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Multiple Stressors Impact on the Ecosystem of Peter the Great Bay

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MultipleMultiple stressorsstressors impactimpact onon thethe ecosystemecosystem ofof PeterPeter thethe GreatGreat BayBay (Japan/East(Japan/East Sea)Sea) OlgaOlga N.N. LukyanovaLukyanova,, SergeiSergei A.A. ССherkashinherkashin andand MikhailMikhail V.V. SimokonSimokon PacificPacific ResearchResearch FisheriesFisheries CenterCenter (TINRO(TINRO--Center),Center), Vladivostok,Vladivostok, Russia.Russia. [email protected]@tinro.ru Vladivostok Amur Ussury Bay Bay 43 Nakhodka Nakhodka Peter the Great Bay bay Possyet 42.5 Bay 131 132 133 Far Eastern State Marine Reserve ¾¾ TheThe densitydensity ofof populationpopulation inin thethe RussianRussian FarFar EastEast isis low,low, 120120 personspersons perper 100100 sq.sq. kmkm inin average.average. ¾¾ TheThe maximalmaximal densitydensity isis inin PrimoryePrimorye,, onon thethe southsouth ofof thethe district,district, coastalcoastal zonezone ofof PeterPeter thethe GreatGreat Bay,Bay, approximatelyapproximately 16001600 personspersons perper 100100 sq.sq. km.km. Sea surface temperature (oC) in the Sea surface salinity (psu) in the Amur Bay on August 16-18, 2010 Amur Bay on August 16-18, 2010 43.2 43.2 43 43 42.8 42.8 131.4 131.6 131.8 132 131.4 131.6 131.8 132 Hydrogen ion exponent (pH) at the sea surface in the Amur Bay in August 2010 (left) and 2009 (right) 43.2 43 (courtesy of V. Rachkov, 42.8 TINRO) 131.4 131.6 131.8 132131.4 131.6 131.8 132 Year-to-year fluctuations of air temperature and SST according the data of 4 meteorological stations in Peter the Great Bay ―― Vladivostok - - - Possyet ---- Gamov − ⋅ ⋅− Nakhodka Air T, ◌۫ C SST, ◌۫ C 8 ta 10 tw 7 9,5 9 6 8,5 оС T, оС 8 5 T 7,5 4 7 6,5 3 6 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Years Years Increase of SST and air temperature in Peter the Great Bay from 1934 to 2009 Stations SST Air Т Possyet 0.59 1.33 Gamov 0.37 0.81 Vladivostok 0.96 1.85 0.79* 1.68* Tokarevsky 0.15 1.70 Nakhodka -0.22 2.07 * – 1909–2008 Gayko, 2009 PollutantPollutant dischargedischarge toto AmurAmur baybay ((19881988 -- 2002005)5) The main components of Volume of waste waters waste waters 50 40 год / 3 30 м . 20 86% 78% млн 46% 53% 59% 65% 10 78% 0 1988 1990 1992 1993 1996 2001 2005 - 1 - 2 Total amount of pollutants 100 Suspended particles 80 Biogenic matter Petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals 60 organic compound тонн . 40 тыс 20 0 1988 1990 1992 1993 1996 2001 2005 годы (Nigmatulina, 2008) Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons in seawater (1) and bottom sediments (2) Amur Bay Ussury Bay 1 2 Chernyaev et al., 2006, 2008 Spatial distribution of toxic metals: Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb in the bottom sediments of Amur Bay (1) and Ussury Bay (2), mg/kg dry wt Cd Cu Hg Pb Max. 0.36 Max. 52.5 Max. 0.34 Max. 90 1 Cd Max. 5.65 Cu Max.1550 Hg Max.1.56 Pb Max. 415 2 Organochlorine and seabirds from Peter the Great Bay 10000 1000 lg C pesticides in mollusks, fish 100 10 1 Tumannaya river Sivuchiya Bay molluscs 43 Furugelma Isl. 42.5 Posyet Bay 131 Amursky Bay 132 fish Perevoznaya Bay 133 Reyneke Isl. Sea gulls Peschaniy Cape Ussuriisky Bay Data of Mussel Watch program on OCP content in mussels from Asia-Pacific region (Monirith et al., 2004). 