MultipleMultiple stressorsstressors impactimpact onon thethe ecosystemecosystem ofof PeterPeter thethe GreatGreat BayBay (/East(Japan/East Sea)Sea)

OlgaOlga N.N. LukyanovaLukyanova,, SergeiSergei A.A. ССherkashinherkashin andand MikhailMikhail V.V. SimokonSimokon

PacificPacific ResearchResearch FisheriesFisheries CenterCenter (TINRO(TINRO--Center),Center), ,Vladivostok, .Russia. [email protected]@tinro.ru Vladivostok

Amur Ussury Bay Bay 43

Nakhodka

Nakhodka Peter the Great Bay bay

Possyet

42.5 Bay

131 132 133 Far Eastern State Marine Reserve ¾¾ TheThe densitydensity ofof populationpopulation inin thethe RussianRussian FarFar EastEast isis low,low, 120120 personspersons perper 100100 sq.sq. kmkm inin average.average. ¾¾ TheThe maximalmaximal densitydensity isis inin PrimoryePrimorye,, onon thethe southsouth ofof thethe district,district, coastalcoastal zonezone ofof PeterPeter thethe GreatGreat Bay,Bay, approximatelyapproximately 16001600 personspersons perper 100100 sq.sq. km.km. Sea surface temperature (oC) in the Sea surface salinity (psu) in the Bay on August 16-18, 2010 on August 16-18, 2010

43.2 43.2

43 43

42.8 42.8 131.4 131.6 131.8 132 131.4 131.6 131.8 132 Hydrogen ion exponent (pH) at the sea surface in the Amur Bay in August 2010 (left) and 2009 (right)

43.2

43

(courtesy of V. Rachkov, 42.8 TINRO) 131.4 131.6 131.8 132131.4 131.6 131.8 132 Year-to-year fluctuations of air temperature and SST according the data of 4 meteorological stations in Peter the Great Bay ―― Vladivostok - - - Possyet ---- Gamov − ⋅ ⋅− Nakhodka Air T, ◌۫ C SST, ◌۫ C

8 ta 10 tw 7 9,5 9 6 8,5 оС T,

оС 8 5 T 7,5 4 7 6,5 3 6 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Years Years

Increase of SST and air temperature in Peter the Great Bay from 1934 to 2009

Stations SST Air Т Possyet 0.59 1.33 Gamov 0.37 0.81 Vladivostok 0.96 1.85 0.79* 1.68* Tokarevsky 0.15 1.70 Nakhodka -0.22 2.07 * – 1909–2008 Gayko, 2009

PollutantPollutant dischargedischarge toto AmurAmur baybay ((19881988 -- 2002005)5)

The main components of Volume of waste waters waste waters 50 40 год /

3 30 м . 20 86% 78% млн 46% 53% 59% 65% 10 78% 0 1988 1990 1992 1993 1996 2001 2005

- 1 - 2

Total amount of pollutants 100 Suspended particles 80 Biogenic matter Petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals 60 organic compound

. тонн 40 тыс 20 0 1988 1990 1992 1993 1996 2001 2005 годы

(Nigmatulina, 2008) Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons in seawater (1) and bottom sediments (2) Amur Bay Ussury Bay

1

2

Chernyaev et al., 2006, 2008

Spatial distribution of toxic metals: Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb in the bottom sediments of Amur Bay (1) and Ussury Bay (2), mg/kg dry wt

Cd Cu Hg Pb

Max. 0.36 Max. 52.5 Max. 0.34 Max. 90 1

Cd Max. 5.65 Cu Max.1550 Hg Max.1.56 Pb Max. 415 2 43 Organochlorine pesticides in mollusks, fish

and seabirds from Peter the Great Bay 42.5

131 132 133

10000

1000

100 lg C lg

10

1 r y e e a y p B a y B riv k ke Isl. iya Bay s ya e iy Ca ya r n na na Bay z an ivuch Amu vo Reyn S Furugelma Isl. Ussuriisky Bay Pescha Tum Pere

molluscs fish Sea gulls Data of Mussel Watch program on OCP content in mussels from Asia-Pacific region (Monirith et al., 2004).

