OFFICIAL AGENTS. FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS. In . . \ lh:ssBs. TIU.CXEB, SPI:NX & Co., Calcutta and Simla. MESSES. N EWlU.N & Co., Calcutta. 1\hssRs: HIGGINBOTHA.M & Co., Madras. MESSRS. THA.CKER & Co., LD., Bombay. 1\bssas. A. J. CoMBRIDGE & Co., Bombay. Tn.B SuPERINTENDENT, AHERICA.N BA.PTIST MissioN PREss, .. Rangoon. . · Mns. RA.DHA~A.I ATHA.RUI SAaooN, Bombay. Msssns. R. 0A.MBB! Y & Co., Calcutta. Ru SAHIB M. Guun SIBGH & SoNs, Proprietors of the Mufid-i-am Press, Lahore, Punjab. • MEssns. THOMPSON & Co., Madras. MESSRS. S. MuBTBY & Co., Madras. MEssRs. GonL N.u.J.YBN & Co., Bombay. · MnssBs. B. BANEB.TBE & Co., 25, Cornwallis Street, Calcutta. MESSEs. S. K. LABIRI & Co., Printers _and Booksellers, College Street, Calcutta.. . · . :MEsSRs. V. KALYUI'A.IlA.lU. ITER &.Co., Booksellers, &c., Madras. lhssas. D. B. 'fA.BAPOREVA.LA., SoNs & Co., Booksellers, Bombay. MEssRs. G. A. N J.TESAN & Co., Madras. · . MR. N. B. MATBUB, Superintendent, Nazair Kanum Hind Press, Allahabad. TuB CA.LCUTTA. ScuooL Boox SociETY. MR. SuNDER P.&NDUBUG, Bombay. MBssRs. A. M. AND J. FERGUsoN, Ceylon. MES8B8. TEMPLE & Co,, .Madras. . MEssRs. CoMBRIDGE & Co., Madras. MEsSRS• A. R. PILL.U & Co., Trivandrum. MESSES. A. CHAND & Co., Lahore. BA.BU S. C. TA.LUXDA.R, Proprietor, Students cl Co., Cooch Behar. · In England. lb. E. A. ARNOLD, 41 & 43, Maddox Street, Bond Street, London, W. ., MEssRs. CoNSTABLE & Co., 10, Orange Street, Le1eester Square, r..~ondon. w. c. M:sssus. GRINDLA.Y & Co., 54, Parliament Street. London, S. W. MEssRs. KBGAN :PAuL, TBENCB, TRUBNER & Co., 43, Gerrard Street, Soho, London, W. * MR. B. QuABITCB, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, Londo11, W. . . MEsSRs. W. TBACXER & Co., 2 Creed Lane, Ludgate Hill, London, E. C. • MEsSRs. P. S. KING & SoN, 2 & 4-, Great Smith Street, Westminster,London, S. W. MEssas. H. S. KING & Co., 65, Cornhill, London, E. C. MR. B. H. Br.AcXWELL, 50.51. Broad Street, Oxford. MBssas. DIEGBTON BELL & Co., Trinity Street, Cambridge. Ma. T. FIBBER UNWIN, 1, Adelphi TerraP-e, London, W. 0. MEssRs. LuZJ.c & Co., 46, Great Russell Street, London, W. C. On the Continent.

MEssRs. .R. FRIEDLANDER & Sou N, 11, Carlstrasse, Berlin, N. W. 6.· MR. OTTo lliRRA.SSOWITZ, Leipzig. Ma. RuDOLF HAUPT, Leipzig (Germany) • .Ma. KARL HIERSEMJ.NN, 29, Konigsstrassee, Leipzig. Ma. EaNEsr LEROUX, 2R, Rue Bonaparte, Paris. Ma. MJ.RTINUS NI.TBOF.F, The Hague. BENGtA.L DISTRICT Gv1.ZE1'TEERS.

SINGHBHUM. SARAIKELA AND KHARSAWAN·

[PricB-In India, B1. ~.S; in. England, 81. 9/l.] BENGAL DISTRICT GAZETTEERS.

'- - SINGHBHUM, SARAIKELA AND 'KHARSA WAN.

BY L. S. S. O'MALLEY,

llfDU.ll' CIVIL SBBVICBo

CALCUTTA: A THE BENGAL SECRE'rARIAT BOOK DEPOT.

1910.- PREFACE.

I HAVE much pleasure in aoknowledging the assistance which I have derived, in compiling this volume, f1·om the Final Report on the Settlement of the Kolhan Government Estate by Mr. J. A. Craven, from the Final Report on the Survey and Settlement Operations in the Porahat Estate by Mr. J. H. Taylor, from the Final Report on the Operations for the Preparation of a Record-of-Rights in Pargana Porahat by Mr. T. S. Macpherson, r.c.s., and from the Final Report on the Survey and Settlement Operations in the Saraikela and Kharsawan States by Mr. C. W. E. Connolly. Much of the information contained in this volume is taken from those reports. L. S. S. O'M. ~ . PLAN OF CON 'fEN T S.

