Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 381–394 (2009) Aquatic c EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD 2010 DOI: 10.1051/alr/2009057 Living www.alr-journal.org Resources

Foreword Towards the implementation of an integrated approach to fisheries resources management in Ifremer, France

Serge M. Garcia1 and Patrick Prouzet2,a 1 Former Director, FAO Management Division (retired) 2 Ifremer, DPCP, 1 allée du Parc Montaury, 64600 Anglet, France

Implementing the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries is a demanding exercise even though a more or less sophisticated approach might be adopted depending on the fishery or problem concerned and on the capacity available to deal with it. In France, DEMOSTEM, a programme of Ifremer was established to try to practically apply the EAF principles across the high diversity of situations existing in the country. The article summarizes very briefly the lessons learned through this programme implementation and some of the key findings and outcomes. In conclusion, it offers some perspectives on the whole process.

1 Introduction generated, are testing the available political will and capac- ity of governments. States are facing simultaneously a huge During the last decade, the co-evolution of fishery science environmental bill -a small part of which relates to fisheries, and governance, at the interface between the aquatic systems the rising needs of a growing world population, a shortage of and their users, has been ongoing at a faster pace. On the one food and livelihood in many countries, in a context of deep hand, societal environmental concerns concerning contamina- economic crisis. Under these conditions, and considering the tion, habitat degradation and climate change are growing, call- speed of past improvements, nobody can realistically expect ing for more comprehensive, anticipatory and precautionary that, by 2015, EAF will have been generally implemented and action and hence advice. On the other hand, computing and world stock rebuilt to agreed international norms. However, observation capacity have developed very significantly, allow- there will probably be inter alia: (i) a higher level of con- ing the development of more comprehensive and sophisticated sciousness in governments; (ii) better adapted governance sys- simulation models in support of a more systemic approach to tems; (iii) greater willingness of the industry to collaborate; resources assessment, advice and management. At the front (iv) more accessible scientific and (hopefully) grey literature edge of this trend is the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries on EAF; (v) some specialised multidisciplinary databases and (EAF). open source software libraries; (vi) an array of tested tools (in- EAF has been adopted by FAO member countries in 2001 cluding simulation models); (vii) approaches and repositories in Reykjavik and formally recognized by the World Summit on of good practices adapted to particular situations and reflecting Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002 when, in its Plan a large body of experience to be constructively used after 2015. of Implementation (POI) “it encouraged the implementation It should be a minimum duty of the States that have adopted of the ecosystem approach by 2010 (§ 30d); to maintain or re- EAF and the WSSD plan of implementation to contribute as store stocks to the level that can produce MSY by 2015 (§ 31a); much as possible to that outcome. and to develop and facilitate the elimination of destructive fish- This paper looks briefly at the international and national ing practices, the establishment of marine protected areas. . . context within which the EAF must be implemented before including representative networks by 2012,. . . the protection looking at some specific projects implemented by Ifremer to of nursery grounds and periods, proper coastal land use and facilitate such implementation. The conclusion offers some el- watershed planning and the integration of marine and coastal ements of perspective for the future implementation steps. areas management. . . (§ 31c).” Since 2002, these WSSD generous commitments and spe- cific targets, and the hopeful societal expectations it has 2 EAF implementation context

a In charge of the transversal coordination on Systemic Approach The task of the States in trying to fulfil their commit- at Ifremer, [email protected] ments should be facilitated to some extent by the fact that the