250 200 150 DDT ng/g 100 HCCH 50 0 a n y ong n a hi pore ndia K C I Korea ga Japa ong Vietnam in reat B H S G Peter the Peter the Great Bay (PGB) – our data. Total OCP content in mussels from Peter the Great Bay is lower then in mussels from Hong Kong, China and Vietnam. Normally HCCH level in soft tissues of mussels from PGB was higher then DDT content, on the contrary to mussels from other countries of Asia-Pacific region where DDT is dominated pesticides. Non-indigenous species ¾ 45 species of microalgae, 24 species of zooplancton, 22 species of meroplancton, 10 taxa of meiofauna, 24 species of microscopic fungi, and 28 strains of bacteria were revealed in the seawater of the port of Vladivostok and ballast waters of the vessels of Russian-Japanese and Russian-Chinese lines (Zvyagintsev, Selifonova, 2008) . ¾ 11 non-indigenous fish species were registered in the estuary of Razdolnaya river input to the Peter the Great Bay (Kolpakov et al., 2008), as a result of aquaculture activity mainly. Share of non-indigenous species in fish community during the summer and fall varied from 7 to 30 %. List of non-indigenous species of fish List of non-indigenous cocopepod species of Abbottina rivularis (Basilewsky, 1855) ships’ ballast water in the port of Vladivostok Acanthorhodeus chankaensis (Dybowski, 1872) Pseudodiaptomus inopinus Acanthorhodeus sp. Labidocera euchaeta Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1845) Calanus sinicus Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes in Cuvier, Acartia bifilosa Valenciennes, 1844) Parvocalanus crassirostris Culter alburnus Basilewsky, 1855 Oithona davisae Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855) Dioithona rigida Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes in Cuvier, Tortanus spinicaudatus (Kasyan, 2010) Valenciennes, 1844) Sarcocheilichthys czerskii (Berg, 1914) Sarcocheilichthys sinensis Silurus soldatovi Nikolsky et Soin, 1948 Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) Channa argus (Cantor, 1842) Sites of blue king crab Paralithodes platypus detection in Peter the Great Bay 1999 43.4 2000 2001 2003 43.2 2004 в и л 2005 а з й 2006 ки с й 43 2007 и р у с с У 42.8 о. Аскольд м. Поворотный 42.6 м. Гамова 42.4 42.2 130.8 131 131.2 131.4 131.6 131.8 132 132.2 132.4 132.6 132.8 133 133.2 The distribution of crab in July-August 2008 Commercial males, March-May 2009 trawl survey trap survey (Koblikov et al., 2010) DOMOIC ACID CONCENTRATION IN SOFT TISSUES OF TESTED BIVALVES from Peter the Great Bay MolluscsMolluscs DomoicDomoic acid,acid, mkgmkg/kg/kg wetwet weightweight ModiolusModiolus difficilisdifficilis 0,0540,054 MytilusMytilus trossulustrossulus 0,1110,111 (Pavel et al., 2007) AND CONCENTRATIONMOLLUSCS from Peter OF thePSP-TOXINS Great Bay (IN mkg/kg ECHINODERMS wet weight) 259,60 Cucumaria japonica (viscera) Stronglylocentrotus Cucumaria intermedius 312,60 (gonads) 170,00 japonica (body wall) Stichopus japonicus Stichopus(viscera) japonicus 129,20 (body wall ) 290,40 Pavel et al., 2007 900,00 800,00 700,00 600,00 mkg/kg 500,00 400,00 300,00 200,00 345,60 100,00 291,40 0,00 519,40 312,60 Mytilus trossulus 93,20 728,60 Crenomytilus grayanus Modiolus difficilis 281,80 Spisula sachalinensis 187,80 405,80 Anadara broughtoni 515,80 Corbicula japonica (muscle) 426,80 Corbicula japonica (hepatopancreas) Mizuhopecten yessoensis (hepatopancreas) Mizuhopecten yessoensis (mantle) Mizuhopecten yessoensis (muscle) Mizuhopecten yessoensis (gonads) RelativeRelative abundanceabundance ofof mysidsmysids speciesspecies aaS