A Guide to Vaccinations for Parents
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RNA-Based Adjuvant CV8102 Enhances the Immunogenicity of a Licensed Rabies Vaccine in a first-In-Human Trial
Vaccine 37 (2019) 1819–1826 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Vaccine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/vaccine RNA-based adjuvant CV8102 enhances the immunogenicity of a licensed rabies vaccine in a first-in-human trial Fatma Doener a,1, Henoch S. Hong a,1, Ingo Meyer b,1, Keyvan Tadjalli-Mehr c, Angelika Daehling c, ⇑ Regina Heidenreich a, Sven D. Koch a, Mariola Fotin-Mleczek a, Ulrike Gnad-Vogt c, a Curevac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany b CRS Clinical Research Services Mönchengladbach GmbH, 41061 Mönchengladbach, Germany c Curevac AG, Schumannstrasse 27, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany article info abstract Article history: Background: We report the first-in-concept human trial of the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity Received 27 September 2018 when a novel TLR 7/8/RIG I agonist RNA-based adjuvant, CV8102, was administered alone or mixed with Received in revised form 30 January 2019 fractional doses of a licensed rabies vaccine (RabipurÒ) as model antigen. Accepted 3 February 2019 Methods: The primary objective was to assess the safety and reactogenicity of various dose levels of Available online 21 February 2019 CV8102 alone or mixed with RabipurÒ in healthy 18–40 year-old male volunteers. A secondary objective was to assess the immune-enhancing potential of bedside-mixes of CV8102 with fractional doses of Keywords: Ò Rabipur by measuring induction of rabies virus neutralising titres (VNTs). Adjuvant Results: Fifty-six volunteers received 50–100 lg CV8102 alone (n = 11), bedside-mixed CV8102 and RNA Ò Ò Ò Rabies Rabipur (n = 20), or Rabipur alone (n = 25; control). -
Smallpox ( Variola )
Division of Disease Control What Do I Need to Know? Smallpox ( Variola ) What is Smallpox? Smallpox is a serious contagious disease that can be fatal. It is caused by the variola virus, a member of the Poxviridae family. The World Health Organization declared smallpox eliminated from the world in 1980. Who is at risk for Smallpox? Because smallpox has been eliminated, no one will be exposed to a naturally occurring case of smallpox. Smallpox is considered one of the viruses that maybe used in an attack by bioterrorists. Anyone who has not received smallpox vaccine is at risk if exposed to the virus. Also, people who received the vaccine may be at risk if exposed to smallpox because the protection declines five to ten years after one dose and possibly longer after two or more doses. The United States stopped routine childhood vaccination against smallpox in 1972. The last case of smallpox in the United States was in 1949 and the last naturally occurring case occurred in 1977 in Somalia. What are the symptoms of Smallpox? The first stage of the illness lasts two to five days with symptoms that include a high fever of 102˚F – 104˚F, a general feeling of discomfort, severe headache, backache, abdominal pain, and weakness. Most people will be severely ill and bedridden during this stage. By the third or fourth day of this stage, the fever usually drops. Following this stage, soars appear in the mouth and throat, but they may not be noticed by the infected person. The rash begins less than 24 hours after the sores in the mouth and throat appear. -
Vaccinia Belongs to a Family of Viruses That Is Closely Related to the Smallpox Virus
VACCINIA INFECTION What is it? Vaccinia belongs to a family of viruses that is closely related to the smallpox virus. Because of the similarities between the smallpox and vaccinia viruses, the vaccinia virus is used in the smallpox vaccine. When this virus is used as a vaccine, it allows our immune systems to develop immunity against smallpox. The smallpox vaccine does not actually contain smallpox virus and cannot cause smallpox. Vaccination usually prevents smallpox infection for at least ten years. The vaccinia vaccine against smallpox was used to successfully eradicate smallpox from the human population. More recently, this