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Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Robert Stirling
Stirling Stuff Dr John S. Reid, Department of Physics, Meston Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB12 3UE, Scotland Abstract Robert Stirling’s patent for what was essentially a new type of engine to create work from heat was submitted in 1816. Its reception was underwhelming and although the idea was sporadically developed, it was eclipsed by the steam engine and, later, the internal combustion engine. Today, though, the environmentally favourable credentials of the Stirling engine principles are driving a resurgence of interest, with modern designs using modern materials. These themes are woven through a historically based narrative that introduces Robert Stirling and his background, a description of his patent and the principles behind his engine, and discusses the now popular model Stirling engines readily available. These topical models, or alternatives made ‘in house’, form a good platform for investigating some of the thermodynamics governing the performance of engines in general. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Introduction 2016 marks the bicentenary of the submission of Robert Stirling’s patent that described heat exchangers and the technology of the Stirling engine. James Watt was still alive in 1816 and his steam engine was gaining a foothold in mines, in mills, in a few goods railways and even in pioneering ‘steamers’. Who needed another new engine from another Scot? The Stirling engine is a markedly different machine from either the earlier steam engine or the later internal combustion engine. For reasons to be explained, after a comparatively obscure two centuries the Stirling engine is attracting new interest, for it has environmentally friendly credentials for an engine. This tribute introduces the man, his patent, the engine and how it is realised in example models readily available on the internet. -
Champ Math Study Guide Indesign
Champions of Mathematics — Study Guide — Questions and Activities Page 1 Copyright © 2001 by Master Books, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication may be reproduced for educational purposes only. BY JOHN HUDSON TINER To get the most out of this book, the following is recommended: Each chapter has questions, discussion ideas, research topics, and suggestions for further reading to improve students’ reading, writing, and thinking skills. The study guide shows the relationship of events in Champions of Mathematics to other fields of learning. The book becomes a springboard for exploration in other fields. Students who enjoy literature, history, art, or other subjects will find interesting activities in their fields of interest. Parents will find that the questions and activities enhance their investments in the Champion books because children of different age levels can use them. The questions with answers are designed for younger readers. Questions are objective and depend solely on the text of the book itself. The questions are arranged in the same order as the content of each chapter. A student can enjoy the book and quickly check his or her understanding and comprehension by the challenge of answering the questions. The activities are designed to serve as supplemental material for older students. The activities require greater knowledge and research skills. An older student (or the same student three or four years later) can read the book and do the activities in depth. CHAPTER 1 QUESTIONS 1. A B C D — Pythagoras was born on an island in the (A. Aegean Sea B. Atlantic Ocean C. Caribbean Sea D. -
Costs of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in EU Fisheries
Costs of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in EU Fisheries November 2008 Economics for the Environment Consultancy Ltd 73–75 Mortimer Street, London W1W 7SQ, tel: 44 (0) 20 7580 5383, fax: 44 (0) 20 7580 5385, [email protected], www.eftec.co.uk Costs of IUU Fishing in EU fisheries This report was commissioned by The Pew Environment Group and has been prepared by: Dr Rob Tinch Ian Dickie Bruno Lanz. Acknowledgements The study team would like to thank the following people for their help with data, suggestions for the research and writing, and graphics: Markus Knigge, Uta Bellion, Mike Walker, Kathryn Semmens, Olga Anderson, Rashid Sumaila, Tony Pitcher, Aniol Esteban, Dirk Zeller, Reg Watson and Hilary Tranter. Any remaining errors are the responsibility of the authors alone. The Pew Environment Group, the conservation arm of the Pew Charitable Trusts, wishes to thank Economics for the Environment Consultancy Ltd (eftec) for compiling the data and preparing this report. Costs of IUU Fishing in EU fisheries EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................4 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................6 2. ASSESSING IUU ACTIVITY IN EU FISHERIES ......................................................8 2.1 SCOPE OF ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 8 2.2 WHAT DRIVES IUU FISHING? ..................................................................... 11 2.3 HOW MUCH -