250

200

150 DDT ng/g 100 HCCH

50

0 a n y ong n a hi pore ndia K C I Korea ga Japa ong Vietnam in reat B H S G

Peter the

Peter the Great Bay (PGB) – our data. Total OCP content in mussels from Peter the Great Bay is lower then in mussels from Hong Kong, and Vietnam. Normally HCCH level in soft tissues of mussels from PGB was higher then DDT content, on the contrary to mussels from other countries of Asia-Pacific region where DDT is dominated pesticides. Non-indigenous species

¾ 45 species of microalgae, 24 species of zooplancton, 22 species of meroplancton, 10 taxa of meiofauna, 24 species of microscopic fungi, and 28 strains of bacteria were revealed in the seawater of the port of Vladivostok and ballast waters of the vessels of Russian-Japanese and Russian-Chinese lines (Zvyagintsev, Selifonova, 2008) . ¾ 11 non-indigenous fish species were registered in the estuary of river input to the Peter the Great Bay (Kolpakov et al., 2008), as a result of aquaculture activity mainly. Share of non-indigenous species in fish community during the summer and fall varied from 7 to 30 %.

List of non-indigenous species of fish List of non-indigenous cocopepod species of Abbottina rivularis (Basilewsky, 1855) ships’ ballast water in the port of Vladivostok Acanthorhodeus chankaensis (Dybowski, 1872) Pseudodiaptomus inopinus Acanthorhodeus sp. Labidocera euchaeta Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1845) Calanus sinicus Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes in Cuvier, Acartia bifilosa Valenciennes, 1844) Parvocalanus crassirostris Culter alburnus Basilewsky, 1855 Oithona davisae Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855) Dioithona rigida Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes in Cuvier, Tortanus spinicaudatus (Kasyan, 2010) Valenciennes, 1844) Sarcocheilichthys czerskii (Berg, 1914) Sarcocheilichthys sinensis Silurus soldatovi Nikolsky et Soin, 1948 Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) Channa argus (Cantor, 1842) Sites of blue king crab Paralithodes platypus detection in Peter the Great Bay

1999 43.4 2000 2001 2003 43.2 2004 в и л 2005 а з й 2006 ки с й 43 2007 и р у с с У

42.8

о. Аскольд м. Поворотный 42.6 м. Гамова

42.4

42.2 130.8 131 131.2 131.4 131.6 131.8 132 132.2 132.4 132.6 132.8 133 133.2 The distribution of crab in July-August 2008 Commercial males, March-May 2009

trawl survey trap survey (Koblikov et al., 2010)

DOMOIC ACID CONCENTRATION IN SOFT TISSUES OF TESTED BIVALVES from Peter the Great Bay MolluscsMolluscs DomoicDomoic acid,acid, mkgmkg/kg/kg wetwet weightweight ModiolusModiolus difficilisdifficilis 0,0540,054

MytilusMytilus trossulustrossulus 0,1110,111

(Pavel et al., 2007)

CONCENTRATION OF PSP-TOXINS IN ECHINODERMS AND MOLLUSCS from Peter the Great Bay ( mkg/kg wet weight) 170,00 259,60 Stronglylocentrotus Cucumaria intermedius japonica (gonads) Stichopus129,20 (viscera) japonicus (viscera)

Cucumaria Stichopus japonica japonicus (body (body wall) 312,60 wall) 290,40

900,00 728,60 800,00 700,00 600,00 519,40 515,80 405,80 500,00 426,80 345,60 312,60 mkg/kg 400,00 291,40 281,80