Article published by EDP Sciences 382 S.M. Garcia and P. Prouzet: Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 381–394 (2009) provisions of the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Conven- the fishing activities into the coastal economy; (ii) fish- tion (LOSC) and the 1992 Convention on biological diversity ermen diversification, facilitating their exit from the sec- (CBD) have been reflected in the 1995 FAO Code of conduct tor when relevant (including toward eco-tourism) and/or for responsible fisheries (the Code), and its technical guide- their contribution to ecosystem monitoring; (iii) improved lines1. In addition, the measures envisaged by WSSD are part supervision and management of recreational fishing; (iv) of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) and reflected modernization of fishing organizations; (v) reform of the in the specific technical guidelines (e.g. FAO 2003, 2008). (CFP) towards more decentral- Therefore, the implementation of EAF by coastal and fishing ized implementation of centrally decided plans and mea- nations is the integrated way to fulfil many of their obligations sures; (vi) more decisive fight against Illegal, Unreported under the LOSC and the CBD in the fishery sector. and Unregulated (IUU) fishing; (vii) improved monitoring, The European 2000 Water Framework Directive2 and the control and surveillance (MCS) of the fisheries and the ma- Maritime Policy (2000/60/EC, 23 October 2000) will signif- rine environment. icantly influence space-based management in coastal areas. These areas, strongly impacted by all human coastal and in- The comprehensive statement contained in the Blue Book land activities, are the main fishing grounds of the small- to Commitments of the Oceans Round Table is not yet a formal medium-scale European fleets the socio-economic importance integrated marine policy but it indicates clearly the trend and, of which is largely underestimated. implicitly and explicitly, it puts marine science (and particu- In France, the concern for sustainability and the related larly fishery science) in front of the huge challenge to supply in commitments for a more sustainable use of the marine envi- due course, the high quality knowledge and decision-support ronment have been integrated in the 2009 Blue Book Com- that will be required if these commitments are to materialize. mitments of the Oceans Round Table (Grenelle de la Mer3) However, the effective implementation of EAF and the and Ifremer as well as other competent French institutions are shift of the expansion of the research object from the target committed to contribute. The document proposes the elements population to its ecosystem is a major challenge. It repre- for a French integrated maritime policy which foresees inter sents an extension of the scope, objectives, constraints, and alia: measures traditionally considered under conventional fish- • eries management. It also implies a significant increase in Protecting and developing marine biodiversity, e.g. through: the amount of information needed on, inter alia:(i)more (i) designation of networks of marine protected areas (in- ecosystem components and their interconnections within the cluding in the high seas) by 2012; (ii) creation of marine exploited ecosystem; (ii) better understanding of the goods and reserves and sanctuaries and the improvement of existing services produced and their values; (iii) more adapted gover- ones; (iii) use of MPAs in fisheries management; (iv) pro- / nance structures and processes; (iv) better ways to account for tection restoration of threatened marine species including uncertainty in decision-making and ensure effective participa- marine mammals; (v) protection of critical and sensitive tion; and (v) more economic ways to obtain and process the including coral reefs, mangrove swamps, information needed. It tends to be “forgotten” that a full im- deep-sea corals, hot vents; (vi) reduction of land-based plementation of EAF requires also an alliance between natural sources of pollution; (vii) integrated management of the and social sciences well beyond bio-economic modelling (see coastline; (viii) promotion of eco-friendly agriculture in for instance Garcia and Charles 2007; Garcia 2008). It is also coastal areas; (ix) raising education and awareness raising • important to incorporate validated traditional knowledge into Testing a participative Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries the processes of assessment, identification of options and elab- based on long-term ecosystemic management plans aim- oration of advice and, more generally, to develop active for- ing explicitly at environmental, social and economic objec- mal participation of the fishing communities concerned. Much tives. The approach is multi-pronged and will include in- more progress is needed in that direction and the EU Regional ter alia: (i) fostering the development of more eco-friendly Advisory Councils are a useful step in that direction. Indeed fishing technology (e.g. to reduce incidental catches and the adoption of EAF requires the recognition that the fishery and reducing wastes); (ii) provision of incentives system is a complex social and ecological system, that can for innovation, fight against pollution, etc.); (iii) integra- never be completely understood and hence predicted and that tion of ecologically sustainable aquaculture; (iv) devel- may have emergent properties leading to totally unexpected opment of ecolabels; (v) knowledge-building, particularly events. about and understand marine ecosystems, changes in them The experience gained in integrated coastal area manage- and their interrelation with land environments or coastal ment (ICAM) and other “integrated management” (e.g. of wa- wetlands; (vi) establishment of reference conditions; (vii) tersheds) in the preceding 3 decades as well as in the more re- reinforcement of the role of scientific advice; • cent history of EAF implementation itself, represent a body of Improving the development policy and management frame- accumulated experience that can usefully be used (e.g. Bianchi works of fisheries, through e.g.; (i) better integration of and Skjoldal 2008). 1 See http://www.fao.org/fishery/ccrf/publications/guidelines/en What is often apparently not clearly perceived by those ex- 2 The Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the pecting more immediate implementation of EAF is the pro- Council establishing a framework for the Community action in the found mutation that EAF requires from governance and re- field of water policy i.e. the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) search systems. The first needs to be upgraded substantially was finally adopted on 23 October 2000. in order to face the new uncertainties and opportunities arising 3 http://www.legrenelle-mer.gouv.fr/spip.php?rubrique61 from the approach (Garcia 2009). The rapid adaptation needed S.M. Garcia and P. Prouzet: Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 381–394 (2009) 383 in the management-support research is often underestimated. Two special Programmes were established in France, in Warnings have been given about the larger uncertainties aris- 2004, to foster and coordinate that change. SIDEPECHE6 dealt ing from the complexification of the system that have now to primarily with priorities 1 and 2 with a practical application be explicitly dealt with (Garcia et al. 2003;Rice 2005; Garcia focus, particularly on management advice, fishery biology and and Charles 2008). At the same time, these have been softened economy. It focused on automated data harvesting, data and in order not to scare away the available good will, by stressing information management, and decision-support analyses. DE- that low-complexity EAF was possible, using a precautionary, MOSTEM7 dealt essentially with the other four focusing on risk-based, adaptive implementation framework (Fletcher et al. knowledge-building with a more forward looking concern. It 2002). focused on: (i) resilience at individual, population and ecosys- Nonetheless, in developed countries, the actors are used to tem level; (ii) resilience of the sector in front of its ecologi- receive fairly complex scientific support to decision-making, cal and economic challenges, through harvest rationalization, and the scientists are still tempted to look for a comprehen- impact reduction, and post-harvest optimization. The results sive understanding of the ecosystem in order to venture into were presented to the Symposium, Boulogne sur mer, France, any type of prediction. The industry has grown into a system 5-7 November 2008, at which 39 papers and 46 posters were providing “predictions” of the future state of the stock. It ex- submitted (Prouzet et al. 2008, listed in Annex). The present pects something similar under EAF. The details of the needed issue contains a selection of papers across the range submit- “mutations” in the information systems and scientific capacity ted. The contribution of the DEMOSTEM programme towards have not really been described. EAF is briefly described below. During the 2004-2008 period, Ifremer is the large and complex public organization in- 175 scientific papers and 334 communications had been pro- volved in all aspects of exploration and exploitation of the duced in the framework of 127 research projects developed by oceans by France. The institute has the mandate to conduct the scientists and engineers under the DEMOSTEM program. research and advice on fisheries management. Following the adoption of EAF, its four centres located all around France have started to change and adapt, to the new requirements, 3 DEMOSTEM objectives and main outcomes along the main priorities of the institute regarding its fishery- related programme: 3.1 Objectives • Long-term production and use of the data needed to under- stand the fishery system; DEMOSTEM intended to foster an integrated ecosystem • Undertake analyses and foster the integration of a large approach to fishery management (Prouzet et al. 2008), broad- range of indicators; ening the analyses to cover also the range of uses affecting • Foresee the changes in fishery governance; fishery resources. In line with the last four Ifremer priorities • Characterize the impacts of fishing and other human activi- listed above, the programme defined the four priority axes of ties; investigation (in no order of preference): • Understand the influence of climatic forcing on populations (1) Anticipate the fishery system governance changes, study- and ecosystems dynamics; • ing the future regulatory measures needed for the alloca- Maximise wealth though value addition to catch. tion of access to resources allocation and fishing capacity For Ifremer (as of any other fishery research institute in the control; European Union) the transition towards EAF is complicated (2) Characterize and limit impacts from fishing and other by the fact that the responsibility for managing fisheries has human stresses, (i) analysing the resilience of exploited been devolved to the European Commission which expresses, ecosystem in a fluctuating and evolving environment; (ii) therefore, the social demand. That demand is addressed to the looking for means of mitigation or reduction of these im- International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). pacts including technological innovations aiming at reduc- There is therefore a partial “disconnect” in the French fish- ing the environmental impact of fishing and processing; ery research supply-demand process (as in any other European (3) Improve understanding of climatic forcing impact on indi- member country) between what might be the local require- viduals, populations, communities and ecosystems dynam- ments (e.g. within the French 12 miles zone) and those in the ics in order to improve foresight; EU overall . In the marine/fishery sci- (4) Contribution to wealth maximization including bio- ence arena, this difficulty is mitigated by the setting up of nu- economic sustainability of the fishery chain from harvest- merous integrated, multi-country EU-funded research projects ing to transformation and trade. leading to syntheses at regional or European level on coastal The main challenges faced related to: (i) effective considera- fisheries, their resources, habitats and management. These tion of multiple uses; (ii) involving and integrating multiple projects are generally implemented by a network of stakehold- disciplines; (iii) experimenting with new types of regulations ers cooperating in a multi-partner ecosystemic approach. The 4 5 CHARM and INDICANG projects are good examples. 6 SIDEPECHE : “Systèmes d’information et techniques d’observation, économie et diagnostic de l’évolution des ressources 4 Eastern Channel habitat atlas for marine resource management. et de leurs usages ”. 5 Indicateurs d’abondance et de colonisation de l’anguille 7 Démarche intégrée pour une gestion écosystémique des européenne dans la partie centrale de son aire de répartition. ressources halieutiques. 384 S.M. Garcia and P. Prouzet: Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 381–394 (2009)

(e.g. MPAs) and more participative approaches to manage- 3.2.2 Effects of fishing and other natural or human-induced ment. stresses The results obtained throughout the DEMOSTEM pro- gram (as well as the relevant results obtained by SIDEPECHE) One of the EAF pillars is the concern for the impact of were presented at the symposium on the Ecosystem Approach fishing and other human activities on marine biodiversity and for Fisheries held at Boulogne sur mer, 5-7 November 2008. the ecosystem and to propose solutions to mitigate, reduce or Some of the scientific communications presented at that meet- eliminate that effect. The usual understanding among policy- ing have been peer-reviewed and are presented in this Special makers and educated public is that this requires much broader Issue. Many others have been published elsewhere. Altogether, viewpoints than the conventional ones. However, large-scale these do not constitute and end point in a process but a tran- and long-term changes can be related to effects occurring at a sient report on an ongoing process. The symposium was used much lower scale and research should try to encompass all the as peer review of the developing science and for a reflection relevant levels of analysis: the individual, the population, the on the future that will be reflected in the concluding section of assemblage/community and the ecosystem. this paper.

