7. Documentation

Documentation Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

7. Documentation

7.a Photographs, Image Inventory and Other Audiovisual Materials (Photo: James Watt)

Table 7.1: Image inventory and authorization Id. No. Format Caption Date Photographer / Copyright owner Contact details: Non- Director of (if different than copyright owner exclusive the video photographer/ cession of director of video) rights Birds 1 JPEG French Frigate Shoals 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 - Red Footed Boobie 808-329-4253 Sunset

Birds 2 JPEG Kure - Laysan 2005 NOAA Andy.Collins@ Y Albatross NOAA.gov

Birds 3 JPEG Laysan - Great 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 frigatebird 808-329-4253

Birds 4 JPEG Laysan - Laysan Duck 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 808-329-4253

Birds 5 TIF Midway Atoll - White 2007 Sandra Hall USFWS Barbara_ Y Tern Chick [email protected]

Cetaceans 1 JPEG Humpback Whale 2007 Doug Perrine HIHWNMS Naomi.Mcintosh@ 2 224 Mother and Calf NOAA.gov

Cetaceans 2 JPEG Leaping Dolphin 2005 Andy Collins NOAA Andy.Collins@ Y NOAA.gov

Cetaceans 3 JPEG Midway - Spinner 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Dolphin bottom view 808-329-4253

Coral & JPEG French Frigate Shoals 2007 JE Maragos USFWS Barbara_ Y Invertebrates - Acropora Coral [email protected] 1

Coral & JPEG French Frigate Shoals 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Invertebrates - Table coral 808-329-4253 2

Coral & JPEG Hertwigia Sponge 2007 NOWRAMP NOAA Andy.Collins@ Y Invertebrates NOAA.gov 3

Coral & JPEG Kure - Triton Trumpet 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Invertebrates 808-329-4253 4

Coral & JPEG Kure-Banded Spiny 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Invertebrates Lobster 808-329-4253 5 7. Documentation

Coral & JPEG Midway - Padina 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Invertebrates australis 808-329-4253 7

Coral & JPEG Midway - Red Pencil 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Invertebrates Urchin 808-329-4253 8

Coral & JPEG Midway- 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Invertebrates Divided Flatworm 808-329-4253 9

Fish 1 JPEG French Frigate Shoal 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 - Hawaiian Squirrel 808-329-4253 Fish Fish 2 JPEG French Frigate 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Shoals - Blackside 808-329-4253 Hawkfish Fish 3 JPEG French Frigate 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Shoals - Milletseed 808-329-4253 Butterfly Fish Fish 4 JPEG Kure - Giant Trevally 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 (Ulua) 808-329-4253

Fish 5 JPEG Midway - 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Bluestripe Snapper 808-329-4253

Fish 6 JPEG Midway - 2002 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Potters Angelfish 808-329-4253 225

Fish 7 JPEG Midway - 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Scorpionfish 808-329-4253

Fish 8 JPEG Midway - 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Spectacled Parrot 808-329-4253 Fish Fish 9 JPEG Pearl & Hermes 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Atoll - Stout Moray 808-329-4253

Fish 10 JPEG Yellow Goatfish 2007 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 808-329-4253

Hawaiian JPEG Gardner Pinnacles - 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Monk Seals Monk Seal 808-329-4253 1 Hawaiian JPEG Lisianski -Young 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Monk Seals Monk Seal 808-329-4253 2 Hawaiian JPEG Midway Atoll - 2007 Rob USFWS Barbara_ 3 Monk Seals Hawaiian Monk Shallenberger Maxfield@fws. 3 Seal and Pup gov Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

Table 7.1 (continued): Image inventory and authorization Id. No. Format Caption Date Photographer / Copyright owner Contact details: Non- Director of (if different than copyright owner exclusive the video photographer/ cession of director of video) rights Historic JPEG Battle of Midway 2007 Rob USFWS Barbara_ 3 Events 1 Atoll Memorial on Shallenberger Maxfield@fws. Sand Island gov Historic JPEG Laysan - 2007 Bishop Museum Bishop Museum 4 Events 2 Guano Dig, 1890 Archives 808-848-4182 Historic JPEG Midway - Commer- 2007 Bishop Museum Bishop 4 Events 3 cial Pacific Cable Museum Archives Company 1923 808-848.4182 Historic JPEG Midway - 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Events 4 World War II Gun 808-329-4253

Historic JPEG Midway Atoll - 2007 Barbara USFWS Barbara_ Y Events 5 Battle of Midway Maxfield Maxfield@fws. Memorial Sand gov Island Historic JPEG Midway Atoll - 2007 USFWS Barbara_ Y Events 6 Historic ARMCO Maxfield@fws. Hut gov Historic JPEG Midway Atoll - 2007 Michael Lusk USFWS Barbara_ Y Events 7 World War II Maxfield@fws. Antiaircraft Gun on gov Eastern Island Historic JPEG Mokumanamana 2007 Bishop Museum Bishop Museum Bishop 4 Events 8 Island - Press Museum Archives Heiau Model 808-848.4182 Historic JPEG Necker island 1923 2007 Bishop Museum Bishop 4 Events 9 Museum Archives 808-848.4182 Historic JPEG Nihoa – Map of 2007 Paul Cleghorn USFWS kekikilo@ksbe. Y 226 Events 10 Archaeological Sites edu Historic JPEG Postwar Fishing 2007 Bishop Museum Bishop 4 Events 11 Museum Archives 808-848.4182 Historic JPEG World War II Pillbox 2007 Barbara USFWS Barbara_ Y Events 12 on Midway Atoll Maxfield Maxfield@fws. South Beach Sand gov Island Human JPEG Coral Surveys 2007 J.E. Maragos USFWS Barbara_ Y Interaction 1 Maxfield@fws. gov Human JPEG Diving Amongst the 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Interaction 2 Coral 2003 808-329-4253

Human JPEG Midway Debris 2003 Greg NOAA Andy.Collins@ Y Interaction 3 Clean Up NOAA.gov

Human JPEG Midway Atoll 2007 Rob USFWS Barbara_ 3 Interaction 4 Planting Naupaka Shallenberger Maxfield@fws. gov Human JPEG Monk Seal 2004 Ray Boland NOAA Andy.Collins@ Y Interaction 5 Entanglement NOAA.gov 7. Documentation

Land/Aerial JPEG French Frigate 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Shots 1 Shoals, Old Seawall 808-329-4253

Land/Aerial JPEG Gardner Pinnacles 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Shots 2 808-329-4253

Land/Aerial JPEG Kure - Green Island 2005 Rob USFWS Barbara_ 3 Shots 3 Shallenberger Maxfield@fws. gov Land/Aerial JPEG Laysan - Shallows 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Shots 4 808-329-4253

Land/Aerial JPEG Mokuanamana - 2005 Andy Collins NOAA Andy.Collins@ Y Shots 5 Uprights NOAA.gov

Land/Aerial JPEG Mokumanamana 2005 Andy Collins NOAA Andy.Collins@ Y Shots 6 NOAA.gov

Land/Aerial JPEG Nihoa 2007 Hawaii DLNR Hawaii DLNR Athline.M. Y Shots 7 Clarke@hawaii. edu Map/ JPEG NWHI atop U.S. 2005 NOAA Andy.Collins@ Y Satellite NOAA.gov Image 1 Map/ JPEG Laysan Island 2007 Rob USFWS Barbara_ 3 Satellite Shallenberger Maxfield@fws. Image 2 gov Sharks & JPEG Gray Reef Shark 2007 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 227 Rays 1 808-329-4253

Sharks & JPEG Maro-Galapagos 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Rays 2 Shark 808-329-4253

Sharks & JPEG Mokumanamana – 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Rays 3 Manta Ray 808-329-4253

Sharks & JPEG Spotted Eagle Ray 2007 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Rays 4 808-329-4253

Ships JPEG Höküleÿa 2004 NWHI NOAA Andy.Collins@ Y & Ship NOAA.gov Wrecks 1 Ships JPEG Kure - Houei 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 & Ship Maru Wreck 808-329-4253 Wrecks 2 Ships JPEG Kure Atoll - 2007 NOAA & ONMS Andy.Collins@ Y & Ship Dunnottar Castle NOAA.gov Wrecks 3 Wreckage Ships JPEG Midway - Carrolton 2007 NOAA & ONMS Andy.Collins@ Y & Ship Ship Wreck NOAA.gov Wrecks 4 Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

Table 7.1 (continued): Image inventory and authorization Id. No. Format Caption Date Photographer / Copyright owner Contact details: Non- Director of (if different than copyright owner exclusive the video photographer/ cession of director of video) rights Ships JPEG Midway Atoll - 2007 NOAA & ONMS Andy.Collins@ Y & Ship Brooks filming USS NOAA.gov Wrecks 5 Macawa Ships JPEG MV Rapture 2005 NWHI NOAA Andy.Collins@ Y & Ship NOAA.gov Wrecks 6 Ships JPEG Pearl & Hermes Atoll 2007 NOAA & ONMS Andy.Collins@ Y & Ship - Archaeologists’ NOAA.gov Wrecks 7 Film Team Ships JPEG Pearl & Hermes 2007 NOAA & ONMS Andy.Collins@ Y & Ship Atoll - Casserley and NOAA.gov Wrecks 8 Gleason Mapping Whaling Shipwreck Turtles 1 JPEG French Frigate 2007 G. Ludwig USFWS Barbara_ Y Shoals - Green Sea Maxfield@fws. Turtles gov Turtles 2 JPEG Turtle Face 2007 Rob USFWS Barbara_ 3 Shallenberger Maxfield@fws. gov Vegetation 1 JPEG Lisianski - Naupaka 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 808-329-4253

Vegetation 2 JPEG Lisianski - Tree 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 heliotrope 2 808-329-4253

Vegetation 3 JPEG Mokumanamana 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 (Necker Island) – Ihi 808-329-4253 (Portulaca lutea) Vegetation 4 JPEG Nihoa - East Palm 2007 Kekuewa Kikiloi kekikilo@ksbe. Y 228 Valley Sites edu

Video 1 Safe Haven North- 2006 Ocean Futures contact@ 5 western Hawaiian Society oceanfutures.org Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve Video 2 Papahänau- 2006 PMNM Andy.Collins@ Y mokuäkea Marine NOAA.gov National Monument B-Roll Footage Video 3 Following the Sun, 2005 PMNM Andy.Collins@ Y Northwestern NOAA.gov Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve

1 – Unrestricted non-commercial, not for sale rights only. For commerical use, contact [email protected] 2 – Unrestricted non-commercial, not for sale rights only. 3 – Unrestricted non-commercial, not for sale rights only. For commerical use, contact [email protected] 4 – Contact Bishop Museum Archives (808-848-4182) regarding use 5 – Most footage copyright Ocean Futures Society and KQED San Francisco. Although NOAA retains unrestricted non- commercial use, it is not in the public domain. 7. Documentation

7.b Texts Relating to Protective • Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument Special Conditions & Rules Designation, Copies of Property for Moving Between Islands & Atolls and Management Plans and Extracts Packing for Field Camps of Other Plans Relevant to the • Disease and Introduced Species Property Prevention Protocol for Permitted Activities in the Marine Environment The property is protected under a myriad • Remote Islands Special Conditions of designations, including international, and Rules for Marine Quarantine in national and state legal measures. All of Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National these protective measures are outlined Monument as excerpts or links and can be found in Section 5 and the Appendices. Copies of the • Precautions for Minimizing Human National Historic Register applications and Impacts on Endangered Land Birds in links to or summaries of management plans Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National and conservation polices to manage the site Monument are also found in the Appendices. • General Storage and Transport Protocol for Scientific Collection in List of Appendices Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument Appendix A. NOAA Chart of Papahänaumokuäkea • Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument National Marine Fisheries Appendix B. Selected Text from the Service Best Management Practices Kumulipo: A Hawaiian Creation Chant • Best Practices for Minimizing the Impact (Beckwith ed. 1951) of Artificial Light on Sea Turtles

Appendix C. National Historic Registers for • Special Conditions & Rules for Small Nihoa and Necker (Mokumanamana) Boat Operations at Tern Island Islands in Papahänaumokuäkea ∑ Appendix G. International Legal Measures • Necker Island Archaeological District. ∑for Papahänaumokuäkea National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form for Federal • Designation as a Particularly Sensitive 229 Sea Area by the International Maritime ∑ Properties ∑ Organization (adopted April 3, 2008) • Nihoa Island Archaeological District. National Register of Historic Places • Areas to be Avoided “In the Region of the Inventory - Nomination Form for Federal ∑ North-West Hawaiian Islands” Properties • Ship Reporting System for the Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Appendix D. U.S. Congress Apology to Monument Particularly Sensitive Sea Native Hawaiians on behalf of the United Area (PSSA) States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii (U.S. Public Law 103-150. Appendix H. Federal Legal Measures 103rd Congress Joint Resolution 19, 1993) Specific to Papahänaumokuäkea and the ∑ Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Appendix E. Summary of Submerged Historic Resources of Papahänaumokuäkea • Executive Order 1019 – Hawaiian Islands ∑ Reservation (February 3, 1909) Appendix F. Operational Protocols • Executive Order 13022 – Administration and Best Management Practices for of the Midway Islands, 61 FR 56875 Papahänaumokuäkea (October 31, 1996) ∑ Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

• Department of the Interior Secretary’s • National Wildlife Refuge System Order 3217 – Battle of Midway National Administration Act of 1966, as amended, ∑ Memorial, (September 13, 2000) 16 U.S.C. §§ 668dd-ee • Executive Order 13178 – Northwestern • Refuge Recreation Act, 16 U.S.C. § 460k-3 Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem • Coastal Zone Management Act, 16 Reserve, 65 FR 76903 (December 4, U.S.C. § 1451, et seq. 2000) • Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, • Executive Order 13196 – Final 16 U.S.C. § 1361, et seq. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve, 66 FR 7395 • Endangered Species Act of 1973, as ∑ (January 18, 2001) amended, 16 U.S.C. § 1531, et seq. • Presidential Proclamation 8031 of June • Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation 15, 2006 establishing the Northwestern and Management Act, 16 U.S.C. § 1801, Hawaiian Islands Marine National et seq. Monument, by regulations at 71 FR • Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 36443 (June 26, 2006); as amended by 1978, 16 U.S.C. § 742l Presidential Proclamation 8112) (codified ∑ at 50 CFR Part 404) • National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997, 16 U.S.C. §§ • Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 668dd-ee Marine National Monument codifying regulations, 50 CFR Part 404 (2006). • Archaeological Resources Protection Act Federal regulations codifying the (ARPA) of 1979, 16 U.S.C. § 470aa-mm provisions of Proclamation 8031 were • Abandoned Shipwreck Act (ASA) of published on August 29, 2006 (50 CFR 1988, 43 U.S.C. § 2101-2100 ∑ Part 404) • Native American Graves Protection and • Domestic implementation of mandatory Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of 1990, 25 ship reporting measures associated with U.S.C. 3001 et seq. international PSSA designation including regulations and management plan • Sunken Military Craft Act (SMCA) of amending the Areas to be Avoided “In 2004, Public Law 108-375 230 the Region of the North-West Hawaiian Islands” initially established in 1981. Appendix J. State of Hawai‘i Legal Measures Federal Register: December 3, 2008 (Vol. Applicable to Papahänaumokuäkea 73, No. 233 [Pages 73592-73605]) ∑ and Resources • Hawaii Organic Act of April 30, 1900, Appendix I. General Federal c339, 31 Stat. 141 Section 2 Legal Measures Applicable to ∑ Papahänaumokuäkea Resources • Hawaii Admission Act of March 18, 1959, Pub. L. 86-3, 73 Stat. 4 Section 2 • Antiquities Act of 1906, 16 U.S.C. § 431, et seq. • Constitution of the State of Hawai‘i, Article XI, Sections 1, 2, 6, and 9; and • Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, as Article XII, Section 7 amended, 16 U.S.C. 703-712 • Hawaii Revised Statutes Title 1 – Chapter • Historic Sites, Buildings and Antiquities 6E, Sections 6E-1 and 6E-7; Title 12, Act, 16 U.S.C. §461-462. 464-467 Chapter 171, Section 171-3, Chapter • Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, 16 U.S.C. 183D, Section 183D-4, Chapter 187A, § 742f Section 187A-8, Chapter 188, Sections 188-37 and 188-53 • National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, 16 U.S.C. § 470-470b, • Hawaii Administrative Rules Title 13, 470c-470n Chapter 60.5, Chapter 125, Chapters 275-284, and Chapter 300 7. Documentation