300,00 187,80 200,00 93,20 100,00

0,00

s s s s i ) ) ) lu li n s) s e e) s) ci si a fi e ad yanu if nen rossu ra d i cr g al (gon us broughto pancrea s lus t lus ol ach o i s at nsi yti yti patopan ensis (mantl M a ep m Mod ul he h sso soensis (muscl is nadara japonica (muscle ( s ssoe p A ye reno S ula n ye ye C c e n n ct e orbi ct C japonica ssoensis( a ye ope ul n uhope c e z zuh Mi orbi ct MizuhopecteMi C pe

Pavel et al., 2007 izuho M

RelativeRelative abundanceabundance ofof mysidsmysids speciesspecies aaS bioindicatorbioindicator ofof ecosystemecosystem’’ss statestate ((19911991 –– 2009)2009)

y y a a b B y 43 r r u u s m s A U

ka d o h y ak a N B

P o ss ye Peter the Great Bay t B ay 42.5 – natural state (relative abundance of Paracanthomysis sp. is more than 50% of the total amount of mysids) – balanced state (relative abundance of Paracanthomysis sp. is 1 to 50%)

– crisis state (Paracanthomysis sp. is lacking or it’s abundance is less than 1%) – critical state (mysids are single or number of N. awatschensis predominates) – catastrophic state (mysids lack completely)

131 132 133 Glutathione-S-transpherase activity in organs of Crenomytilus grayanus from Peter the Great Bay

Vladivostok

hepaatopancreas gills 100 nmoles/min/mg - protein - gonads

Amur Bay Ussury Bay

Glutathione-S-transpherase in the liver of flounder Liopsetta pinnifasciata from Amursky and Ussuriisky bays

150 150

100 100

50 50

0 0

Amur bay Ussury bay

-Maximal level (nmoles/min/mg protein) - munimal level during annual cycle

Molecular biomarkers of oxidative damage in the gills of Japanese mitten crab and liver of haarder from the estuarine zones of Peter the Great Bay

45 GST, crab 40 35 30 25 2007 20 2008

/min/mg protein 15 г Crab Eriocheir japonica 10 mg 5 0

a a ya ol a a vk ay vk ln od o n o o kh ot u em es k zd S rt T a A Sh R Molecular biomarkers, Haarer, 50 45 40 35 30 Razdolnaya 25 Amba 20 15

Opticaldensity, % 10 5 0 LP Glutathione GST Catalase Haarder Liza haematocheila

Macrozoobenthos total biomass (g/sq. m) ) in Peter the Great Bay

(Nadtochiy et al., 2005)

Overall commercial stock and value of biological resources of Peter the Great Bay

1999* 2001* 2009

Commercial Value, Commercial Value, Commercial Value, stock, т Thous. $ stock, т Thous. $ stock, т Thous. $

Fish 95 130 162 027 87 700 167 435 108 668 216 358

Invertebrates 59 590 305 422 106 310 533 368 93 045 624 256

Seaweeds 89 750 127 625 63 293 90 820 77 500 28 880

Total 244 470 595 074 257 303 791 623 279 213 869 494

* - Ogorodnikova, 2001

The main ecosystem services of Peter the Great Bay : Gas regulation Nutrient cycling Biological control Food production Raw materials Cultural and recreation. The total value of ecosystem services of the Bay is

$ 1 706,6 Х 106 yr-1 . The value of biological resources of the Bay is

$ 870 Х 106 yr-1 . The value of biological resources of the Bay without the expences is $ 52,3 Х 106.

TheThe valuevalue ofof ecosystemecosystem servicesservices andand biologicalbiological resourcesresources ofof PeterPeter thethe GreatGreat BayBay

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 th.$ 800 600 400 200 0 Value of ecosystem Value of bioresources services (without expences) Conclusion Impact of multiple stressors – chemical pollution and biological hazards - do not disturb chemical- biological balance and homeostasis of Peter the Great Bay at the end of 2010s. Pollution of the Bay due to human activity is moderate for the Bay at whole and significant for some internal bays - Amur Bay, Ussury Bay, and Possyet Bay. Chemical and biological monitoring of the Bay is a required step for sustainable development of local economy at whole and fisheries in particular and conservation of biodiversity. Thank you for your attention