17 December 2014 TAXACEAE (Yew Family) __ Taxus canadensis Yew FIELD CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR OF JOKERS HILL King Township, Regional Municipality of York PINACEAE (Pine Family) C.S Blaney and P.M. Kotanen* __ Larix laricina Tamarack *Correspondence author: __ Picea glauca White Spruce Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology __ Pinus strobus White Pine University of Toronto at Mississauga __ Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine 3359 Mississauga Road North __ Tsuga canadensis Eastern Hemlock Mississauga, ON Canada CUPRESSACEAE (Cypress Family) e-mail: [email protected] __ Juniperus communis Common Juniper __ Juniperus virginiana Eastern Red Cedar The following list is based on observations and collections by the authors between 1997 and 1999, __ Thuja occidentalis Eastern White Cedar with later additions by numerous observers. It includes all known to be growing outside of cultivation within the Jokers Hill property. Also listed are native species found in land adjacent to the TYPHACEAE (Cat-tail Family) Jokers Hill property, but not yet found on the site (scientific name preceded by "*" - 13 species). A __ Typha angustifolia Narrow-leaved Cat-tail total of 631 taxa (species and hybrids) are listed; 450 taxa are considered native to Jokers Hill (those __ Typha latifolia Common Cat-tail listed in bold typeface) and 181 are considered non-native (listed in regular typeface). Determining native versus non-native status required a few rather arbitrary judgements. SPARGANIACEAE (Bur-reed Family) __ Sparganium chlorocarpum Green Bur-reed Several people assisted in the preparation of this list. P. Ball of the University of Toronto at Mississauga and A. Reznicek of the University of Michigan assisted with a number of difficult POTAMOGETONACEAE (Pondweed Family) identifications, especially in the . T. Dickinson and J. Bull of the Royal Ontario Museum __ Potamogeton pectinatus Sago Pondweed identified the specimens. Warren Wagner at the National Herbarium identified biennis, Oenothera parviflora, and Oenothera villosa subsp. villosa. Peter NAJADACEAE (Naiad Family) Kotanen formatted the document for the world wide web __ Najas flexilis Flexible Naiad (http://www.zoo.utoronto.ca/jokershill/jhplants.html). Jarmo Jalava of the Ontario Natural Heritage Information Center compiled the pre-existing information on the site. ALISMATACEAE (Water-plantain Family) __ Alisma plantago-aquatica Water-plantain (A. triviale) , with only a few exceptions, follows Morton and Venn (1990). Where widely used __ Sagittaria latifolia Common Arrowhead synonyms or other potentially confusing alternate binomials exist, these are listed below the species' scientific name. As there are no standard English names for species, common names have been POACEAE (Grass Family) taken from a variety of sources. Although we have visited all parts of the property looking for __ Agrostis gigantea Redtop plants, many additional species will still be found with further field work. Information on any __ Agrostis scabra Tickle Grass (A. hyemalis) additional species (preferably with specimens) or other comments on the list would be welcomed by __ Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent Grass the authors. __ Alopecurus aequalis Short-awn Foxtail __ Avena sativa Oats ------__ *Brachyeletrum erectum Bearded Shorthusk EQUISETACEAE (Horsetail Family) __ Bromus ciliatus Fringed Brome __ Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail __ Bromus inermis Awnless Brome __ Equisetum fluviatile Water Horsetail __ Calamagrostis canadensis Canada Bluejoint __ Equisetum hyemale Rough Horsetail __ Cinna latifolia Drooping Woodreed __ Equisetum pratense Meadow Horsetail __ Dactylis glomerata Orchard Grass __ Equisetum scirpoides Dwarf Scouring-rush __ Danthonia spicata Poverty Grass __ Equisetum sylvaticum Woodland Horsetail __ Digitaria ischaemum Smooth Crab-grass __ Equisetum variegatum Variegated Horsetail __ Digitaria