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Assessment of Possible Adverse Consequences for Biodiversity When Planting Vascular Plants Outside Their Natural Range in Norway

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Assessment of Possible Adverse Consequences for Biodiversity When Planting Vascular Plants Outside Their Natural Range in Norway VKM Report 2021: 15 Assessment of possible adverse consequences for biodiversity when planting vascular plants outside their natural range in Norway Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered species (CITES) of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment VKM Report 2021: 15 Assessment of possible adverse consequences for biodiversity when planting vascular plants outside their natural range in Norway Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment 25.06.2021 ISBN: 978-82-8259-369-4 ISSN: 2535-4019 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) Postboks 222 Skøyen 0213 Oslo Norway Phone: +47 21 62 28 00 Email: [email protected] vkm.no Cover photo: Inger Elisabeth Måren Suggested citation: VKM, Anders Nielsen, Inger Måren, Line Rosef, Lawrence Kirkendall, Martin Malmstrøm, Hugo de Boer, Katrine Eldegard, Kjetil Hindar, Lars Robert Hole, Johanna Järnegren, Kyrre Kausrud, Erlend B. Nilsen, Eli Rueness, Eva B. Thorstad and Gaute Velle (2021). Assessment of possible adverse consequences for biodiversity when planting vascular plants outside their natural range in Norway. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM report 2021:15, ISBN: 978-82-8259-369-4, ISSN: 2535-4019. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM), Oslo, Norway. VKM Report 2021: 15 2 Assessment of possible adverse consequences for biodiversity when planting vascular plants outside their natural range in Norway Preparation of the opinion The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø, VKM) appointed a project group to draft the opinion. The project group consisted of three VKM members, one external expert and a project leader from the VKM secretariat. Two external referees commented on and reviewed the draft opinion. The VKM Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) evaluated and approved the final opinion. Authors of the opinion The authors have contributed to the opinion in a way that fulfils the authorship principles of VKM (VKM, 2019). The principles reflect the collaborative nature of the work, and the authors have contributed as members of the project group and/or the VKM Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Members of the project group: Anders Nielsen – Chair of the project group and Vice chair of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO); 3) Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo. Inger Måren – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen. Line Rosef – External expert. Affiliation: Faculty of Landscape and Society, School of Landscape Architecture, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) Lawrence R. Kirkendall – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen. VKM Report 2021: 15 3 Martin Malmstrøm – Project leader, VKM staff. Affiliation: VKM. Members of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) that contributed to the assessment and approval of the opinion: Gaute Velle – Member of the project group and Chair of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) NORCE Norwegian Research Centre; 3) Department of Biological sciences, University of Bergen Hugo de Boer – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Natural History Museum, Oslo. Katrine Eldegard – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås. Kjetil Hindar – Chair of the project group and member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. Lars Robert Hole – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Bergen. Kyrre Kausrud – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) The Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI), Oslo. Johanna Järnegren – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. Erlend B. Nilsen – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. Rolf Erik Olsen – Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Eli Rueness – Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo. Eva B. Thorstad – Chair of the project group. Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. VKM Report 2021: 15 4 Acknowledgement VKM would like to thank the referees Amy Elizabeth Eycott (Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway) and Associate Professor Tommy Lennartsson (Swedish Biodiversity Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden) for reviewing and commenting on the manuscript. VKM emphasises that the referees are not responsible for the content of the final opinion. In accordance with VKM’s routines for approval of a risk assessment (VKM, 2018), VKM received comments from the external referees before evaluation and approval by the interdisciplinary VKM approval group, and before the opinion was finalised for publication. Tanya Samuelsen Kristiansen (VKM secretariat) is acknowledged for drawing figures. Competence of VKM experts Persons working for VKM, either as appointed members of the Committee or as external experts, do this by virtue of their scientific expertise, not as representatives for their employers or third-party interests. The Civil Services Act instructions on legal competence apply for all work prepared by VKM. VKM highlights that the first author, Anders Nielsen, holds a senior position at the Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO) which is a producer of local seeds for commercial sale. VKM has concluded that there is no conflict of interest in this regard. VKM Report 2021: 15 5 Table of Contents Summary .................................................................................................................. 9 Sammendrag .......................................................................................................... 13 Glossary .................................................................................................................. 16 Background as provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency ......................... 20 Terms of reference as provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency .............. 22 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 24 1.1 What is ‘local’ (stedegen)? ...................................................................................... 27 How genetically distinct are local populations? .............................................. 30 1.2 The choice of local over nonlocal plant populations: consequences for biodiversity .... 35 Advantages of using local plants and seeds .................................................. 35 1.3 Composing and producing seed mixes ..................................................................... 37 Seeds harvested from local meadows ........................................................... 38 Mix of native seeds from different localities inside or outside the region ......... 38 Seed mixes from seed producers .................................................................. 38 Seeds of alien species ................................................................................. 39 1.4 Species found in seed mixes currently available in Norway ....................................... 39 1.5 Traits affecting the invasiveness of vascular plants .................................................. 40 1.6 Regulations regarding planting vascular plants outside their natural ranges ............... 42 In Norway .................................................................................................. 42 In the EU .................................................................................................... 43 1.6.2.1 EU-specific regulations .............................................................................. 43 1.6.2.2 France ..................................................................................................... 44 1.6.2.3 Germany .................................................................................................. 44 1.6.2.4 Austria ..................................................................................................... 45 Beyond Norway and the EU ........................................................................
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