Appendix K. Papahänaumokuäkea • Recovery Plans for the Green and Monument Management Plan. U.S. Fish Loggerhead Sea Turtles, Hawksbill and and Wildlife Service, National Oceanic ∑ Leatherback Turtles and Atmospheric Administration and • Recovery Plan for the Northwestern Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Hawaiian Islands Passerines Resources. December, 2008 • Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the • Vol. 1. Papahänaumokuäkea Monument ∑ Laysan Duck ∑ Management Action Plans • Draft Recovery Plan for the Short-Tailed • Vol. 2. Papahänaumokuäkea ∑ Albatross ∑ Environmental Assessment • Hawaiian Dark-Rumped Petrel/Newell’s • Vol. 3. Appendices. Supporting ∑ Manx Shearwater Recovery Plan ∑ Documents and References • Recovery Plan for Three Plant Species on ∑• Vol. 4. Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan ∑ Nihoa Island • Vol. 5. Response to Comments • Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants Appendix L. Existing Property Management Plans Appendix N. Emergency Response and • Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Contingency Plans for Papahänaumokuäkea Reef Ecosystem Reserve Operations Plan ∑ • US Fish and Wildlife Service Continuity • Visitor Services Plan for Midway Atoll ∑ of Operations Plan National Wildlife Refuge and the Battle • US Fish and Wildlife Service Tsunami of Midway National Memorial and the Warning/Watch Preparedness Protocol Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National ∑ Monument’s Midway Atoll Special • National Marine Fisheries ∑ Management Area ∑ Communications – Emergencies • Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife • Contingency Plan for Hawaiian Monk ∑ Refuge Master Plan Seal Unusual Mortality Events • Fish and Wildlife Service Draft Laysan Appendix O. Assessment of Staffing Levels Island Ecosystem Restoration Plan ∑ and Field Requirements for Management • Fish and Wildlife Service Regional Seabird of Papahänaumokuäkea 231 Conservation Plan, Pacific Region ∑ • Requirements Document. Report to • Final Environmental Impact Analysis on Office National Marine Sanctuaries– the Bottomfish and Seamount Groundfish NOAA. Honolulu, Hawai‘i. Choi, F. and ∑ Fisheries of the Western Pacific Region Associates, 2007 • Prehistoric Cultural Resources and Appendix P. Property Promotion and Management Plan for Nihoa and Necker Presentation Materials for ∑ Islands, Hawai‘i ∑ Papahänaumokuäkea • Hawai‘i’s Comprehensive Wildlife ∑• A Citizens’ Guide to the Monument ∑ Conservation Strategy • Cultural Significance and Historical • Hawai‘i Aquatic Invasive Species Background. Handout for visitors to Management Plan ∑ Midway Island NWR Appendix M. Species Recovery Plans • Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral for United States Federally Endangered Reef Ecosystem: A National Treasure. and Threatened Species Applicable to ∑ Fact Sheet Papahänaumokuäkea • Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: A • Recovery Plans for the Hawaiian Monk Seal, Resource Guide the Humpback Whale and Blue Whale Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

• A Whale of a Journey – Poster of Whaling The most recent scientific literature, data Shipwrecks of the Papahänaumokuäkea sets and key management documents for Marine National Monument Papahänaumokuäkea are accessible through NOAA’s extensive CoRIS (Coral Reef Planning Updates and Online Newsletters Information System) online library (http:// http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov coris.noaa.gov/data/portals/nwhi.html#7); management/mp_updates.html mapping products are available through ∑ NOAA’s nautical charts service (http:// • Ka Palapala Ho‘omaopopo: www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/ and http:// Papahänaumokuäkea Planning Update 1 www.oceangrafix.com/o.g/Charts/HI_PI/ ∑ – Summer 2007 NOAA-Nautical-Charts.html ); summaries • Ka Palapala Ho‘omaopopo: The of coral reef monitoring data are available Informative Letter: Papahänaumokuäkea through the NOAA Biogeography Branch – February and April 2008 (http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/stateofthereefs). Updated information on management of Educational Materials Papahänaumokuäkea is made available on ∑ the Monument web site • A Teachers Curriculum Guide to (www.papahanaumokuakea.gov). Navigating Change http://www.hawaiianatolls.org/research/ NavChange2002/index.php 7.d Locations of Inventory, Videos and Documentaries Records and Archives are Held • Safe Haven ∑ Papahänaumokuäkea Co-trustee Agencies: • Following the Sun. Northwestern Hawaiian ∑ Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve 1) United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 5-231 • Virtual Tours of Papahänaumokuäkea Honolulu, Hawaii 96850. Islands http://papahanaumokuakea.gov/ USA ∑ visit/welcome.html • Mokupapapa Discovery Center for 2) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Hawaii’s Remote Coral Reefs Administration 232 http://papahanaumokuakea.gov/ 6600 Kalanianaÿole Highway, Suite 300 education/center.html Honolulu, HI 96825. • No Papahänaumokuäkea USA

3) Hawai‘i Department of Land and 7.c Form and Date of Most Natural Resources Recent Records or Inventory 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 330, of Property Honolulu, HI 96813. USA Recent records include results from a wide array of research and monitoring studies, surveys and inventories of bathymetrical, 7.e Reference List ecological, archaeological and cultural resources in Papahänaumokuäkea. These Act 50, Session Laws of Hawaii. 2000. A Bill are available in the form of published for an Act Relating to Environmental Impact scientific articles, management plans, Statements. reports, databases and maps. Many are referenced below in the Reference List, or Aeby, G.S., J.C. Kenyon, J.E. Maragos and are included in the Appendices. D.C. Potts. 2003. First record of mass coral bleaching in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Coral Reefs 22 (3): 256. 7. Documentation

Aeby, G.S. 2006. Baseline levels of coral Antonelis, G.A., J.D. Baker, T.C. Johanos, disease in the Northwestern Hawaiian R.C. Braun and A.L. Harting. 2006. Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 543:471-488. Hawaiian Monk Seals (Monachus schauinslandi): Status and conservation Agard, B. 2000. Public comment during issues. Atoll Research Bulletin 543:75-101. Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council. 104th Western Apology Resolution. 1993. Public Law 103-150 Pacific Regional Fisheries Management (Presidential and Congressional Resolution). Council Meeting, June 16, 2000. Honolulu. Archaeological Resources Protection Act. 1979. Ainley, D.G., D.N. Nettleship, H.R. Carter Public Law 96-95; 16 U.S.C. 470 aa-mm. and A.E. Storey. 2002. The birds of North America. In: The Birds of North America No. Ashmole, M.J. and N.P. Ashmole. 1967a. The 666. Poole A. and F. Gill, eds. Philadelphia: use of food samples from seabirds in the The Birds of North America, Inc. study of seasonal variation in the surface fauna of tropical oceanic areas. Pacific Alexander, C., R. Kosaki, S. Gittings and Science 22: 1-10. M.S. Tartt. 2004. Information needs for conservation science and management ———. 1967b. Notes on the breeding season of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: and food of the Red-footed Booby (Sula A product of the I Ke Ämio O Nä Wa‘a sula) on Oahu, Hawaii. Ardea 55: 265-267. Workshop. Silver Spring, MD: Marine Sanctuaries Division, National Ocean Ashmole, N.P. 1963. The biology of the Service, NOAA. Wide-awake or Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) on Ascension Island. Ibis 103b: 297-364. Allen, G. R. 2003. Reef fishes of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. RAP Bulletin Athens, J.S., J.V. Ward and D.W. Blinn. of Biological Assessment 29: 46–55. 2007. Vegetation history of Laysan Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Pacific ———. 2007. Conservation hotspots of Science 61: 17-37. biodiversity and endemism for Indo-Pacific coral reef fishes. Aquatic Conservation: Au, D.K. and R.L. Pitman. 1986. Seabird Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. interactions with dolphins and tuna in the Published online in Wiley InterScience eastern tropical Pacific. The Condor 88 (3): 233 (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 304-317. 10.1002/aqc.880 Auman, H.J., J.P. Ludwig, C.L. Summer, D.A. Amerson, A.B. 1971. The natural history Verbrugge, K.L. Froese, T. Colborn and of French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern J.P. Giesy. 1997. PCBs, DDE, DDT, and Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin TCDD-EQ in two species of albatross on 150:1-383. Sand Island, Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean. Environmental Toxicology and Amerson, A.B., R.C. Clapp and W.O. Wirtz, Chemistry 16(3): 498-504. II. 1974. The natural history of Pearl and Hermes Reef, Northwestern Hawaiian Auman, H.J., J.P. Ludwig., J.P. Giesy and T. Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 174:1-306. Colborn. 1998. Plastic ingestion by Laysan albatross chicks on Sand Island, Midway Andrews, K.R., L. Karczmarski, W.W.L. Atoll, in 1994 and 1995. In: Albatross Au, S.H. Rickards, C.A. Vanderlip and Biology and Conservation. Robertson G. R.J. Toonen. 2006. Patterns of genetic and R. Gales, eds., pp. 239-244. Chipping diversity of the Hawaiian spinner dolphin. Norton: Surrey Beatty & Sons. Atoll Research Bulletin 543: 65-73. Ayau, H. and T.K. Tengan. 2002. Ka Huaka‘i Antiquities Act. 1906. As amended 16 o Nä ‘Öiwi – The Journey Home. In: The U.S.C. § 431-433, et seq. Dead and Their Possessions: Repatriation in Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

Principle, Policy and Practice. Frode et al., Hawaiian Archipelago. Marine Biology eds. pp. 171-189. New York: Routledge 145 (5): 1043-1059. Publications. Ballantine, W.J. 1991. Marine reserves for Baco-Taylor, A., E. Yam, E.C. Kelley, Smith, New Zealand. Auckland: University of J.R and S. Cairns. 2006. Distribution of New Zealand. deep-sea corals in relation to geological setting in the Northwestern Hawaiian ———. 1997. No-take marine reserve Islands. Eos Trans. AGU 87 (36), Ocean networks support fisheries. Conservation Sci. Meet. Suppl., Abstract OS11E-03. Biology 17 (6): 1769-1784.

Baker, J.D., C.L. Littnan and D.W. Johnston. Barlow, J. 2003. Cetacean abundance in 2006. Potential effects of sea level rise on Hawaiian waters during summer/fall of the terrestrial habitats of endangered and 2002. Report to: NMFS Southwest Fisheries endemic megafauna in the Northwestern Science Center. Hawaiian Islands. Endangered Species Research 4(1): 1-10. ———. 2006. Cetacean abundance in Hawaiian Waters estimated from a Baker, J.D., J.J. Polovina and E.A. Howell. Summer/Fall survey in 2002. Marine 2007. Effect of variable oceanic Mammal Science 22: 446–464. productivity on the survival of an upper trophic predator, the Hawaiian Monk Seal Barsczus, H.G. and J.M Liotard. 1985. Monachus schauinslandi. Marine Ecology Contribution to the petrography and Progress Series 346: 277-283. geochemistry of Raivavae Island, French Polynesia (South Central Pacific Ocean). Bakun, A. 2006. Fronts and eddies as key Comptes rendus de l’Académie des structures in the habitat of marine fish sciences. Série 2, Mécanique, Physique, larvae: Opportunity, adaptive response and Chimie, Sciences de l’univers, Sciences de competitive advantage. Scientia Marina 70 la Terre 301(20): 1409-1412. (S2): 105-122. Beaglehole, J.C., ed. 1967. The Journals Balazs, G.H. and S.G. Pooley. 1991. of Captain Cook on His Voyages of Research plan for marine turtle Discovery, The Voyage of the Resolution 234 fibropapilloma. NOAA Technical and Discovery 1776-1780. Cambridge: Memorandum NMFS-SWFSC-156. Cambridge University Press.

Balazs, G.H. and D.M. Ellis. 2000. Satellite Beckwith, M., ed. & trans., 1951. The telemetry of migrant male and female green Kumulipo: A Hawaiian Creation Chant. turtles breeding in the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Sea Turtle Symposium, 3-7 March 1998. Beckwith, M. 1970. Hawaiian Mythology. Abreu-Grobois A., R. Briseño-Dueñas, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. R. Márquez-Millán, L. Sarti-Martínez eds., pp. 281-283. U.S. Dept. of Comm., Bennett, I. 1971. The Great Barrier Reef. NOAA Tech. Memo. NOAA-TM-NMFS- Sydney: Lansdowne Press. SEFSC-436. Benoit-Bird, K.J., W.W.L. Au, R.E. Brainard, Balazs, G.H. and M. Chaloupka. 2004a. and M.O. Lammers. 2002. Diel horizontal Thirty-year recovery trend in the once migration of the Hawaiian mesopelagic depleted Hawaiian green sea turtle stock. boundary community observed Biological Conservation 117: 491–498. acoustically. Marine Ecology Progress Series 217: 1-14. ———. 2004b. Spatial and temporal variability in somatic growth of green sea Berkley, S.A., M.A. Hixon, R.J. Larson and turtles (Chelonia mydas) resident in the M.S. Love. 2004. Fisheries sustainability 7. Documentation

via protection of age structure and spatial Bowen, B.W., A.B. Meylan, J.P. Ross, C.J. distribution of fish populations. American Limpus, G.H. Balazs and J.C. Avise. 1992. Fisheries Society. Fisheries Magazine, Global population structure and natural August. Available: www.fisheries.org history of the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) in terms of matriarchal phylogeny. Best, E. 1976. Maori Religion and Mythology. Evolution 46: 865-881. Wellington, N.Z.: Government Press. Briggs, John. 1976. Oceanic Island, Beyer, W.N., E.E. Connor and S. Gerould. endemism and marine paleotemperatures. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by In: Natural History of the Hawaiian Islands: wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Management Selected Readings. Kay, Allison ed. pp 506- 58(2): 375-382. 516. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press. Bishop Museum. 1986. Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Brodziak, J. 2007. An investigation of Ethnology and Natural History: Vol. IV, Part alternative production models to assess I. Millwood, N.Y: Kraus Reprint. the Hawaiian bottomfish complex. NOAA Fisheries Pacific Islands Fisheries Science BirdLife International. 1998. Endemic Bird Center. Administrative Report H-07-01. Areas of the World. Cambridge: BirdLife International. Browman, H.L. and K.I. Stergiou. 2004. Politics and socio-economics of ecosystem- Blackburn, T.M., P. Cassey, R.P. Duncan, based management of marine resources: K.L. Evans and K.J. Gaston. 2004. Avian Introduction. Marine Ecology Progress extinction and mammalian introductions on Series 300: 241-296. oceanic islands. Science 305: 1955–1958. Bruegmann, M.M. 1995. Report on a Boehlert, G. 1993. Fisheries and marine botanical survey of Midway Atoll, April resources of Hawaii and the U.S.- 1-7, 1995. United States Fish and Wildlife. associated Pacific Islands: an introduction. Service, U.S. Department of the Marine Fisheries Review 55: 3-7. Interior, Honolulu.

