Diasporic P'ungmul in the United States
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Diasporic P’ungmul in the United States: A Journey between Korea and the United States DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Soo-Jin Kim Graduate Program in Music The Ohio State University 2011 Committee: Professor Udo Will, Advisor Associate Professor Chan E. Park Assistant Professor Danielle Fosler-Lussier Copyright by Soo-Jin Kim 2011 Abstract This study contributes to understanding diaspora and its music cultures by examining the Korean genre of p’ungmul as a particular site of continuous and dynamic cultural socio-political exchange between the homeland and the host society. As practiced in Los Angeles and New York City, this genre of percussion music and dance is shaped by Korean cultural politics, intellectual ideologies and institutions as p’ungmul practitioners in the United States seek performance aesthetics that fit into new performance contexts. This project first describes these contexts by tracing the history of Korean emigration to the United States and identifying the characteristics of immigrant communities in Los Angeles and New York City. While the p’ungmul troupes developed by Korean political refugees, who arrived during the 1980s, show the influence of the minjung cultural movement in Korea, cultural politics of the Korean government also played an important role in stimulating Korean American performers to learn traditional Korean performing arts by sending troupes to the United States. The dissertation then analyzes the various methods by which p’ungmul is transmitted in the United States, including the different methods of teaching and learning p’ungmul—writing verbalizations of instrumental sounds on paper, score, CD/DVD, and audio/video files found on the internet—and the cognitive consequences of those methods. The ways in which immigrants teach and learn p’ungmul have brought standardization to performance ii practices and enabled Korean American p’ungmul practitioners to learn performance styles currently popular in Korea. This project shows the culture of p’ungmul in the United States to be highly flexible, as Korean American performers utilize different performance instrumentation, repertoire, and aesthetics depending on different audiences, performance venues, aims, and performance contexts. Depending on where they are performing or for whom, they alternate between highly virtuosic and dramatic performance techniques and attempts to re-arrange traditional existing repertoires. In tracing the common performance practices and instrumentation found in different p’ungmul groups in the United States, this project ultimately reveals how different conceptualizations of p’ungmul according to different age groups and across professionals and amateurs affect performance practices and aesthetics. iii Dedication This document is dedicated to my family. iv Acknowledgments It took a long journey for the completion of my doctoral work. This dissertation would not have come into being without help from many people who were right there in every single step at the perfect time. First of all, I would like to express my appreciation for my advisor, Dr. Udo Will, whose patience, support, logical thinking and productive criticism helped me develop a more critical perspective on my work. His theoretical orientation and perspective on music scholarship have been a turning point for my study. I also warmly thank my committee members. Dr. Chan E. Park has been interested in my work and listened to all of my fieldwork experiences and that gave me confidence for this study. Her own work inspired me to become interested in Korean studies and traditional Korean performing arts in diasporic spheres. I also owe deep thanks to Dr. Danielle Fosler-Lussier for her valuable comments, interdisciplinary perspectives and warm encouragement. She has given me precious and honest advice, not only in the process of writing this dissertation but also in anticipating my career. This research has been supported by several grants from the Ohio State University. Ethnomusicology Fieldwork Grants from 2006 to 2008 were used for research trips to Los Angeles and New York City. The International Travel Matching Grant and the Arts and Humanities Graduate Small Research Grant as well as the School v of Music Travel Grant provided financial support which allowed me to present conference papers in Liverpool, UK and New Orleans, Louisiana, respectively. I also must thank the Korea Foundation for awarding me its Graduate Studies Fellowship in the academic year 2007-08. I was able to accelerate my field research owing to the Fellowship. I want to thank to numerous people whom I met during my field research: Kang Tae-sŭng, Nam Chang-u, Kim Chun, Yun Se-jong, Chang Hŭi-jŏng, Cliff Sŏk-jae Yi in Los Angeles; Kim Kyŏng-jin, Kang Kyŏng-hŭi, Ko Ch‘an-hyŏck, Kim Pan-ya, Pak Pong-gu, Yang Chin-hwan, Yang Sun-ju, Yi Chong-hwan, Yuk Sang-min, and Kim Ch‘i- jung in New York City; Sebastian Wang in Baltimore. They all willingly participated in my project through being my interviewees. Also, I remember the warm support for my research from Kang Chi-yŏn and Yi Sang-yŏl at Hanool. Additionally, I thank Yang Chŏng-yŏn, who is a performing arts manager at the Korean Cultural Service in New York, for her generous support in providing a list of performers in New York City and answering my questions. Additionally, I would like to express my deep thanks to Professor Ju Sung-hye, my former advisor, at the Korea National University of Arts in Korea, for her invaluable encouragement and deep academic insight for my study in the United States. She first introduced me the academic field of ethnomusicology in 2001. Since then, I have followed that path and attempted to add my academic voice to the conversations about the field of ethnomusicology of Korea. Her presence in my study is incredibly influential. vi My deepest and most heartfelt thanks go to my family. My parents Kim Yang- sun and Hong Yong-sun and younger brother, Kim Yun-ch‘ŏl, have provided their endless love and steadfast support. Writing this work began with the birth of my daughter, Yun Ji-hyo Eliana. Her smile and laugh has continued to refresh me and enabled to be ready to go back to work. I cannot express enough thanks to my husband, Yun Yeo-min for his patience, love, generosity, and help throughout this entire process; it is hard to imagine completing this work without his babysitting and prayers. Last, but not least, I thank God for giving me strength and being always with me with His love. vii Vita 1979................................................................Born, Seoul, Republic of Korea 2002................................................................B.M. Musicology, Korea National University of Arts 2004................................................................M.M. Musicology, Korea National University of Arts 2011................................................................Ph.D. Musicology, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: Music Area of Emphasis: Ethnomusicology viii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... v Vita ................................................................................................................................... viii Fields of Study ................................................................................................................. viii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xiv List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xv Notes on Romanization and Translation ........................................................................ xviii Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background of P’ungmul ......................................................................................... 3 1.2.1. Defining Immigrants in Transnational Flow ......................................................... 6 1.2.2. Ethnic Enclaves ................................................................................................... 12 1.2.3. Correspondence between Culture, Place and People .......................................... 16 ix 1.3. Studies on Korean Immigrants ............................................................................... 18 1.3.1. Korean Immigrants in the U.S............................................................................. 18 1.3.2. Studies on Korean Music in the U.S. .................................................................. 19 1.4. Research Methodology ........................................................................................... 23 1.5. Performance and Bi-Musicality ............................................................................. 26 1.5.1. Transcending the