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Cultural Sensitivity and Tourism Report from Northern Norway

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Cultural Sensitivity and Tourism Report from Northern Norway Cultural sensitivity and tourism Report from Northern Norway CAMILLA BRATTLAND KARI JÆGER KJELL OLSEN ELLE MARI DUNFJELL OSKAL ARVID VIKEN 1 Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic sensitive tourism Culturally ARCTISEN Multidimensional Tourism Institute (MTI) Rovaniemi www.luc.f/matkailu Design: Lappi Design / Tytti Mäenpää ISBN 978-952-337-207-8 2 3 Publications of the Multidimensional Tourism Institute Matkailualan tutkimus- ja koulutusinstituutin julkaisuja Cultural sensitivity and tourism Report from Northern Norway CAMILLA BRATTLAND KARI JÆGER KJELL OLSEN ELLE MARI DUNFJELL OSKAL ARVID VIKEN Rovaniemi 2020 3 ARCTISEN Promoting culturally sensitive tourism across the Arctic Main result: Improved entrepreneurial business environment for culturally sensitive tourism Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic sensitive tourism Culturally that will be achieved by improving and increasing transnational contacts, networks and cooperation among different businesses and organizations. Improvement of business environment will also result in concrete products and services, locally and transnationally designed, that support the capacities of start-ups and SMEs to develop ARCTISEN sustainable, competitive and attractive tourism businesses drawing on place-based opportunities. Funder: Northern Periphery and Arctic Programme Partners: University of Lapland (Lead Partner), Finland UiT The Arctic University of Norway Northern Norway Tourist Board Umeå University, Sweden Ájtte - Mountain and Sámi museum, Sweden Aalborg University, Denmark University of Waterloo, Canada WINTA - World Indigenous Tourism Alliance Budget: 1.455.547,88€ 4 5 5 Contents Introduction .............................................................................................. 8 Framework for culturally sensitive tourism in Norway ............................... 12 Existing guidelines and quality certifcates ................................................ 12 Legal, territorial and cultural minority-majority challenges in Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic sensitive tourism Culturally tourism development ................................................................... 14 Demand for culturally sensitive tourism ..................................................... 14 Sensitive practices, challenges and needs ................................................ 18 ARCTISEN Between criticism and deliberate approach to sensitivity in Sámi handicraft (duodji) ........................................................................ 20 Representing Sámi culture-nature and reindeer husbandry ...................... 22 Concluding refections on the future tourism development ....................... 26 Tourism development in general ................................................................. 26 Needs for guidelines and regulation? ......................................................... 28 Concluding remarks ..................................................................................... 29 Acknowledgments .................................................................................... 32 Notes and references ............................................................................... 32 6 7 Introduction 7 Introduction Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic sensitive tourism Culturally Over the last 20 years, tourism has Even though there has been an in- the land and in what way they contribute grown to become a central economic crease in visitors to the area, growth is to local communities. Such issues are par- sector in northern Norway. Tourism in not evenly distributed. Nor is the degree to ticularly prominent in debates on fshing this area has developed from being pri- which local and indigenous people partici- tourism but might also relate to other ac- ARCTISEN marily a summer-based activity to an pate in tourism development. Some places tivities. Fishing involves competition for re- activity that is, more or less, year-round. are far from the beaten tracks of tourists, sources, a competition that is also found Winter tourism has gained momentum while others have grown into tourist hubs. on land. Tourism, together with extractive as a new peak season, and the previous The growth in tourism has caused conficts industries, infrastructure and an increase in tourism activities of gazing at the land- over access to resources and land as well leisure activities, is part of a growing use of scape, midnight sun and northern lights as the fear of its having a negative impact the landscape that competes with tradition- have been extended to a whole range of on local communities that receive high al uses such as reindeer herding. activities. Husky