sanguinalis Large Crab-grass __ Echinochloa crusgalli Barnyard Grass LYCOPODIACEAE (Club-moss Family) __ Echinochloa wiegandii Western Barnyard Grass __ Lycopodium clavatum Staghorn Clubmoss __ Elymus repens Quack Grass (Agropyron repens) __ Lycopodium digitatum Running Ground-cedar (L. flabelliforme) __ Elymus virginicus Virginia Wild Rye __ Lycopodium lucidulum Shining Clubmoss __ Festuca arundinacea Fall Fescue (F. elatior, in part) __ Lycopodium obscurum (s.st.) Tree Clubmoss __ Festuca rubra Red Fescue __ Lycopodium tristachyum Ground-cedar __ Festuca subverticillata Nodding Fescue (F. obtusa) __ Festuca brevipila Sheep Fescue (F. trachyphylla, F. ovina) OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Grape-fern Family) __ Glyceria grandis Tall Manna-grass __ Botrychium dissectum Dissected Grape-fern (B. obliquum) __ Glyceria striata Fowl Manna-grass __ Botrychium matricariaefolium Chamomile Grape-fern __ Leersia oryzoides Rice Cut -grass __ Botrychium multifidum Leathery Grape-fern __ Lolium perenne Rye Grass __ Botrychium virginianum Rattlesnake Fern __ Milium effusum Wild Millet __ Muhlenbergia mexicana Mexican Muhly-grass OSMUNDACEAE (Flowering-fern Family) __ Oryzopsis asperifolia Rough-leaved Mountain-rice __ Osmunda cinnamomea Cinnamon Fern __ Panicum acuminatum Tufted Panic-grass (P. lanuginosum, Dichanthelium acuminatum) __ Osmunda claytoniana Interrupted Fern __ Panicum capillare Common Witch Grass __ Osmunda regalis Royal Fern __ Panicum depauperatum Depauperate Panic-grass __ Panicum linearifolium Linear-leaved Panic-grass PTERIDACEAE (Maidenhair Fern Family) __ Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary Grass __ Adiantum pedatum Maidenhair Fern __ Phleum pratense Timothy __ Phragmites australis Common Reed-grass (P. communis) POLYPODIACEAE (Polypody Family) __ Poa annua Annual Bluegrass __ Polypodium virginianum Rock Polypody __ Poa compressa Canada Bluegrass __ Poa palustris Swamp Bluegrass DENNSTAEDTIACEAE (Bracken-fern Family) __ Poa pratensis Kentucky Bluegrass __ Dennstaedtia punctilobula Hay-scented Fern __ Poa alsodes Woodland Bluegrass __ Pteridium aquilinum Bracken Fern __ Schizachne purpurascens False Melic Grass __ Setaria pumila White Foxtail (S. glauca) THELYPTERIDACEAE (Marsh-fern Family) __ Setaria viridis Green Foxtail __ Phegopteris connectilis Northern Beech-fern __ Sphenopholis intermedia Slender Wedge Grass __ Thelypteris noveboracensis New York Fern __ Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand Dropseed __ Thelypteris palustris Marsh Fern __ Sporobolus neglectus Overlooked Dropseed __ Sporobolus vaginiflorus Ensheathed Dropseed ASPLENIACEAE (Maidenhair Fern Family) __ Asplenium platyneuron Ebony Spleenwort CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family) __ albursina Broad-leaved Sedge DRYOPTERIDACEAE (Wood-fern Family) __ Carex aquatilis Aquatic Sedge __ Athyrium filix-femina Lady Fern __ Carex arctata Compressed Sedge __ Athyrium thelypteroides Silvery Glade-fern __ Carex aurea Golden-fruited Sedge __ Cystopteris bulbifera Bulblet Fern __ *Carex backii Back's Sedge __ Cystopteris fragilis Fragile Fern __ Carex bebbii Bebb’s Sedge __ Dryopteris x boottii Boott’s Wood-fern (D. intermedia x D. cristata) __ Carex blanda White Sedge __ Dryopteris carthusiana Spinulose Wood-fern (D. spinulosa var. spinulosa) __ Carex cephalophora One-headed Sedge __ Dryopteris cristata Crested Fern __ Carex communis Common Sedge __ Dryopteris goldiana Goldie’s Fern __ Carex cristatella Crested Sedge __ Dryopteris intermedia Intermediate Wood-fern (D. spinulosa var. intermedia) __ Carex deweyana Dewey's Sedge __ Dryopteris marginalis Marginal Shield-fern __ Carex disperma Two-seeded Sedge __ Dryopteris x triploidea Triploid Wood-fern (D. intermedia x D. carthusiana) __ Carex flava Yellow Sedge __ Gymnocarpium dryopteris Oak Fern __ Carex gracillima Filiform Sedge __ Matteuccia struthiopteris Ostrich Fern __ Carex granularis Granular Sedge __ Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive Fern __ *Carex hirtifolia Hairy-leaved Sedge __ Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas Fern __ Carex hitchcockiana Hitchcock’s Sedge __ Carex hystericina Porcupine Sedge 1 __ Carex interior Interior Sedge __ Salix cf. x rubens Hybrid Willow (S. fragilis x S. alba) __ *Carex intumescens Bladder Sedge __ Salix lucida Shining Willow __ Carex laevivaginata Smooth-sheathed Sedge __ Salix petiolaris Slender Willow __ Carex lasiocarpa Slender Sedge __ Salix serissima Autumn Willow __ Carex laxiflora Loose-flowered Sedge __ Carex leptalea Bristle-stalked Sedge JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) __ Carex leptonervia Finely-nerved Sedge __ Carya cordiformis Bitternut Hickory __ Carex lupulina Common Hop Sedge __ Juglans cinerea Butternut __ Carex muhlenbergii Muhlenberg’s Sedge __ Carex peckii Peck's Sedge BETULACEAE (Birch Family) __ Carex pedunculata Peduncled Sedge __ Betula alleghaniensis Yellow Birch __ Carex pensylvanica Pennsylvania Sedge __ Betula papyrifera White Birch __ Carex plantaginea Plantain-leaved Sedge __ Carpinus caroliniana Blue Beech __ Carex platyphylla Broad-leaved Sedge __ Corylus cornuta Beaked Hazel __ *Carex projecta Necklace Sedge __ Ostrya virginiana Hop Hornbeam __ Carex pseudo-cyperus False-cyperus Sedge __ Carex radiata Radiate Sedge FAGACEAE (Beech Family) __ Carex retrorsa Backward Sedge __ Fagus grandifolia American Beech __ Carex rosea Rose Sedge (C. convoluta) __ Quercus alba White Oak __ Carex rugosperma Rough-seeded Sedge __ Quercus macrocarpa Bur Oak __ Carex scabrata Rough Sedge __ Quercus rubra Red Oak __ Carex schweinitzii x utriculata Hybrid __ Carex sparganioides Bur-reed Sedge ULMACEAE (Elm Family) __ Carex spicata Spiked Sedge __ Ulmus americana American Elm __ Carex sprengellii Sprengel’s Sedge __ Carex stipata Crowded Sedge URTICACEAE (Nettle Family) __ Carex vulpinoidea Foxtail Sedge __ Boehmeria cylindrica False Nettle __ Cyperus bipartitus River Cyperus (C. rivularis) __ Laportea canadensis Wood Nettle __ Cyperus lupulinus Cyperus (C. filiculmis) __ Pilea fontana Dark-seeded Clearweed __ Eleocharis erythropoda Red-foot Spikerush __ Pilea pumila Clearweed __ Eleocharis obtusa Blunt Spikerush __ Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis Tall Nettle __ Scirpus atrovirens Blackish Bulrush __ Scirpus cyperinus Wool-grass POLYGONACEAE (Buckwheat Family) __ Scirpus microcarpus Red-sheathed Bulrush (S. rubrotinctus) __ Polygonum achoreum Homeless Knotweed __ Scirpus validus (s.st.) Soft-stem Bulrush __ Polygonum aviculare Prostrate Knotweed __ Polygonum convolvulus Black Bindweed ARACEAE (Arum Family) __ Polygonum hydropiper Water Pepper __ Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-Pulpit __ Polygonum lapathifolium Nodding Smartweed __ Polygonum persicaria Lady's-thumb LEMNACEAE (Duckweed Family) __ Rumex acetosella Sheep Sorrel __ Lemna minor Lesser Duckweed __ Rumex crispus Curled Dock __ Spirodela polyrhiza Greater Duckweed __ Rumex obtusifolius Bitter Dock __ Wolffia columbiana Water-meal __ Rumex orbiculatus Great Water Dock

JUNCACEAE (Rush Family) CHENOPODIACEAE (Goosefoot Family) __ Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush __ Atriplex patula Spearscale __ Juncus brevicaudatus Short-tailed Rush __ Chenopodium album Lamb's Quarters __ Juncus compressus Compressed Rush __ Chenopodium glaucum Oak-leaved Goosefoot __ Juncus bufonius Toad Rush __ Chenopodium rubrum Coast Blite __ Juncus dudleyi Dudley's Rush __ Chenopodium simplex (Torrey) Maple-leaved Goosefoot __ Juncus effusus Soft-stem Rush __ Juncus nodosus Knotted Rush AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranth Family) __ Juncus tenuis Slender Rush __ Amaranthus albus Tumbleweed __ Juncus torreyi Torrey's Rush __ Amaranthus retroflexus Redroot Pigweed