Boland, R.C. and M. Donohue. 2003. Marine Bryan E.H. Jr. 1953. Check List of Atolls. debris accumulation in the nearshore Atoll Research Bulletin 19: 1-38. 235 marine habitat of the endangered Hawaiian Monk Seal, Monachus schauinslandi 1999- ———. 1978. The Northwestern Hawaiian 2001. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46(11): Islands: An Annotated Bibliography. 1385-1394. Honolulu, HI: United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Courtesy of Bishop Bolton, M., R. Medeiros, B. Hothersall and Museum Archives, PSIC 1, Box 20. A. Campos. 2004. The use of artificial breeding chambers as a conservation Campbell, K., ed. 1997. The Kumulipo: An measure for cavity-nesting procellariiform Hawaiian creation myth. Honolulu, HI: seabirds: a case study of the Madeiran Pueo Press. storm petrel (Oceanodroma castro). Biological Conservation 116: 73-80. Campbell, S., M. David, L.A. Woodward and Q.X. Li. 2004. Persistence of carbofuran in Botsford, L., G. DiNardo, M. Fogarty, marine sand and water. Chemosphere 54: D. Goodman and J. Hampton. 2002. 1155-1161. Workshop proceedings on the development of spatially structured population models Carpenter, E.J. and K.L. Smith, Jr. 1972. for Northwestern Hawaiian Islands lobster Plastics on the Sargasso Sea surface. resources. Southwest Fisheries Science Science 175 (4027): 1240-1241. Center, Administrative Report, H-02-01. Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

Carpenter, E.J., S.J Anderson, G.R. Harvey, Christie, P., B. McCay, M. Miller, C. Lowe, A. H.P. Miklas and B.B. Peck. 1972. White, R. Stoffle, D. Fluharty, L. McManus, Polystyrene spherules in coastal waters. R.R. Chuenpagdee, C. Pomeroy, D. Science 178: 749-750. Suman, B. Blount, D. Huppert, R. Eisma, E. Oracion, K. Lowry and R. Pollnac. Casserley, Tane Renata. 1998. A maritime 2003. Toward developing a complete history of the Northwestern Hawaiian understanding: A social science research Islands from Laysan to Kure. Graduate agenda for marine protected areas. Maritime Archaeology and History Fisheries 28 (12): 22-26. Certificate Program. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i. Citta, J., M.H. Reynolds and N.E. Seavy. 2006. Seabird monitoring assessment for Center for Biodiversity Conservation. 2004. Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. USGS Sustaining Seascapes: the science and Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center. policy of marine resource management. Unpubl. Rept. to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Symposium glossary [online]. New York: Service, Migratory Birds and Habitat American Museum of Natural History. Programs, Portland, Oregon.

Chavaillon, C. and R. Olivier. 2007. Le Clague, D.A. 1996. The growth and patrimoine archéologique de l’île de Hiva subsidence of the Hawaiian-Emperor Oa (archipel des Marquises). Dossier volcanic chain. In: The origin and evolution d’Archéologie Polynésienne 5, Papeete. of Pacific Island biotas, New Guinea to Eastern Polynesia: patterns and processes. Cherry, J.F. 1985. Islands out of the stream: Keast, A., S.E. Miller eds, pp. 35-50. Isolation and interaction in early East Amsterdam: SPB Academic Publishing. Mediterranean insular prehistory. In: Prehistoric production and exchange: Clapp, R.B. 1972. The natural history of The Aegean and eastern Mediterranean. Gardner Pinnacles, Northwestern Hawaiian Knapp, A. B. and T. Stech, eds. Vol. 25, Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 163: 1-25. pp. 12–29. Los Angeles: Monograph UCLA Institute of Archaeology. Clapp, R.B. and C.A. Ely. 1973. The natural history of Laysan Island, Northwestern Chevalier, J.P. 1973. Coral reefs of New Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 236 Caledonia. In: Biology and geology of 171: 64-86. coral reefs, Vol. 1, Geol. 1. O.A. Jones and R. Endean, eds, pp. 143-166. New York: Clapp, R.B. and W.O. Wirtz II. 1975. Academic Press. The natural history of Lisianski Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Cho, D. 2004. Derelict fishing gear and Research Bulletin 186: 1-196. related marine debris: An educational outreach seminar among APEC partners. Clapp, R.B. and E. Kridler. 1977. The natural Paper read at APEC Marine Debris Seminar, history of Necker Island Northwestern 13-16 January 2004, Honolulu. Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 206: 25-31. Christensen, N.L., A.M. Bartuska, J.H. Brown, S. Carpenter, C. D’Antonio, R. Clapp, R.B., E. Kridler and R.R. Fleet. Francis, J.F. Franklin, J.A. MacMahon, R.F. 1977. The natural history of Nihoa Island Noss, D.J. Parsons, C.H. Peterson, M.G. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Turner and R.G. Woodmansee. 1996. Research Bulletin 207: 26-38. The report of the Ecological Society of America committee on the scientific basis Clapp, R.B, M.D.F. Udvardy and A.K. Kepler. for ecosystem management. Ecological 1996. An annotated bibliography of Laysan Applications 6 (3): 665-691. Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 434. 7. Documentation

Clapp, R. B. No Date. Discovery of Lisianski ———. 1985. Recent observations on the Island. Honolulu, HI: Manuscript courtesy of plants of Nihoa Island, Northwestern Bishop Museum Archives, PSIC 1, Box 19. Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 39: 135-149. Clarke, R.P., S.S. Yoshimoto and S.G. Pooley. 1992. A bioeconomic analysis of the Creighton, J.L. 1981. The Public Northwestern Hawaiian Islands lobster Involvement Manual. Cambridge, fishery. Marine Resource Economics 7: Massachusetts: Abt Books. 225-240. Cressman, R.J., S. Ewing, B. Tillman, Cleghorn, P. 1984. Project 328 Necker and M. Horan, C. Reynolds and S. Cohen. Nihoa Archaeology. Anthropology Records, 1990. “A Glorious Page in Our History” Group 6, Box 108, Project Notes 328-329. The Battle of Midway 4-6 June 1942. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Archives. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. -———. 1987. Prehistoric Cultural Resources and Management Plan for Cury, P.M. 2004. Tuning the ecoscope for the Nihoa and Necker Islands, Hawai‘i. ecosystem approach to fisheries. Marine Prepared for the United States Fish and Ecological Progress Series 274: 277-275. Wildlife Service, Honolulu, Hawai‘i by Applied Research Group, Department Dalrymple, G.B., E.A. Silver and E. of Anthropology Manuscript #110587 Jackson. 1974. NASA. Ames Res. Center (Project 328). Honolulu, HI: Bernice Guidebook to the Hawaiian Planetology Pauahi Bishop Museum. Conference: 23-36.

———. 1988. The settlement and Darwin, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species abandonment of two Hawaiian outposts: by Means of Natural Selection, or the Nihoa and Necker. In: Bishop Museum Preservation of Favoured Races in the Occasional Papers 28:35-49. Honolulu: Struggle for Life. London: John Murray. Bishop Museum Press. Dameron, O.J., M. Parke, M.A. Albins Clouard V. and A. Bonneville. 2005. Ages and R. Brainard. 2007. Marine debris of seamounts, islands and plateaus on the accumulation in the Northwestern Pacific plate. Special Papers – special Hawaiian Islands. Marine Pollution Bulletin 237 paper 388. In: Plates, Plumes and 54(4): 423-433. Paradigms. pp 71-90. David, M., S. Campbell, L.A. Woodward Cohen, S. 1985. Wings to the Orient. and Q.X. Li. 2001. Characterization of Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories a carbofuran-contaminated site in the Publishing Company. Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. Johnston, J.J. ed. Pesticides and Wildlife: Colley, Ben. Midway. MS DOC 29. ACS Symposium Series 771: 22-37. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Library and Archives. Dean, M., ed. 1992. Archaeology Underwater: the NAS Guide to Principles and Practice. Coloma-Agaran, G. 2003. First quarterly London: Nautical Archaeology Society. report for nuisance seaweed control, Kihei, Maui, Hawai‘i. Report submitted to EPA. DeFelice, R.C., S.L. Coles, D. Muir and L.G. Eldredge. 1998. Investigation of the Conant, S., M.S. Collins and C.J. Ralph. marine communities of Midway Harbor 1981. Effects of observers using different and adjacent lagoon, Midway Atoll, methods on the total population estimates Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Hawai‘i of two resident island birds. Studies in Biological Survey Contribution No. 1998- Avian Biology 6: 377-381. 014. Honolulu: Bishop Museum. Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

DeFelice, R.C., D. Minton and L.S. Godwin. ———. 2008. U.S. World Heritage Tentative 2002. Records of shallow-water marine List 2008. URL www.doi.com invertebrates from French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, with a note Department of the Interior Secretary’s Order on non-indigenous species. Report to the 3217. 13 September 2000. Designation of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Technical the Battle of Midway National Memorial. Report No. 23. Contribution No. 2002-01 to the Hawai‘i Biological Survey. Honolulu: Devaney, Dennis. M. and Lucius Eldredge, Bishop Museum. eds. 1977. Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawai‘i. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum De Leo, G.A. and S. Levin. 1997. The Press. multifaceted aspects of ecosystem integrity. Conservation Ecology 1(1): 3. DLNR (Department of Lands and Natural Resources, State of Hawai‘i). 2003a. The Delgado, J.P. 1985. Nominating historic State of Hawai‘i Aquatic Invasive Species vessels and shipwrecks to the National Management Plan. Honolulu: Division of Register of Historic Places. National Aquatic Resources. Register Bulletin 20. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. ———. 2003b. Wao Akua: Sacred Source of Life. Honolulu: State of Hawai‘i, DeMartini, E.E., G.T. DiNardo and H.A. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Williams. 2003. Temporal changes in Division of Forestry and Wildlife. population density, fecundity and egg size of the Hawaiian spiny lobster, ______. 10 August 2007. Hawai‘i Panulirus marginatus, at Necker Bank, Administrative Rules Chapter 13-76. Non- Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Fisheries Indigenous Aquatic Species. Division of Bulletin 101:22-31. Aquatic Resources.

DeMartini, E.E. and A.M. Friedlander. 2004. Diamond, A.W. 1978. Feeding strategies Spatial patterns of endemism in shallow and population size in tropical seabirds. reef fish populations of the Northwestern American Naturalist 112: 215-223. Hawaiian Islands. Marine Ecology Progress Series 271:281-296. Diamond, J. 2005. Collapse: How 238 Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. ———. 2006. Predation, endemism, and New York: Viking. related processes structuring shallow-water reef fish assemblages of the NWHI. Atoll DiNardo, G.T. and R. Marshall. 2001. Status Research Bulletin 543: 237-256. of lobster stocks in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 1998-2000. Southwest Department of Hawaiian and Pacific Studies, Fisheries Science Center. Administrative Bishop Museum. 2002. Evidence for Native Report H-01-04. Hawaiian knowledge of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands prior to western contact. Di Piazza, A. and Pearthree, E. 2001a. Report to the Office of Hawaiian Affairs. Voyaging and basalt exchange in the Phoenix and Line archipelagoes: The Department of the Interior. 1997. viewpoint from three mystery islands. Department of the Interior Manual Archaeology in Oceania 36: 146–152. Chapter 411, Chapters 1 through 3; and Reclamation Policy and Directives Di Piazza, A. and Pearthree, E. 2001b. An & Standards for Cultural Resources island for gardens, an island for birds and Management and Museum Property voyaging: A settlement pattern for Kiritimati Management. 411 DM and 36 CFR Part and Tabuaeran, two “mystery islands” in the 800; 43 CFR Part 7. Northern Lines, Republic of Kiribati. Journal of the Polynesian Society 110: 149–170. 7. Documentation

Di Piazza, A. and Pearthree, E. 2004. Polynesia). Contributions to Mineralogy Sailing Routes of Old Polynesia. Bishop and Petrology 98(3): 293-302. Museum Bulletin in Anthropology II. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Dupuy C. H.G. Barsczus, J. Dostal, P. Vidal and J.M. Liotard. 1989. Subducted and Dollar, S.J. 1982. Wave stress and coral recycled lithosphere as the mantle source community structure in Hawai‘i. Coral of ocean island basalts from southern Reefs 1: 71-81. Polynesia, central Pacific. Chemical Geology 77: 1-18. Dollar, S.J. and R.W. Grigg. 2004. Anthropogenic and natural stresses on Dye, Tom. 1989. Tales of two cultures: selected coral reefs in Hawai‘i: a multi- Traditional historical and archaeological decade synthesis of impact and recovery. interpretations of Hawaiian prehistory. Pacific Science 58(2): 281-304. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers Volume 29: 3-22. Donohue, M.J. and R.E. Brainard. 2001. A comprehensive effort to mitigate marine Eagles, P.F.J., S.F. McCool and C.D. Haynes. debris and restore coral reef habitat in the 2002. Sustainable Tourism in Protected Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Paper Areas: Guidelines for Planning and presented at: Oceans 2001, 5-8 November Management. Gland, Switzerland and 2001, Pelagic Fisheries Session, Hilton Cambridge, UK: IUCN. Hawaiian Village, Honolulu, Hawai‘i. Ehler, R. 2004. Socio-economic assessment Donohue, M.J. 2005. Eastern Pacific of commercial bottomfishing in the Ocean source of Northwestern Hawaiian Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Draft). Islands marine debris supported by errant National Marine Sanctuary Program, fish aggregating device. Marine Pollution NOAA-NOS. Silver Spring, MD. Bulletin 50: 886-888. Eldredge, L.G. 2002. Literature review and Donohue, M.J. and D. Foley. 2007. Remote cultural, geological, and biological history sensing reveals links among the endangered for the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Hawaiian Monk Seal, marine debris and Reef Ecosystem Reserve. Contribution to El Niño. Marine Mammal Science 23 (2): the Hawaii Biological Survey No. 2002-026. 468–473. Honolulu: Bishop Museum. 239