rides, igloos, whale sa- numbers of tourists and experience rapid In the ARCTISEN project, we approach faris, snow hotels, fshing, randoneé ski- changes. Furthermore, the way Indigenous growth in tourism and its implications us- ing and mountain biking are among the and local cultures are turned into tourism ing the concept of ‘culturally sensitive tour- many new activities that are sold to tour- products has also caused concern. Who ism’1. The notion of sensitivity highlights ists. Visits to Sámi camps are among has the right to commodify Sámi and local negative experiences of cultural exploita- these activities offered to tourists and cultures, how should it be done and should tion, accentuate that Indigenous peoples are a focus of this report. Even if many it be stopped – these are longstanding and and locals’ control and determine how cul- of these activities are new to the north- ongoing debates that have gained momen- ture is used in tourism. Nevertheless, it is ern Norwegian context, they are still set tum in places experiencing tourism growth. equally important to recognise the positive in an Arctic landscape that is an impor- There are also debates on the role of com- effects of tourism, whether economic, so- tant feature of the attraction. panies coming from ‘the outside’ to utilise cial or, as well, in fostering pride in local and 8 9 Indigenous cultures. Most of all, the report ed to the use of local culture in tourism, "The focus is to what degree emphasizes the importance of participation running tourism businesses, development by local and indigenous people in deciding ideas and the possibilities and challeng- Sámi tourism providers per- the content and performance of cultural sen- es in tourism. The following chapters dis- ceive that there is an inter- sitivity. cuss why it is essential to consider cultur- The purpose of this report is to give a al sensitivity when developing tourism in cultural understanding wi- background for and an analysis of the po- Norway, what kinds of challenges need to thin the tourism industry, and be addressed and how cultural sensitivi- tential of cultural based tourism in North- how the culture-tourism-link ern Norway from the perspective of cultural ty could be heightened through increased sensitivity. The report discusses about Sámi community participation in tourism devel- can be managed for a more tourism providers' perceptions on intercul- opment. By bringing up different voices, sensitive tourism develop- tural understanding within the tourism in- opinions and experiences, the report aims dustry, and how the culture-tourism-link can to create better understanding about the ment." be managed for a more sensitive tourism de- environment where tourism business is velopment. being developed and operated. The report is based on desk research and 23 interviews conducted during March and April- 2019 in Finnmark and Troms, in areas with people of Sámi, Kven*, and Nor- wegian origin. The interviewed persons rep- resented 18 small and medium-sized tour- ism companies in rural and urban locations, and fve other tourism related organisations such as public authorities, cultural organisa- tions, NGOs and research institutes. The in- terview questions focused on the use of lo- cal cultural elements in tourism, the running of tourism businesses, the development of ideas, and the possibilities and challeng- es in tourism. The questions were connect- *Descendants of immigrants from Finland 9 CULTURALLY SENSITIVE TOURISM LOCALITY Things are discussed together at RECOGNITION AND local level with many stakeholders RECIPROCITY Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic sensitive tourism Culturally PERSONAL INTERACTIONS ARCTISEN RESPECTFUL AND FACE-TO-FACE ENCOUNTERS DISCUSSIONS DISCUSSING AND CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE LISTENING Interest and willingness to learn from other cultures COCREATING Figure 1. Characteristics of culturally sensitive tourism. 10 11 Framework for culturally sensitive tourism in Norway 11 Framework for culturally sensitive tourism Norway Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic sensitive tourism Culturally Culturally sensitive tourism cannot rely Existing guidelines and quality cer- vice given for visitors to conservation areas only on good intentions. A legal and po- tifcates and the right to roam3, while international litical framework for tourism is a nec- guidelines for the protection of Indigenous essary foundation for a tourism that In Norwegian politics, ‘sustainability’ has peoples, like the Akwé: Kon guidelines4, ARCTISEN benefts and is inclusive of local com- been the buzz word for tourism. The Nor- have not been implemented. wegian White paper on the tourism industry munities and minorities culturally, eco- Visit Norway provides a vision for sus- states that sustainability must be the ba- nomically and socially. Furthermore, tainable tourism
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