engines was 2.33 per cent per annum in 4.3 Annual compound growth rates of area irrigated by Marathwada region and it was decreased over the second sub-surface irrigation period. Amongst the districts the growth in number of electric It was observed from the Table 4.3 that in first period engines were highest in Parbhani (9.86 per cent per annum) i.e.1981-1990 the growth rate of area under sub-surface followed by Beed (8.71 per cent per annum) and lowest in irrigation in the Marathwada region was 6.68 per cent per Aurangabad district (3.01per cent per annum). The growth in annum. Amongst the districts highest growth in area under the electric engines was highest in Beed district and lowest in sub- surface irrigation was in Nanded district (11.69 per cent Latur district. per annum) followed by Latur district (11.37 per cent per annum). Lowest growth in area under sub- surface irrigation

was in Beed district (1.71 per cent per annum).

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Table 4.3: Annual compound growth rates of area irrigated by sub- Table 4.4: Annual compound growth rates of total irrigated area surface irrigation (Area in 00’ ha) (surface+ subsurface irrigation) (Area in 00’ ha)

Subsurface irrigation Total irrigated area Period-III Period-III Districts Period-I Period-II Districts Period-I Period-II (overall) (overall) 1981-1990 1991-2000 1981-1990 1991-2000 1981-2000 1981-2000 7.65 3.66 9.75 7.47 1.60 6.93 Aurangabad Aurangabad (0.763)* (0.143)NS (0.705)** (0.765)** (0.662)* (0.915)** 3.66 4.20 3.27 2.58 1.48 2.68 Jalna Jalna (0.541)NS (0.825)** (0.822)** (0.359)NS (0.334)NS (0.688)** 1.71 4.62 3.21 6.55 3.44 2.90 Beed Beed (0.367)NS (0.753)* (0.824)** (0.908)** (0.677)* (0.800)** 11.37 9.50 1.88 8.32 8.58 1.40 Latur Latur (0.608)NS (0.866)** (0.256)NS (0.496)NS (0.864)** (0.210)NS 10.27 2.55 4.22 11.32 1.62 3.87 Osmanabad Osmanabad (0.901)** (0.694)* (0.822)** (0.905)** (0.508)NS (0.752)** 11.69 5.04 6.68 7.10 3.37 3.77 Nanded Nanded (0.857)** (0.951)** (0.908)** (0.836)** (0.933)** (0.877)** 8.20 3.74 1.55 7.47 -1.34 0.37 Parbhani Parbhani (0.855)** (0.443)NS (0.353)NS (0.833)** (-0.175)NS (0.090)NS Marathwada 6.68 4.63 5.18 Marathwada 7.04 2.38 3.32 region (0.898)** (0.326)NS (0.725)** region (0.900)** (0.902)** (0.874)** * Significant at 5 per cent Figures in brackets indicate ‘r’ value * Significant at 5 per cent Figures in brackets indicate ‘r’ value ** Significant at 1 per cent NS - Non significant ** Significant at 1 per cent NS - Non significant In case of second period i.e.1991-2000 compound growth rate of the sub-surface irrigated area in Marathwada region was At an overall period i.e. 1981-2000 the growth in total 4.63 per cent per annum. It was decreased over the first irrigated area was 3.32 per cent per annum in Marathwada period. Within the districts growth in sub- surface irrigated region and it was increased over the second period. Amongst area was highest in Latur district (9.50 per cent per annum) the districts highest growth in total irrigated area was in followed by Nanded district (5.04 per cent per annum) and Aurangabad (6.93 per cent per annum) followed by lowest in Osmanabad district (2.55 per cent per annum). Osmanabad (3.87 per cent per annum) and lowest in Parbhani At an overall period i.e. 1981-2000 the growth rate of area district (0.37 per cent per annum). under sub- surface irrigation was 5.18 per cent per annum in The growth in total irrigated area among different districts it Marathwada region and it was increased over the second was highest in Osmanabad district in first period and lowest in period. Amongst the districts highest growth in area under Parbhani district in second period. It may be due to the sub-surface irrigation was in Aurangabad (9.75 per cent) development of irrigation resources as observed by Shinde followed by Nanded (5.04 per cent per annum) and lowest in (2000), Anonymous (2006). Parbhani district (1.55 per cent per annum). In case of area irrigated by subsurface irrigation the Nanded 4.5 Annual compound growth rates of district wise district was the leading district in Marathwada region. percentage of gross irrigated area to gross cropped area Whereas in Parbhani district there was negligible growth as It was revealed from the Table 4.5 that in first period i.e.1981- observed Anonymous (2001). 1990 the percentage gross irrigated to gross cropped area in the Marathwada region was 6.21 per cent per annum. 4.4 Annual compound growth rates of total irrigated area Amongst the districts percentage gross irrigated to gross (surface + subsurface irrigation) cropped area was highest in Latur district (12.17 per cent per It was noticed from the Table 4.4 that in first period i.e.1981- annum) followed by Nanded district (9.34 per cent per 1990 the growth rate of total irrigated area in the Marathwada annum).Percentage of gross irrigated to gross cropped area region was 7.04 per cent per annum. Amongst the district was lowest in Jalna district (1.89 per cent). growth in total irrigated area was highest in Osmanabad In case of second period i.e.1991-2000 the percentage of gross district (11.32 per cent per annum) followed by Latur district irrigated to gross cropped area the Marathwada region was (8.32 per cent per annum).Total irrigated area was lowest in 2.10 per cent per annum. It was decreased over the first Jalna district (2.58 per cent per annum). period. Within the districts percentage of gross irrigated to In case of second period i.e.1991-2000 the growth in the total cross cropped area was highest in Parbhani district (5.87 per irrigated area the Marathwada was 2.38 per cent per annum. It cent per annum) followed by Nanded district (3.82 per cent was decreased over the first period. Within the districts the per annum) and lowest in Aurangabad district (-0.20 per cent growth in total irrigated area was highest in Latur district per annum.) (8.58 per cent per annum) followed by Beed district (3.44 per At an overall period i.e. 1981-2000 the percentage of gross cent per annum) and lowest in Parbhani district (-1.34 per irrigated to gross cropped area was 2.58 per cent per annum in cent per annum). Marathwada region and it was increased over the second period. Amongst the districts percentage of gross irrigated to gross cropped area was highest in Nanded (4.02 per cent per annum) followed by Parbhani (3.31 per cent per annum per annum) and lowest in Latur district (0.75 per cent per annum).