CHAPTER. PAGES. I. PaYsiOAL AsPECTs 1-21 II. HISTORY • • • 22-46 III. THE PEOPLE .. • 47-65 IV. THE Has • • 66-95 v. PuBLic HEALTH • 96-98 VI. FoREsTs • . 99-108 VII. AGRICULTURE • . 109-119 VIII. NATURAL 0AtAMITIES . • . 120-123 IX. RENTS, wAGES AND PRICES . . 124-139 X. MINES, MANUP ACTURES AND TRADE • . 140-159 XI. MEANS oF CoMMUNICATION . 160-162 XII. LAND REVENUE ADMINIS'fRATTON • • • 163-187 XIII. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION • . 188-198 XIV. LocAL SELF-GovERNMENT .. • 199-200 XV. EDTJCATION . 201-205 XVI. GAZETTEER • 206-226

SARAIKELA STATE.

I. PHYSICAL AsPECTS • 227-228 II. HISTORY • • • • ~ 229-231 III. THE PEOPLE • • • • • • 232-233 IV. AGRICULTURE • • • 234-236 v. LAND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION • • • 237-243 . • VI. GENERAl. ADMINISTRATION . • 244-246 VII") GAZETTEER . .. • • 247-248

KHARSAWANI STATE.

I. PHYSICAL AsPECTs • • • • 249 II. HISTORY • • 250-251 III. THE PEO:PLE • • • • 252-253 IV. LAND RBl'ENUE ADMINISTRATlON . . 254-255 v. GHNERAL ADMINISTRATION • • 256-257 INDEX • • • • • • • ' • 259-266 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I.

PHYSICAL ASPECTS. PACIIS, GEli'BRAL DESCRIPTION-Origin of name-Boundaries-conflguration- N.&TUBAL DIVISIONS-Se.njai Valley-Dhalbhiim-Poribiit-Kolbin­ Siranda PJr-SOENEBY-HILL SYSTEH-Nortb-western spur-Trap-range­ Quartzite range-Schistose range -North-eastern spur-Principal peaks­ RIVER BYSTEH-SUBABNABBXRA SYBTEH:_Su barnarekhii.-Kharkai­ Roro-Sanjai-BAITABANI BYSTBH-BBARHANI BYSTBH-South Koel­ North and South Karo-Deo-Koina-GEOT.oOGY-Supertlcial deposits­ Dhirwir rocks-Gneisses and granites-Igneous rocks-Minerals-Gold­ Copper-Iron and Manganese-Miscellaneous-BOTANY -FAUN .&-Game · birds-Reptiles-OLIHATB-Temperature-Rainfall ... 1-21

• CHAPTER II.

HISTORY.

TRB BTOlfB AGB-EABLY OIVILIZATION-TRB J.&.INS-ABOBIGINAL BA.OBS­ BBITIBB CONQUEST OP DRALBRUH-EABLY BBLATIONS WITH POBARAT­ FIBST INVASION Ol!' TRB KOLRAN-8UBMISSION Ol!' THB HoS-KOL BEBBLLlO:N-GANGA NARAYAN'S BEBELLION-ANNEXA.TIO:N Ol!' THE KOLRAN-l\IUTIBY Ol!' 1857-BIBSAIT OUTBBBAX Ol!' 190Q-ADMI:NIS• 'mATlVB OliAlfGBS ,., 22-46

CHAPTER III.

THE PEOPLE.

GBOWTII OP POPULATION-cENSUS OP 1901-Density-Migration-Towna and villages-VILLAGB:oRG.lNIZATION -Pir1-Manlcis and mundai-Pt'fJdkt'ital --0COUPATIONS-SBX AND HABBIAGB-LANGUAGES-M_undi languages­ RBLIGfONS-Hindua-Muhammadana-Christians-TBIBES AND CASTES.....,. Origin-Nomenclature-Distribution-Principal tribes and castes-Bantils -Goilis-Bhumij-Mundis-Mund~ monuments- Tintia- Bhuiyis- Xurmis-Ximira .. , n• · ,,. ,., ... 47-65 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IV.. THE HQS. PAGBS. TBADl'rlONS o:r ORIGI!T-P:U:YSIC.lL 'rYPB-GENBRAL CHARACTERISTICS­ DBVBLOPHEN'r lJNDER BBI'rlSR BULB-DBESS-llfTERNAL STB.UOTURB­ BIR'r:U:-MARRIAG I-FUNERAL CER BHONIES-SUPUJ.CHR.&L liONUJIIEliTS -PROPBRTY--0AS'rB-LANGUAGB-FOLXLORB-RBLIGIO.N-DBITIIS­ SPIRITS OP THB DBAD-WI'rCHCRAFT-E:X:ORCIS}I-FBSTIVALS-l\laghi­ Bti PMa&-Other festivals~AHUSB:ME.NTS-:VILLA~E,s-Vxi:.LAGII LIFE- ColiHlJltAL. BYS'rEll~ _ ••• : G6-95

CHAPTER V •. PUBLIC HEALTH•. · CLi'HA'rB-VITAL STATISTIOS-PBINCIP AL DISE.ASES-Fever-Cholera-Small· pox-Other diseases-Infirmitie~~ VACOiiU.TlOli~M~DIC.&!' I~STITU'riONS 96-98 1 > .l ••• •. l - !' (. • > • " • • • .. '- , .... CHAPTER VI ... : . ' '

ABBA· AND BI'rt1UION--CHAR1CTEB o:r F~imsu.:.The aiil forests-Yixed forests-BESEBVBD PORESTS-History-Systen:i of ~qaoagemeot-Markets­ Revt1nUe prospects-?rotection-Relationa with the people-PROTECTED POBBS'rS-Kolhin-Porabit-0THBll FORESTS 99-108

CHAPTER VII.