LILIACEAE (Lily Family) PORTULACEAE (Purslane Family) __ Allium tricoccum Wild Leek __ Claytonia caroliniana Wide-leaved Spring Beauty __ Asparagus officinalis Asparagus __ Portulaca oleracea Purslane __ Clintonia borealis Bluebead Lily __ Erythronium americanum Yellow Trout-lily CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family) __ Hemerocallis fulva Day Lily __ Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Sandwort __ Maianthemum canadense Canada Mayflower __ Cerastium fontanum Mouse-ear Chickweed (C. vulgatum) __ Maianthemum racemosa False Solomon's-seal (Smilacina racemosa) __ Dianthus armeria Deptford Pink __ Maianthemum stellatum Starry False Solomon's-seal (Smilacina stellata) __ Saponaria officinalis Bouncing Bet __ Medeola virginiana Indian Cucumber-root __ Silene antirrhina Sleepy Catchfly __ Polygonatum pubescens Hairy Solomon's-seal __ Silene latifolia White Campion (S. alba, Lychnis alba) __ herbacea Carrion __ Silene noctiflora Night-flowering Catchfly __ Smilax hispida Bristly Greenbrier __ Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion __ Streptopus roseus Rose Twisted-stalk __ Stellaria graminea Grass-leaved Stitchwort __ Trillium erectum Red Trillium __ Stellaria longifolia Long-leaved Stitchwort __ Trillium grandiflorum White Trillium __ Stellaria media Common Chickweed __ Uvularia grandiflora Large-flowered Bellwort RANUNCULACEAE (Crowfoot Family) IRIDACEAE (Iris Family) __ Actaea pachypoda White Baneberry __ Iris versicolor Blue Flag __ Actaea rubra Red Baneberry __ Sisyrinchium montanum Blue-eyed Grass __ Actaea x ludovici Hybrid Baneberry (A. pachypoda x A. rubra) __ Anemone cylindrica Long-fruited Anemone ORCHIDACEAE (Orchid Family) __ Anemone virginiana Thimbleweed __ *Corallorhiza cf. maculata Spotted Coralroot __ Aquilegia canadensis Wild Columbine __ Corallorhiza trifida Early Coralroot __ Aquilegia vulgaris Garden Columbine __ Cypripedium parviflorum Yellow Lady's-slipper (C. calceolus, C. pubescens) __ Caltha palustris Marsh Marigold __ Cypripedium reginae Showy Lady’s-slipper __ Clematis virginiana Virgin's Bower __ Epipactis helleborine Helleborine __ Coptis trifolia Goldthread __ Galearis spectabilis Showy Orchis __ Hepatica acutiloba Sharp-lobed Hepatica __ Liparis loeselii Loesel's Twayblade __ Ranunculus abortivus Kidney-leaved Buttercup __ *Malaxis monophyllos White Adder's-mouth __ Ranunculus acris Common Buttercup __ Platanthera hyperborea Northern Green Orchid __ Ranunculus recurvatus Hooked Buttercup __ Spiranthes cernua Nodding Ladies'-tresses __ Ranunculus sceleratus Cursed Buttercup __ Thalictrum dioicum Early Meadow Rue ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (Dutchman's-pipe Family) __ Thalictrum pubescens Tall Meadow-rue __ Asarum canadense Wild Ginger BERBERIDACEAE (Barberry Family) SALICACEAE (Willow Family) __ Berberis thunbergii Japanese Barberry __ Populus balsamifera Balsam Poplar __ Caulophyllum thalictroides Blue Cohosh __ Populus grandidentata Large-toothed Aspen __ Podophyllum peltatum May-apple __ Populus tremuloides Trembling Aspen __ Salix amygdaloides Peach-leaved Willow PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy Family) __ Salix bebbiana Beaked Willow __ Chelidonium majus Celandine __ Salix discolor Pussy Willow __ Sanguinaria canadensis Bloodroot __ Salix exigua Sandbar Willow __ Salix eriocephala Stiff Willow FUMARIACEAE (Corydalis Family) 2 __ Dicentra canadensis Squirrel Corn __ Trifolium pratense Red Clover __ Trifolium repens White Clover CAPPARACEAE (Caper Family) __ Vicia cracca Cow Vetch __ Cleome hassleriana Spider Flower (C. spinosa) __ Vicia sativa Spring Vetch __ Vicia tetrasperma Sparrow Vetch BRASSICACEAE (Mustard Family) __ Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard (A. officinalis) OXALIDACEAE (Wood Sorrel Family) __ Alyssum alysoides Yellow Alyssum __ Oxalis acetosella Wood Sorrel __ Arabis glabra Smooth Rock-cress __ Oxalis stricta Yellow Sorrel (O. fontana, O. europaea) __ Barbarea vulgaris Yellow Rocket __ Camelina microcarpa Small-seeded False-flax GERANIACEAE (Geranium Family) __ Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's Purse __ Geranium robertianum Herb Robert __ Cardamine