Plankton Planet – Proof-Of-Concept & Perspectives
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.31.263442; this version posted September 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Plankton Planet – Proof-of-Concept & Perspectives Plankton Planet: ‘seatizen’ oceanography to assess open ocean life at the planetary scale Colomban de Vargas1,2,3 #, Thibaut Pollina2,4, Sarah Romac1,2,3, Noan Le Bescot1,2, Nicolas Henry1,2,3, Calixte Berger2, Sébastien Colin1,2, Nils Haëntjens5,2, Margaux Carmichael2, David Le Guen2, Johan Decelle6, Frédéric Mahé7, Emmanuel Malpot8, Carole Beaumont9, Michel Hardy10, the planktonauts, the Plankton Planet team, Damien Guiffant2, Ian Probert1, David F. Gruber11, Andy Allen12, Gabriel Gorsky13,2, Mick Follows14, Barry B. Cael15, Xavier Pochon16,17, Romain Troublé18,2 #, Fabien Lombard2,13,19, Emmanuel Boss5,2, Manu Prakash4,2 # 1 Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, ECOMAP, 29680 Roscoff, France. 2 Plankton Planet NGO, Station Biologique de Roscoff & Atelier PontonZ Morlaix, 29680 Roscoff, France 3 Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France 4 Stanford University, Department of Bioengineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. 5 University of Maine, School of Marine Sciences, 5706 Aubert Hall, Orono, ME 04473, USA 6 Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA; 38054, Grenoble, France 7 CIRAD, UMR GBPI, 34398, Montpellier, France 8 Moana Fisheries Ltd, Cawthron Aquaculture Park, Nelson, New Zealand 9 On board ‘Folligou’ 10 On board ‘Taravana’ 11 Baruch College and the Graduate Center, Department of Natural Sciences, City University of New York, USA 12 J. -
EM Waves, Ray Optics, Optical Instruments Mar
Gen. Phys. II Exam 3 - Chs. 24,25,26 - EM Waves, Ray Optics, Optical Instruments Mar. 26, 2018 Rec. Time Name For full credit, make your work clear. Show formulas used, essential steps, and results with correct units and significant figures. Points shown in parenthesis. For TF and MC, choose the best answer. OpenStax Ch. 24 - Electromagnetic Waves 1. (3) Which type of electromagnetic (EM) waves has the highest frequency in vacuum? a. x-rays. b. infrared. c. red light. d. blue light. e. ultraviolet. f. AM radio. g. all tie. 2. (3) An EM wave is traveling vertically upward with its magnetic field vector oscillating north-south. Its electric field vector is oscillating a. north-south. b. east-west. c. vertically up and down. 3. (3) The first physicist to confirm the generation and detection of EM waves by using LC oscillator circuits was a. Alexander Bell. b. James Watt. c. Andr´e-Marie Amp`ere. d. Heinrich Hertz. e. Carl Friedrich Gauss. 4. (3) TF In vacuum, electromagnetic waves of higher frequencies travel faster than lower frequencies. 5. (3) TF EM waves in vacuum can be considered to be transverse waves. 6. (3) TF Earth's ozone layer is important in blocking dangerous infrared light from the sun. 7. (3) Which physical effect did James Clerk Maxwell add into the equations of electromagnetism that carry his name, based on theoretical reasoning? a. changing magnetic fields produce electric fields. b. changing electric fields produce magnetic fields. c. moving electric charges produce magnetic fields. d. moving electric charges experience magnetic forces. -
Les Dossiers D'agropolis International
AGROPOLIS INTERNATIONAL agriculture • food • environment Agropolis International Agropolis is an international campus devoted to agricultural and brings together institutions environmental sciences. There is significant potential for scientific and of research and higher technological expertise: more than 2 200 scientists in more than 110 education in Montpellier research units in Montpellier and Languedoc-Roussillon, including 300 and Languedoc-Roussillon scientists in 60 countries. in partnership with local communities, companies and regional enterprises, Agropolis International is structured according to a broad range of and in close cooperation research themes corresponding to the overall scientific, technological with international and economic issues of development: institutions. This scientific • Agronomy and Mediterranean community has one main and tropical agricultural production sectors objective—the economic • Biotechnology and food technology and social development • Biodiversity, natural resources and ecosystems of Mediterranean and • Water, environment and sustainable development tropical regions. • Rural development and societies • Food and health • Food quality and safety Agropolis International promotes the