Individual fish level 3.2 Main outcomes The relation of the individual with its environment is A selection of the main outcomes of the programme are central to the issue of prediction of future environmental briefly reported below, following the four programme prior- change. At individual level, the analysis of calcified structures ities mentioned above. The first priority has been addressed (otoliths) represent life cycle as well as environmental archives directly as well as indirectly in many programme activities re- providing clues regarding the environmental of the animal and lated to priorities 2-4. The priorities 2 and 3 were dealt with its response (in terms of growth). New slicing techniques such together. as the femtosecond laser [1], image processing [13]andmi- The considerations emerging from the programme could crochemistry indicators such as the strontium/barium ratio [9] ff be regrouped in many di erent ways and many papers touch have improved our capacity to “read” these archives, pro- simultaneously on many aspects of EAF. As a consequence, viding clues regarding the life cycle and population param- what follows is not an exhaustive summary of the findings of eters as well as migratory behaviour [1, 13]. The use of ge- the programme, as presented at the Symposium but our lim- netic, biochemical and electronic tags such as archival tags ([4] ited selection among the numerous relevant points that have Fromentin et al., p. 395) have opened significant opportunities emerged. More than specific results which would be too nu- to better understand the relation between the individual and its merous to be given here, we focus on lessons and consider- environment and the resulting behaviour. Applications to the ations of potential interest to the fishery community. In the European hake (Merluccius merluccius) improved our knowl- following sections, we will refer to the symposium commu- edge on the vertical and horizontal movements linked to tide nications by referring to their number [in the full list provided amplitude or nychthemeral rhythm [2]. in Annex]. Understanding fish behaviour is important for fishing, as- sessment and protection. Aggregative behaviour of pelagic 3.2.1 Improving the capacity to look ahead fishes around the fish aggregating devices (FAD), school be- haviour of anchovy in the Bay of Biscay and Mediterranean The process of progressive implementation of EAF re- Sea, and migratory behaviour of glass in estuary ([8] quires a capacity to anticipate the potential consequences of Prouzet et al., p. 525) as well as marine turtles [17] have been the planned changes in fishery governance and management observed. strategies, particularly regarding the regulation of access to re- Reproduction is obviously central to sustainability. Key sources and control of fishing capacity. It implies also a capac- phenomena for resources resilience to both fishing and the en- ity to assess the present state of the fishery system and to pre- vironment are the maturation/reproductionprocess and recruit- dict (or at least to expect) natural environmental fluctuations, ment determinism [5,8,10–12]. These have been a major con- to understand their impact on the stocks and management per- cern and difficulty for conventional fishery science and remain formance, and to react adequately. so under EAF [5,6]. These phenomena are sensitive to environ- This capacity is built progressively across the whole sys- mental change and are likely to evolve under global warming. tem through a number of “small” actions which, together, As climate changes, so will likely do the life parameters and achieve the main goal. The capacity to look into the future having the capacity to detect such changes and to account for is increased, inter alia, though experimenting with measures, them is a major challenge. Modelling spawning processes [5] limiting the risk as far as practicable. More safely it can be in relation to environment may be a way to foresee the possi- improved by looking for experience in other countries ([47] ble changes in growth and maturation and hence on eggs and Marchal et al., p. 483) identifying best practices. It is enhanced larval survival. It is now clearly established that the effect of by the use of simulation models and the development of sce- selective fishing on the phenotypes can be significant and may narios [44, 49, 55–58]. Finally, the perceptions of the fishers affect life history parameters [7] such as growth, age at matu- themselves should not be underestimated and mechanisms in- ration. volving them directly in the decision-making process may also Migration is, for many marine animals, a fundamental pro- help improving the capacity of governance to look ahead. cess of their life cycle. It involves strong interaction between S.M. Garcia and P. Prouzet: Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 381–394 (2009) 385 individuals within the population. The migratory path may of- The impact of fishing on non-target populations must be ten be known but the determinism of migration remains often better studied. The research undertaken has improved our obscure. Measuring biomasses of migrating animals and mod- understanding of the impact of fishing on emblematic species elling the migration process [8, 10] may be important for pro- (sharks, dolphins, turtles (26), birds). Progress has been made tection purposes but also for harvest regulations, particularly during the last decade but a lot remains to be done. For these on migration fisheries harvesting larvae and immatures (e.g. species (as well as for target species) the harvesting and analy- shrimps, eels) [16, 19]. sis of historical data [17] is really essential to understand better The impact of pollution on individual fish health [3]isan where we stand in comparison to the past. More generally, the important element of the understanding and proof of the im- problem of discards remains a sore point for fisheries. Action pact of pollution on fisheries resources. is obviously required to improve selectivity through gear mod- ifications (see below) but in order to obtain the authorities and population level the fishers’ support, analyses are needed to show the problems they create, in terms of ethics, ecosystem sustainability, accu- At population level, the issue related to the synergetic ef- racy of assessments [27]. fect of environmental oscillations and exploitation which has The impact on life history traits of both fishing and nat- been central since the early 1930s, is aggravated and com- ural oscillations requires better understanding to improve as- pounded by climate change. At that level, the important phe- sessments and conservation. The study of the Bay of Biscay nomena relate, inter alia: to stock structure [15, 26] and ade- anchovy [5], clam [20], Northeast Arctic cod [7] indicated that quate population parameters for conventional assessment and a slow-down of the growth is linked to a decrease of the age of modelling [20, 24] of the resources as well as their biologi- first maturation [6]. The results obtained on cod suggest that cal environment (e.g. populations of toxic algae [18]). Better enforcing management rules favouring fishing practices that efforts are needed to collect information on the environment, select intermediate sizes may be an option for mitigating fish- predator-prey relations, host-parasite relations [21], impact of eries induced evolution as age and size at maturation. discarding practices ([27] Pawlowsky and Lorance, p. 573). The need to “spatialize” all the analyses, calls for a more de- Fish assemblages and ecosystem levels tailed definition of spatial distribution (of resources and fleets). Scientific surveys are essential but, because of their costs, Maintenance of ecosystem “health” is an objective re- habitat modelling is developing rapidly [23]. The increased currently referred to, most often without a proper defi- capacity to tag large numbers of individual fish [4]andto nition of what is intended by “health”. During the pro- get direct access to vessel operations data (e.g. through vessel gramme, different approaches used in France to character- monitoring system, VMS) or other on-board semi-automated ize the state of coastal ecosystems have been compared ([30] stations [49] is improving rapidly our capacity to follow, model Brind’Amour and Lobry, p. 559). A methodological guide has and predict the relations between the populations and the been developed to define indicators for European habitat fleets. The movements between areas will relate to migrations quality, recruitment level and colonization of freshwater en- and are essential to define protected “corridors” to connect vironments (Adam et al. 2008). This methodology has been MPA and to improve resilience [25]. applied in a network of 13 catchments of the central part of the Spatial distribution and habitats are important pieces of eel colonization area in Western