AGRICULTURE.

GENEBAI. CONDITIONS~&AlNIALL-lBBIGATION-.Bandk.t-Wells-CLASSES OP LAND-PRINCIPAL CROPS-Rice-Other cereals and pulses-Oil-seeds..,... Sugarcane-Cotton-Tobacco-METHODS. OP CULT!:V ATION-.RotatioQ­ Manures-E:X:TENSION OP OULTIV ATION-hlPROVBMEN'r OP CROPS- CATTLE ... 109-119

CHAPTER VIII. NATURAL CALAMITIES. LIA:BILITY TO FAHINB-FAHIBB OF 1866-'FAllllliE OP 1874-FAMIIIB OP 1897.-FAHINB OP 1900 ,,. ·••• 12~123

·CHAPTER IX. RENTS, WAGES AND PRICES. RBFTB-Kolhin-Porihit-Dhalbhii.m -Rakumits and a'hwalJs-Betk'hegiri­ l'BICIS-WAGES-SUPPLY OF LA.:BOUR-M.l'IEBIA.J. CO.li'DITIOI!l-Kolhiin- }'oribit-Dhalbhii.m ... .., .. • 124-139 TABLB OP' VONTENTS. xiii

CHAPTER X.

MINES, MANUFACTURES AND TRADE. PAGES, MINEs-Copper-Gold-Native methods of gold recovery-Ancient workings­ Prospects-Iron-Manganese-Mica-Soapstone · quarries-Limestone­ MANO':rACTUBEs-Tata. Iron and Steel Works-Cocoon-rearing-Othel' · industries-TBADB-Weights and measures-Land measures ... 14.0-159

. CHAPTER XI.

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. ' R.ULWAYS-ROADS-BUNGALOWS-CONVE}" AN CBS-W ATEB COMMUNICATIONS- POSTAL COlllllUli'ICATIONS ••• ...... , ,., 16G-162 . . , .. - .. ' CHAPTER. XII~ ~ .. •' !. • .. ' . • • LAND REVENUI!: ADMINISTRATION• .. '· ' ... '.... - KoLRA.N-Revenue History-Settlement of 1837-:Settlement of 1897-System of adminilltration-Manki&-Munda•-Tak.s'laar&-Rules regarding Dikkua-Tenures-Rights of tecants-PORABAr-Land tenurea-Zamin­ diil'i of Poriihiit.-Tenure-holders-Klorpoak-Ckikri.in-nent-free land--· Tenants• rights-.Mankis-Headmen-Kkuntkattidars -Ryoti rights­ !,orest rights-Rights· ,in trees-Miscellaneous· incidents-DRA:LBRUM­ Revenue history- Gk'iitwals-Pradh'iini tenures~Other tenures...:.nunl· katti rights ••• ,.. . ••• ...... 163-187

CHAPTER XIII. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION. ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES AND STAl!'J!'-REVBNUB-Land revenue-Excise­ Stamps-Cesses-lncome-tax-Registration-ADMINISTRATIOll' OP JusTICE -Crime-Criminal castes-POLICE-village police-Kolhii.n-Porihit- Dhalbhiim-Cke~ukidiri system-JAILS-Ko:LRA.N. MARKET FUND ... 188.-198

CHAPTER XIV. LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT. MUNICIPALITIES-DISTRICT ROAD COMMITTEE_ ...

CHAPTER XV. EDUCATION.

P:aoGBEBB OP EDltCATio:N-SBco:KDARY ScHooLS-PRIMARY Scs:ooLs-GI:aLs• ' SoHoo;r.s'""':'Si>EciAL ScnooLs-IND11STRIAL ScHoor.s-EDtrOATION' o:r . £BOlii.IGllULS ...... -- ...... ••• ~01-205 xiv TABLE 0!' CONTENTt:.

CHAPTER XVI.

GAZETTEER. PAGES, AlUliTDJ,>UB- Babarigori-Bandgiioo - Benusigar - Cbaibisi - Chaiupm­ Chakradbarpur -Cbakulii-Dbalbbum-Gbitsili-Goilkeri-Haludpukur or HaldipuklJur-Jagannithpur-1aintgarh-Kilimiti-:-Keri-Kcsnigarh· .Kolbin-Kolbio Pirs-llanobarpui--Porihat esta~Ruam~Sadant Pirs -Siranda--Siranda Garb • .. ,,, ••• 206-226

BARAIKELA STATE. · CHAPTER I:

PHYSICAL ASPECTS. ; . O~NEB.&:L DBSCBil'rlON-l'llYSICAL ASl'EOrs-Biver system - ... ••• 227-228

CHAPTER II.

HISTORY .. ... ~ ...... 229-231

CHAPTER III.