diphylla Toothwort (Dentaria diphylla) __ Cardamine hirsuta Hairy Bitter-cress EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family) __ Cardamine pensylvanica Pennsylvania Bitter-cress __ Acalypha virginica Three-seeded Mercury (A. rhomboidea) __ Descurainia sophia Herb Sophia __ Chamaesyce glyptosperma Engraved Spurge (Euphorbia glyptosperma) __ Erophila verna Spring Whitlow-grass (Draba verna) __ Chamaesyce maculata Spotted Spurge (Euphorbia supina, E. maculata) __ Erysimum cheiranthoides Wormseed Mustard __ Euphorbia cyparissias Cypress Spurge __ Hesperis matronalis Dame's Rocket __ Euphorbia esula Leafy Spurge __ Lepidium campestre Field Peppergrass __ Lepidium densiflorum Dense-flower Pepper-grass POLYGALACEAE (Polygala Family) __ Nasturtium officinale Water-cress __ Polygala paucifolia Fringed Polygala __ Rorippa palustris ssp. hispida Marsh Yellow-cress __ Sinapis arvensis Charlock (Brassica kaber) ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) __ Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard __ Rhus radicans Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) __ Thlaspi arvense Field Penny-cress __ Rhus typhina Staghorn Sumac

CRASSULACEAE (Orpine Family) CELASTRACEAE (Bittersweet Family) __ Sedum acre Mossy Stonecrop __ Celastrus scandens Bittersweet __ Sedum telephium Live-forever __ Euonymus alatus Winged Euonymus

SAXIFRAGACEAE (Saxifrage Family) ACERACEAE (Maple Family) __ Chrysosplenium americanum Golden Saxifrage __ Acer ginnala Amur Maple __ Mitella diphylla Bishop's-cap Mitrewort __ Acer negundo Manitoba Maple __ Mitella nuda Naked Mitrewort __ *Acer nigrum Black Maple __ Tiarella cordifolia Foamflower __ Acer platanoides Norway Maple __ Acer rubrum Red Maple GROSSULARIACEAE (Gooseberry Family) __ Acer saccharinum Silver Maple __ alpinum Alpine Currant __ Acer saccharum Sugar Maple __ Ribes americanum Wild Black Currant __ Acer spicatum Mountain Maple __ Ribes cynosbati Prickly Gooseberry __ Ribes hirtellum Hairy Gooseberry BALSAMINACEAE (Touch-Me-Not Family) __ *Ribes lacustre Bristly Black Currant __ Impatiens capensis Spotted Touch-Me-Not __ Ribes rubrum European Red Currant __ Ribes triste Swamp Red Currant RHAMNACEAE (Buckhorn Family) __ Rhamnus cathartica Common Buckthorn HAMAMELIDACEAE (Witch-hazel Family) __ Hamamelis virginiana Witch-hazel VITACEAE (Vine Family) __ Parthenocissus inserta Virginia Creeper (P. vitacea) (Rose Family) __ Vitis riparia Wild Grape __ Agrimonia gryposepala Hooked Agrimony __ Amelanchier arborea Canada Serviceberry TILIACEAE (Linden Family) __ Amelanchier interior Interior Serviceberry __ Tilia americana Basswood __ Amelanchier laevis Smooth Serviceberry __ Tilia cordata Little- Linden __ Crataegus chrysocarpa Fireberry Hawthorn __ Crataegus sect. Coccineae Hawthorn sp. section Coccineae MALVACEAE (Mallow Family) __ Crataegus macracantha Large-thorned Hawthorn (C. succulenta var. macracantha) __ Malva neglecta Common Mallow __ Crataegus monogyna English Hawthorn __ Crataegus punctata Dotted Hawthorn CLUSIACEAE (St. Johnswort Family) __ Crataegus submollis Hawthorn __ Hypericum perforatum Common St. Johnswort __ Crataegus ?succulenta Fleshy Hawthorn __ Hypericum punctatum Dotted St. Johnswort __ Fragaria vesca Woodland Strawberry __ Fragaria virginiana Wild Strawberry CISTACEAE (Rock-rose Family) __ aleppicum Yellow Avens __ Lechea intermedia Intermediate Pinweed __ Geum canadense White Avens __ Geum laciniatum Slashed Avens VIOLACEAE (Violet Family) __ Geum rivale Water Avens __ Viola arvensis Small Wild Pansy __ Clover-root __ Viola blanda Sweet White Violet __ Malus pumila Apple (Pyrus malus) __ Viola canadensis Canada Violet __ Potentilla arguta Tall Cinquefoil __ Viola conspersa Dog Violet __ Potentilla norvegica Rough Cinquefoil __ Viola cucullata Marsh Blue Violet __ Potentilla recta Sulphur Cinquefoil __ Viola mackloskeyi Northern White Violet __ Prunus nigra Canada Plum __ Viola pubescens Downy Yellow Violet (incl. V. pensylvanica, V. eriocarpa) __ Prunus