Europe to evaluate the status knowledge for EAF. Study of anchovy and sardine populations of the eel resource and its environment in the framework of the (Sardina pilchardus) in the Bay of Biscay and North Sea iden- INDICANG project (Prouzet 2004 [83]). Indicators measur- tified changes of habitats between the 1970s and the 2000s ing fishing impact on the status, functioning and dynamics of apparently related to environmental forcing [14]. Spawning ecosystems have been defined [77]. Co-represented on a dash- grounds are special habitats which, under EAF, are given spe- board or traffic light table and submitted to managers and stake cial relevance and need to be localised [22] and character- holders [76] they measure: i) the impact of fishing on benthic ized for protection. Marine protected areas are habitats legally and demersal communities; ii) the impact of the urban and in- designated for special protection. Their use in fisheries man- dustrial development on the coastal areas, nurseries and fish agement requires specific studies for their appropriate setting. resources ; and iii) the effect of fishing on the marine mam- Knowing habitat preferences of a species [23], its likely habi- mals. tat extension can be modelled as well as its likely change in The space-time dynamics of the fishery system must be ad- distribution under climate change. dressed considering both the resource communities and the The programme has contributed to increasing the Ifre- fisheries dynamics, usually at regional scale. The goal of re- mer scientists’ capacity to work on pelagic biodiversity search is to determine the conditions of viability taking into ac- ([29] Trenkel et al., p. 433) through: (i) the development count the practical reality of fishing fleets and gears operations, of improved acoustic methods using autonomous underwa- the fish market, the governance and the perspective of climate ter vehicles (AUVs); (ii) combined use of multi-frequency change. This requires highly integrated studies that were un- single-beam and multibeam echosounders; (iii) sophisticated dertaken in the CHALOUPE project in a comparative analysis onboard processing software and 3-D visualisation and (iv) au- of three regional ecosystems: the Bay of Biscay, a Moroccan tomated or semi-automated classification of species or group , and the continental shelf of French Guyana. The of species. The technique was successfully applied in the Bay results indicate that climate and fishing pressure had a signif- of Biscay, discovering new aggregation structures of pelagic icant combined effect on marine communities. The fisheries fish and improving the estimates of biomasses. appear to be affected by the ecosystem dynamics, as expected, 386 S.M. Garcia and P. Prouzet: Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 381–394 (2009) but they are mainly driven by changes in their economic envi- If the issue is considered at societal level (and not only ronment [86]. at sector level) than subsidies and externalities of the sector Mapping habitats of populations and assemblages (over- must be accounted for and reduced. The question of subsi- laying them with forms of use) is one of the important sup- dies has not been addressed in the programme. The question porting tasks of any EAF programme. Because of the number of externalities (the cost of fishing to society) is only indirectly of species involved and the costs of scientific surveys, habi- dealt with through the measures taken to reduce environmental tat modelling is an important tool. Based on known species or impact. communities habitat preferences and environmental conditions (such as depth, temperature, salinity, bedstress and sediment) and using redundancy analysis, probability maps are elabo- rated that may delineate optimum habitats [75, 78]aswellas Adjusting effort or capacity to the resource productivity marginal ones. Projected information on climate change may be translated in “future distribution” maps to see the impact of The necessary adjustments are determined in the fish- global change on the fish population structures and fish assem- ery strategy and implemented in the fishery management. blages. In the framework of the INTERREG III A program EAF being an extension of conventional management, seri- of the European Union, a project called CHARM (Channel ous efforts are still needed to improve conventional manage- habitat atlas for marine resource management) developed in ment under an EAF framework while testing complementary close collaboration with English scientists, an assessment of ecosystem-based regulatory devices such as marine protected the status of benthic invertebrate fauna and key commercial areas (MPAs) [93]. fish species of the Eastern English Channel. The project’s out- In most fisheries, the priority to recover acceptable eco- puts are available to the public through an interactive Web atlas nomic returns is on stock rebuilding and, naturally, ecosystem ([88] Martin et al., p. 499). recovery. There is no shortage of prescriptions for “ill” fish- eries but very little work still on viable recovery pathways [51] ff Fishing and environment interactions o ering to managers a more complete panorama of the avail- able options. ffi It has always been considered essential, and found di cult, The assessment capacity available to identify and evalu- to elucidate the respective responsibility of fishing and of the ffi ate these pathways is variable, very high for some fisheries environment on fish resources. There are two di culties: (i) and very low in others. Regardless, the assessment of small measuring effort properly (i.e. in a way really proportional to ff ff ff coastal fisheries requires much more e ort, particularly in the impact); and (ii) separating the e ect of e ort from that of economic and social assessments. Developing participatory environment. research-and-management processes [86] will help to better The first issue is a very conventional one, never fully satis- ff understand fleet dynamics and fishing strategies [43], to op- factorily resolved. The trends in fishing e ort are analysed in timize time and space allocation of effort [45], or to assess the terms of fishing power [42] and multivalency in order to pre- ff ff potential e ect of new management strategies such as the in- cisely quantify the links among fishing capacity, fishing e ort troduction of fishing rights ([53] Marchal et al., p. 463;[54] and fishing mortality. The use of the vessel monitoring systems ff Hamonetal.,p.549). More studies of fishers’ behaviour and (VMS) has allowed a better allocation of fishing e ort not only motivations are needed [55,56] to improve foresight. There is a in time, as usual, but also in space [49] with a high spatiotem- need for joint analysis of environmental and economic drivers poral resolution. This has allowed a more precise description and this requires new approaches and models including be- of fishing activities (e.g. separating steaming and fishing time ff havioural models [44,49,55–58]. A focus is required on small during a trip) and a better identification of di erent fishing coastal fisheries [43–46, 49, 50] which tend to be underval- boats categories (“métiers”) ([43] Daurès et al., p. 535). ued and neglected. Particular efforts are required for monitor- ing of fishing effort and automated procedures [42] have been demonstrated successfully with innovative on-board and re- 3.2.3 Optimizing wealth production and allocation mote sensed technology, when possible [49]. Media-drummed panaceas are unlikely to work everywhere in every circum- Optimizing wealth distribution and, overall, wealth alloca- stances and systematic costs-benefits analysis [52] including tion (reaching equity) are two very high-stake challenges in the environmental and social costs of action (and of inaction) are exploitation of natural resources use. The strategies required necessary. would normally seek to, inter alia: One of the headaches of EAF lies in technical interactions • Adjusting effort or capacity to the resources productivity; between fleets, e.g. when one fishery catches, as by-catch, a • Reduce unit operating costs (e.g. reducing fuel consump- species tightly regulated in another fishery. Combining stocks tion); dynamics and fleets dynamics ([47] Marchal et al., p. 483)ex- • Increase the value of the catch through value addition and amined the consequence of the use of economic disincentives waste reduction. (taxes) in New Zealand in addition to quota management in a complex of 4 fleets and 19 “métiers” exploiting both hoki and The process of reduction of capacity implies a process of al- hake. The modelling framework developed could readily be location of rights, during which the question of equity can be applied to the management of the hake and Nephrops fisheries addressed. in the Bay of Biscay. S.M. Garcia and P. Prouzet: Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 381–394 (2009) 387