bioindicatorbioindicator ofof ecosystemecosystem’’ss statestate ((19911991 –– 2009)2009) y y a a b B y 43 r r u u s m s A U ka d o h y ak a N B P o ss ye Peter the Great Bay t B ay 42.5 – natural state (relative abundance of Paracanthomysis sp. is more than 50% of the total amount of mysids) – balanced state (relative abundance of Paracanthomysis sp. is 1 to 50%) – crisis state (Paracanthomysis sp. is lacking or it’s abundance is less than 1%) – critical state (mysids are single or number of N. awatschensis predominates) – catastrophic state (mysids lack completely) 131 132 133 Glutathione-S-transpherase activity in organs of Crenomytilus grayanus from Peter the Great Bay Vladivostok hepaatopancreas gills 100 nmoles/min/mg - protein - gonads Amur Bay Ussury Bay Glutathione-S-transpherase in the liver of flounder Liopsetta pinnifasciata from Amursky and Ussuriisky bays 150 150 100 100 50 50 0 0 Amur bay Ussury bay -Maximal level (nmoles/min/mg protein) - munimal level during annual cycle Molecular biomarkers of oxidative damage in the gills of Japanese mitten crab and liver of haarder from the estuarine zones of Peter the Great Bay 45 GST, crab 40 35 30 25 2007 20 2008 /min/mg protein 15 г Crab Eriocheir japonica 10 mg 5 0 a a ya ol a a vk ay vk ln od o n o o kh ot u em es k zd S rt T a A Sh R Molecular biomarkers, Haarer, 50 45 40 35 Razdolnaya 30 Amba 25 20 15 Opticaldensity, % 10 5 0 Haarder Liza haematocheila LP Glutathione GST Catalase Macrozoobenthos total biomass (g/sq. m) ) in Peter the Great Bay (Nadtochiy et al., 2005) Overall commercial stock and value of biological resources of Peter the Great Bay 1999* 2001* 2009 Commercial Value, Commercial Value, Commercial Value, stock, т Thous. $ stock, т Thous. $ stock, т Thous. $ Fish 95 130 162 027 87 700 167 435 108 668 216 358 Invertebrates 59 590 305 422 106 310 533 368 93 045 624 256 Seaweeds 89 750 127 625 63 293 90 820 77 500 28 880 Total 244 470 595 074 257 303 791 623 279 213 869 494 * - Ogorodnikova, 2001 The main ecosystem services of Peter the Great Bay : Gas regulation Nutrient cycling Biological control Food production Raw materials Cultural and recreation. The total value of ecosystem services of the Bay is $ 1 706,6 Х 106 yr-1 . The value of biological resources of the Bay is $ 870 Х 106 yr-1 . The value of biological resources of the Bay without the expences is $ 52,3 Х 106. TheThe valuevalue ofof ecosystemecosystem servicesservices andand biologicalbiological resourcesresources ofof PeterPeter thethe GreatGreat BayBay 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 th.$ 800 600 400 200 0 Value of ecosystem Value of bioresources services (without expences) Conclusion Impact of multiple stressors – chemical pollution and biological hazards - do not disturb chemical- biological balance and homeostasis of Peter the Great Bay at the end of 2010s.
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  • Thesis Organization

    Thesis Organization

    NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS SINO-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: PROSPECTS AND ISSUES by Daniel W. Harkins September 2010 Thesis Advisor: Alice L. Miller Second Reader: Mark Chakwin Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2010 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Sino-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century: Prospects and Issues 6. AUTHOR(S) Daniel W. Harkins 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S.