Duda, A.M. and K. Sherman. 2002. A new ———. 2005. Assessment of the potential imperative for improving management threat to the introduction of marine non- of large marine ecosystems. Ocean and indigenous species in the Northwestern Coastal Management 45: 797-833. Hawaiian Islands. Final report prepared for Environmental Defense. Contribution No. Dudley, Michael Kioni. 2003. Man, Gods 2005-001 to the Hawaii Biological Survey. and Nature. Honolulu, HI: Nä Käne O Ka Honolulu: Bishop Museum. Malo Press. Eldredge, L. and J. Carlton .2002. Hawaiian Duncan R.A., M.T. McCulloch, H.G. marine bioinvasions: A preliminary Barscqus and D.R. Nelson. 1986. Plume assessment. Pacific Science 56(2): 211-212. versus lithospheric sources for melts at Ua Pou, Marquesas Islands. Nature 322: Ely, C.A. and R.B. Clapp. 1973. The natural 534-538. history of Laysan Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin Dupuy C. H.G. Barsczus, J.M. Liotard and 171: 1-361. J. Dostal. 1988. Trace element evidence for the origin of ocean island basalts: an example from the Austral Islands (French Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

Emerson, N.B. 2005. Pele and Hiiaka A 4, 2000 (65 FR 76903) and January 18, Myth from Hawaii. Hilo: Edith Kanaka‘ole 2001 (66 FR 7395). Foundation. Executive Order 13287—Preserve America, Emory, K. 1928. The archaeology of Nihoa March 3, 2003 (68 FR 10635). and Necker Islands. Bishop Museum Bulletin 53. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Feare, C.J. 1976. The breeding of the Sooty Press. Tern Sterna fuscata in the Seychelles and the effects of experimental removal of its ———. 1970. A Re-examination of East eggs. Journal of Zoology, London 179: Polynesian Marae: Many Marae later. In: 317–360. Studies in Oceanic Culture History, Vol. I. Pacific Anthropological Records 11. R.C. Fefer, S.I., C.S. Harrison, M.B. Naughton Green and M. Kelly, eds. Honolulu, HI: and R.J. Shallenberger. 1984. Synopsis of Dept. Anthropology, Bishop Museum. results of recent seabird research conducted in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. In: Endangered Species Act of 1973, as Resource investigations in the Northwestern amended, 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq. Hawaiian Islands. R.W. Grigg and K.Y. Tanoue, eds., pp 9-76. University of Engilis Jr., A. and M. Naughton. 2004. U. Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, UNIHI- S. Pacific Islands Regional Shorebird SEAGRANT-MR-84-01. Honolulu, Hawaii. Conservation Plan. U. S. Shorebird Conservation Plan. U. S. Dept. of Interior. Fine, M. and D. Tchernov. 2007. Portland, OR. Scleractinian coral species survive and recover from decalcification. Science Entsch, B., R.G. Sim and B. G. Hatcher. 315: 1811. 1983. Indication from photosynthetic components that iron is a limiting nutrient Finkelstein, M.E., K.A. Grasman, D.A. Croll, in primary producers on coral reefs. Marine B.R. Tershy, B.S. Keitt, W.M. Jarman and Biology 73(1): 17-30. D.R. Smith. 2007. Contaminant-associated alteration of immune function in Black- Evenhuis, N.L. and L.G. Eldredge, eds. 2004. footed Albatross (Phoebastria nigripes), Natural History of Nihoa and Necker a North Pacific predator. Environmental 240 Islands. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Toxicology and Chemistry 26:1896-1903.

Executive Order 1019—Hawaiian Islands Firing, J. and R.E. Brainard. 2006. Ten years Reservation, February 3, 1909. of shipboard ADCP measurements along the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Executive Order 13022—Administration of Research Bulletin 543:347-364. the Midway Islands, October 31, 1996 (61 FR 56875). Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act. 1978. 16 U.S.C. § 742l. Executive Order 13089—Coral Reef Protection, June 11, 1998 (63 FR 32701). Flint, E. 1991. Time and energy limits to the foraging radius of Sooty Terns Sterna Executive Order 13112—Invasive Species, fuscata. Ibis 133: 43-46. February 3, 1999 (64 FR 6183). Flint, E. and C. Rehkemper. 2002. Control Executive Order 13158—Marine Protected and eradication of the introduced grass, Areas, May 26, 2000 (65 FR 34909). Cenchrus echinatus, at Laysan Island, central Pacific Ocean. In: Turning Executive Orders 13178 and the Tide: The Eradication of Invasive 13196—Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Species pp. 110-115. Auckland, New Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve, December Zealand, IUCN SSC Invasive Species 7. Documentation

Specialist Group. Gland, Switzerland and Friedlander, A., G. Aeby, R. Brainard, A. Cambridge, UK: IUCN. Clark, E. DeMartini, S. Godwin, J. Kenyon, R. Kosaki, J. Maragos and P. Vroom. Floros, C.D., M.J. Samways and B. 2005. The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems Armstrong. 2004. Taxonomic patterns of of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. bleaching within a South African coral In: The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems assemblage. Biodiversity and Conservation of the United States and Pacific Freely 13: 1175-1194. Associated States. J. Waddell, ed., pp. 270-311. NOAA Technical Memorandum Fornander, Abraham. 1918. The Fornander NOS NCCOS 11. NOAA/NCCOS Center Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment’s Folk-Lore: The Hawaiian Account of the Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. Formation of Their Islands and Origin of Their Race with the Traditions of Their Fry, D.M., S.I. Fefer and L. Sileo. 1987. Migrations. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Ingestion of plastic debris by Laysan Press. albatrosses and Wedge-tailed shearwaters in the Hawaiian Islands. Marine Pollution Fowler, C.W. and L. Hobbs. 2002. Limits Bulletin 18: 339-343. to natural variation: Implications for systematic management. Animal Galver, L. 2000. The molecular ecology of Biodiversity and Conservation 25: 7-45. spinner dolphins, Stenella longirostris: genetic diversity and population structure. Fowler, H.W. and S.C. Ball. 1925. Fishes of PhD diss., University of California, San Hawai‘i, Johnston Island, and Wake Island. Diego. (Tanager Expedition Publ. 2). Bulletin B.P. Bishop Museum 26: 1-31. Garrigue C. and R. T. Tsuda. 1988. Catalog of marine benthic algae from New Franklin, E.C. 2008. An assessment of Caledonia. Micronesica 21 (1-2) : 53-70. vessel traffic patterns in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands between 1994 and 2004. Geitz, M. 2004. Cruise tourism on Marine Pollution Bulletin 56: 136-162. Slavbard. Norway: WWF International Arctic Programme. Frid, C.L.J., S. Hansson, S.A. Ragnarsson, A. Rijnsdorp and S.A. Steingrimsson. 1999. Giambelluca, T.W. and T.A. Schroeder. 241 Changing levels of predation on benthos as 1998. Climate. In: Atlas of Hawaii. Juvik, a result of exploitation of fish populations. J. and S. Juvik, eds. Honolulu: University Ambio 28 (7):578-582. of Hawai‘i Press.

Friedlander, A. and E. DeMartini. 2002. Gibbs, Jim. 1977. Shipwrecks in Paradise. Contrast in density, size, and biomass of Seattle, WA: Superior Publishing Company. reef fishes between the Northwestern and the main Hawaiian Islands: the effects Gilmartin, W., S. Canja, C. Vanderlip and J. of fishing down apex predators. Marine Mangel. 1990. Managing human activity Ecological Progress Series 230: 253-264. aids recovery of endangered Hawaiian Monk Seals at Midway Islands. Abstract Friedlander, A., J. Sladek Nowlis, J. Sanchez, in: Society for Marine Mammalogy R. Appeldoom, P. Usselio, C. McCormick, Proceedings of the 13th Biennial S. Benharano and A. Mitchell-Chui. 2003. Conference on the Biology of Marine Designing effective marine protected Mammals. pp. 67. areas in Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, Colombia, based on biological and Gittings, S., M. Tartt, C. Alexander and sociological information. Conservation R. Kosaki. 2004. Information needs for Biology 6: 1769-1784. conservation science and management of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

National Marine Sanctuary Program, Graves, M.C. and M. Sweeney. 1993. NOAA. Silver Spring, MD. 66 pp. Ritual behavior and ceremonial structures in eastern Polynesia: changing Giongo, F., J. Bosco-Nizeye and G.N. perspectives. In: The Evolution and Wallace. 1994. A Study of visitor Organisation of Prehistoric Society in management in the world’s national parks Polynesia. Graves, M.W. and R.C. and protected areas. Paper prepared for Green, eds. pp. 106-124. Auckland: New Colorado State University, The Ecotourism Zealand Archaeological Association. Society and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Graves, M., and K. Kikiloi. In prep. Preliminary reconnaissance report for Gladwin, T. 1970. East is a Big Bird: the archaeological sites of Nihoa Islands, Navigation and Logic on Puluwat Atoll. February 2006. Prepared for the U.S. Fish Harvard University Press. 260 pp. and Wildlife Service.

Godwin, L.S. 2000. NWHI derelict fishing Green, R.G. 1986. Some basic components net removal project: Survey of marine of the Ancestral Polynesian settlement organisms associated with net debris. system: building blocks for more Report submitted to: NOAA Fisheries, complex societies. In: Island Societies: Coral Reef Ecosystem Investigation. Archaeological Approaches to Evolution and Transformation. pp. 50-54. ———. 2002. Preliminary report on non- Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. coral marine invertebrates: NOAA Fisheries. Green, R.G. 1993. Community-level Godwin, S. 2005. Preliminary species organization, power and elites in Polynesian inventory for marine invertebrates settlement pattern studies. In: The Evolution associated with the coral reef communities and Organisation of Prehistoric Society in of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Polynesia. Graves, M.W. and R.C. Green, Report submitted to the Northwestern eds. pp. 9-12. Auckland: New Zealand Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Archaeological Association. Reserve. Honolulu, HI. Green, R.C. 1996. Settlement patterns and Godwin, S., K.S. Rodgers and P.L. Jokiel. complex society in the Windward Society 242 2006. Reducing potential impacts Islands. In: Mémoire de Pierre, Mémoire of invasive marine species in the d’Homme: Tradition et Archéologie en Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. A report Océanie, Hommage a Jose Garanger. for research conducted under DOI, Julien, M., M. Orliac and C. Orliac, eds. NOAA, National Ocean Service. MOA pp. 207-227. Paris: Collection “Homme et 2005-008/6882 Amendment No. 001, Société 23”, Publications de la Sorbonne. Research in Support of the NWHI Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve, HIMB, SOEST, Grigg, R.W. 1981. Acropora in Hawaii. Part II. University of Hawai‘i at Mänoa, Honolulu. Zoogeography. Pacific Science 35: 15-25.

Gon, S. 2003. Application of traditional ———.1982. Darwin Point, a threshold for ecological knowledge and practices of atoll formation. Coral Reefs 1: 29-34. indigenous Hawaiians to the revegetation of Kaho‘olawe. Ethnobotany Research and ———. 1997. Paleoceanography of coral Applications 1:5-20. reefs in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain – Revisited. Proceedings of the 8th Grandcourt, E.M. 2003. The effect of International Coral Reef Symposium 1: intensive line fishing on the virgin biomass 117-122. of a tropical deepwater snapper, the crimson jobfish (Pristipomoides filamentosus). ———. 2006. The history of marine research Fisheries Bulletin 101:305-311. in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: 7. Documentation

lessons learned from the past and hopes Smith and G. Vasta. 1999. Emerging marine for the future. Atoll Research Bulletin 543: diseases_Climate links and anthropogenic 13-22. factors. Science 285: 1505-1510.

Grigg, R.W. and R. Pfund, eds. 1980. Hau‘ofa, Epeli. 1994. Our Sea of Islands. Proceedings of the Symposium on the The Contemporary Pacific. Status of Resource Investigations in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Sea Grant Hawaii Administrative Rules. 2007. Title Miscellaneous Report UNIHI-SEAGRANT- 13, Department of Land and Natural MR-80-04. University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant Resources. Subtitle 4.IV, Fisheries Resource College Program. Honolulu. Management. Chapter 76.2, Ballast Water Management. Grigg, R.W. and K.Y. Tanoue, eds. 1984. Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Hawaii Admissions Act. 8 March 1959. Pub. Resource Investigations in the Northwestern L. 86-3, 73 Stat. 4 § 2. Hawaiian Islands. Sea Grant Miscellaneous Report UNIHI-SEAGRANT-MR-84-01. Hawai‘i Biodiversity and Mapping Program. University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College 2007. Program database. Honolulu. Program. Honolulu. Hawaii Ceded Lands Act, 1900. Pub. L. Guillou H., R.C. Maury, S.Blais, J. Cotton, C. 103-150. Legendre, G. Guille and M. Caroff. 2005. Age progression along the Society hotspot Hawai‘i Endangered Species. Hawaii Revised chain (French Polynesia) based on new Statutes, Chapters 183D and 195D, State of unspiked K-Ar ages. Bulletin de la Societe Hawai‘i. Geologique de France 176(2) 135-150. Hawai‘i Environmental Impact Statements. Handy, C.E.S., E.G. Handy and M.K. Pukui. Hawaii Revised Statutes. Chapter 343, State 1972. Native planters in Old Hawai‘i: of Hawai‘i. Their life, lore, and environment. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233. Honolulu: Bishop Hawai‘i Fishing Adventures and Charters Museum Press. (HFAC). 2004. Hawai‘i Fishing Adventures and Charters. Available from the Internet. Harbottel-Boyd, J. 1886. Report to the URL: http://www.sportfishhawaii.com/ 243 Minister of Interior relative to the midwayreports.htm. Annexation of the above or Mokupäpapa to the Hawaiian Islands. Interior Dept. Hawaii Organic Act of 30 April 1900, c339, of Land, Sept. 1886, Box 87. Honolulu: 31 Stat.141 § 2. Hawai‘i State Archives. Hawai‘i State Constitution, Article XI, §§ Harrison, D. and A. Craig, 1993: Ocean 1,2,6,9; and Article XII § 7. model studies of upper-ocean variability at 0°, 160°W during the 1982–1983 ENSO: Helber Hastert & Fee 1995. Cultural Local and remotely forced response. Resources Management Plan for Midway Journal of Physical Oceanography 23: Islands. Submitted to the Department 425–451. of the Navy, Pacific Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pearl Harrison, C.S., T.S. Hida and M.P. Seki. Harbor, Hawai‘i. 1983. Hawaiian seabird feeding ecology. Wildlife Monographs 85:1-71. Henderson, J.R. 1984a. Encounters of Hawaiian Monk Seals with fishing gear at Harvell, C., K. Kim, J. Burkholder, R. Colwell, Lisianski Island, 1982. Marine Fisheries P. Epstein, D. Grimes, E. Hofmann, E. Lipp, Review 46(3):59-61. A. Osterhaus, R. Over-Street, J. Porter, G. Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

———. 1984b. A Review of Hawaiian Monk Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2005. Low coral Seal entanglements in marine debris. cover in a high-CO2 world. Journal of In: Proceedings of the Workshop of the Geophysical Research 110: C09S06, Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, 26-29 doi:10.1029/2004JC002528. November 1984. Shomura , R. S. and H. O. Yoshida, eds., pp. 326-335. NOAA- Holling, C. S. 1996. Surprise for science, TM-NMFS-SWFSC-54. resilience for ecosystems, and incentives for people. Ecological Applications 6(3): ———. 1990. Recent entanglements of 733-735. Hawaiian Monk Seals in marine debris. In: Proceedings of the Second International Hope, B., S. Scantolini, E. Titus and J. Conference on Marine Debris, 2-7 April, Cotter. 1997. Distribution patterns of 1989. Shomura, R. S. and M. L. Godfrey, polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in eds., pp. 540-553. NOAA-TM-NMFS- water, sediment and biota from Midway SWFSC-154. Atoll (North Pacific Ocean). Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(7): 548-563. ———. 2001. A pre- and post- MARPOL Annex V summary of Hawaiian Monk Howe, K.R. 2007. Vaka Moana, Voyages of Seal entanglements and marine debris the ancestors: The discovery and settlement accumulation in the Northwestern of the Pacific. Honolulu: University of Hawaiian Islands, 1982-1998. Marine Hawaii Press. Pollution Bulletin 42 (7): 584-589. Hoyt, E. 2005. Marine Protected Areas for Henry, Teuira. 1928. Ancient Tahiti. Bernice Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises. London P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 48: 336-340. and Springfield, VA: Earthscan. 516 pp.