pensylvanica Pin Cherry __ Viola renifolia Kidney-leaved Violet __ Prunus serotina Black Cherry __ Viola rostrata Long-spurred Violet __ Prunus virginiana Choke Cherry __ Viola selkirkii Selkirk’s Violet __ Pyrus communis Pear __ Viola sororia (s.l.) Wooly Blue Violet __ Rosa blanda Smooth Wild Rose __ Rosa carolina Pasture Rose THYMELAEACEAE (Mezereum Family) __ Rosa multiflora Multiflora Rose __ Dirca palustris Leatherwood __ Rubus allegheniensis Common Blackberry __ Rubus idaeus var. strigosus Red Raspberry (R. strigosus) LYTHRACEAE (Loosestrife Family) __ Rubus occidentalis Black Raspberry __ Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife __ Rubus odoratus Purple-flowering Raspberry __ Rubus pubescens Dwarf Raspberry (Evening Primrose Family) __ Sorbus aucuparia European Mountain-ash __ Circaea alpina Small Enchanter's-nightshade __ Waldsteinia fragarioides Barren Strawberry __ Circaea lutetiana Tall Enchanter's-nightshade (C. quadrisulcata) __ Epilobium ciliatum Northern Willow-herb(inc. E. adenocaulon, E. glandulosum) FABACEAE (Bean Family) __ Epilobium hirsutum Hairy Willowherb __ Amphicarpaea bracteata Hog-peanut __ Epilobium leptophyllum Narrow-leaved Willowherb __ Desmodium canadense Showy Tick Trefoil __ Epilobium parviflorum Small-flowered Willowherb __ Desmodium glutinosum Glutinous Tick-trefoil __ Epilobium strictum Downy Willowherb __ Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey Locust __ Oenothera biennis L. Evening-primrose __ Lotus corniculatus Bird’s-foot Trefoil __ Oenothera parviflora L. Northern Evening-primrose __ Medicago lupulina Black Medick __ Oenothera perennis L. Perennial Evening-primrose __ Medicago sativa Alfalfa __ Oenothera villosa Thunb. ssp. villosa Hairy Evening-primrose __ Melilotus alba White Sweet Clover __ Melilotus officinalis Yellow Sweet Clover ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family) __ Robinia pseudo-acacia Black Locust __ Aralia nudicaulis Wild Sarsaparilla __ Trifolium campestre Pinnate-leaved Hop Clover (T. procumbens) __ Aralia racemosa Spikenard __ Trifolium hybridum Alsike Clover __ Panax quinquifolius American Ginseng 3 SCROPHULARIACEAE (Figwort Family) APIACEAE (Parsley Family) __ Chaenorrhinum minus Dwarf Snapdragon __ Cryptotaenia canadensis Honewort __ Chelone glabra Turtlehead __ Daucus carota Queen Anne's Lace __ Gratiola neglecta Clammy Hedge-hyssop __ Hydrocotyle americana Water Pennywort __ Linaria vulgaris Common Toadflax __ Osmorhiza claytoni Sweet Cicely __ Mimulus ringens Square-stemmed Monkeyflower __ *Sium suave Water Parsnip __ Penstemon digitalis Fox-glove Beard-tongue __ Sanicula marilandica Black Snakeroot __ Verbascum thapsus Common Mullein __ Veronica americana American Brooklime CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) __ Veronica arvensis Corn Speedwell __ Cornus alternifolia Alternate-leaved Dogwood __ Veronica officinalis Common Speedwell __ Cornus canadensis Bunchberry __ Veronica peregrina ssp. peregrina Purslane Speedwell __ Cornus rugosa Round-leaved Dogwood __ Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Speedwell __ Cornus stolonifera Red-osier Dogwood OROBANCHACEAE (Broom-rape Family) PYROLACEAE (Pyrola Family) __ Epifagus virginiana Beech-drops __ Chimaphila umbellata Pipsissewa __ Moneses uniflora One-flowered Wintergreen PLANTAGINACEAE (Plantain Family) __ Pyrola americana Round-leaved Pyrola (Pyrola rotundifolia var. americana) __ Plantago major Common Plantain __ Pyrola asarifolia Pink Pyrola __ Plantago lanceolata English Plantain __ Pyrola elliptica Shinleaf __ Plantago rugelii Rugel's Plantain