THE PEOPLE.

lNDlTSrBIES-TBADB-1\lATEBIAL CONDITION ...... 232-233

CHAPTER IV.

AGRICULTURE.

GENERAL CONDITIONs-CLASSES 01' LAND-Inigation-PBINOil'AL CBOl'S- _ Rice-Other cropa-EXTENSION OJ' CULTIVATION,., ... .., 234-236

CHAPTER V.

LAND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION.

LAND TBNUBES-.Pirpattidiirs-Dorposi grants-Ckakri11 or NfJdraii­ Religious grants-Muafi- SUBVEi' .lND SETTLEMBNT-RBN'rS-AGBICUL• _TUBAL TENANCIBS-.Prajali-Transfer of occupancy rights-Thik4-NON• AGBI011LTU.UL TENANTS-UNDBB·BYOTB-.PGttcAtl and a6wabs-VILLAGa llBADlrlBN ,.. .., :•• 237-243. TABLE OF CONTENTS, XV

CHAPTER VI.

GENERAL ADMINIST.RATION; PAGES,

STATUI o:P TRB CniEP.:._RBVENUB·-Excise-JusTICE-PoLicE-JAILS-Cou- uuNICATIONS-MEDICAL-REGIBT.BA'riON-EDucuioN , .. 244-246 CHAPTER VII.

GAZETTEER•.

BanL sai-Dugni-Gamhharia-ichi-Kandri-Karaikeli-Kuchang-Sadant Yll'-Saraikeli .. ~ ... · ... 247-248

KHARSAWAN STATE.

CHAPTER I. PHYSICAl! ASPECTS ...... 249 CHAPTER II. HISTORY •.. 250-251 CHAPTER III. THE PEOPLE. AGBICVtTUBB-INDl7B'I'BIBS-TB.&DB ...... ••• 252-253 CHAPTER IV. LAND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION. LU'D TBNUBBS- KhorposA-Ckikrlin-Agricultural tenancies-Khtmtkatti tAlnures-SUBTBY AND Sn'I'LBMEB:i!-RBN'I' SB'I''I'LElllBNt-SYS'rEH OF COLLECTION ,.. ••• 254-255 CHAPTER. V. GENERAL ADYINIST.RATION. RBVBNUB-Excise-POLICB-J.&ILS-COMMll'NICA'I'IO.NS-MBDICAL -EDVCA·- 'I'ION ... ,., ,., 256-257 INDEX ...... 259-266 l:N DEX.

A •. Bahtauli Para~, 39. Baibera Japu Burl, 84. Aboriginal races, 53-57 (early history of, , 10, 11. 25-27; education ·of, 205. Bimanghati, 23, 26, 29, .d~wiih, 131, 242, 243. Banaragori, 193. . . Adilkhim hill, 8. .Bindgioo, 3, 54, 161,171, 172; dcs~riptiou land, .ddll1arll4 111 • or, 206, 207.. ~ · . Administration general in · Sioghbhiim, Bancllli, 110, 111. 1SS-198; in Kharsawin, $'6, 21>'1; in Bandi hill, 249. Sarai~eli, 244-24.6. Bankbundi billa, 227. Administrative changes. 46. Banksai .l'll', 247. Administrative charges, 188; forest, 99. Bi Pt~rall, 89. Administrative staff, 188, 191, 203, Bari land 234 • .dgllani crops, 112. Bend, 27, 212. Agriculture in Singhbhiim, 109-119; in Bengali language, 51. Kharsiwin, 252) i1a Saraikeli, 234-236. Bengal Iron and Steel Company, 150. Agricultural classca, 50. 8engal-Nagpur Railway, .160. Alluvium, 12, Bennsiga1', description of, 207-20:}. Amdi, 160. Berti land, Ill, 234. Amdi road, 161. Beth ~esari, 131, 132. Amusements of the Hos, 90-94. Bkadoi crop,, 112. Anandpur, 3, 54, 171-172; daecr!ption oF, .J!kugat !andka, 242, 206. Bhuiyia, 64, 63. Angarbiri bills, 8. Bhumij, 60; raids' of, 29 ; · rebellion of, Animists, 52, 53. 86-37. . Ankua, 149. Bicha hill, 6. Arjun Singh, rebellion of, 40. Binda I'aro1J, 214. Asanbani, 193, 212. Binjai river, 10, 249. Assam, emigration to, 48. Birds, 19. . Assessment of rents, 124-182. Birsait outbreak, 1900, i2-66. A.suri, school at, 203, 205. Birth eeremonies•of the Hos, 73, 74. · Atkosl, 212. Bison, 18. B. Blindness, 97. Bid land, 111, ll2. Bomaiburu hill, 8. BiicU land, IlL Bonsa1, 83. Bigmundi, '1. Botanr, 10,16, 17. BdiiZ land, 112. Boundaries of the districf, 2. BaLarigori, deaeription of, 206; rainfaU Hribmani river, 11. , at, 21. BrUish conquest of Dhalbhii.m, 27.si.· · T 260 INDEX.