Hepburn Board Report. Jan 3, 1939. House Hubbell, T. 1976. The Biology of Islands. In: Doc No. 65, 76th Congress, 1st Session, Natural History of the Hawaiian Islands: Report on the Need of additional Naval Selected Readings. Allison Kay, ed., pp bases to defend the coast of the United 385-395. Honolulu, HI: University of States, Its Territories and Possessions. Hawai‘i Press.

Herbst, L.H. 1995. Green turtle Hughes T.P., D.R. Bellwood, C. Folke, 244 fibropapillomatosis: Challenges to assessing R.S. Steneck and J. Wilson. 2005. New the role of environmental cofactors. paradigms for supporting the resilience of Environmental Health Perspectives 103 marine ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and (Supp.4): 27-30. Evolution 20(7):380-386.

Hilborn, R. 2004. Ecosystem-based fisheries Hui, C.A. and W.N. Beyer. 1998. Sediment management: the carrot or the stick? ingestion of two sympatric shorebird Marine Ecological Progress Series 274: species. Science of the Total Environment 275-278. 224 (1998): 227-233.

Hillary, A., M. Kokkonen and L. Max, eds. Hunt, T.L. 1992. Prehistoric subsistence 2003. Proceedings of the World Heritage and Paleo-environmental change on the Marine Biodiversity Workshop. Paris: island of Nihoa. Research proposal for the UNESCO World Heritage Center. 92 pp. Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu, Hoeke, R., R. Brainard, R. Moffitt and M. HI: United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Merrifield. 2006. The role of oceanographic conditions and reef morphology in Ilett, A., R. Aiello, M. Power, C. Recchia and the 2002 coral bleaching event in the L. Saunders. 2000. The Great Barrier Reef Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll World Heritage Area - Ecotourism in the Research Bulletin 543: 489-503. world’s largest marine protected area. In: 7. Documentation

Best Practice Ecotourism in Queensland. Itano, D.G. 2001. The Reproductive biology Charters, T. and K. Law, eds., pp. 65-80. of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in Brisbane, Queensland. Hawaiian waters and the Western Tropical Pacific Ocean: Project summary. SOEST Ingraham, W.J. Jr. and C.C. Ebbesmeyer. Publication 00-01, JIMAR Contribution 00- 2001. Surface current concentration 328. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i. 69 pp. of floating marine debris in the North Pacific Ocean: 12-year OSCURS model Jaques, D.L. and C. Strong. 2002. experiments. In: Proceedings of the Disturbance of brown pelicans at International Conference on Derelict communal roosts in Southern and Central Fishing Gear and the Ocean Environment, California. Prepared for the American 2001. Honolulu: Hawaiian Islands Trader Trustee Council, California Humpback Whale National Marine Department of Fish and Game, U.S. Fish Sanctuary publication. and Wildlife Service and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. International Maritime Organization (IMO). 1997. Guidelines for the control and Jennings, S., S.S. Marshall and N.V.C. management of ships’ ballast water to Polunin. 1996. Seychelles’ marine minimize the transfer of harmful aquatic protected areas: comparative structure and organisms and pathogens. London: status of reef fish communities. Biological International Maritime Organization. 16 pp. Conservation 75: 201-209.

———. 2001. International Convention on Jennings, S. and N.V.C. Polunin. 1997. the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems Impacts of predator depletion by fishing on on Ships (AFS): Adopted 5 October 2001. the biomass and diversity of non-target reef www.imo.org/Conventions. fish communities. Coral Reefs 16: 71-82.

IPPC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Johannes, R.E. 1981. Words of the Lagoon: Change). 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Fishing and marine lore in the Palau Physical Science Basis. In: Contribution of District of Micronesia. Berkeley: University Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment of California Press. Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S, D. Qin, M. Johns, G.M., V.R. Leeworthy, F.W. Bell and Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.A. Bonn. 2001. Socioeconomic study of 245 M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.). Cambridge reefs in southeast Florida: Hazen & Sawyer University Press, Cambridge, United Environmental Engineers and Scientists in Kingdom and New York, NY. 996 pp. association with Florida State University and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Irwin, G.J. 1992. The Prehistoric Exploration Administration. and Colonisation of the Pacific. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Johnson, Kevin. 2002. Geochemical compositions of volcanic rocks and rock ———. 1998. The colonization of the artifacts from Nihoa and Necker Islands, Pacific Plate: Chronological, navigational Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu, and social issues. Journal of the Polynesian HI: Bishop Museum, Unpublished Manuscript. Society 107:111-143. Johnson, K.T.M. 2004. Geology. In: Natural Itano, D.G. and K.N. Holland. 2000. History of Nihoa and Necker Islands. Movement and vulnerability of bigeye Evenhuis, N.L and L.G. Eldredge, eds. (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tuna Honolulu, Hawai‘i: Bishop Museum Press. (Thunnus albacares) in relation to FADs and natural aggregation points. Aquatic Living Johnson, Rubellite Kawena. 1981. Kumulipo: Resources 13: 213_223. Hawaiian Hymn of Creation, Vol. 1. Honolulu, HI: Topgallant Publishing Co. Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

Johnston, D.W., M. E. Chapla, L.E. Williams Kawamoto, K. and S. Pooley. 2000. Annual and D.K. Mattila. 2007. Identification of Report of the 1999 Western Pacific Lobster humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae Fishery, Preliminary Draft. Southwest wintering habitat in the Northwestern Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu Hawaiian Islands using spatial habitat Laboratory, NMFS, NOAA. modeling. Endangered Species Research 3: 249–257. Kay, E. A. 1979. Hawaiian Marine Shells. Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawaii, Section Juvie, Sonia. P. and James O. Juvie. 1998. 4: Mollusca. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Atlas of Hawai‘i, 3rd Edition. Honolulu, Special Publication 64 (4): i–xviii + 1–653. HI: University of Hawai‘i Press. Kay, J.J. 1991. A non-equilibrium Kaho‘olawe Island Reserve Commission thermodynamic framework for discussing (KIRK). 2004. Kaho‘olawe Island Reserve ecosystem integrity. Journal of Environmental Commission Strategic Plan 2004-2008, May. Management 15 (4): 483-495.

Kaly, U.L. and G.P. Jones. 1994. Test of Keenan, E.E., R.E. Brainard and L.V. Basch. the effect of disturbance on ciguatera 2006. Historical and present status of in Tuvalu. Memoirs of the Queensland the pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, Museum Brisbane 34: 523-532. at Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin Kamakau, S. 1976. Na Hana o ka Po‘e Kahiko 543:333-344. [The works of the people of old]. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 61. Kelley, C., R. Moffitt and J.R. Smith. 2006. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Mega- to macro-scale classification and description of bottomfish essential fish Kame‘eleihiwa, Lilikalä. 1992. Native land habitat on four banks in the Northwestern and foreign desires: Pehea lä E pono ai? Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. 543:319-332.

Kame‘eleihiwa, Lilikalä. 2007. Traditional Kelley, C. and W. Ikehara. 2006. The impacts knowledge of indigenous peoples in of bottom fishing on Raita and West Hawai‘i, and in Hawai‘i-Nui-Akea. HWST St. Rogatien Banks in the Northwestern 246 270 Reader Hawaiian Mythology Spring Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 2008: 86-94. 543: 305-318.

Kanahele, Pualani Kanaka‘ole. 1997. Kelly, M. 1989. Dynamics of production Forward. In: The Kumulipo: An Hawaiian intensification in pre-contact Hawai‘i. In: creation myth. Kimo Campbell, ed. What’s New? A closer look at process of Honolulu: Pueo Press. innovation. London.

Karczmarski, L., B. W_rsig, G. Gailey, K.W. Kenyon, J.C. and R.E. Brainard. 2006. Second Larson and C. Vanderlip. 2005. Spinner recorded episode of mass coral bleaching dolphins in a remote Hawaiian atoll: in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. social grouping and population structure. Atoll Research Bulletin 543: 505-523. Behavioral Ecology 16(4): 675-685. Kenyon, J.C., R.E. Brainard, G.S. Aeby, J.D. Karr, J.R. and D.R. Dudley. 1981. Ecological Chojnacki, M.J. Dunlap and C.B. Wilkinson. perspective on water quality goals. Journal In press. Mass coral bleaching on high of Environmental Management 5:55-68. latitude reefs in the Hawaiian Archipelago. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Kaunamano. 1862. Ka Mo‘olelo no Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa. Aukelenuiaiku. Hökü o ka Pakipika, 6 Nov.-18 Dec. 7. Documentation

Kenyon, K.W. 1972. Man versus the monk Kirch, P.V. 1984. The evolution of seal. Journal of Mammalogy 58: 97-98. Polynesian Chiefdoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kerkvliet, J. and C. Nowell. 2000. Tools for recreation management in parks: the case of ———. 1988. Polynesia mystery islands. the Greater Yellowstone’s blue-ribbon fishery. Archaeology 41(3): 26. Ecological Economics 34 (1): 89-100. ———. 2004a. Temple sites in Kahikinui, Kikiloi, K. 2003. A new synthesis in oceanic Maui, Hawaiian Islands: Their orientations domestication: the symbiotic development of decoded. Antiquity 78: 102–114. loko i‘a aquaculture in pre-contact Oceania. In: SPC Traditional Resource Management ———. 2004b. Solstice observation and Knowledge Information Bulletin 15. in Mangareva, French Polynesia: Noumea: South Pacific Commission. New perspectives from archaeology. Archaeoastronomy 18: 1–19. Kikiloi, Kekuewa and Michael Graves. 2005. Reconnecting with Ancestral Islands: Kirch, P.V. and R.G. Green. 1987. The Application of New Methods in History, phylogeny and evolution in Understanding the Timing and Settlement Polynesia. Current Anthropology 28:431- of Nihoa, a Remote Island in the 443, 452-456. Northwestern Region of Hawai‘i. Proposal for Archaeological Research . Honolulu, ———. 2001. Hawaiki, Ancestral HI: University of Hawai‘i. Polynesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 2005. Preliminary Reconnaissance Report for the Archaeological Sites on Kirch, P.V. and, J.G. Kahn . 2007. Advances Nihoa Island, Hawai‘i. Prepared for United in Polynesian Prehistory: A review and States Fish and Wildlife Service. Honolulu, assessment of the past decade (1993-2004). HI: University of Hawai‘i. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

Kikuchi, W. 1976. Ancient Hawaiian Kuffner, I.B. and V. Paul. 2001. Effects of Fishponds. Science (193): 295-299. nitrate, phosphate and iron on the growth of macroalgae and benthic cyanobacteria King, W. B. 1970. The trade wind zone from Cocos lagoon, Guam. Marine 247 oceanography pilot study. Part VII: Ecology Progress Series 222:63-72. observations of seabirds March 1964 to June 1965. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Kure Atoll, part of the State Seabird Spec. Sci. Rep. - Fish. 586. 136p. Sanctuary. Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 125, State of Hawai‘i. Kingdom of Hawaii. 1857. Resolution 1. Reaffirmation of Laysan and Lisianski Islands. Kushlan, J.A., M.J. Steinkamp, K.C. Parsons, Privy Council Minute Books, Series 421, vol. J. Capp, M. Acosta Cruz, M. Coulter, I. 10. Hawai‘i State Archives. Honolulu. Davidson, L. Dickson, N. Edelson, R. Elliot, R.M. Erwin, S. Hatch, S. Kress, Kirch, P. and W. D. Sharp. 2005a. R. Milko, S. Miller, K. Mills, R. Paul, R. Coral230Th dating of the imposition of Phillips, J.E. Saliva, B. Sydeman, J. Trapp, ritual control hierarchy in precontact J. Wheeler and K. Wohl. 2002. Waterbird Hawai‘i. Science 307 (5706): 102-104. Conservation for the Americas: The North American Waterbird Conservation Plan, ———. 2005b. Materials and methods. Version 1. Washington, D.C. 78 pp. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Accessed On: March 2007. Laboute, P. and B. Richer de Forges. 2004. www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/ In: Lagons et récifs de Nouvelle-Calédonie. full/307/5706/102/DC1 Catherine Ledru, ed. Nouméa. 520 pp. Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

Lacey Act of 1900, as amended. 18 U.S.C. Longhurst, A.R. and D. Pauly. 1987. Ecology 42, 16 U.S.C. 3371. of Tropical Oceans. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. Ladd, Harry, S. Joshua, I. Tracey, Jr. and M. Grant Gross. 1976. Drilling on Midway Lonsdale P. 1988. Structural pattern of the Atoll, Hawai‘i. In: Natural History of the Galapagos microplate and evolution of Hawaiian Islands: Selected Readings. the Galapagos triple junctions. Journal of Allison Kay, ed., pp 27-38. Honolulu, HI: Geophysical Research 93(B11): 13551-13574. University of Hawai‘i Press. Lotze, H.K. 2004. Repetitive history of Lammers, M.O., R.E. Brainard and W.W.L. resource depletion and mismanagement: Lau. 2006. Diel trends in the mesopelagic the need for a shift in perspective. Marine biomass community of the Northwestern Ecological Progress Series 274: 282-285. Hawaiian Islands observed acoustically. Atoll Research Bulletin 543: 391-408. Lowe, C.G., B.M. Wetherbee and C.G. Meyer . 2006. Using acoustic telemetry Lehane, L. and R.J. Lewis. 2000. Ciguatera: monitoring techniques to quantify recent advances but the risk remains. movement patterns and site fidelity of International Journal of Food Microbiology sharks and giant trevally around French 61(2-3): 91-125. Frigate Shoals and Midway Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin 543: 281-304. Levington, J.S. 1995. Marine biology. Function, biodiversity, ecology. New York: Ludwig, J.P., C.L. Summer, H.J. Auman, Oxford University Press. V. Gauger, D. Bromley, J.P. Giesy, R. Rolland and T. Colborn. 1997. The roles of Lewis, David. 1979. We the Navigators the organochlorine contaminants and fisheries Ancient Art of Landfinding in the Pacific. bycatch in recent population changes of Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press. Black-footed and Laysan Albatrosses in the North Pacific Ocean. In: Albatross Biology Liholiho, A. 16 March 1856. Reaffirmation and Conservation. Robinson, G. and R. Gales, of Nihoa Island. Circular of the Kingdom eds. Chipping Norton: Surrey Beatty & Sons. of Hawai‘i. Lydgate, J.M. 1914. The vanishing Kuleana. 248 Liller, W. 2000. Necker Island, Hawai‘i: In: Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for Astronomical implications of an island 1915. Thrum, T.G., ed. pp. 103-109. located on the Tropic of Cancer. Rapa Nui Honolulu: Thos G. Thrum. Journal 14 (4). Mac, M.J., A. Opler, C.E.P. Haecker and Limburg, K.E., S.A. Levin and C.C. Harwell. P.D. Doran 1998. Status and Trends of the 1986. Ecology and estuarine impact Nation’s Biological Resources. Volume 2. assessment: lesson learned from the U.S. Department of Interior, pp 437-964. Hudson River (USA) and other estuarine Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. experiences. Journal of Environmental Management 22: 255-280. Macintyre, I.G., ed. 2006. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Third Scientific Liotard, J.M. and H.G. Barsczus. 1989. Symposium. November 2-4, 2004. Atoll Génèse des foïdites phonolitiques de Research Bulletin 543. http://www.botany. Tubuai (archipel des Australes, océan hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/arb/543/lrg.jpg Pacifique Sud): intervention d’un magma d’affinité carbonatitique. Comptes rendus Mackenzie, M.K. and B. Kaiama. 2003. de l’Académie des sciences. Série 2, Native Hawaiian claims to the Lands and Mécanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences Natural Resources of the Northwestern de l’univers, Sciences de la Terre 308(14) Hawaiian Islands. Report to Office of 1261-1266. Hawaiian Affairs. Honolulu. 7. Documentation

