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Trade in Pegasid Fishes (Sea Moths), Primarily for Traditional Chinese Medicine

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Trade in Pegasid Fishes (Sea Moths), Primarily for Traditional Chinese Medicine ORYX VOL 31 NO 3 JULY 1997 Trade in pegasid fishes (sea moths), primarily for traditional Chinese medicine Amanda C. J. Vincent Pegasid fishes (sea moths) have only entered the arsenal of traditional Chinese medicine within the past few decades, but are now used in southern China and Hong Kong to treat respiratory ailments and cancers. Brief trade surveys suggest that millions of individuals of two pegasid species are used each year, and that they cost relatively little compared with other ingredients. Most pegasids are apparently a bycatch of trawl fishing, which has recently intensified near China. Trade and use of these fishes is expanding — they have been sought in the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam - and should be monitored, particularly because the biology of pegasids makes these fishes vulnerable to exploitation. Introduction PRC). Pegasus volitans (Cuvier) is also referred to as fei hai'e. The pegasids' highly distinctive Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) depends morphology includes a body enclosed in a heavily on animal and plant products, with rigid carapace formed of fused plates, ventral ever more resources consumed by the flattening, huge pectoral fins (hence their People's Republic of China (PRC) in response name reminiscent of winged horses), rolled to its great economic growth since the mid- pelvic fins and a small protruding mouth. This 1980s. This dependency poses well-publicized latter feature is one reason why pegasids are threats to rhinoceroses, tigers and bears but classified in a sister group (Pegasoidea) to the we still know little about the conservation seahorses and pipefishes (Syngnathoidea; status of most other species embraced by the Pietsch, 1978). TCM pharmacopaeia. Fishes are particularly Pegasids inhabit temperate and tropical seas neglected, even though a preliminary and in- of the Indo-Pacific region, from South Africa complete list cites use of 58 species (Tang, to Hawaii. The family is currently thought to 1987). Recent work points out that growing consist of five species in two genera, Pegasus TCM demand threatens seahorses and and Eurypegasus (Palsson and Pietsch, 1989; pipefishes (Vincent, 1995, 1996). I here discuss see Figures 3 and 4 for occurrence). Other the TCM trade in fishes of the marine family generic names, now discredited, include Pegasidae, and comment on the conservation Acanthopegasus and Parapegasus. Pegasids live concerns raised thereby. This trade has not on open sand or mud substrate in calm areas, previously been documented and the fishes such as bays and estuaries, and prefer coarser themselves remain virtually unstudied. sediments or the presence of seagrass (Kuiter, 1985). Although pegasids have been collected to maximum depths of at least 291 m, they are Study species more commonly found in relatively shallow coastal waters in as little as 1 m of water (al- Pegasids (sea moths, sea birds, sea swallows though this varies by species; Palsson and or sea sparrows) are small marine fishes, sel- Pietsch, 1989). Larvae and juveniles to 30 mm dom exceeding 100 mm long (Figures 1 and 2). may be found planktonically (Palsson and They go by Chinese names of hai'e, hai yan or Pietsch, 1989). Pegasids are usually diurnal hai ma que (pinyin romanization as used in the but juveniles and adults can be attracted by © 1997 FFI, Oryx, 31 (3), 199-208 199 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.234, on 02 Oct 2021 at 03:18:36, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-12.x A. C. J. VINCENT Figure 2. P. volitans SL 89.4 mm (A) Dorsal view (B) Lateral view. Drawn by Lana J. Koepke. From Palsson and Pietsch (1989), reproduced with the permission of Wayne A. Palsson. Figure 1. P. laternarius SL 60.9 mm (A) Dorsal view (B) Lateral view. Drawn by Lana J. Koepke. From Palsson and Pietsch (1989), reproduced with the permission of Wayne A. Palsson. that they are trawled with prawns only during certain periods of the year (Kuiter, 1985). Sexes of E. draconis do not differ in total lights at night, and rise to the surface (Kuiter, length or colour but the female has a larger 1985). carapace volume while the male has a signifi- The few brief studies of pegasid biology in- cantly longer tail and rostrum (Herold and dicate that the same pairs of one male and one Clark, 1993). P. lancifer's colours are usually female mate repeatedly - perhaps because of beige/brown/green but both sexes are highly their low density and low mobility - but show cryptic, capable of rapid colour change to neither parental care nor site fidelity (Pegasus