Bndi, 8. Crime, 192. Bndi hi11, 151. Criminal eastes, 193.., Burn Hos, 66-57. Crops, improvement of, 118; in Serai. kela, 235. c. Crops, principal, of Singhbhiim, 112-116'·,, of Kharsiwan, 252; of Saraikeli, 235, Calamities, natural, 120-123. 236.- Cape Copper Company, Hol. Cultivation;method(of, 116-118; exten­ Caste among Hos, 81. sion or, 118, 236. . . C~tes and tribes, 54-65. ·cattle, 118. Census statistics, 47, 48. D. C~reals, 114. Ceases, Tevenue from, 190, Chaibiisi, description of~ 209, 210; dis­ Dalma hill, '· pensary- at, 98; municipal administra­ Dimpira, 212. tion, 199 ; rainfall at, 21 ; registration Dimurai festival, 89. office at, 191; schools f!ot, 203, 204, 205 ; Dari, 13. silk rearing at, 156. . basi, 215. Chainpur, 171, 172; description oF, 210. Deaf-mutism, 97. Chakradtiarpur, description of, 210,. 211 i Deities of the Hos, 84, 85. mission at, 53 ; rainfall at, 21. Density of ·population, 48. Cliifkran tenures, 173, 237, 238, 254. Deogioo, 161. Chakulia, 27, 157 ;, description oF, 211, ·neo river, 11. 212. Deori, 81. Champa, 216. Desauli Bongs, 83, 84. Chandor hill, 7- Dhalbhiim, conquest by the British of, Chaukidiri system, 197. 27-31; description of, 212, 213; land Chief of Kbarsiwin, 250, 251 ; status revenue administration of, 180-187; of, 256. physical features of, 4; rents in, 127, Chief of Saraikela, 231; status of, 244. 132; village police system in, 195, 196. Chitimiti, school at, 203, 205. Dharagiri, 215. Chitreswar, 206. Dharagiri hill, 7. Cholera, 97. Dhirwar rocks, 12, 13. Christians, 5a-54. Diarrhrea, 97. Chuars, raids of, 29, SO. Dikkus, 84; rules regarding, in Kolhin, Civil justice, 191, 192. 169. Climate, 19-21 ; in relati~n to health, 96. Dinda hill, 8. Cocoon rearing, 153-156. Diseases, principal, 96-97. Communal system of the Hos, 94, 96. Dispensaries, in Singhbhiim, 98; Kharsi• Communications, in Singhbhum, 160-162; win, 257 ; in Saraikeli, 246. in Kharsiwin; 257 ; in Saraikela, 245. District Road Committee, 199, 290. Configuration of the district, 2-3. · Don land, 111, 234. Conservancy, forest, 99-108. Dress of the Hos, ?2-73. Copper, deposits of, 15. Dugni .Ptr, 247. Copper mines, 140-144. Dumurii, school at, 203, 205. Cotton, cultivation of, 114-116. Dysente11, 97, lNDBX. 261

E. Gneil!ses, 14. Goiilis, · 58 -60. Education, in Singhbil,iim, 201-205; in Gobindpur, 245. Kharsiwin, 257; in Saraikelii, 246. _ Golan~li tenures, 238, 254. Emigration, 48-49. Goilkerii, description of, 215; rainfall Eray Bonga, 84. at, 2L .Excise, in Sioghhhiim, 189; in Kharsi­ Gold, deposits of, 15. wan, 256 ; in Saraikelii, 245. Gold mining, 144-150. Exorcism among the Ros, 86-88. Gonjliru, 50, 175. Exports, 157. Gor'il land, 111, 234. F. Granites, 14. Famine, liability to, 121. Grazing Ian ds, 118, 119. Famines, 120-123. Gulka, 23. Fauna.17-19. Guru· training: schools,. 204. Female education, 204. H. Fergusson, expedition to Dhalbhiim of, Hakagara, 16, 150. 27-28. HfJl, area of, 124, 128_. 158, 159.l Festivals of the Hos, 88-90. Haldipukhor-See Haludpukhur.l Fever, prevalence of, 96. Halodpukhur, 29, 30; description of, Fish, 19. 215. Flora, 16, 17, 101. Hariringi hill, 8, Folklore of the Hos, 82. Harima, 215. Forbes, expedition to Dhalbhiim of, 32.1~ Hats, 157. Foresta of Singhbhiim, area of, 99, 100 ; Headmen in Kharsiiwin, 243; in Kolbin, character of, 100, 101 ; protected, 105· 167; in Porihit, 174-176; in Saraikelii, 108; reserved, 101-105-; situation of, 255. 99, 100 ; of Saraikelii, 228. Funeral ceremonies of the Ho·s, '16·79. Health, public, 96-!.18. Hetkhand Plr, 206. G. High schools! 203. Game birds, 19. Hindii hill, 8. Oamharii, 3, 4, 160, 161, 198. language, 51. Gamharii Pit-, 247. Hindus, 53. Gangi Niriyan, rebellion of, 36, 37 ~ Hi:ri PfJra1J, 89. GanjfJ, revenue from, 189. . . History of Singhbhii.m, 22·46; of. Kharsi· General administration, m Singhbhiim• win~ 250, 251; of Saraikela, 229, 231. 188-198 ; in Kharsawiin, 256, 257 i in Ho language, 51.1 Saraikela, 244.-246, Ho, meaning of the word, 56. Geology, 11-16. Honorary Magistrates, 191. Ghasis,148, 193. · Hos, amusements of, 90-93; birth cere· Gbitsilii, 27, 161; description of, 213, monies, 73, 74; caste, 81; commun•l 215 ; rainfall at, 21 ; registration system, 94-95 ; deities, 84, 85; develop• office at, 191. ment under British rule, 71 J dress, · G'Mtwal1 of llhalbhiim, 181, 184; police 72, 73; earlr history of, 25-27, 32·35 J duties of, 195, 196. ' · education of, ::05; exorcism, 86-88; Gliuting, 16. festivals, 1.88-90; folklore, 82, 83; Girls' schools, 204. fulleral ceremonies, 76-'19 a general 262 1 ND BX.