virus has also become of interest due to concerns about smallpox being used as an agent of bioterrorism. How is the virus spread? Vaccinia can be spread by touching the vaccination site before it has fully healed or by touching clothing or bandages that have been contaminated with the live virus during vaccination. In this manner, vaccinia can spread to other parts of the body and to other individuals. It cannot be spread through the air. What are the symptoms of vaccinia? Vaccinia virus symptoms are similar to smallpox, but milder. Vaccinia may cause rash, fever, headache and body aches. In certain individuals, such as those with weak immune systems, the symptoms can be more severe. What are the potential side effects of the vaccinia vaccine for smallpox? Normal reactions are mild and go away without any treatment.These include: Soreness and redness in the arm where the vaccine was given Slightly swollen, sore glands in the armpits Low grade fever One in approximately three people will feel badly enough to miss school, work or recreational activities Trouble sleeping Serious reactions are not very common but can occur in about 1,000 in every 1 million people who are vaccinated for the first time. -
Smallpox Overview
SMALLPOX FACT SHEET Smallpox Overview The Disease Smallpox is a serious, contagious, and sometimes fatal infectious disease. There is no specific treatment for smallpox disease, and the only prevention is vaccination. The name smallpox is derived from the Latin word for “spotted” and refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected person. There are two clinical forms of smallpox. Variola major is the severe and most common form of smallpox, with a more extensive rash and higher fever. There are four types of variola major smallpox: ordinary (the most frequent type, accounting for 90% or more of cases); modified (mild and occurring in previously vaccinated persons); flat; and hemorrhagic (both rare and very severe). Historically, variola major has an overall fatality rate of about 30%; however, flat and hemorrhagic smallpox usually are fatal. Variola minor is a less common presentation of smallpox, and a much less severe disease, with death rates historically of 1% or less. Smallpox outbreaks have occurred from time to time for thousands of years, but the disease is now eradicated after a successful worldwide vaccination program. The last case of smallpox in the United States was in 1949. The last naturally occurring case in the world was in Somalia in 1977. After the disease was eliminated from the world, routine vaccination against smallpox among the general public was stopped because it was no longer necessary for prevention. Where Smallpox Comes From Smallpox is caused by the variola virus that emerged in human populations thousands of years ago. Except for laboratory stockpiles, the variola virus has been eliminated. -
USDA-Approved Animal Rabies Vaccines
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Approved Animal Rabies Vaccines Table 1. Rabies Vaccines Licensed and Marketed in the United States, 2016 Age at For use Route of Product Name Produced by Marketed by Dose primary Booster vaccination in inoculation vaccination* A) MONOVALENT (Inactivated) RAB RABVAC 1 Boehringer Boehringer Dogs 1 ml 3 months Annually IM or SC Ingelheim Ingelheim Vetmedica Cats 1 ml 3 months Annually IM or SC Vetmedica Inc Inc License No. 124 RABVAC 3 Boehringer Boehringer Dogs 1 ml 3 months 1 year later & triennially IM or SC Ingelheim Ingelheim Vetmedica Cats 1 ml 3 months 1 year later & triennially IM or SC Vetmedica Inc Inc Horses 2 ml 3 months Annually IM License No. 124 EQUIRAB with Merck Animal Merck Animal Health Horses 1 ml 4 months Annually IM Havlogen Health License No. 165A DEFENSOR 1 Zoetis Zoetis Dogs 1 ml 3 months Annually IM or SC License No. 190 Cats 1 ml 3 months Annually SC DEFENSOR 3 Zoetis Zoetis Dogs 1 ml 3 months 1 year later & triennially IM or SC License No. 190 Cats 1 ml 3 months 1 year later & triennially SC Sheep 2 ml 3 months Annually IM Cattle 2 ml 3 months Annually IM NOBIVAC: 1- Zoetis Merck Animal Health Dogs 1 ml 3 months Annually IM or SC Rabies License No. 190 Cats 1 ml 3 months Annually SC NOBIVAC: 3- Zoetis Merck Animal Health Dogs 1 ml 3 months 1 year later & triennially IM or SC Rabies and 3- License No. 190 Cats 1 ml 3 months 1 year later & triennially SC Rabies CA Sheep 2 ml 3 months Annually IM Cattle 2 ml 3 months Annually IM IMRAB 1 Merial, Inc Merial, Inc Dogs 1 ml 3 months Annually SC License No. -