match the substrate (Kuiter, 1985). In both lancifer; Kuiter, 1985; Eurypegasus draconis; species, males' snouts are more slender and Herold and Clark, 1993). Pegasids walk or proportionally longer than those of females. crawl along the bottom on their pelvic fins, Pegasids shed their skin in one complete piece only occasionally using their large pectorals to every 1-5 days, presumably to rid themselves 'fly'. Many P. lancifer congregate in estuarine of accumulated epibiotic growths of algae, hy- shallows on a seasonal basis (Kuiter, 1985). droids and other organisms (Kuiter, 1985; Seasonal migrations are suggested by the fact Herold and Clark, 1993). Strict carnivores, Figure 3. Occurrence map of the genus Pegasus in the Indo-Pacific, based on the origins of specimens available for inspection by Palsson and Pietsch (1989). No trade is yet known in P. lancifer. Drawn by Lana J. Koepke and reproduced with the permission of Wayne A. Palsson. 200 © 1997 FFI, Oryx, 31 (3), 199-208 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.234, on 02 Oct 2021 at 03:18:36, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-12.x TRADE IN PEGASID FISHES Figure 4. Occurrence map of the genus Eurypegasus in the Indo- Pacific, based on the origins of specimens available for inspection by Palsson and Pietsch (1989). No trade is yet known in this genus. Drawn by Lana J. Koepke and reproduced with the permission of Wayne A. Palsson. they feed by sucking small epifaunal and in- Haikou, Zhejiang, Guangzhou, Shantou, terstitial invertebrates from the sediment/ Xiamen and Fuzhou; Figure 5). Discussions water interface (Herold and Clark, 1993). They lasted from 30 minutes to several hours, de- have been known to fall prey to larger pelagic pending on willingness to talk to us. All inter- fish such as tuna (Palsson and Pietsch, 1989) views were in Mandarin or Cantonese, and to birds such as penguins (Kuiter, 1985). through a Hong Kong Chinese biologist, with One of the species noted for sale for TCM, notes made during the interview. We also Pegasus laternarius, occurs from Indian and visited TCM retail outlets and market stalls in Western Pacific Oceans, and has been trawled each of these cities, and in Quanzhou; these up from mud bottoms at depths of 27 to 91 m, were discovered haphazardly by wandering with most found at about 50 m (Palsson and the streets and/or through talking with local Pietsch, 1989). Larvae are planktonic. people. The total number of retail outlets The second species noted for sale in TCM, visited or people formally interviewed in Pegasus volitans, occurs in the Indian and Hong Kong and the PRC during these two Western Pacific Oceans, at depths of 1 to 73 m, trips was 87, not including brief discussions with most between 9 and 27 m (Palsson and with TCM consumers and casual meetings. Pietsch, 1989). It is brought up from muddy The Philippines' information comes from and sandy bottoms by seine-, trawl-, dredge- conversations with fishers, found by asking a and shrimp-nets. One report claims that cap- wide range of people for advice as to who tured P. volitans emit a foul smell (Babu, 1966). might know about pegasids. Palsson and Pietsch (1979) dismiss two recorded catches of P. volitans off North America as being releases from marine aquaria. Sales Pegasids are sold whole and dried. Their sales currently appear to be restricted to Hong Trade surveys Kong and the southern PRC provinces of Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan (Figure 5). Most information in this paper was collected According to TCM merchants interviewed, through field work in China and Hong Kong there is no tradition of local use in Fujian, the during May 1993 and April and May 1995. next coastal province north. Nor are pegasids Interviews and surveys focused on seahorses, commonly used in Taiwan or other parts of only secondarily considering the pegasid Asia. For example, TCM retailers in Surabaya, trade. The approach was to seek out the direc- Indonesia (which has a large ethnic Chinese tor of the major government TCM products community), did not know this fish. importer(s) in the larger coastal cities of At least two pegasid species are sold in southern and south-eastern China (Beihai, southern China: P. laternarius (Figure 1) and © 1997 FFI, Oryx, 31 (3), 199-208 201 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.234, on 02 Oct 2021 at 03:18:36, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-12.x A. C. J. VINCENT ^ \ han^ hai C H I N A VJ \7B g \ j->^^—/zHEJIANG \ East \ s\ i ch'"c } 1 CC/" ) r ^^-v i \/ (Fuzhou^*I FUJPAN / Sea l \ f, \ f P /»Taipei 7 ) f^^ Quanzhouy I \ J V< ViW15"1/ /TAIWAN GUANGXI ^ ShantOU,>^ Penghu'lsl J s Guangzhou^/ KaohsiungV^ "jJ" HONG KONG 2TNAM ^Mong (^/^hanj an ,Hanoi« S South ^ LAOS Cai 2^ China Sea Figure 5.
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