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Development, and Conservation Priorities. Management Act, 1976, as amended. Pub. L.G. Eldredge, J.E. Maragos, P.F. Holthus L. 94-265. 16 U.S.C. § 1801 et seq. and H.F. Takeuchi, eds., pp 47-118. Program on Environment, East-West Malo, D. 1951. Hawaiian Antiquities: Center, and Pacific Science Association Mo‘olelo Hawai‘i, translated by N. B. c/o Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Emerson 1898. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Publication 2. 2nd ed. Honolulu: Maragos, J.E. and D. Gulko, eds. 2002. Bishop Museum Press. Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: Interim Results Maly, K. 2003. Ka Hana Lawai‘a a me na ko‘a Emphasizing the 2000 Surveys. Report to o na kai ‘ewalu: A history of fishing practices the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the and marine fisheries of the Hawaiian Islands. State of Hawaii Department of Land and Kumu Pono Associates LLC. Prepared for Natural Resources. Honolulu. The Nature Conservancy. Honolulu. Maragos, J.E., D. Potts, G. Aeby, D. Manning, R.E. and S.R. Lawson. 2002. Gulko, J. Kenyon, D. Siciliano and D. Carrying capacity as “informed judgement”: VanRavenswaay. 2004. 2000-2002 rapid The values of science and the science ecological assessment of corals on the values. Environmental Management 30 (2): shallow reefs of the Northwestern Hawaiian 157-168. Islands. Part 1: Species and distribution. Pacific Science 58(2): 211-230. Mantua, N.J., S.R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J.M. Wallace and R.C. Francis. 1997. A Pacific Maragos, J., J. Miller, J. Gove, E. DeMartini, interdecadal climate oscillation with A.M. Friedlander, S. Godwin, C. impacts on salmon production. Bulletin of Musburger, M. Timmers, R. Tsuda, P. the American Meteorological Society 78: Vroom, E. Flint, E. Lundblad, J. Weiss, P. 1069-1079. Avotte, E. Sala, S. Sandin, S. McTee, T. Wass, D. Siciliano, R. Brainard, D. Obura, Manu, M. 1899. He moolelo kaao Hawaii S. Ferguson and B. Mundy. 2008. U.S. no ke kaua nui weliweli mawaena o Pele- coral reefs in the Line and Phoenix Islands, Keahialoa me Waka-Keakaikawai. He mau Central Pacific Ocean: History, Geology, kupua wahine kaaeaa. Ka Loea Kälai‘äina, Oceanography and Biology. In: Coral Reefs May 13-December 30. of the USA. Riegl, B. and R.E. Dodge, eds. 249 pp 595-641. Springer-Verlag. Maragos, J.E. and P.L. Jokiel. 1986. Reef corals of Johnston Atoll: One of the world’s Marine Mammal Commission. 2005. Annual most isolated reefs. Coral Reefs 4:141-150. Report to Congress 2004. Bethesda, MD.

Maragos, J.E. 1995. Revised checklist of Marion, J. L. and C.S. Rogers. 1994. The extant shallow-water corals from Hawaii applicability of terrestrial visitor impact (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Bishop management strategies to the protection of Museum Occasional Papers 42: 54-55. coral reefs. Ocean Coastal Management 22: 153-163. Maragos J.E., M.P. Crosby and J.W. McManus. 1996. Coral reefs and MARPOL (Marine Pollution Convention), biodiversity: a critical and threatened 1973/78 relationship. Oceanography 9(1): 83-99. Maté, J.L. 2003. Corals and coral reefs of the Maragos, J.E. and P.F. Holthus. 1999. A Pacific coast of Panama. In: Latin American status report on the coral reefs of the Coral Reefs. J. Cortés, ed., pp. 387-417. insular tropical Pacific. In: Marine and Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elseiver Coastal Biodiversity in the Tropical Science B.V. Island Pacific Region, Vol. 2, Population, Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

Matsumura, S. and K. Nasu. 1997. virescens, Lutjanidae) at remote Hawaiian Distribution of floating debris in the North atolls: Implications for marine protected Pacific Ocean: sighting surveys 1986–1991. area design. Marine Biology 151: 2133- In: Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts and 2143. Solutions. J. Coe and D. Rogers, Eds., pp. 15. New York: Springer-Verlag. ———. 2007b. Seasonal and diel movements of giant trevally (Caranx Maury R.C., M.el Azzouzi, J.M. Liotard, ignobilis) at remote Hawaiian atolls: G. Guille, H.G. Barsczus, C. Chauvel, implications for the design of marine C. Diraison, C. Dupuy, P. Vidal and R. protected areas. Marine Ecology Progress Brousse. 1994. Geology and petrology of Series 333: 13-25. Tubuai (Austral Islands, French Polynesia). Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Miao, X.S., C. Swenson, K. Yanagihara and sciences. Série 2. Sciences de la terre et des Q.X. Li. 2000a. Polychlorinated biphenyls planètes 318(10) 1341-1347. and metals in marine species from French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean. McArdle, D. 1997. California Marine Archives of Environmental Contamination Protected Areas. California Sea Grant and Toxicology 38: 464-471. College System. La Jolla, CA. Miao, X. S., C. Swenson, L.A. Woodward McCoy, M.D. 2008. Life outside the temple: and Q.X. Li. 2000b. Distribution of Reconstructing traditional Hawaiian polychlorinated biphenyls in marine ritual and religion through new studies species from French Frigate Shoals, North in ritualized practice. In: Religion, Pacific Ocean. Science of the Total Archaeology, and the Material World. L. Environment 257 (2000): 17-28. Fogelin, ed. pp. 261-278. Carbondale: Southern Illinois Carbondale, Center for Miao, X.S., L.A. Woodward, C. Swenson and Archaeological Investigations. Q.X. Li. 2001. Comparative concentrations of metals in marine species from French McDermid, K. and I.A. Abbott. 2006. Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean. Marine Deepwater marine plants from the Pollution Bulletin 42 (11): 1049-1054. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: New perspectives on biogeography. Atoll Michener, W.K., E.R. Blood, K.L. Bildstein, 250 Research Bulletin 543:525-532. M.M. Brinson and L.R. Gardner. 1997. Climate change, hurricanes and tropical McLeod, K.L., J. Lubchenco, S.R. Palumbi storms and rising sea level in coastal wetlands. and A.A. Rosenberg. 2005. Scientific Ecological Applications 7: 770-801. Consensus Statement on Marine Ecosystem- Based Management. Signed by 219 Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge. academic scientists and policy experts with 1996. Executive Order No. 13022. October relevant expertise and published by the 31 (61 FR 56875). Communication Partnership for Science and the Sea. Available online: http:// Miller, J., B. Applegate, J. R. Smith and compassonline.org/?q=EBM S. Vogt. 2004. Bathymetric Atlas of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Draft Menard, H.M. and Edwin L. Hamilton. 1976. version. Honolulu, HI: NOAA, Pacific Paleogeography of the Tropical Pacific. In: Islands Fisheries Science Center, Coral Reef Natural History of the Hawaiian Islands: Ecosystem Division. Selected Readings. Allison Kay, ed., pp 5-26. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press. Miller, J.E., S. Vogt, R. Hoeke, S. Ferguson, B. Applegate, J.R. Smith and M. Parke. Meyer C.G., Y.P. Papastamatiou and K.N. 2006. Bathymetric atlas and website for Holland. 2007a. Seasonal, diel and the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll tidal movements of green jobfish (Aprion Research Bulletin 543: 409-422. 7. Documentation

Moffitt, R.B., J. Johnson and G. DiNardo. Mullon, C., P. Curry and L. Shannon. 2004. 2006. Spatiotemporal analysis of lobster Viability model of trophic interactions trap catches: impacts of trap fishing on in marine ecosystems. Natural Resource community structure. Atoll Research Modeling 17: 27-58. Bulletin 543: 217-236. Myers, R.A. and B. Worm. 2003. Rapid Mooney, H.A. and E.E. Cleland. 2001. The worldwide depletion of predatory fish evolutionary impact of invasive species. communities. Nature 423:280-283. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 (10): 5446–5451. NAS Barbers Point. 1962. U.S. Naval Air Station, Barbers Point: Base Guide. Morgan W.J. 1971. Convection plumes in the lower mantle. Nature 230: 42-43. National Environmental Policy Act. 1969, as amended. Pub. L. 91-190, 42 U.S.C. 4321- ———. 1972. Deep mantle convection 4347, January 1, 1970, as amended by plumes and plate motions. AAPG Bulletin Pub. L. 94-52, July 3, 1975, 40 CFR Parts 56(2): 203-213. 1500-1508.

Morin, M., S. Conant and P. Conant. 1997. National Geographic. 1999. National Laysan and Nihoa Millerbird (Acrocephalus Geographic Atlas of the World 7th Edition. familiaris). In: The Birds of North America Washington D.C.: National Geographic. 302. A. Poole and F. Gill, eds. Philadelphia, 280 pp. PA: The Academy of Natural Sciences and the American Ornithologists’ Union. National Historic Preservation Act. 1966. 16 U.S.C. 470. Morin, M. and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island Ecosystem Restoration Plan (draft). National Invasive Species Act of 1996. Public Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa, Law 104-332. Dept. of Zoology. 111pp. NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). ———. 2007. Summary of Scoping, 2002. Endangered Species Act Section 7 Evaluation, and Recommendations for consultation on the Fishery Management Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Passerines’ Plan for the bottomfish and seamount Translocation Sites. Honolulu, Hawaii: groundfish fisheries in the Western Pacific 251 Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Region. Silver Spring, MD. 129 pp. ———. 2003. Stock Assessment Report, Morishige, C., M.J. Donohue, E. Flint, C. Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus Swenson and C. Woolaway. 2007. Factors schauinslandi). URL: www.nmfs.noaa. affecting marine debris deposition at French gov/pr/PR2/Stock_Assessment_Program/ Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian individual_sars.html Islands, 1990–2006. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54: 1162-1169. ———. 2004a. Stock Assessment Report: Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus Morison, S.E. 1950. History of United schauinslandi). URL: www.nmfs.noaa. States Naval Operations in World War II. gov/pr/PR2/Stock_Assessment_Program/ v4. Coral Sea, Midway, and Submarine individual_sars.html Actions, May 1942-August 1942, University of Illinois Press. ———. 2004b. Assessment of the 2004 marine debris field season: Multi-agency Moulton, D. W. and A. P. Marshall. 1996. marine debris program synopsis. Presented Laysan duck. In: The Birds of North by NOAA Fisheries Coral Reef Ecosystem America: Life Histories for the 21st Century Division, Marine Debris Program, 242. pp 1-20. Honolulu Laboratory. Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

NOAA. 2003. Atlas of the shallow-water ———. 1998c. Recovery Plan for U.S. benthic habitats of the NWHI (Draft). Pacific populations of the Loggerhead National Ocean Service. Silver Spring, MD. Turtle (Caretta caretta). National Marine 160 pp. Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD.

———. 2004. Proposed Northwestern ———. 1998d. Recovery Plan for U.S. Hawaiian Islands National Marine Pacific populations of the Leatherback Sanctuary: Advice and recommendations Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). National on development of draft fishing regulations Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD. under National Marine Sanctuaries Act Section 304(a)(5). Honolulu, HI and Silver ———. 1998e. Recovery Plan for U.S. Spring, MD. Pacific populations of the Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea). National ———. 2005a. Northwestern Hawaiian Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD. Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve Final Reserve Operations Plan. Honolulu, HI and ———. 2007. 2007 ESA Reviews for Silver Spring, MD. Federally Listed Sea Turtles. http://www. fws.gov/northflorida/SeaTurtles/2007- ———. 2005b. Our National Marine Reviews/2007-sea-turtle-ESA-reviews.htm Sanctuaries: Strategic Plan 2005-2015. National Ocean Service. Silver Spring, MD. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and U.S. Fish and Wildlife ———. 2006. State of the Reserve 2000- Service. 19 August 2006. Northwestern 2005. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands Regulations. 50 CFR Part Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve. National 404. (71 FR 51134). Marine Sanctuary Program. Honolulu, HI and Silver Spring, MD. National Marine Sanctuaries Amendments Act. 2000. Pub. L. 106-513 §6 (g) (2000). NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Fisheries, 1991. Humpback National Wildlife Refuge Improvement Act of Whale Recovery Plan, Silver Spring, MD. 1997. 1997. Pub. L. 105-57, amending 16 U.S.C. 668dd-ee. ———. 1998. Blue Whale Recovery Plan, 252 Silver Spring, MD. National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966, as amended, ———. 2006a. Fin Whale Recovery Plan, 16 U.S.C. §§ 668dd-ee. Silver Spring, MD. Naughton, M. and E. Flint. 2004. ———. 2006b. Sperm Whale Recovery Populations and conservation status of Plan, Silver Spring, MD. seabirds nesting in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Paper read at: ———. 2007. Monk Seal Recovery Plan, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Third Silver Spring, MD. Scientific Symposium, Honolulu.