characteristics, 67-71; improvidence of, I Jum-nama Parab, 90. 120 ; internal structure, 73; language, Justice, administration of. in Singhbbiim, 82; marriage, 74-76 ;. origin, 66, 67; ·191, 192; in Sataikela, 245. physical type of, 67; religifn, 83 J . septs of~ 7~; · sepulchral monuments, K. 76-~9 ; spirits of the dead, f5; succes· Kadal, 215. sion:of property, 81; villages, of 93 J Kairam Plr, 206. village life of, 94; belief in witchc1·aft, Kalam Par~b, 90. ~5, 86. Kalikipur, 193; rainfall at, 21. Humidity, 20. Kalimiti, 152; description ot, 216, 217. Hututua Plr, 206. Kalsimohan, 206. I~ Kimirs, 65. Kanili land, 112. Ic'hi ~,,.,· 247 •. Kandri Plr, 247. ~gneous rocks, 14. Kankar, 16. Immigration, 48, 49. Kapurgadi hill, 7. Imports, 157. Karai.kela, 227, 247, 248. Income-tax, revenue from, l!JO. Karaugas, 193. Infirmities, 97. Kaf' Makal, 127. li:ld PMab, 214. Karo river, 11. Industrial classes, 50. Katiir, 149. Industrial schools, 204. Keri, 171-172; description of, 217. Industries of Singhbhiim, 140-1£7; of Kisnigarb, description of, %17. Khar~:~iwin,_ 252; of Seraikela, 232. Khinamor.da, 206. Inoculation, .97. Khari hill, 12. Irrigation in Singhbhii.m, 110-111; in Kharkai river, 10, 228. Saraikela, 23'5. Kharsiwin, Gazetteer of, 249-257 •. Iron mines, 150. Kharsawan town, 249, 253, 256, 257. Iron ores, 15, 16. Khis Porihat, 172, 225. Iron, smelting of, 157•. Kherwir language, 51. Iron ~orks, 151, 153. Kkorp•Jsl& tenures, 173, 186, 237, 254. J. Kkuntkattidars, 61, 176, 186, 187, 254, 255. J agannath Dhal, Raji of Dhalbhiim, Kilis, 601 73~ 27-30. Koel river, 11. Jagannathpur, 198; description of, 215, Koina river,ll. 216; dispensary ·at, · 98 ; school at, Kokpari, 212. 203, 205. Kol, meaning of the word, 56. Jahira Buri, U. Kol rebellion, 35, 36. Jails in Singhbhiim, 197, · 198; in K.olhin, annexation of, 37; collection of Kbarsiwin, 257 ; in Saraikeli, ~45. land revenue, 188, 189; description of, . Jains, 23-25. 217-220; forests in, 99,106; invasion of, Jaintgarh, 157, 161, 198; ·description of, 32-34; market fund, 198 ; origin of name, 216. 57; physical features of, 14, 5; Pir1, Jesuit mission, 53, 54. 173-174, 249; rents in, 124-126; village Jhinkpania.!_98. police system in, 193-195. · · Jhoru, gold.washing of the, 145-147. Kolhin Plr1, description of, 221. tNnzx. ·263