MONOTROPACEAE (Pinesap Family) (Madder Family) __ Monotropa hypopithys Pinesap __ Galium aparine Cleavers __ Monotropa uniflora Indian Pipe __ Galium boreale Northern Bedstraw __ Galium circaezans White Wild Licorice ERICACEAE (Heath Family) __ Galium mollugo Wild Madder __ Gaultheria procumbens Wintergreen __ Galium lanceolatum Yellow Wild Licorice __ Vaccinium angustifolium Low Blueberry __ Galium palustre Marsh Bedstraw __ Galium tinctorium Dyer’s Bedstraw PRIMULACEAE (Primrose Family) __ *Galium trifidum Small Bedstraw __ Lysimachia ciliata Fringed Loosestrife __ Galium triflorum Fragrant Bedstraw __ Trientalis borealis Starflower __ Galium verum Yellow Bedstraw __ Mitchella repens Partridgeberry OLEACEAE (Olive Family) __ Fraxinus americana White Ash CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family) __ Fraxinus nigra Black Ash __ Diervilla lonicera Northern Bush Honeysuckle __ Fraxinus pensylvanica Red Ash __ Linnaea borealis Twinflower __ Syringa vulgaris Lilac __ Lonicera canadensis Canada Honeysuckle __ Lonicera dioica Glaucous Honeysuckle GENTIANACEAE (Gentian Family) __ Lonicera x bella Hybrid Honeysuckle (L. tatarica x L. morrowii) __ Gentiana andrewsii Closed Gentian __ Lonicera hirsuta Hairy Honeysuckle __ Gentianopsis crinita Fringed Gentian (Gentiana crinita) __ Lonicera tatarica Tartarian Honeyusuckle __ Sambucus canadensis Common Elder APOCYNACEAE (Dogbane Family) __ Sambucus racemosa Red-berried Elder (S. pubens) __ Vinca minor Periwinkle __ Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry __ Apocynum androsaemifolium Spreading Dogbane __ Triosteum aurantiacum Wild Coffee __ Apocynum cannabinum Indian Hemp __ Viburnum acerifolium Maple-leaved Viburnum __ Viburnum cassinoides Wild Raisin ASCLEPIADACEAE (Milkweed Family) __ Viburnum lantana Wayfaring Tree __ Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed __ Viburnum lantanoides Hobblebush (V. alnifolium) __ Asclepias syriaca Common Milkweed __ Viburnum lentago Nannyberry __ Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly-weed __ Viburnum opulus Guelder Rose __ Cynanchum rossicum Swallowwort (Vincetoxicum medium) __ *Viburnum trilobum Highbush Cranberry (Viburnum opulus var. americana)

CONVOLVULACEAE (Bindweed Family) VALERIANACEAE (Valerian Family) __ Calystegia sepium Hedge Bindweed (Convolvulus sepium) __ Valeriana officinalis Common Valerian __ Calystegia spithamaea Low Bindweed __ Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed DIPSACACEAE (Teasel Family) __ Cuscuta gronovii Dodder __ Dipsacus sylvestris Teasel

HYDROPHYLLACEAE (Waterleaf Family) CUCURBITACEAE (Gourd Family) __ * canadense Canada Waterleaf __ Cucurbita sp. domestic gourd species __ Hydrophyllum virginiana Virginia Waterleaf __ Echinocystis lobata Wild Cucumber

BORAGINACEAE (Borage Family) (Bluebell Family) __ Buglossoides arvensis Corn-gromwell __ aparinoides Pursh Marsh Bellflower (C. uliginosa) __ Cynoglossum officinale Hound's Tongue __ Campanula persicifolia L. Peach-leaf Bellflower __ Echium vulgare Viper's Bugloss __ Campanula rapunculoides Common Bellflower __ Hackelia virginiana Virginia Stickseed __ Lobelia inflata Indian Tobacco __ Myosotis scorpioides True Forget-me-not __ Lobelia siphilitica Great Lobelia __ Myosotis sylvatica Woodland Forget-me-not __ Lobelia spicata Lam. Pale-spiked Lobelia

VERBENACEAE (Vervain Family) ASTERACEAE (Composite Family) __ Phryma leptostachya Lopseed __ Achillea millefolium Common Yarrow __ Verbena hastata Blue Vervain __ Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common Ragweed __ Verbena stricta Hoary Vervain __ Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly Everlasting __ Verbena urticifolia White Vervain __ Antennaria neglecta Field Pussytoes __ Antennaria parlinii Plantain-leaved Pussytoes LAMIACEAE (Mint Family) __ Arctium lappa Greater Burdock __ Clinopodium vulgare Wild Basil (Satureja vulgaris) __ Arctium minus Common Burdock __ Galeopsis tetrahit Hemp Nettle __ Artemisia ludoviciana Western Sage __ Glechoma hederacea Ground Ivy __ Artemisia biennis Biennial Wormwood __ Hedeoma hispida Hairy Pennyroyal __ Aster x amethystinus Amethyst Aster (A. ericoides x A. novae-angliae) __ Lamium amplexicaule Henbit __ Aster cordifolius Heart-leaved Aster __ Leonurus cardiaca Common Motherwort __ Aster ericoides Many-flowered Aster (Virgulus ericoides) __ Lycopus americanus Cut-leaved Bugleweeed __ Aster