NOAA Fisheries and FWS (U.S. Fish and Navigating Change. 2006. Navigating Wildlife Service). 1998a. Recovery Plan for Change Teacher’s Guide. URL: www. U.S. Pacific populations of the Hawksbill hawaiianatolls.org. Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD. Newman, A.L. 1988. Mapping and monitoring vegetation change on Laysan ———. 1998b. Recovery Plan for the U.S. Island. Thesis, University of Hawai‘i, Pacific populations of the East Pacific Department of Geography. Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas). National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD. 7. Documentation

Newman, M.J.H., G.A. Paredes, E. Sala Administrative Rules Title 13, Chapter 60.5. and J.B.C. Jackson. 2006. Structure of State of Hawai‘i. Caribbean coral reef communities across a large gradient of fish biomass. Ecology O’Connor, P.J. 1999. Poaceae. In: Manual Letters 9: 1216-1227. of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii, Bishop Museum Special Publication 97. Wagner, Newman, T. Stell. 1976. Man in the W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer , eds. Prehistoric Hawaiian Ecosystem. In: Natural pp. 1,481-1,604. Honolulu: University of History of the Hawaiian Islands: Selected Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Readings. Allison Kay, ed., pp 559-607. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press. Office of Hawaiian Affairs. Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 10-1(b), State of Hawai‘i. Nickerson, T. circa 1828. On the loss of the ship Two Brothers at French Frigate Shoals ———. Wahi Pana Database. www.oha. 1823. Nantucket Historical Association. org/index. Manuscript Collection 106, Folder 3.5. http://www.nha.org/library/ms/msguide.html Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co., Inc. January 1996. Naval Air Facility Nishida, G. 1998. Midway Terrestrial (NAF) Midway Island Site Inspection (SI) Arthropod Survey. Final Report prepared Report. As cited in U.S. Navy 2001. for USFWS. Honolulu: Hawaii Biological Survey, Bishop Museum. ———. July 1997. Remedial Investigation (RI) Report for Naval Air Facility (NAF) Midway ———. 2001. NOWRAMP 2000 Terrestrial Island, Volume I: Technical Report. Arthropod Report. Prepared for the USFWS, Honolulu. Olsen, S.B., K. Lowry and J. Tobey. 1999. A manual for assessing progress in coastal ———. 2002. Hawaiian Terrestrial Arthropod management. University of Rhode Island: Checklist, 4th Edition. Bishop Museum Coastal Resources Center. Technical Report 22, pp i–iv, 1–313. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Overpeck, J.T., B.L. Otto-Bliesner, G.H. Miller, D.R. Muhs, R.B. Alley and J.T. Kiehl. Nolan, R.S. 1981. Shark control and the 2006. Paleoclimatic evidence for future Hawaiian Monk Seal. Marine Mammal ice-sheet instability and rapid sea-level rise. 253 Commission PB82-201808. Science 311: 1747-1750.

Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention Pandolfi, J.M., J.B.C. Jackson, N. Baron, R.H. and Control Act of 1990 (16 U.S.C. 4701). Bradbury, H.M. Guzman, T.P. Hughes, C.V. Kappel, F. Micheli, J.C. Ogden, H.P. Noss, R. 1995. Maintaining ecological Possingham and E. Sala. 2005. Are U.S. integrity in representative reserve networks. coral reefs on the slippery slope to slime? Discussion Paper. World Wildlife Fund Science 307: 1725-1727. Canada and World Wildlife United States. Paradise of the Pacific 1936 http://www. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Hawaii janeresture.com/midway/index.htm Revised Statutes, Title 12, Chapter 171.3, State of Hawai‘i. Parrish, F.A. and J.J. Polovina. 1994. Habitat thresholds and bottlenecks in production Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 19 August of the spiny lobster (Palinurus marginatus) 2006. 50 CFR Part 404. in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 53 (3): 151-163. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands State Marine Refuge 2005, Hawaii Revised Statutes Parrish, F.A., K. Abernathy, G.J. Marshall and Chapters 187A-6, 188, and Hawaii B.M. Buhleiert. 2002. Hawaiian monk Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

seals (Monachus schauinslandi) foraging Polovina, J.J. and G.T. Mitchum. 1992. in deep-water coral beds. Marine Mammal Variability in spiny lobster Panulirus Science 18 (1): 244–258. marginatus recruitment and sea level in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Fisheries Parrish, F. and K. Abernathy. 2006. Bulletin 90: 483-493. Movements of monk seals relative to ecological depth zones in the lower Polovina, J.J, G.T. Mitchum, N.E. Graham, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll M.G. Craig, E.E. DeMartini and E.N. Research Bulletin 543: 115-130. Flint. 1994. Physical and biological consequences of a climate event in Pauly, D., J. Alder, E. Bennett, V. Christensen, the central North Pacific. Fisheries P. Tyedmers and R. Watson. 2003. The Oceanography 3: 15-21. Future for Fisheries. Science 302: 5649, 1359-1361. Polovina, J.J., W.R. Haight, R.B. Moffitt and F.A. Parrish. 1995. The Role of benthic Perez, M., I.B. and C. M. Vasquez. 2000. habitat, oceanography, and fishing on the Moluscos de la Clase Gastrópoda del population dynamics of the spiny lobster Parque Nacional Coibá. Escuela de (Panulirus marginatus) in the Hawaiian Biologia. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Archipelago. Crustaceana 68 (2): 203-212. Exactas y Tecnologia. Centro Regional Universitario de Veraguas. Santiago de Polovina, J.J., D.R. Kobayashi, D.M. Parker, Veraguas, Universidad de Panamá. M.P. Seki and G.H. Balazs. 2000. Turtles on the edge: movement of loggerhead Pew Oceans Commission. 2003. America’s turtles (Caretta caretta) along oceanic Living Oceans: Charting a Course for fronts, spanning longline fishing grounds Sea Change. A Report to the Nation: in the central North Pacific, 1997-1998. Recommendations for a New Ocean Policy. Fisheries Oceanography 9 (1):71–82.

Podolsky, R.H. and S.W. Kress. 1989. Factors Polovina, J.J., E. Howell, D.R. Kobayashi affecting colony formation in Leach’s and M.P. Seki. 2001. The transition Storm-petrel to uncolonized islands in zone chlorophyll front, a dynamic global Maine. Auk 106:332-336. feature defining migration and forage habitat for marine resources. Progress in 254 ———. 1992. Attraction of the endangered Oceanography 49:469-483. Dark-Rumped Petrel to recorded vocalizations in the Galápagos Islands. Polovina J.J., F. Chai, E.A. Howell, D.R. Condor 94: 448-453. Kobayashi, L. Shi and Y. Chao. 2008. Ecosystem dynamics at a productivity Poepoe, K., P.K. Bartram and A.M. gradient: A study of the lower trophic Friedlander. 2003. The use of traditional dynamics around the northern atolls in Hawaiian knowledge in the contemporary the Hawaiian Archipelago. Progress in management of marine resources. In: Oceanography 77(2-3): 217-224. Putting Fishers’ Knowledge to Work Conference Proceedings. Fisheries Centre, Polynesian Voyaging Society, http://pvs. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, kcc.hawaii.edu/migrationspart1.html. 27-30 August 2001. URL: http://www. December 3, 2007. fisheries.ubc.ca/publications/reports/ report11_1.php. Pomeroy, R.S., J.E. Parks and L.M. Watson. 2004. How is your MPA doing? A Polovina, J. 1984. Model of a coral reef Guidebook of Natural and Social Indicators ecosystem: The ECOPATH model and its for Evaluating Protected Area Management application to French Frigate Shoals. Coral Effectiveness. Gland, Switzerland Reefs 3: 1-11. and Cambridge, U.K: ICUN – World Conservation Union. 7. Documentation

Prange, G.W. 1982. Miracle at Midway. New Workshop. Western Pacific Fishery York: Penguin Books. Management Council, Honolulu.

Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner and D.G. Berrett. Randall, J. E., G. R. Allen and R. C. Steene. 1987. A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii 1977. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton, New Coral Sea. Bathurst (Australia): Grawford Jersey: Princeton University Press. House Press. 507 pp.

Presidential Proclamation 8031. 15 June Randall, J.E. 1987. Introductions of marine 2006. Establishment of the Northwestern fishes to the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of Hawaiian Islands (71 FR 36443). Marine Science 41: 490-502.

Presidential Proclamation 8112. 6 March Randall, J.E., J.L. Earle, R.L. Pyle, J.D. 2007. Establishment of the Papah_ Parrish and T. Hayes. 1993. Annotated naumoku_kea (72 FR 10031). checklist of the fishes of Midway Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Programmatic Agreement. 1996. Science 47: 356-400. Programmatic agreement among the Pacific Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Randall, John E. 2007. Reef and Shore Fishes Command; Advisory Council on Historic of Hawai‘i. Honolulu, HI: University of Preservation; and the U.S. Fish and Hawai‘i Press. Wildlife Service for management of historic structures on Midway Atoll National Rauzon, M.J. 2001. Isles of Refuge: Wildlife Refuge. Honolulu: USFWS. Wildlife and History of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: University Pukui, M.K. 1983. ‘Ölelo No‘eau: Hawaiian of Hawai‘i Press. Proverbs and Poetical Sayings. Bishop Museum Special Publication No. 71. Rehkemper, C. and E. Flint. 2005. Poster Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. presentation at the Hawai‘i Conservation Conference. ———. 1997. ‘Ölelo No‘eau Hawaiian Proverbs & Poetical Sayings (Paperback). Reynolds, M.H. and J.J. Citta. 2007. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Postfledging survival of Laysan ducks. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 255 Pukui, M.K. and C. Handy. 1950. The 383-388. Polynesian Family System in Ka‘u Hawai‘i. Wellington: Polynesian Society. Riley, T. J. 1982. Report of a Reconnaissance of Archaeological Sites Quackenbush, S.L., R.N. Casey, R.J. Murcek, on Nihoa Island, Hawai‘i, June 1980. T.A. Paul, T.M. Work, C.J. Limpus, A. Prepared for the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Chaves, L. duToit, J. Vasconcelos, A.A. Service, Honolulu, Hawai‘i. Department Aguirre, T.R. Spraker, J.A. Horrocks, L.A. of Anthropology Manuscript #031882 Vermeer, G.H. Balazs and J.W. Casey. (Project 286). Honolulu, HI: Bernice 2001. Quantitative analysis of herpesvirus Pauahi Bishop Museum. sequences from normal tissue and fibropapillomas of marine turtles with real- Roark, E.B., T.P. Guilderson, R.B. Dunbar time PCR. Virology 287: 105-111. and B.L. Ingram. 2006. Radiocarbon-based ages and growth rates of Hawaiian deep- Rainwater, I. H. 1958. Nihoa: Ancient Isle of sea corals Marine Ecology Progress Series Mystery. In: Paradise of the Pacific, 69 (11). 327: 1–14. pp 96-97. Honolulu, HI. Rolett, B. V. (2002). Voyaging and Ralston, S., S. Cox, M. Labelle and C. Mees. interaction in ancient East Polynesia. Asian 2004. Bottomfish Stock Assessment Perspectives 41: 182–194. Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

Rubin, K. 2001. The Formation of the Midway Atoll. Journal of Wildlife Diseases Hawaiian Islands. Accessed On: March 26: 329-338. 2007. www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/ haw_formation.html. Sissenwine, M. and S. Murawski. 2004. Moving beyond ‘intelligent tinkering’: Rudd, M.A. and M.H. Tupper. 2002. The advancing an ecosystem approach to impact of the Nassua grouper size and fisheries. In: Perspectives on ecosystem- abundance on scuba diver site selection based approaches to the management of and MPA economics. Coastal Management marine resources. Marine Ecology Progress 30 (1): 17-23. Series 274: 269-303.

Ruff, T.A. 1989. Ciguatera in the Pacific: a Smith, A. and K.L. Jones. 2007. Cultural link with military activities. Lancet 28:1 Landscapes of the Pacific Islands. Paris: (8631): 201-5. ICOMOS Thematic Study.

Seki, M. P. 2004. Transition zone. In: North Smith, J.R., B. Evans, J. Miller and J. Pacific Ecosystem Status Report. pp 201- Weirich. 2003. Volcanic features in the 210. British Columbia, Canada: North Northwestern Hawaiian Islands revealed Pacific Marine Science Organization. by SWATH mapping. EOS Trans. AGU 84(46), Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract Selkoe, K.A., B.S. Halpern and R.J. Toonen. V22C-0604. 2008. Evaluating anthropogenic threats to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Smith, J.R., A. Baco-Taylor, C. Kelley and Aquatic Conservation: Marine and E.M. Yam. 2004. Northwestern Hawaiian Freshwater Ecosystems DOI 10.1002/ Island seamount surveys of deep-sea fauna aqc.961. in relation to geological Setting. EOS Trans. AGU 85(28), West Pac. Geophysical Shallenberger , R.J. 1984. Hawai‘i’s Birds. Meeting Supplement, Abstract OS12A-04. Honolulu: Hawaii Audubon Society. Smith, S.V. and R.M. Buddemeier. 1992. ———. 2006. History of management in the Global Change and coral reef ecosystems. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Status and Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics conservation issues. Atoll Research Bulletin 23: 89-118. 256 543:23-32. Speulda, L.A., A. Raymond and V. Parks. Shea, E.L, G. Dolcemascolo, C.L. Anderson, 1999. Midway Atoll National Wildlife A. Barnston, C.P. Guard, M.P. Hamnett, Refuge Historic Preservation Plan. Prepared S.T. Kubota, N. Lewis, J. Loschnigg and for USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Region G. Meehl. 2001. Preparing for a Changing 1, Sherwood, Oregon. Climate: The potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. Honolulu, Spriggs, M. J. T. and A. Anderson. 1993. Hawaii: East-West Center. 100 pp. Late colonization of East Polynesia. In: Antiquity, 67. pp 200-217. Washington, Sievert, P.R. and L. Sileo. 1993. The effects D.C: Society for American Archaeology. of ingested plastic on growth and survival of albatross chicks. In: The status, ecology, Stambler, N. 1999. Coral reefs and and conservation of marine birds of the eutrophication. Marine Pollution 1999: North Pacific. K. Vermeer, K. T. Briggs, 360-361. K. H. Morgan and D. Siegal-Causey, eds., pp. 212-217. Ottawa: Canadian Wildlife Standen, R.S. 1967. An explanatory Service Special Publication. description of the sand islands of Kure, Midway, and Pearl Hermes Atolls, Hawaiian Sileo L., P.R. Sievert and M.D. Samuel. 1990. Islands. Master’s Thesis, California State Causes of mortality of albatross chicks at College at Los Angeles. 93 pp. 7. Documentation

Stannard, D.E. 1989. Before the Horror: ———. 2004c. Geographic patterns of The population of Hawaii on the eve of foraging dispersion of Hawaiian Monk western contact. Honolulu: Social Science Seals at the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Research Institute, University of Hawai‘i. Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. Starr, F. and K. Martz. 1999. Botanical Survey Honolulu. of Midway Atoll. 1999 Update. Prepared for Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Stewart, B.S. and P.K. Yochem. 2004a. Use USFWS. of marine habitats by Hawaiian Monk Seals from Kure Atoll: Satellite-linked monitoring Starr, F., K. Martz, and L. Loope. 2001. in 2001-2002. Pacific Islands Fisheries Botanical Inventory of Kure Atoll. Prepared Science Center, National Marine Fisheries for Department of Land and Natural Service, NOAA. Honolulu. Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu, HI. ———. 2004b. Dispersion and foraging of Hawaiian Monk Seals near Lisianski and State of Hawai‘i, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Midway Islands: 2000-2001. Pacific Islands and U.S. Dept of Commerce. 2006. Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Memorandum of Agreement among the Fisheries Service, NOAA. Honolulu. State of Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources, and the U.S. Department ———. 2004c. Use of marine habitats by of Interior U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hawaiian Monk Seals from Laysan Island: and the Department of Commerce National Satellite-linked monitoring in 2001-2002. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, promoting the coordinated management of National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. signed 8 Honolulu. December 2006. Stimson, F. J. 1933. Tuamotuan Religion. Stattersfield, A.J., M.J. Crosby, A. J. Long and Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. D.C. Wege. 1998. Endemic Bird Areas Sustainable Resources Group International. of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. Birdlife International, 2004a. Fishing in the proposed Northwestern Birdlife Conservation Series No. 7. 860 pp. Hawaiian Islands National Marine Sanctuary. Prepared for the National 257 Stevenson, C., L.S. Katz, F. Micheli, B. Marine Sanctuary Program, National Block, K.W. Heiman, C. Perle, K. Weng, R. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Dunbar and J. Witting. 2006. High apex Honolulu. predator biomass on remote Pacific islands. Coral Reefs 26(1): 47-51. ———. 2004b. Results of the Fishing Discussion Group Process, Fall 2003: Stewart, B.S. 2004a. Foraging biogeography Fishing in the proposed Northwestern of Hawaiian Monk Seals in the NWHI: Hawaiian Islands National Marine Relevance to considerations of marine Sanctuary. Prepared for the National zones for conservation and management in Marine Sanctuary Program, National the NWHI Coral Reef Ecosystem. Hubbs- Oceanic Atmospheric Administration. SeaWorld Research Institute. Technical Honolulu. Report 2004-354. San Diego, California. Tachera, Noelani, Tom Almnimps, Heidi ———. 2004b. Foraging ecology of Lennstrom and Guy Kaulukukui. 2002. Hawaiian Monk Seals at Pearl and Hermes Evidence for Native Hawaiian Knowledge Reef, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Prior 1997-1998. Pacific Islands Fisheries to Western Contact: A Report to the Office Science Center, National Marine Fisheries of Hawaiian Affairs. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Service, NOAA. Honolulu. Museum. Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

Tava, R. and M. Keale. 1989. Niihau: The Natural Resources, State of Hawaii; and Traditions of a Hawaiian Island. Honolulu: Member, Board of Land and Natural Mutual Publishing. Resources, State of Hawaii, Approved 5/16/78, Honolulu. Terrel, Bruce. B, ed. In Press. Fathoming the Past: Historical Context of the National Tsuha, Kalei. 2007. Draft Report: Analysis & Marine Sanctuaries. Washington, D.C: study of significant alignments on Kaua‘i, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Hä‘ena Mä (Mokumanamana), Nïhoa, Administration. Ka‘ula, Ni‘ihau & Lehua June 21-29, 2007.