Xoranjai river, 10. Manjhis, 50, 175. Ma nki.r, 49, 50; in Kolhiin, 166; · in Kothari, 157; road, 161. · Porihit, 174; police duties of, 194, Kotuiir hni, 8. 'K.otwal.r, 256. 195. Manoharpur, 21, 160, 193; description Kuchai, 253, 256. . / Kuchang, 29, 54; Plr, 248 of, 221. Kudama, 16, 150. Manufactures, 151-157. Kunwar of Saraikelii, 230. Manures, 117. Kurmis, 65. Marang Bonga, 8-i. Market fund, 198. L~ Marmarai hill, 8. Marriage, 50, 51; among the Hos, 74~76. J.abour, supply of, 133. Material condition of the people b1 Lac,157•. Singhbhii.m, 133-l39j .in Saraik~la, Lajii,16. 233. Lakhisioi hill, 7. Mathuribiisi Goilis, 59. Land, classes of, in Singhbhiim, 111, 112 ; Matiabindi, 212. in Saraikela, 234. Miitigarii, 15, 141. Land, measurement of, 128, 158, 159. Mayii.rbhanj road, 161. Land revenue administra~on, in Singh. Measurement of land, 128, iss, 15~. bhiim, 163-187 ; in Kh!lrsiiwiin, 254, Measures, 158. 255; in Saraikelii, 237-243. Medical aspects, 96·98; instituti~ns, 98 •. Land revenue, collection or, 188, 189. Merongnru, 54. Languages, 51; ol the Hos, 82. Mica, 16. Larka Hos, 56, 57; Mica mines, 151. Larka Kola, 26. Middle schools, 203. Laterite, 12. Midnapore road, 16l. Leopards, 18. Migration,' 48, 49. Lepers, 97. Minerals, 15. . Lime, deposits of, 16. Mines, 140-151; ancient, 24, 25. Limestone, 151. Missions, Christian, in Kharsiw~, 252; Local Self-Government,l99, 200. in Singhbhii.m, 53, 54 •. Longo hill, 8. Morgan, expedition to Dhalbhii.m of, 2S• Lop so hill, 'i. 29. Loti hill, 151. Monsoon rainfall, 21. Lotipahar, 4, 16. Monuments of H~s, 79-81 ; · of Mundis, Lutheran mission, 53. 62, 63. Muhammadans, 53. Mundari dialect, 51, 52. . ... M. Mundis, 60-62; languages, 51, 52; monu• Magadha Goilis, 59. menta of, 62·64.; origin of name, 5~ 62. Miighiparab, 88, 89. Magistrates, 191. Mundi8,. 49, 50; in Kolhiin, 167, ~6S • in Poriihit, 174·l76,;;.-in:...Sarai.blii Magnesian schists, 13, 14. . ' Mall.to, 50,174. · 243; Police duties of,.lS4,195., . _·; Maiariai fever, 96. Municipalities, 199. Manganese, 15, 16,~151. Mutiny ofl857~·38-42. :. 264 IN DB X.

N. Physical aspects, or Singhbhum, 1·21; ot Naek, 50. Saraikelii, 227; Qf Kharsiwiin, •24.9.- Na9ad Maial, 127. Pir• of Singhbhum, 49; of Anandpur, Nagri, 157. 206; of Kerii, 217; of Kharsiiwan, 249;

Nti:i,1&11 175. of Kolhin, 2..,19 ; of Porihit, 225 ; of hiii'k G!Uituiiils, 1P5, 196. Saraikelii, 227. _ NiU land, 111, 234.. Pirpatti tenures, 237. Nanji hill, 6. Police administration in SinghbhUm, 193· · Uarsinghgarh, 27, 29, 30. 197; in Kharsiiwan, 256 ; in Saraikeli · 245. , Native Christians, number oE, 53, 54. Natural calamities, 120-123. Police s~ations, 193. Nauler"iitl tenures, 237, 238. Population, growth of, 47. Navigation, 161, 162. Porihit, early relations with th6 British, North Karo river, 11. 31-32; forests in, 99, 106-108•. Notubtl1'11, ·u. Porihit, land revenne administration of., Notu hill, 151. 170-180; physical ·features of, 4 ; protected forests of, l06·108; village 0~ police system in, 139-195. Occupations of the people,· 50. Porihit estate, description of,!221-225. Oil pressing, 157. Post offices, 162. · Oil-seeds, 114. Potatoes, 118. Okam hill, 7. Potstones, 16; manufacture of. 156, 184, Oriyi language, 51. 185. Outposts, police, 193. Pradll.ans, 50, 174., 24.3, 245. Prajali ryots, 186, 241,.254. p~: Prices, 132. Ptacliwai, revenue from, 189. Prices in famines, 120, 121. - Palitin, 61. · Primary Schools, 204. Produce rents, 127-132. Pahardih3 15., 145. 1 Property, rights of, among Hos, 81 • .,Paik gli"iitwals, 195, 196. Protected foreats, 105-108. Part, 74. Pnblic health, 96-98. :I?ancka, 242, 243. Pulses, 114. Pancha Piindab, 215. Pnrnliii road, 161. P,angu_ra Buri, 84.. Puruniii, schools at, 203, 205. l'inpek grants, 23S. p-aorii, 212. Q. Parihiti, 212. Quarries, 16. Piiruliii, 212. Quartzites, 13. Ntiin hilJ, 8. R. fatkum, 147, Pauri Devi, 216. .Rdi crops, 112. People of Singhbhiim, 47-65 ; of Sarai­ Ragrii hill, 8. ltel}i, 232, 233 ; of lfharsiwio, 252, 253. Raidi estate, 253. People, material condition of, in Singh. Railways, 160, 245, 24G. bhfun, 133-139; in Kharsiwin, 252, - Rainfall, 21 ; in relation to agriculture, 253; in Saraikela, 232, 233. .109. JNDBX. 265