Vaccinia Virus
APPENDIX 2 Vaccinia Virus • Accidental infection following transfer from the vac- cination site to another site (autoinoculation) or to Disease Agent: another person following intimate contact Likelihood of Secondary Transmission: • Vaccinia virus • Significant following direct contact Disease Agent Characteristics: At-Risk Populations: • Family: Poxviridae; Subfamily: Chordopoxvirinae; • Individuals receiving smallpox (vaccinia) vaccination Genus: Orthopoxvirus • Individuals who come in direct contact with vacci- • Virion morphology and size: Enveloped, biconcave nated persons core with two lateral bodies, brick-shaped to pleo- • Those at risk for more severe complications of infec- morphic virions, ~360 ¥ 270 ¥ 250 nm in size tion include the following: • Nucleic acid: Nonsegmented, linear, covalently ᭺ Immune-compromised persons including preg- closed, double-stranded DNA, 18.9-20.0 kb in length nant women • Physicochemical properties: Virus is inactivated at ᭺ Patients with atopy, especially those with eczema 60°C for 8 minutes, but antigen can withstand 100°C; ᭺ Patients with extensive exfoliative skin disease lyophilized virus maintains potency for 18 months at 4-6°C; virus may be stable when dried onto inanimate Vector and Reservoir Involved: surfaces; susceptible to 1% sodium hypochlorite, • No natural host 2% glutaraldehyde, and formaldehyde; disinfection of hands and environmental contamination with soap Blood Phase: and water are effective • Vaccinia DNA was detected by PCR in the blood in 6.5% of 77 military members from 1 to 3 weeks after Disease Name: smallpox (vaccinia) vaccination that resulted in a major skin reaction. • Progressive vaccinia (vaccinia necrosum or vaccinia • In the absence of complications after immunization, gangrenosum) recently published PCR and culture data suggest that • Generalized vaccinia viremia with current vaccines must be rare 3 weeks • Eczema vaccinatum after vaccination. -
Smallpox.Pdf
Variola DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Division of Epidemiology, Disease Surveillance and Investigation 899 N. Capitol Street, NE, Suite 580 Washington, D.C. 20002 202-442-9371 Fax 202-442-8060 * www.dchealth.dc.gov What is Smallpox? • On rare occasions, the virus has spread through the air Smallpox is a serious, contagious, and sometimes fatal viral infectious in enclosed places such as buildings, buses, and disease. There are two clinical forms of smallpox. Variola major is the trains. severe and most common form of smallpox with a more extensive rash Smallpox is not known to be spread by insects or animals. and higher fever. Variola minor is a less common presentation of The smallpox virus is not strong and is killed by sunlight smallpox and a much less severe disease. and heat. Who gets Smallpox? How soon do symptoms appear? Smallpox is no longer seen as a disease anywhere in the world. This The symptoms can appear between seven and seventeen days, disease has been eradicated because of successful worldwide the average time is twelve to fourteen days, after coming in vaccination. The last case of smallpox in the United States was in contact with the virus that causes smallpox. During this time, 1949. The last naturally occurring case in the world was in 1977. After the infected person feels fine and is not contagious. the disease was eliminated from the world, routine vaccination against smallpox among the general public was stopped because it was no Is a person with Smallpox contagious? longer necessary for prevention. Yes, a person with smallpox is contagious. -