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Table 4.5: Annual compound growth rates of district wise 2000; 25(2):204-205. percentage of Gross irrigated area to gross cropped area (Area in 00’ 3. Janakrajan S. Economic and Social implications of ha) groundwater irrigation: some evidence from south India.

percentage gross irrigated to gross cropped Indian J Agril. Econ. 1993; 48(1):65-75. area 4. Kaul, Sondhi RK. Growth of Agriculture in Punjab: An Districts Period-III analysis by component elements. Agril. Situ. In India. Period-I Period-II (overall) 1981-1990 1991-2000 1985; XXV(4):407-409. 1981-2000 5. Shinde HR. Irrigation development: A prospective for 2.23 -0.20 3.28 agricultural development in Maharashtra. Maha. Co-op. Aurangabad NS NS (0.301) (-0.097) (0.740)** Qtly. 2001; 8(2-3):50-56. 1.89 1.52 1.64 Jalna 6. Shinde HR, Pagire BV, Kasar DV. Irrigation (0.358)NS (0.567)NS (0.653)** Development: A prospective for Agriculture 6.00 3.51 2.93 Beed (0.891)** (0.677)* (0.815)** Development in Maharashtra. Maha. Co-op. Qtly. 2002, 12.17 2.02 0.75 3-4 Latur (0.787)** (0.388)NS (0.135)NS 7. Shinde PP, Jadhav SB. Water management with drip 7.71 -0.04 2.21 irrigation system for sugarcane. Proceedings of the 62nd Osmanabad (0.940)** (-0.017)NS (0.655)** Annual Convention of the Sugar Technologists- 9.34 3.82 4.02 Association of India, Agra, India, 2000. A36-A41. Nanded (0.812)** (0.872)** (0.793)** 8. Shinde HR, Pagire BV, Sale DL, Pawar BN. A study of 7.94 5.87 3.31 Parbhani irrigation development in western Maharashtra. Maha. J (0.885)** (0.761)* (0.735)** Agril. Econ. 1999; 9(1, 2):22. Marathwada 6.21 2.10 2.58 region (0.870)** (0.809)** (0.809)** * Significant at 5 per cent Figures in brackets indicate ‘r’ value ** Significant at 1 per cent NS - Non significant

The percentage of gross irrigated area to gross cropped area was highest in Latur district and lowest in Aurangabad district. Similar results were found with Shinde et al. (2002), Shinde (2001) and Anonymous (2007).

Period wise comparison The mean irrigated area was highest in Aurangabad in first period and Beed was highest in second and third period. The Hingoli has lowest irrigated area in second period. The Beed district highest C.V value i.e. 54.48 per cent and the compound growth rate i.e. 13.65 per cent per annum was highest in Osmanabad district. The Latur district was having highest irrigated area in second period. The growth rate highest in Osmanabad district and the C.V value was highest in Beed district. Similar results were found with Shinde and Jadhav (2000).

Conclusion 1. The number of wells and irrigated area under sub-surface irrigation was highest in Nanded district. 2. The growth in the oil engines was highest in Latur district. 3. The number of electric engines and irrigated area under surface irrigation was highest in Beed district. 4. Total irrigated area was highest in Osmanabad district. 5. Irrigated area under Wheat and Gram was highest in Aurangabad district. 6. Beed district has highest irrigated area under Rabi Jowar. 7. Summer groundnut has highest irrigated area in Parbhani district. 8. The irrigated area under Sugarcane was highest in Latur district.

References 1. Alshi MR, Kakade SJ, Joshi CK. Irrigation in Maharashtra, growth and equity. Maha J. of Agril. Econ. 1999; 9(1, 2), 1997-98, 1998-99, 24. 2. Firake NN, Shinde SH. Evaluation of different micro irrigation systems for Groundnut. J Maha. Agril. Univ.

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