capitalisation and enhancement of knowledge, personnel training and technology transfer. It is a hub for visitors and international exchanges, while promoting initiatives based on multilateral and collective expertise and contributing to the scientific and technological knowledge needed for preparing development policies. Research experience on aquatic ecosystems Aquatic ecosystems: and resources in Montpellier and Languedoc- Resources and development Roussillon Region Within the biosphere, aquatic environments and living resources supply about two thirds of the goods and services that the biosphere provides human beings. A number of these environments are already disturbed and their resources over-used. This is related notably Biodiversity and functioning Page 4 to climate change and to the different uses of soil. -
Synopsis of the Heteroptera Or True Bugs of the Galapagos Islands
Synopsis of the Heteroptera or True Bugs of the Galapagos Islands ' 4k. RICHARD C. JROESCHNE,RD SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 407 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. -
Electronics 101
Electronics 101 NANT – New York John Sweeny OFF Saturday – September 28th, 2013 Is this your understanding of a Dialysis Machine? 2 Electricity is intimidating because… Human aren’t equipped to detect it …until it’s to late ! You have five senses: ◦ See (10,000 volts) ◦ Hear (5,000 volts) ◦ Taste (???) ◦ Smell (ozone from movement in air) ◦ Feel ( a/c > 20 volts, static > 3,000 volts) Skin is your best protection if it’s dry. Electricity tends to flow on the outside of the body. The heart is mid-torso. 3 Basic Electron Characteristics 4 Electrical Terminology Coulomb (Q) – mks system’s unit of charge. 1 coulom b of charge passing a point in a wire in 1 second equals one ampere. 1 coulomb = 6.24 x 1018 electrons ◦ Charles Augustin Coulomb (1736 – 1806) Volt (()V) – measure of ppgyotential energy in an electric field. 1 volt = one joule of energy per one coulomb of charge. (1 watt = 1 joule/second) ◦ Alessandro Volta (1745 – 1827) ◦ Created the first chemical battery 5 Electrical Terminology Ampere (I) – The unit of current = a “flow rate” of one coulomb per second in a wire ◦ Andre Marie Ampere (1775 – 1836) ◦ Established the relationshippy between electricity and magnetism. Ohm (R or Ω) – the unit of resistance = 1 ohm is the ratio of one volt/one ampere. The reciproca l of resistance is conductance. ◦ Georgg( Simon Ohm (1789 – 1854) ◦ Discovered the direct proportionality of current in a conductor to the voltage applied (V = IR, R = V/I, I = V/R) 6 Electrical Terminology Watt – Unit of power in the mks system. -
Great Moments in Science and Technology English, Spanish, French: 103 X 15 Min
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY MEDICINE DOCUMENTARY 15 MIN. VERSIONS Great Moments in Science and Technology English, Spanish, French: 103 x 15 min. Arabic: 89 x 15 min. The viewer gains an insight into both the scientific and the socio-political background to an Portuguese: 33 x 15 min. invention or discovery. Pioneers of science are portrayed, and the nature of their research and its further development through to the present are reconstructed. RIGHTS Not available worldwide. Computer animations are used to make certain processes easier to understand and to show Please contact your regional how various systems function. Re-enacted scenes illustrate the conditions under which the distribution partner. scientists worked and the approach they took. Particularly impressive are the historical film sequences, some of which date back to the early days of cinematography. ORDER NUMBER 24 4110 | 01 – 103 01 Wilhelm C. Röntgen: X-rays 30 Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch: English, Spanish, French 02 The Lumière Brothers: Bacteriology Cinematography 31 Edward Jenner, Paul Ehrlich, 24 4110 | 01 – 89 03 Otto Lilienthal: The Glider Emil von Behring: Vaccination Arabic 04 Werner von Siemens: 32 Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, The Electric Dynamo Ernst Chain: Penicillin 24 4110 | 01 – 32, 47 05 Nikolaus August Otto: 33 Horace Wells, William Morton, Portuguese The Four-stroke Engine John Warren: Anaesthesia 06 Louis Daguerre: The Camera 34 Joseph Lister, Ignaz Semmelweis: 07 Karl Friedrich Drais: The Bicycle Antisepsis 08 Heinrich Hertz: Electromagnetic Waves 35 Ramón y Cajal: Neuron Theory 09 The Wright brothers: The Aeroplane 36 Frederick Banting, Charles Best, 10 Thomas Alva Edison: The Light Bulb John Macleod, James Collip: Insulin 11 Johann Philipp Reis, 37 Karl Landsteiner: Alexander Graham Bell: The Telephone The AB0 Blood Group System 12 Samuel F. -
Feeling Joules and Watts