Mm7002e1 Allergic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Early Release / Vol. 70 January 6, 2021 Allergic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, December 14–23, 2020 CDC COVID-19 Response Team; Food and Drug Administration As of January 3, 2021, a total of 20,346,372 cases of were determined not to be anaphylaxis, 86 were judged to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 349,246 associ- be nonanaphylaxis allergic reactions, and 61 were considered ated deaths have been reported in the United States. Long- nonallergic adverse events. Seven case reports were still under term sequalae of COVID-19 over the course of a lifetime investigation. This report summarizes the clinical and epide- currently are unknown; however, persistent symptoms and miologic characteristics of case reports of allergic reactions, serious complications are being reported among COVID-19 including anaphylaxis and nonanaphylaxis allergic reactions, survivors, including persons who initially experience a mild after receipt of the first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 acute illness.* On December 11, 2020, the Food and Drug vaccine during December 14–23, 2020, in the United States. Administration (FDA) issued an Emergency Use Authorization CDC has issued updated interim clinical considerations for (EUA) for Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine to prevent use of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines currently authorized in the COVID-19, administered as 2 doses separated by 21 days. On United States (4) and interim considerations for preparing for December 12, 2020, the Advisory Committee on Immunization the potential management of anaphylaxis (5). In addition to Practices (ACIP) issued an interim recommendation for use screening for contraindications and precautions before admin- of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (1); initial doses were istering COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine locations should have recommended for health care personnel and long-term care the necessary supplies available to manage anaphylaxis, should facility residents (2). -
The Columbian Exchange: a History of Disease, Food, and Ideas
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 24, Number 2—Spring 2010—Pages 163–188 The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas Nathan Nunn and Nancy Qian hhee CColumbianolumbian ExchangeExchange refersrefers toto thethe exchangeexchange ofof diseases,diseases, ideas,ideas, foodfood ccrops,rops, aandnd populationspopulations betweenbetween thethe NewNew WorldWorld andand thethe OldOld WWorldorld T ffollowingollowing thethe voyagevoyage ttoo tthehe AAmericasmericas bbyy ChristoChristo ppherher CColumbusolumbus inin 1492.1492. TThehe OldOld WWorld—byorld—by wwhichhich wwee mmeanean nnotot jjustust EEurope,urope, bbutut tthehe eentirentire EEasternastern HHemisphere—gainedemisphere—gained fromfrom tthehe CColumbianolumbian EExchangexchange iinn a nnumberumber ooff wways.ays. DDiscov-iscov- eeriesries ooff nnewew ssuppliesupplies ofof metalsmetals areare perhapsperhaps thethe bestbest kknown.nown. BButut thethe OldOld WWorldorld aalsolso ggainedained newnew staplestaple ccrops,rops, ssuchuch asas potatoes,potatoes, sweetsweet potatoes,potatoes, maize,maize, andand cassava.cassava. LessLess ccalorie-intensivealorie-intensive ffoods,oods, suchsuch asas tomatoes,tomatoes, chilichili peppers,peppers, cacao,cacao, peanuts,peanuts, andand pineap-pineap- pplesles wwereere aalsolso iintroduced,ntroduced, andand areare nownow culinaryculinary centerpiecescenterpieces inin manymany OldOld WorldWorld ccountries,ountries, namelynamely IItaly,taly, GGreece,reece, andand otherother MediterraneanMediterranean countriescountries (tomatoes),(tomatoes), -
2021 Medicare Vaccine Coverage Part B Vs Part D