Reduction of fishing ecological impact 4 Perspectives and conclusion

While this section can be considered by ecologists as deal- The sections below draw significantly from the debate ing with impact reduction, for macroeconomists it deals with and the conclusions of the round table organized at the end ways and means to reduce the externalities imposed by fish- of the symposium. Grateful thanks to the participants and eries through degradation of the human environment. particularly to the panel of experts: Paul Nival, Phillippe The impact of fishing operations on the environment may Cury, Michael Sinclair, Jean Boncoeur and Pierre-Georges be reduced in three ways; (i) improving the gear selectiv- Dachicourt. ity [66, 73]; (ii) increasing avoidance of the gear by the pro- tected species; (iii) replacing the gear by a more environment- friendly one; and (iv) reducing the physical impact of the gear 4.1 Emerging thoughts (e.g. trawl doors) on the environment [61]. The first is ob- tained, for example, using square mesh netting in trawls cod The ecosystem approach to fisheries represents the oppor- ends [66] or introducing excluder devices [67]. The tunity to get out of the simplistic vision of an aquatic produc- second can be implemented using devices (e.g. sonic pingers) tion system as an ecological system evolving under human- to deflect non target species such as marine mammals, away induced perturbations versus a social system evolving under from the gear [63, 72]. The third is more radical. Under some natural constraints. It deals with a fishery system, composed of circumstances, trawls may be replaced by pots, e.g. to catch a natural and a human subsystem, functioning in interaction. That system is seen differently (has multiple realities) when Nephrops [59, 68]orfish[70]. Similarly, drift nets may be ff replaced by automated lines, e.g. to catch tunas [60]. The seen from various angles by di erent actors. fourth [61] requires particular skills in gear development and EAF requires a standard multicriteria decision-making sys- engineering to analyse the impact of every element of the gear. tem in a multi-use system that is spatially complex, only par- Measuring that impact in the field, in a credible manner and tially described and incompletely understood. The approach accurate manner, is a challenge. The improvement may be in tend to be holistic overall, e.g. at national or regional level, in terms of fuel consumption (contribution to greenhouse gases) the long term. In its day-to-day problem-solving mode of op- or reduced impact on the habitat and the bottom. Simulations eration, however, it integrates only as far as needed to resolve may be used. In all cases, a key difficulty is that of convincing the problem. It deals with incomplete information through a fishers to adopt the new gear. Very often, participative research risk-based approach, the methodology for which exist but the with fishers’ involvement may help gaining credibility and le- application of which to fisheries is new (Fletcher 2008). Ob- gitimacy. viously, the risk considered refer to the environment, the re- source, the fishers community and society. It is important to know where the knowledge gaps are, what they might imply, and to take that uncertainty into account. Waste management Contrary to the global trend of rapid conceptual and tech- nological development, within which science is in a process Waste in fisheries is both an environmental issue (oil con- of rapid specialization in micro-disciplines and schools, EAF sumption, pollution, discarding), an economic issue (loss of calls for a more effective blending of disciplines, methods and economic returns) and an ethical issue (resulting in loss of so- forms of knowledge as well as new forms of governance. This cietal support). simple observation opens, however a number of important con- Processing waste has been addressed by the French siderations. SEApro network (sustainable exploitation of aquatic prod- ucts) which proposes new upgrading procedures for the whole Sophisticated versus simple EAF that reduce wastes. In order to improve use, these The DEMOSTEM and SIDEPECHE projects, in close syn- technologies must aim simultaneously at producing fish, fish ergy, have shown the range of scientific activities that need to meat, as well as fishmeal and fish oils as well as derivatives for be conducted in order to put EAF in place in the most effec- cosmetic, nutrition and pharmacy sectors [71]. tive way possible. Despite a broad range of collaborations and Reducing oil consumption implies reducing reliance on an intense programme of work, it is obvious that only the sur- towed gear and efforts to replace towed gear by fixed or pas- face of EAF has been scratched. Much more work is needed in sive gear, mentioned above (e.g. [59, 60, 67]) can contribute to the areas already covered such as in bioecological modelling the end. or indicators. Many times more work is needed in the areas of The issue of discarding is a thorny one and it has been environmentally friendly technology development, economics partly addressed under “improved selectivity” but must also (micro and macro level) and, above all, on the social parame- be addressed in terms of the fate of the non-desired bycatch. ters of the sector to develop a real multi-partner effort. The 2007 EC Communication COM(2007)136 to the Council DEMOSTEM showed that in less than a decade, the sci- and the Parliament foresees a reduction and ban of discards, entific community (at least within the same institution) can accompanied by measures imposing the landing of the entire stand up to the task with impressive results from a large col- catch and incentives to improve selectivity (changes in fishing laboration with national, European and international scientific areas and real-time closures). It is therefore urgent to progress teams implementing 38 European and international research rapidly towards more selective gears and practices. projects on different EAF-related topics (Prouzet et al. 2008). 388 S.M. Garcia and P. Prouzet: Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 381–394 (2009)

Perfect EAF During the Symposium, attention was drawn on the risk

DEMOSTEM of making EAF more complicated than needed, getting away from simpler solutions more immediately applicable. He stressed the fact that the scientific community does not have CA + ICAM yet the expertise in assessment and management of ecosys- CA + reduced bioecological impact tems and may be tempted to hide behind the need for more in- CA + reduced physical impact formation to push the elaboration of solutions (accounting for incomplete information) to current problems such as excess CA economic optimization capacity and habitat destruction. Recalling the precautionary Conventional approach: CA Degree of EAF implementation approach (an integral part of the FAO EAF) the lack of scien- tific certainty cannot be an excuse for inaction when the risks Time are high. The challenge will therefore be, depending on the de- Fig. 1. Progressive development process of ecosystem approach to mand, to select the approach to use, within the range available fisheries (EAF) and relative position of DEMOSTEM in that process. and affordable. ICAM: integrated coastal area management. The programme has demonstrated in particular the value of transdisciplinary work and the strong incentive that EAF rep- resents to foster such cross-discipline collaboration. It has also But the change in data harvesting systems, data management shown the necessity to integrate the considerations across the systems, analytical methods, and modelling capacity take time. whole fish production chain. Obviously, not all questions will The adjustments of the institutions network, for a more cooper- require the mobilisation of all disciplines across the whole sec- ative and decentralized assessment-advice-decision system re- tor, but all questions need to be resolved keeping in mind the quires political decisions, budgets and decentralized capacity- inter-connections in the complex social-ecological system of building that, in times of economic crisis may not be easy fisheries. This is of course not a “discovery” but DEMOSTEM to achieve. However, the rise of societal concern, the need has tested a possible way to implement the required change in to fight pollution and environment degradation, and to gain the scientific institutional support (see Sect. 4.2). economic efficiency are all positive factors. The passage to Evaluating and distinguishing fishery impacts from all a comprehensive EAF (in the sense of the FAO Guidelines) other human-induced impacts on the resources is an important can only be progressive. DEMOSTEM is a first important step priority for which fishery science, alone, is poorly prepared (Fig. 1). and for which strategic alliances will be needed, e.g. with eco- Is this a path-dependent perception from within an insti- toxicologists, biochemists, terrestrial ecologists, fish physiolo- tution that has the benefit of a long tradition and a signifi- gists, etc. Failing this, fisheries will remain, in the eye of soci- cant budget and workforce in a rather well structured coun- ety, the only culprit of aquatic resources degradation. try? Some scientists working mainly in developing countries hold that a much simpler EAF must be possible, e.g. using a Implications of action-oriented EAF highly participative approach, traditional or local knowledge (validated if possible) and a risk assessment process, more or It may be important to stress here that EAF is a field of less quantitative depending on the data available (e.g. Fletcher integrated activities oriented towards management and more et al. 2002; Fletcher 2008). Indeed, in many developing coun- specifically sustainable use of aquatic ecosystems by fisheries. tries, FAO is developing and testing such a minimal approach It is an applied field for research and the connection with man- (Cochrane et al 2007). agement is essential. There cannot be EAF science without that It is obvious that the less the information available, the orientation. more uncertainties around the decision to be made and the However, fishery science –in its broadest sense– exists in highest the risk of mistake. A precautionary approach is in or- its own development system too, with its governance, rules der in all cases, but with less information at hand, and higher and incentives. It should therefore organize itself in order to be risks, more conservative positions must be taken, perhaps over- ready to respond when new questions emerge. There is a need conservative ones. Ideally, one should compare the cost of the to organize research around case studies (scientific arenas) in foregone opportunities with the cost of the possible mistakes. which disciplines can collaborate, developing integrated pro- In any case, this is a non-issue as in developing countries cesses of analysis and methods. Formally facing management and in developed ones the level of EAF applied will be dic- questions, or simply aware of them, the scientific community tated by the system “culture”8 and the means available. The need to translate them into scientific questions and collabo- fact remains however, that even in a developed country, dif- rate to solve them, producing the peer-reviewed publications ferent fisheries have different values and may afford different needed for its promotion. As in conventional assessment work, degree of EAF sophistication. Small-scale fisheries, in Europe adifficulty that can be expected is that of being sufficiently or Africa may indeed only be able to afford the simpler ver- available to resolve operational problems (providing expertise) sions of EAF. There is no guaranty that the most expensive while keeping enough time to elaborate acceptable scientific will be the best managed anyway. products. In addition, in the developing Mode 2 research phi- losophy (Nowotny et al. 2001), significant time must be kept 8 Systems using courts to resolve conflicts will require high level aside to develop project proposals and hence raise funds. of proof. Those based on negotiation in participative mode may be The close association of science with EAF decision- more accommodating in case of “shared error”. making leads to expectations from the sector requiring a high S.M. Garcia and P. Prouzet: Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 381–394 (2009) 389 degree of reactivity that conventional fishery science has been systematically criticised for not having. This long-standing ff problem result obviously from the di erences in the dynam- Arenas ics of crises and of science. It can probably only be alleviated in part by developing, in science, a better foreseeing capacity, developing databases and methods that could then be rapidly mobilized in case of crises. This is, however, a substantial chal- lenge in terms of human and financial resources. In order to meet the sector and societal expectations in terms of reactivity and quality, the knowledge bases must be improved but, more importantly perhaps, the relationships be- tween science and the sector need to be upgraded. This can be achieved by bringing the sector more forcefully into the as- sessment and advisory frameworks (Garcia 2008) developing Workshops more participatory data collection systems, assessment proce- Fig. 2. Arenas and workshops. dures, and advisory processes.