Rijiibisa, 149. Sagar, 161.' Rijdohi, 143. Sikaruburu hill, 8. Ra~umats, 131. Silforests, 100. Rim· tirtha, 216. Siilbeiia hill, 7. Ripchi-Chaibisii road, 160,.161. Siingihiitu hill, 8. Rinkini, worship of, 214. Sanjai river, 10, 228, 249. Rates of rent, 124-132. Sanjai valley, 3-~. Rt>gistration in Singhbhiim, 191; in - , 11. Saraikelii, 246. Sankua river, 10, 249. Religions, 62-5 t. ; 83-88. · Santiils, 57, 58. Rents in Dhalbhiim, 127·182; in Kharsii. Saraikelii, Gazetteer of, 227-248. win, 255; in J{'t>Jhin, 124-126; in Saraikelii town, 248. POJ.'ihit, 126, 127 ; in Saraikelii, 240, Sa'r.awiiks, 25. 241. Siiranda, desct·iption. of, 226; forests in., Rent-free lands, 173. 99, 100. Reptiles, 19. Siranda Garb, 226. Reserved forests, 101-105, Sardii."is, 50. Reservoirs, irrigation, 110, 111. Sarrlar g'kitwuls, 195, 196. Revenue, administration of. land, in Sausal, 15. Singhbhiim, 1~3-187; in Kharsiwin, Scenery of the district, 5-6. 254, 255; in Saraikelii, 237-243, 2!4. Schools in Singhbhiim, 201-205; in Revenue of Singhbhiim, 188-191; from Kharsiiwiin, 257; in Saraikelii, 246. Singhbhiim forests, lOS, 104; of Khar­ Self-government, local, 199, 200. siwin, 25S; of Saraikelii, 244, Sex, 50, 51. Rice, cultivation of, 112, .us; 236. ~ettlements gll.atwali, 183. 184; in River system, 8-11. Dhalbhiim, 127 ·132 ; in Kharsiw~n. Roads in Singhbhiim, 160-161 ; in- Kbar· 257; in Kolhiin, "124-126, 163-165; in siiwiin, 257; in Saraikelii, 2415. Poriihit,.... 126. 127.. 171; in Saraikelii · Road cess, 199, 200. · - .~39-241. Road committee, District, 199, 200. Shikm( ryots, 242.

Roman Catholic mission1.5S, 54. Siddheswar hill, 7. Roro river, 10. Silk industry. 153-156. Rotation of crops, 117. Singbonga, 2, 66, f2.. ·.. , Ronghsedge, expedition to Kolbin of, 33, Singhbhiim forest (livision, 99,_101, 102. 34. Singhbham, origin of name, 1·2• Ruim, description of, 225. Sini, 160. - Ruimgarh, 24. Sitirimgarb estate, 2.52. Ryots in Dbalbhiim, 186, ·187; ·· in Small-pox, 97. Kharsiwin, 254, 255; in Porihit, 173"; Snakes, 19.- in Saraikeli, 2W, 241. Soapstone quarries, 151, Sokhas, Sf', 87. Soni _river, 228. Soniipet, 15,1U4, 145, 147. s. Sonui, 4, 160. Lfa1n.d grass, 101. Sosopiri, 54. Sadant Plr•, 173, 174, 226, 249, South Karo river, 11• Ba~ dikrun tenures, 186. South Koil river, ).1. , 266 l.NDEX~

Spirit, revenue from, 189. Tholkobiid, 6. Stamp, revenue from, 190. Tigers,17. Statistics, vital, 96. Tikri, 13, 215. Stone age, 22. Tobacco, cultivation of, 116. Snbarnarekhii river, description of, 9, 10. · Topography, 1. Succ~sion of property ainong the Hos, Towns, 49. 81. Trade in Singhbhii.m, 157 ; in Kharsiwin Sugarcane, 114. 253; in Saraikelii, 232. Suicide, 192, 193. · Trees, 16, 17; rights in, in Kolhiio, 170; Sutna Stone and Lime Company, 151. in Poribiit, 178-179. Tribu and castes, 54-65 • . Toramdih, 16, 150. 0 T. Tosser rearing r.nd we~ving, 153-158. Taliiildar•, chaukidiiri, 197; in .Kolhiin, 168, 169. u. 'f!lkad, 53. TillaR, 16, 156. Umai hill, 8. Tiingar Pokharia, 54. Urban population, 4.9. Tintis, 64. . Ubi hill, 8. Tantanagar, 157. Tarafs, 127, 212. v. Tita Iron ~nd Steel Company, 151·153. Vaccination in Siogbbhii.m, 97, 98 ; in Tatkora hill, 6. Kharsiwiin, 257 ; in Saraikeli, 246. _ Tebo, 161. Villages, 49. Techui~l edncatio~. 204. Village lite among the Hos, 93, 94. Telegraph offices, 16!. · Village organisation, 49-50. Temperature, 20. Village police, 193-197. Tenants in l>halbhii.m, 1S1·187; in Kolhiin, Vital statistics, 96. 169, 170; in Porihit, 173; io Saraikelii, 232. w. Tenures in Dhalbhiim, 181-187; in Kolhiin, 169-170; - in Poriihit, 172-176; in Wages, 132, 133. Saraikeli, 2.40-241. Weights, 158. Terlo river, 10. · Wells, 111. Thinas in Singhbhiim, 193; in Kharsi· Witchcraft, belief in, 1?5-86. win, 256; in Porahit, 245. Thikai!iirs, 243-245. . : z. . ThUi holdings, 242, 254. Zili school, 203;205, Thika ryots, 186. · .I Zoology, 17-19.

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