Tholke, M. 2003. Collaboration for a change: Turak, E. 2005. Reef corals of northwest A Practitioners Guide to Environmental Madagascar. RAP Bulletin of Biological Nonprofit-Industry Partnerships. Michigan Assessment 31: 26-31. Business School and School of Natural Resources and Environment: Corporate United Nations Educational, Scientific and Environmental Program. Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2001. Convention on the Protection of the Thrum, Thos. G, ed. 1914. Hawaiian Underwater Cultural Heritage. www.unesco. Almanac and Annual for 1915. Honolulu: org/culture/laws/underwater/html_eng/ Thos G. Thrum. convention.shtml (accessed March 2007).

Tibbetts, K.A. 2006. “Teach for America” UNESCO. 2005. Operational Guidelines for and the quality of public education in the Implementation of the World Heritage target communities. Kamehameha Schools Convention. United Nations Educational, – Research & Evaluation, 05-06:30. Scientific and Cultural Organization. Paris: Honolulu. World Heritage Center. URL: http://whc. unesco.or/en/guidelines Time Magazine. 1939. Wart on the Pacific. Time Magazine, Jan 30. USCG (U.S. Coast Guard). 1994a. Kure Atoll scrap metal dump ecological risk Titcomb, M. and M.K. Pukui. 1952. Native assessment. Final Report. Woodward- use of fish in Hawaii. Polynesian Society Clyde Consultants Contract No. DTCG86- Memoir No.29. New Plymouth, N.Z.: 93-D-633005. 258 Avery Press, Ltd. ———. 1994b. Kure Atoll LORAN Titcomb, Margaret. 1972. Native Use of Fish remediation report. Enclosure (1). Research in Hawai‘i. Honolulu, HI: University of Management Consultants, Inc. for US Coast Hawai‘i Press. Guard Civil Engineering Unit, Honolulu, Hawaii. RMCI Project Number F170-001. Titcomb, M., D.B. Fellows, M.K. Pukui and RMCI, Lakewood, Colorado. D.M. Devaney.1978. Native use of marine invertebrates in old Hawaii. Pacific Science ———. 2002. Remediation verification 32 (4). report. Remediation of contaminated soil Former USCG Loran Station, Tern Island, Tomich, P.Q. 1986. Mammals in Hawai‘i: Hawaii. Chase Environmental Group, Inc. A synopsis and notational bibliography. for US Coast Guard Civil Engineering Unit Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. 375 pp. Honolulu, Contract No. DTCG86-01-C- 6XA453. Tripartite Agreement. 1978. Survey and assessment of the living resources of the ———. 2003. Tern Island ecological risk Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Acting assessment addendum-Bulky Dump. Administrator, National Marine Fisheries Technical Memorandum. CH2MHill for Service; Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife US Coast Guard Civil Engineering Unit Service; Chairman, Board of Land and Honolulu. 7. Documentation

U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. 2005. An 62 pp., http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/ Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century. Final SpeciesRecovery.do?sort=1 Report, Washington D.C. ———. 2006. Continuity of Operations United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Plan. Honolulu, HI: Pacific Remote Islands Biological Integrity, Diversity, and National Wildlife Refuge Complex. Environmental Health Policy. 601 FW 310. ———. 2007. Tsunami Preparedness Plan. ———. Compatibility Determinations Policy. Honolulu, HI: Pacific Remote Islands 603 FW 1 (U.S.C. 668dd-66ee and 603 FW 2. National Wildlife Refuge Complex.

———. in prep. Draft Pacific Islands Rat Spill U.S. Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks. Contingency Plan. 1947. Building the Navy’s Bases in World War II, 2 vols. Washington Government United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Printing Office. National Marine Fisheries Service, Department of Land and Natural Resources. U.S. Navy. 1995. Technical memorandum for 2000. Press release. 3 October. evaluation of remedial alternatives Naval Air Force (NAF) Midway Island. Ogden United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Environmental and Energy Services Co., Inc 1984. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Comprehensive Long-Term Environmental Passerine Recovery Plan. Region 1, Action Navy (CLEAN) Contract No. Portland, Oregon. 66pp. N62742-90-D-0019 Cto. No. 0136.

———. 1998. Final Recovery Plan for Three ———. 1996. Site Inspection (SI) Report Plant Species on Nihoa Island. Region 1, for Naval Air Force (NAF) Midway Portland, Oregon. 81 pp. Island. Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co., Inc Comprehensive Lont- ———. 1999. Recovery Plan for Multi-Island Term Environmental Action Navy (CLEAN) Plants. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Contract No. N62742-90-D-0019 Cto No. Portland, Oregon. 206 pp + appendices. 0136.

———2000. Draft vertebrate pest ———. 2001. Action memorandum for eradication and prevention plan for the time-critical removal action of abandoned 259 Pacific Islands Ecoregion. Honolulu, HI. tug and barge, LCM, Boiler, and PCB- contaminated marine sediment Bulky ———. 2002. Birds of Conservation Waste Landfill, Midway Atoll. October Concern 2002. Division of Migratory Bird 2001. Management, Arlington, Virginia. 99 pp. http://migratorybirds.fws.gov/reports/ Usinger, R.L. 1942. The genus Nysius and its bcc2002.pdf. allies in the Hawaiian Islands (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae, Orsillini). Bernice P. Bishop ———. 2004. Draft Revised Recovery Plan Museum Bulletin 173:1–167. for the Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis). Portland, Oregon. vii + 94 pp. Valiela, I. 1995. Marine Ecological Processes. New York: Springer-Verlag. ———. 2005a. Regional Seabird Conservation Plan, Pacific Region. U.S. Van Dolah, F.M. 2000. Marine algal toxins: Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Birds Origins, health effects, and their increased and Habitat Programs, Pacific Region, occurrence. Environmental Health Portland, Oregon. Perspectives 108 (Supplement 1): 133-141.

———. 2005b. Short-tailed Albatross Van Tilburg, H. 2002. Maritime cultural Draft Recovery Plan. Anchorage, AK, resources survey: Northwestern Hawaiian Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

Islands. Report to the Northwestern Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/ Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Reserve. Assessment’s Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp. ———. 2003a. Kure and Midway Atoll maritime heritage survey 2003. Report to Wagner, W.L., D. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral 1990. Manual of the flowering plants Reef Ecosystem Reserve. of Hawai‘i, revised edition. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, Bishop ———. 2003b. U.S. Navy shipwrecks Museum Press, Special Publication 83: in Hawaiian waters: an inventory of 1-1853. submerged Naval property. Report to Naval Historical Center (UH Grant No. ———. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants UH01495). of Hawai‘i, revised edition. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, Bishop Van Tilburg, H. and K. Gleason. In prep. Museum Press, Special Publication 97: Maritime heritage survey NWHI 2005. 1-1918. Report for the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve. Walker, Ranganui. 1990. Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou: Struggle without end. Aukland, ———. 2006. United States Fish and N.Z.: Penguin. Wildlife Service Activity Report: Maritime Heritage Resources Assessment. NOAA/ Wallace, G. and S. Pierce. 1996. An NOS National Marine Sanctuary Program Evaluation of Ecotourism in Amazonas, and United States Fish and Wildlife Service Brazil. Annals of Tourism Research 23(4). SUP# 06038. Walters, C.J. 1986. Adaptive Management Vatter, A. 2003. Bottom longline fishing of Renewable Resources. New York: for sharks in the Northwestern Hawaiian McMillan. Islands. National Marine Fisheries Service Pacific Islands Region Administrative Wanless, R.M., A. Angel, R.J. Cuthbert, G.M. Report ARPIR-03-01. Hilton and P.G. Ryan. 2007. Can predation by invasive mice drive seabird extinctions? 260 Vitousek, P.M. 1994. Beyond global Biology Letters http://issg.org/database/ warming: ecology and global change. species/ reference_files/musmus/Wanless_ Ecology 75: 1861-1876. etal_2007.pdf (Published Online)

Vroom P.S., K.N. Page, K.A. Peyton and J. Ward Research. 2006. Tracking attitudes Kanekoa Kukea-Shultz. 2005. Spatial toward protecting the Northwestern heterogeneity of benthic community Hawaiian Islands. Prepared for: The assemblages with an emphasis on National Marine Sanctuary Foundation, reef algae at French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Coral Ecosystem Reserve. Reefs 24: 574-581. Weihe, P., P. Granjean, F. Debes and R. Vroom, P.S. and K.N. Page. 2006. Relative White. 1996. Health implications for abundance of macroalgae (RAM) on Faroe Islanders of heavy metals and PCBs Northwestern Hawaiian Island reefs. Atoll from pilot whales. Science of the Total Research Bulletin 543: 533-548. Environment 186: 141-148.

Waddell, J.E. and A.M. Clarke (eds). 2008. Weisler, M.I. 1993. Long distance interaction The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of in prehistoric Polynesia: Three case studies. the United States and Pacific Freely PhD diss., University of California Berkeley. Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical 7. Documentation

———. 1994. The settlement of marginal ———. 2001. Final Fishery Management Polynesia: New evidence from Henderson Plan for the Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Island. Journal of Field Archaeology 21: Western Pacific Region, vol.1. Honolulu. 83–102. ———. 2003a. Managing U.S. Fisheries of ———. 1995. Henderson Island prehistory: the U.S. Pacific Islands: Past, Present and Colonization and extinction on a remote Future. Honolulu. Polynesian island. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 56: 377–404. ———. 2003b. History of the Fisheries in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu. ———. 1996. Taking the mystery out of the Polynesian ‘mystery’ islands: A case study ———. 2004a. Bottomfish and seamount from Mangareva and the Pitcairn group. In groundfish fisheries of the Western Pacific Oceanic Culture History: Essays in Honour Region. 2002 Annual Report. Honolulu. of Roger Green, Davidson, J., G. Irwin, F. Leach, A. Pawley, and D. Brown, eds. pp. ———. 2004b. Pelagic Fisheries of the 615—29. Dunedin, N.Z.: New Zealand Western Pacific Region. 2002 Annual Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. Report. Honolulu.

———. 1997. Introduction. In: Prehistoric Westervelt, W. D. (collected and translated Long-Distance Interaction in Oceania : An from the Hawaiian). 1916. Hawaiian Interdisciplinary Approach, New Zealand Legends of Volcanoes. Boston, MA: G.H. Archaeological Association Monograph, Ellis Press. 21. M. Weisler, ed. pp 224-237. Auckland, New Zealand: Archaeological Wiens H.J. 1962. Atoll environment and Association. ecology. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 532 pp. ———. 1997. Prehistoric long-distance interaction at the margins of Oceania. In: Wilderness Act. 1964. 16 U.S.C. 1132-1136. Prehistoric Long-Distance Interaction in Oceania: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Wilson, J.T. 1963. A possible origin of the Weisler, M. I., ed. pp. 149-172. Auckland: Hawaiian Islands. Canadian Journal of New Zealand Archaeological Association Physics 41(6): 863-870. Monograph 21. 261 ———. 1965. A new class of faults and ———. 2002. Centrality and the collapse of their bearing on continental drift. Nature long-distance voyaging in East Polynesia. 207: 343-347. In: Geochemical Evidence for Long- Distance Exchange. Glascock, M.D., ed. Wise, J. 1924. Ka huakai i na mokupuni pp. 257-273. London: Bergin and Garvey. ma ka akau-komohana [A journey to the islands in the north-west]. Ka Nüpepa Wells, F. E. 2005. Molluscs of northwestern Kü‘okoa 62 (29): July 19. Madagascar. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 31: 32–38. Woodbury, D.O. 1946. Builders for Battle. How the Pacific Naval Air Bases were Western Pacific Fisheries Management Constructed. New York: E.P. Dutton and Council (WPFMC). 1982. Final combined Company. 415pp. Fishery Management Plan, Environmental Impact Statement, Regulatory Analysis, Woodhead, J.D. 1992. Temporal and Draft Regulations for the Spiny Lobster geochemical evolution in oceanic intra-plate Fisheries of the Western Pacific Region, volcanic: a case study from the Marquesas volumes I & II. Honolulu. (French Polynesia) and comparison with other hotspots. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 111(4): 458-467. Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument

Woodward. P.W. 1972. The natural history of Kure Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 164: 1-318.

Woodward, D., J B Harley, G. Malcolm Lewis. 1998. The History of Cartography: Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Work, T., G. Balazs, R. Rameyer and R. Morris. 2004. Retrospective pathology survey of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomatosis from the Hawaiian Islands, 1993-2003. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 62: 163-176.

Yen, D.E. 1969. Nihoa- 1969: A Preliminary Report. Department of Anthropology Manuscript (Unpublished). Honolulu, HI: Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum.

Yoklavich, A. 1993. Cultural resources overview survey at Naval Air Facility, Midway Island. Prepared by Spencer Mason Architects, Inc. Submitted to Department of the Navy, Pacific Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

Zabin, J.Z., J.T. Carlton and L.S. Godwin. 2003. First report of the Asian sea anemone 262 Diadumene lineata from the Hawaiian Islands. In: Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.

Ziegler, A. 1990. Search for evidence of early Hawaiian presence on Lisianski Islands, NWHI, Summer 1990. A Report prepared for State of Hawaii and Office of Hawaiian Affairs.