application of a multidisciplinary process of action. Such 4.2 What’s next? process is problem-oriented or strategic and requires A significant “paradigm shift” in fishery science is hap- action-research. It is probably the device with which pening with the progressive implementation of EAF prepar- decision-makers are more familiar. It has the dimensions ing the future for a more integrated approach to the use and along which social demand will probably be expressed. management of marine ecosystems goods and services and the The CHARM project [88], associated with the ARC- conservation of ecosystem resilience as a necessary condition Manche initiative (http://www.arcmanche.com/) will con- for sustainable resource use. This EAF conceptual framework stitute a good example of geographic arena within which raises new questions for fisheries experts whilst at the same it will be possible to develop a real scientific mediation time broadening related fields of research. “Acknowledging the process. An example of ecosystemic arena is given by the failure of fisheries governance and its roots causes leads to project for the restoration of the eel resources and its habi- focusing on a better understanding of the fisheries dynamics tats in the central part of its distribution area (from the in response ecological, economic and institutional changes in British Islands to the Iberian peninsula) and the project IN- their contexts and on assessing their impacts in terms of col- DICANG [83] that have produced, in collaboration with lective (and not exclusively fishery-related) benefits. Studies the fishery and management stake-holders, a methodologi- progressively encompass interactions between fisheries uses cal guide to elaborate indicators for European eel habitat and other uses of living marine resources, indicating the pro- quality, recruitment level and colonization of freshwater gressive adoption of the broader approach aimed at by the environments. EAF” (Fromentin et al. 2007). • Workshops are transverse devices. They are thematic, It could be stressed again that global warming is ongoing methodological (ex.: comparative analyses), deal with and that fisheries can only minimize the economic, social and tools development, information systems, conceptual devel- ecological stress this change will produce, through an effective opment, cross arenas-strategies. They correspond more to EAF. The collision between the global concern for the envi- the way science will organise its production and supply of ronment and the global change in governance practice (part- knowledge. Their dimensions are more familiar to scien- nership, democracy, market driven) imply a strong change in tists and academics. Examples of these cross-cutting initia- the scope of the assessment, the type of customers, the type of tives are given by: (i) the CHALOUPE project [86] includ- output expected (advice, not only scientific papers) and the in- ing a comparative analysis of three regional ecosystems: stitutions connecting science to industry and both to decision- the Bay of Biscay, a Moroccan upwelling, and the conti- making. nental shelf of French Guyana: (ii) the joint synthesis on It is difficult to generalize as to what needs to be done next the use of genetic, biochemical and electronic tags to bet- to foster the implementation of EAF. The response will depend ter understand the relation between the individual and its on the context, the nature of the social demand, the origin and environment [4]. the extent of the crises, the value of the fisheries, the com- petence available. Nonetheless, some general considerations could be made. Applying a really systemic approach It might be important to stress here that it is important Operational set-up: Arenas and workshops to move towards a really “systemic” approach to fisheries re- search and management. EAF (or Ecosystem-Based DEMOSTEM has shown that an effective organization of Management and other very similar concepts) tend to be used the work at such a high level complexity requires its structura- as a flag, described and implemented by fishery biologists and tion in arenas and workshops (Fig. 2): ecologists, focusing therefore naturally on the natural part of • Arenas are either geographic or ecosystemic and in any the ecosystem, its components and its “health”, leaving aside case space-based concepts. They are the loci of partnership if not simply ignoring the socio-economic dimensions of the 390 S.M. Garcia and P. Prouzet: Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 381–394 (2009) ecosystem of which humans are an integral part. EAF, as Developing a web-based epistemic community EAF originally defined by FAO (Garcia et al. 2003;FAO 2003) It is largely agreed that, as most part of the production of is comprehensive, truly multi-disciplinary and integrated. Its the marine ecosystem is located in the coastal area, the con- full application requires a “systemic approach” as advocated servation of the marine resources and their habitats is strongly more specifically by Garcia and Charles (2007) with a high linked to the a sustainable use of the related goods and services level of integration between assessment, elaboration of ad- in coastal, estuarine and freshwater environments. This implies vice and decision-making (Garcia 2008). This result cannot that the broader setting required by EAF calls for the consider- be achieved without the development of an appropriate in- ation of a much broader range of stakeholders and types uses stitutional framework in which principles, the principles of in order to deal with the effects of the range of uses on the EAF are mainstreamed and in which processes are designed productivity of the marine ecosystem and on fisheries. That for EAF, to achieve quality, integration, legitimacy, relevance, will require a true multidisciplinary scientific mediation and timeliness. the incorporation of traditional knowledge for more integrated This set-up should be able to act in a pragmatic but ef- public policies. fective way in a complex and changing ecological and socio- The need to exchange information across disciplines, economic environment. The key words are flexibility, re- countries and ecosystems would be better and more rapidly versibility, integration, production chain, knowledge sharing, satisfied if a true epistemic community could be developed. transparency, clear allocation of mandates and responsibility. The scattered research potential available will come together The close association of stakeholders in the whole process, naturally around formally established workshops and arenas from assessment to planning and implementation is essential (see above). At a broader level, however, the EAF implemen- as well as the mobilisation, validation and use of traditional tation process (still scattered and not coordinated) would ben- (informal) knowledge of the fishers. efit greatly in terms of visibility, coherence and effectiveness from establishing a real epistemic community within which Fostering mapping and modelling with common problems can be examined and resources and EAF requires integration of information in an ecosystem solutions could be shared. Using internet facilities, regional space (often fuzzily bounded) that requires a cartographic vi- and global platforms could be developed or strengthened such sion of the information available. Developing a mapping ca- as open-source modelling and methodological development pacity (e.g. in GIS) is therefore a must. Developing a capacity platforms, common repositories of software, interactive map- to produce maps through modelling is also a strong necessity ping sites, knowledge bases, virtual working environments and considering the costs of observation. Finally, visualizing in- other means to federate knowledge, cooperate and communi- formation in the forms of maps, in atlases, for example, is an cate. The climate change community has shown a good exam- excellent way of communicating the information to the users ple of this. and to public at large. New open platforms are developing on Some integrated websites initiatives already exist of lo- the web, providing facilities for mapping (including Google cal or sub-regional scope such as the Ecoscope (http://www. Ocean) that can be put to use. ecoscopebc.ird.fr/)orObservatoire global du Saint-Laurent Modelling is another (and related) fundamental need in (http://ogsl.ca/fr.html), allowing to mix and exchange data, aquatic world and with human communities on which exper- models, knowledge and know-how. More can be done for joint imentation is at best difficult and at worst dangerous. Mod- model development, inter alia following on and broadening elling, with all its caveats, is absolutely necessary to EAF. The the example of the R statistical modelling platform (http:// range is vast, from simple mental models developed in partic- www.r-project.org/)andoffspring projects like the FLR Li- ipative mode, with fishers, to complex ecosystem simulation brary project (http://flr-project.org/) in fisheries and the auto- models used, e.g. to test management strategies. Modelling matic differentiation model builder (ADMB) platform (http:// fishery management scenarios, e.g. for stock rebuilding, is im- admb-project.org/). The coalescence of existing scattered ini- portant, integrating of course economic and social considera- tiatives around one are more epistemic platforms, providing in- tions. The key difficulties (as described in Garcia and Charles teractive exchange of information, case studies, best practices, (2007) is to develop models integrating data from multiple grey literature (like policies, plans and projects), e-training, e- disciplines, formal and informal, quantitative and qualitative. conferencing, dedicated media-corners etc. would greatly im- The establishment of open-source platforms on the web would prove the development speed, coherence and effectiveness of greatly enhance the effectiveness of limited human resources such a community. There is certainly enough potential and available in the fisheries community. enough demand in Europe to start with at that regional level.