FEELING JOULES AND WATTS OVERVIEW & PURPOSE Power was originally measured in horsepower – literally the number of horses it took to do a particular amount of work. James Watt developed this term in the 18th century to compare the output of steam engines to the power of draft horses. This allowed people who used horses for work on a regular basis to have an intuitive understanding of power. 1 horsepower is about 746 watts. In this lab, you’ll learn about energy, work and power – including your own capacity to do work. Energy is the ability to do work. Without energy, nothing would grow, move, or change. Work is using a force to move something over some distance. work = force x distance Energy and work are measured in joules. One joule equals the work done (or energy used) when a force of one newton moves an object one meter. One newton equals the force required to accelerate one kilogram one meter per second squared. How much energy would it take to lift a can of soda (weighing 4 newtons) up two meters? work = force x distance = 4N x 2m = 8 joules Whether you lift the can of soda quickly or slowly, you are doing 8 joules of work (using 8 joules of energy). It’s often helpful, though, to measure how quickly we are doing work (or using energy). Power is the amount of work (or energy used) in a given amount of time. http://www.rdcep.org/demo-collection page 1 work power = time Power is measured in watts. One watt equals one joule per second. -
Author's Personal Copy ARTICLE in PRESS
Author's personal copy ARTICLE IN PRESS Deep-Sea Research II 56 (2009) 1816–1823 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Deep-Sea Research II journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2 A one ocean model of biodiversity Ronald K. O’Dor a,Ã, Katja Fennel b, Edward Vanden Berghe c a Consortium for Ocean Leadership, 1201 New York Ave., Washington, DC 20003, USA b Oceanography Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada c Ocean Biogeographic Information System, Rutgers University, NJ, USA article info abstract Available online 28 May 2009 The history of life is written in the ocean, and the history of the ocean is written in DNA. Geologists have Keywords: shown us that hundreds of millions of years of ocean history can be revealed from records of a single Biodiversity phylum in cores of mud from abyssal plains. We are now accumulating genetic tools to unravel the Oceans relationships of hundreds of phyla to track this history back billions of years. The technologies Scaling demonstrated by the Census of Marine Life (CoML) mean that the ocean is no longer opaque or Models unknowable. The secrets of the largest component of the biosphere are knowable. The cost of Ecological balance understanding the history of ocean life is not cheap, but it is also not prohibitive. A transparent, open Survival ocean is available for us to use to understand ourselves. This article develops a model of biodiversity equilibration in a single, physically static ocean as a step towards biodiversity in physically complex real oceans. It attempts to be quantitative and to simultaneously account for biodiversity patterns from bacteria to whales focusing on emergent properties rather than details. -
The Future of Oysters in Chesapeake Bay Different Paths to Restoration
Issue 200103 Summer, 2001 In This Issue: 1. The Future of Oysters in Chesapeake Bay: Different Paths to Restoration 2. Field Trial Summary of C. ariakensis vs. C. virginica 3. Oyster Resources on the Web 4. A Man and his Ideas: Remembering Max Chambers 5. LowCost Recirculating Systems for Eels 6. Research Briefs – Reports from UM Labs: Restoring Atlantic Sturgeon to the Chesapeake Bay Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Fish Muscle Development and Growth Sturgeon Ranching in Russia 7. The Business of Charter Boats 8. Aquaculture in the Classroom Update 9. New Publications 10. Maryland Sea Grant Extension Program Internet Addresses 11. Subscription Information The Future of Oysters in Chesapeake Bay Different Paths to Restoration Don Webster, Eastern Shore Marine Agent Don Meritt, Shellfish Aquaculture Specialist After recordsetting oyster harvests in the late 19th century, Maryland's oyster fishery began its long decline. By the mid 1930s it had settled into annual landings of two to three million bushels a year from public oyster grounds and remained there for the next half century. In the last decade, however, harvests have plunged to less than a tenth of what they were, averaging under 200,000 bushels a year. This steep downturn had its origins in the 1950s, when the oyster parasite Haplosporidium nelsoni spread MSX disease from Delaware Bay southward through the coastal bays and into the lower Chesapeake. MSX and, later, Dermo began ravaging oyster reefs that were already damaged from years of overharvesting, habitat destruction, land erosion and runoff, pollutants and questionable management practices. MSX caused a fundamental shift in the focus of production: until 1955, Virginia had led Baywide harvests with production from private, or leased, grounds.