lanceolatus Panicled Aster (A. simplex) __ Lycopus uniflorus Northern Bugleweed __ Aster lateriflorus Calico Aster __ Mentha arvensis Common Mint __ Aster macrophyllus Large-leaved Aster __ Mentha x piperita Peppermint (M. aquatica x M. spicata) __ Aster novae-angliae New England Aster (Virgulus novae-angliae) __ Monarda fistulosa Wild Bergamot __ Aster oolentangiensis Azure Aster (A. azureus) __ Nepeta cataria Catnip __ Aster pilosus Heath Aster __ Prunella vulgaris Heal-all __ Aster puniceus Purple-stemmed Aster __ Scutellaria lateriflora Mad-dog Skullcap __ Aster urophyllus Arrow-leaved Aster __ Bidens cernua Bur-marigold SOLANACEAE (Nightshade Family) __ Bidens frondosa Beggar's-ticks __ Physalis heterophylla Clammy Ground-cherry __ Bidens tripartita (s.l.) Stick-tight (B. comosa, B. connata) __ Solanum tuberosum Potato __ Bidens vulgata Tall Beggar’s-ticks __ Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet Nightshade __ Carduus acanthoides Plumeless Thistle __ Solanum nigrum (s.l.) Black Nightshade __ Carduus nutans Nodding Thistle __ Centaurea jacea Brown Knapweed 4 __ Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Ox-eye Daisy __ Cichorium intybus Common Chicory __ Cirsium arvense Canada Thistle __ Cirsium vulgare Bull Thistle __ Conyza canadensis Horseweed __ Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Smooth Hawksbeard __ Erigeron annuus Daisy Fleabane __ Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia Fleabane __ Erigeron pulchellus Robin’s Plantain __ Erigeron strigosus Rough Fleabane __ Eupatorium maculatum Spotted Joe-Pye-Weed __ Eupatorium perfoliatum Boneset __ Eupatorium rugosum White Snakeroot __ Euthamia graminifolia Grass-leaved Goldenrod (Solidago graminifolia) __ Galinsoga quadriradiata Quickweed __ Gnaphalium obtusifolium Sweet Everlasting __ Hieracium aurantiacum Orange Hawkweed __ Hieracium caespitosum Field Hawkweed (H. pratense) __ Hieracium pilosella Mouse-ear Hawkweed __ Hieracium piloselloides King Devil (H. florentinum) __ Inula helenium Elecampane __ Lactuca biennis Tall Blue Lettuce __ Lactuca canadensis Canada Wild Lettuce __ Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce __ Lapsana communis Nipplewort __ Matricaria matricarioides Pineappleweed __ Prenanthes altissima Tall White Lettuce __ Rudbeckia hirta Black-eyed Susan (R. serotina) __ Rudbeckia triloba Brown-eyed Susan __ Senecio aureus Golden Ragwort __ Senecio viscosus Sticky Groundsel __ Senecio vulgaris Common Groundsel __ Solidago altissima Tall Goldenrod __ *Solidago arguta Sharp-leaved Goldenrod __ Solidago caesia Blue-stemmed Goldenrod __ Solidago canadensis Canada Goldenrod __ Solidago flexicaulis Zig-zag Goldenrod __ Solidago gigantea Late Goldenrod __ Solidago nemoralis Gray Goldenrod __ Solidago rugosa Rough-stemmed Goldenrod __ Solidago uliginosa Bog Goldenrod __ Sonchus arvensis Field Sow Thistle __ Sonchus asper Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle __ Sonchus oleraceus Annual Sow-thistle __ Tanacetum vulgare Common Tansy __ Taraxacum erythrospermum Red-seeded Dandelion __ Taraxacum palustre (s.l.) Marsh Dandelion (T. turfosum) __ Taraxacum officinale Common Dandelion __ Tragopogon dubius Goat's-beard __ Tragopogon pratensis Yellow Goat's-beard __ Tussilago farfara Colt's-foot

REFERENCES BLANEY, C.S. 1999. Seed Bank Dynamics of Native and Exotic Plants in Open Uplands of Southern Ontario. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Toronto, Department of Botany, 1999. ECOLOGISTICS LTD., 1982. Environmentally Significant Areas Study. South Lake Simcoe Conservation Authority. Newmarket, ON. p. 114. MORTON, J.K. and J.M. VENN, 1990. A Checklist of the Flora of Ontario: Vascular Plants. University of Waterloo Biology Series, Number 34. Waterloo, ON. 218 pp. SOUTH LAKE SIMCOE CONSERVATION AUTHORITY, undated. Thornton Bales Conservation Area Master Plan. South Lake Simcoe Conservation Authority. Newmarket, ON. Unpublished report, 27 pp.

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