Developing communication References EAF, de facto, pulls fishery science out of its very special- ized area of fishery management where it has operated “qui- Adam G., Feunteun E., Prouzet P., Rigaud C., 2008, L’anguille etly” for decades into a much broader and turbulent environ- européenne- Indicateurs d’abondance et de colonisation. Editions mental arena in which it is in direct contact with a broader QUAE, Collection Savoir faire. range of disciplines, stakeholders and even with the public Bianchi G., Skjoldal H.R., 2008, The ecosystem approach to fisheries. at large. The concerned community must communicate much Rome, FAO & CABI. moreandmuchmoreefficiently than in the past using the range Cochrane K., Augustyn C.J., Bianchi G., de Barros P., Fairweather T., of media that modern times offer, particularly through the web. Iitembu J.,app D., Kanandjembo A., Kilongo K., Moroff N., Nel S.M. Garcia and P. Prouzet: Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 381–394 (2009) 391

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Annex Communications presented at the Symposium on the Systemic Approach to Fisheries Boulogne-sur-mer, France, 5-7 November 2008 Summaries can be viewed at http://wwz.ifremer.fr/asp/content/download/32302/268094/file/rapportcondense.pdf

Theme 1. Combined effects of fishing and other human- [16] Bru et al. Daily and seasonal estimates of the recruitment and induced pressures as well as natural environmental oscilla- biomass of glass eels runs (Anguilla anguilla) and exploitation tions on marine ecosystems: responses at individual, popu- rates in the Adour open estuary (southwestern France) lation and assemblage levels [17] Bourjea et al. Analyse par spline linéaire des séries longues de comptage de traces de tortues marines dans les îles Eparses françaises

Session 1.1. Individual processes and responses of organisms to their environment and exploitation. Poster session 1.2 Moderator: B. Ermande [18] Riou et al. Suivi et compréhension du développement d’espèces [1]Fabletetal.Understanding otolith biomineralization: from phytoplanctoniques toxiques (Dynophysis sp. et Pseudo- physico chemical signatures to numerical modelling nitzschia sp.) et des niveaux de contamination phycotoxinique [2] De Pontual et al. First archival tagging on European hake: what des gisements de coquilles St Jacques en baie de Seine (France) have we learnt? [19] Paroissin C., Prouzet P. Modélisations et simulations de scénar- [3] Aubry et al. withdrawn ios de pêche de la civelle (Anguilla anguilla) [4] Fromentin et al. Importance and future of individual markers for [20] Dang et al. Dynamique des populations de palourdes sur le the ecosystem approach to fisheries bassin d’Arcachon – conséquence sur la gestion des popula- [5] Struski et al. Potentiel de ponte de l’anchois du golfe de tions exploitées Gascogne : utilisation d’un modèle bioénergétique forcé par [21] Fifas et al. Comparaison des distributions spatiales de co- une série à long terme quilles St-Jacques (Pecten maximus) et de crépidules (Crepidula [6] Martyet al. Influence de la croissance et de la mortalité indi- fornicata) en baie de Saint-Brieuc. Résultats des campagnes viduelles sur l’évolution de l’âge et de la taille à maturation d’évaluation directe, années 2003-2007 [7] Ernande et al. Effects of different types of gear selectivity on [22] Lelièvre et al. Identification and characterization of winter harvest-induced life history evolution in Northeast Arctic cod spawning grounds in the eastern English Channel and southern North Sea [23] Persohn et al. Habitat preferences of selected demersal fish Poster session 1.1 species in the Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea, North-East Atlantic [24] Drouineau et al. M. Développement et ajustement d’un modèle [8] Prouzet et al. Analysis and visualization of the glass eel behav- de dynamique des populations structuré en longueur et spatial- ior (Anguilla anguilla) in the Adour estuary and estimate of its isé appliqué au stock Nord de merlu (Merluccius merluccius) upstream migration speed [25] Muths D., Bourjea J. Connectivité entre les aires marines pro- [9] Tabouret et al. Use of strontium and barium as markers of téegées du sud ouest de l’océan Indien : étude de faisabilité European eel (Anguilla anguilla) habitats in the Adour basin: [26] Bourjea J. Interaction tortues marines-pêche hauturière dans le tools for an ecosystemic approach sud-ouest de l’océan Indien : projet SWIOFP [10] Huret et al. Observing and modelling : the steps towards under- [27] Pawlowski L., Lorance P. Effect of discards on roundnose standing the survival variability of early lifestages of anchovy grenadier in the Northeast Atlantic in the Bay of Biscay [11] Amilhat et al. European silver eel quality in two Mediterranean Session 1.3. Space-time dynamics of assemblages and ex- lagoons: Bages-Sigean and Canet-St-Nazaire (France) as an in- ploitation impact on non-target populations and communities. dicator of spawners potential Moderator: V. Trenkel [12] Ernande et al. Estimating the onset of maturation and related energy allocation parameters from somatic growth [28] Fifas et al. Evaluation des rejets de langoustines (Nephrops [13]Carbinietal.A review of image-based tools for automatic fish norvegicus) occasionnés par le chalutage en golfe de Gascogne ageing from otolith features [29] Trenkel et al. Overview of recent progress in fisheries acoustics made by Ifremer with examples from the Bay of Biscay [30] Brind’Amour A., Lobry J. Assessment of the ecological status Session 1.2. Interactions between populations and environ- of coastal areas and estuaries in France, using multiple fish- ment and exploitation impact on target-populations. based indicators: a comparative analysis on the Vilaine estuary Moderator: P. Lorance [31] Reecht et al. Defining functional groups in fish communities: usefulness of ecomorphology [14] Petitgas et al. Population responses to environmental forcing: [32] Benoît H.P., Swain, D.P. Changes in species composition of approaches to model and monitor habitat characteristics fish and macroinvertebrate communities in the southern Gulf of [15] Muths et al. Structure des stocks d’espadon (Xiphias gladius) St. Lawrence: Impacts of environmental change and direct and dans le sud-ouest de l’océan Indien indirect harvesting effects S.M. Garcia and P. Prouzet: Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 381–394 (2009) 393