CDPHP® Medicare Advantage Vaccine Coverage Guide Part B (Medical) vs. Part D (Pharmacy) Medicare Part B (Medical): Medicare Part D (Pharmacy): Vaccinations or inoculations Vaccinations or inoculations are included when the administration is (except influenza, pneumococcal, reasonable and necessary for the prevention of illness. and hepatitis B for members at risk) are excluded unless they are directly related to the treatment of an injury or direct exposure to a disease or condition. • Influenza Vaccine (Flu) • BCG Vaccine • Pneumococcal Vaccine • Diphtheria/Tetanus/Acellular Pertussis Vaccine (ADACEL, (Pneumovax, Prevnar 13) BOOSTRIX, DAPTACEL, INFANRIX) • Hepatitis B Vaccine • Diphtheria/Tetanus/Acellular Pertussis/Inactivated Poliovirus (Recombivax, Engerix-B) Vaccine (KINRIX, QUADRACEL) for members at moderate • Diphtheria/Tetanus Vaccine (DT, Td, TDVAX, TENIVAC) to high risk • Diphtheria/Tetanus/Acellular Pertussis/Inactivated Poliovirus Vac • Other vaccines when directly cine/ Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Conjugate Vaccine (PENTACEL) related to the treatment of an • Diphtheria/Tetanus/Acellular Pertussis/Inactivated Poliovirus injury or direct exposure to a Vaccine/Hepatitis B Vaccine (PEDIARIX) disease or condition, such as: • Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Conjugate Vaccine (ActHIB, PedvaxHIB, • Antivenom Sera Hiberix) • Diphtheria/Tetanus Vaccine • Hepatitis A Vaccine, Inactivated (VAQTA) (DT, Td, TDVAX, TENIVAC) • Hepatitis B Vaccine, Recombinant (ENGERIX-B, RECOMBIVAX HB) • Rabies Virus Vaccine for members at low risk (RabAvert, -
Bioreactor-Grown Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) Vaccine Protects
pharmaceutics Article Bioreactor-Grown Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) Vaccine Protects Badgers against Virulent Mycobacterium bovis When Administered Orally: Identifying Limitations in Baited Vaccine Delivery Sandrine Lesellier 1,2, Colin P. D. Birch 3 , Dipesh Davé 1, Deanna Dalley 1, Sonya Gowtage 1, Simonette Palmer 1, Claire McKenna 1 , Gareth A. Williams 1, Roland Ashford 1, Ute Weyer 4, Sarah Beatham 5 , Julia Coats 5, Alex Nunez 6, Pedro Sanchez-Cordon 6 , John Spiropoulos 6, Stephen Powell 7, Jason Sawyer 1, Jordan Pascoe 8, Charlotte Hendon-Dunn 8, Joanna Bacon 8 and Mark A. Chambers 1,9,* 1 Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (D.D.); [email protected] (D.D.); [email protected] (S.G.); [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (G.A.W.); [email protected] (R.A.); [email protected] (J.S.) 2 Laboratoire de la Rage et de la Faune Sauvage de Nancy (LRFSN), Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt-Bât. H., CS 40009-54220 Malzéville, France 3 Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; [email protected] 4 Animal Services Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; [email protected] 5 Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton Campus, York, North -
COVID-19 Vaccine and Allergy
COVID Vaccine and Allergy Stephanie Leonard, MD Associate Clinical Professor Department of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology January 20, 2020 Safe and Impactful • Proper Screening COVID Vaccine • Monitoring Administration • Clinical Assessment • Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) detected 21 cases of anaphylaxis after administration of a reported 1,893,360 first doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine • 11.1 cases per million doses (0.001%) • 1.3 cases per million for flu vaccines • 71% occurred within 15 min of vaccination, 86% within 30 minutes • Range = 2–150 minutes • Of 20 with follow-up info, all had recovered or been discharged home. • 17 (81%) with h/o allergies to food, vaccine, medication, venom, contrast, or pets. • 4 with no h/o any allergies • 7 with h/o anaphylaxis • Rabies vaccine • Flu vaccine • 19 (90%) diffuse rash or generalized hives Allergic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, December 14–23, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:46–51. Early Signs of Anaphylaxis • Respiratory: sensation of throat closing*, stridor, shortness of breath, wheeze, cough • Gastrointestinal: nausea*, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain • Cardiovascular: dizziness*, fainting, tachycardia, hypotension • Skin/mucosal: generalized hives, itching, or swelling of lips, face, throat *these can be subjective and overlap with anxiety or vasovagal syndrome Labs that can help assess for anaphylaxis • Tryptase, serum (red top tube) • C5b-9 terminal complement complex Level, serum (SC5B9) (lavender top EDTA tube) Emergency Supplies Management of anaphylaxis at a COVID-19 vaccination site • If anaphylaxis is suspected, take the following steps: • Rapidly assess airway, breathing, circulation, and mentation (mental activity).