[33] Frank K. Structure and stability in exploited marine ecosystems: Session 2.2. Change scenarios for fisheries under ecological, comparative dynamics economic and institutional stress. Moderator: O. Thébaut [34] Preuss et al. Etude de la variabilité spatio-temporelle de [51] Martinet et al. Selecting viable recovery paths towards sustain- ff l’assemblage ichtyologique pour la compréhension de l’e et able fisheries des changements de statuts de protection des AMP [52] Macher C., Guyader O. Estimating the social cost of discarding: [35] Claudet J., Pelletier D. local and regional ef- the case of the Nephrops trawl fishery’s discards in the Bay of fects: how fish assemblages respond to protection and impor- Biscay tance of reserve design [53] Marchal et al. A comparative review of the fisheries resources management systems in New Zealand and in the European Poster session 1.3 Union [54] Hamon et al. A retrospective analysis of the effects of adopting [36] Pelletier et al. High definition video systems for monitoring bio- individual transferable quotas in the Tasmanian red rock lobster, diversity in MPA Jasus edwardsii,fishery [55] Vermard et al. Identifying fishing trip behavioral mode and fish- [37] Scalabrin C., Marfia C. How much fish is hidden in surface and ing effort using Bayesian hidden Markov models bottom acoustic blind zones? [38] Massé et al. From acoustic fisheries surveys to ecosystem moni- Poster session 2.2 toring surveys: the “Pelgas” series in the Bay of Biscay [39] Choqueuse et al. Etude expérimentale du fonctionnement d’un [56] Mahévas et al. A simulation designs approach to assess the ro- récif artificiel à l’aide d’une station fixe acoustique autonome bustness of alternative management measures to fishermen be- [40] Lobry et al. Les ressources bentho-démersales côtières du golfe haviour : an application to the Bay of Biscay anchovy fishery de Gascogne : comparaison à l’échelle d’un quart de siècle [57] Drouot et al. Analyse bio-économique de scénarios [41] Warembourg et al. Contribution of image analysis to ecosystem d’aménagement de la pêcherie de bar (Dicentrarchus labrax) approach to fisheries: the study of ichthyoplanktonic and zoo- [58] Lehuta et al. Setting up the bio-economic simulation model ISIS- planktonic assemblages Fish for the Bay of Biscay pelagic fishery [42] Laurans et al. Le projet Recopesca : un outil novateur de mesure de l’effort de pêche et des paramètres environnemen- Session 2.3. Innovative techniques to reduce ecological impact taux. Illustration des résultats obtenus sur la pêcherie langous- of fishing and add value to products. Moderator: P. Berthou tinière de la grande vasière [59] Macher C., Talidec C. From trawl to pots: a bio-economic anal- ysis of gear change Theme 2. Economic viability of the fish chain: research [60] Morandeau et al. Evaluation de la faisabilité technico- and applications économique de la pêche alternative du thon germon à la ligne de traîne automatique [61] Vincent B. Synthèse des travaux effectués dans le domaine de Session 2.1. Fish chain analysis and identification of con- l’optimisation des engins de pêche straints to its viability. [62] Debuquet et al. Comment concilier fraîcheur et qualité sanitaire Moderator: P. Marchal dans la filière pêche : le cas d’Anisakis [63] Morizur et al. Captures accidentelles de cétacés dans le chalu- [43] Daurès et al. Fishing fleet typology, economic dependence, and tage pélagique en bœuf et mitigation acoustique species landing profiles of the French fleets in the Bay of Biscay, 2000-2006 Poster session 2.3 [44] Rochet et al. Viabilité économique des flottilles de pêche et état [64] Verrez-Bagnis et al. Traçabilité moléculaire des espèces de de l’écosystème : vers une évaluation conjointe. Une applica- poissons marins au travers de trois projets tion au golfe de Gascogne [65] Vauchel et al. Evaluation of reactive extrusion process from al- [45] Reynal L., Guyader O. Allocation de l’effort de pêche entre ginate extraction from Laminaria digitata écosystèmes récifaux et pélagiques dans les petites Antilles [66] Morandeau F., Larna P. Tests of square mesh side escape panels françaises to decrease by-catch in Nehrops fisheries [67] Larnaud et al. La grille à langoustines : une des solutions Poster session 2.1 pour diminuer les rejets, fiable et extrapolable aux différentes pêcheries [68] Morandeau G., Morandeau F. Essais de casiers à langoustines [46] Daurès F. et al. Le poids économique des pêches côtières en dans la fosse de Capbreton - Projet ITIS-SQUAL (sélectivité France qualité des prises et techniques alternatives) [47] Marchal et al. Catch-quota balancing in mixed-fisheries: a bio- [69] Sacchi et al. Les nasses à poissons : alternative ou simple diver- economic modelling approach applied to the New Zealand hoki sification (Macruronus novaezelandiae)fishery [70] Priour D. Variation in trawl cod-end selectivity due to the me- [48] Thébaud et al. Fishing the food web: a bio-economic analysis of chanical property of the catch and the netting changes and drivers of change in fisheries of the Bay of Biscay [71] Bergé et al. The French network SEApro: a solution to a better [49] Leblond et al. A picture of French fleets fishing effort over the fish wastes management? period 2000-2006 combining logbooks, auctions sales, VMS [72] Larnaud et al. Tests de dispositifs d’échappement de dauphins and calendar of activity data dans les chaluts pélagiques [50] Daurès et al. Les flottilles et les revenus à la pêche dans la bande [73] Meillat M., Morandeau F. Limitation des prises accessoires côtière bretonne dans les pêcheries crevettières 394 S.M. Garcia and P. Prouzet: Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 381–394 (2009)

Theme 3. The ecosystem approach outputs: diagnoses [83] Prouzet et al. Un réseau de connaissances sur l’anguille eu- on the health of ecosystems in fluctuating environments ropéenne (Anguilla anguilla) au sein de l’Espace Atlantique : le projet Indicang Session 3.1. Multi-parameter databases. Accounting for multi- [84] Amilhat et al. Estimation of the population size, exploitation ple natural and human-induces stresses. Moderator: P. Berthou rate and escapement of silver eels sub-stock in a Mediterranean lagoon: Bages-Sigean, France [74] Badts V., Mahévas S. Les avancées de la démarche qualité du SIH : méthodes et exemples concrets Session 3.2. Development of cartographic visualization tools [75] Kostylev V.E. Habitat template approach to seabed mapping for and spatial indicators dashboards. Moderator: A. Carpentier ecosystem based management [76] Trenkel V., Rochet M.J. Utilisation d’indicateurs pour évaluer [85] Lorance et al. Assessment of impacts from human activities on l’état des communautés marines exploitées : le fil rouge ecosystem components in the Bay of Biscay in the early 1990s [77] Woillez et al. Monitoring fish population and environmental in- [86] Blanchard F., Thébaud O. Changement global, dynamique dicators for assessing the pelagic ecosystem in the Bay of Biscay de la biodiversité marine exploitée et viabilité des pêcheries [78] Vaz et al. Modelling fish community habitat in the eastern (CHALOUPE) English Channel: tentative prediction of habitat distribution [87] Pelletier et al. withdrawn change under different climatic variation scenarios [88] Martin et al. The Channel habitat atlas for marine resource man- [79] Kraus et al. A model-based evaluation of Marine Protected agement (CHARM): an aid for planning and decision-making in Areas – the example of Eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua an area under strong anthropogenic pressure callarias) [89] Gilbert M. Initiative de recherche écosystémique (IRÉ) dans l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent : contexte et application du concept Poster session 3.1 d’approche écosystémique

[80] Michel et al. Evolution of upper layer temperature in the Bay of Poster session 3.3 Biscay during the last 40 years [81] Caill-Milly et al. Identification et appréciation des usages dans [90] Carpentier et al. Défi Manche les zones humides du bas Adour maritime afin de déceler les [91] Petitgas et al. Overview of the EU project FISBOAT impacts des activités anthropiques sur l’habitat de l’anguille [92] Rocklin et al. Les réserves marines comme outil de gestion des européenne (Anguilla anguilla) pêches : la fermeture partielle de la pêche plaisancière profite à [82] Delavenne et al. Comparative study of conservation planning la pêche artisanale strategies: a case study in the Eastern English Channel using MARXAN and ZONATION softwares