DOCSLIB.ORG

Genome Analyses Reveal the Hybrid Origin of the Staple Crop White Guinea Yam (Dioscorea Rotundata)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genome Analyses Reveal the Hybrid Origin of the Staple Crop White Guinea Yam (Dioscorea Rotundata) Genome analyses reveal the hybrid origin of the staple crop white Guinea yam (Dioscorea rotundata) Yu Sugiharaa, Kwabena Darkwab, Hiroki Yaegashic, Satoshi Natsumec, Motoki Shimizuc, Akira Abec, Akiko Hirabuchic, Kazue Itoc, Kaori Oikawac, Muluneh Tamiru-Olic,d, Atsushi Ohtaa, Ryo Matsumotob, Paterne Agreb, David De Koeyerb,e, Babil Pachakkilf,g, Shinsuke Yamanakaf, Satoru Muranakaf, Hiroko Takagif, Ben Whiteh, Robert Asiedub, Hideki Innani, Asrat Asfawb,1, Patrick Adebolab,1, and Ryohei Terauchia,c,1 aLaboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; bInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan 200001, Nigeria; cIwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan; dDepartment of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; eFredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, Canada; fJapan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8686, Japan; gDepartment of International Agricultural Development, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan; hEarlham Institute, Norwich NR4 7UZ, United Kingdom; and iLaboratory of Population Genetics and Genome Evolution, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan Edited by Loren H. Rieseberg, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and approved November 2, 2020 (received for review July 27, 2020) White Guinea yam (Dioscorea rotundata) is an important staple praehensilis, and 34 D. abyssinica accessions suggested that dip- tuber crop in West Africa. However, its origin remains unclear. In loid D. rotundata was domesticated from D. praehensilis (10). this study, we resequenced 336 accessions of white Guinea yam Here we addressed this hypothesis using an expanded set of and compared them with the sequences of wild Dioscorea species genomes from cultivated and wild Dioscorea species. using an improved reference genome sequence of D. rotundata.In In this study, we generated an improved version of the Guinea contrast to a previous study suggesting that D. rotundata origi- yam reference genome and used it to analyze the genomes of 336 nated from a subgroup of Dioscorea praehensilis, our results sug- accessions of D. rotundata and its wild relatives. Based on these gest a hybrid origin of white Guinea yam from crosses between analyses, we attempted to reveal the history of Guinea yam do- the wild rainforest species D. praehensilis and the savannah- mestication. Our results suggest that diploid D. rotundata was adapted species Dioscorea abyssinica. We identified a greater ge- most likely derived from homoploid hybridization between D. D. abyssinica nomic contribution from in the sex chromosome of abyssinica and D. praehensilis. By evaluating the genomic con- EVOLUTION Guinea yam and extensive introgression around the SWEETIE tributions of each parental species to D. rotundata, we revealed gene. Our findings point to a complex domestication scenario for greater representation of the D. abyssinica genome in the sex Guinea yam and highlight the importance of wild species as gene chromosome of D. rotundata and a signature of extensive in- donors for improving this crop through molecular breeding. trogression in the SWEETIE gene on chromosome 17. domestication | Guinea yam | hybrid | population genomics | wild Genetic Diversity of Guinea Yam progenitors We obtained DNA samples from 336 accessions of D. rotundata maintained at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture ams (Dioscorea spp.) are major starchy tuber crops that are Ywidely consumed in the tropics. Ten yam species are culti- Significance vated worldwide, including Dioscorea alata in Southeast Asia, Dioscorea trifida in South America, and Dioscorea rotundata in Guinea yam is an important staple tuber crop in West Africa, West and Central Africa (1). D. rotundata, also known as white where it contributes to the sustenance and sociocultural lives Guinea yam, is the most important species in West and Central of millions of people. Understanding the genetic diversity of Africa, an area accounting for 92.5% of global yam production in Guinea yam and its relationships with wild relatives is impor- 2018 (http://www.fao.org/statistics). Beyond its nutritional and tant for improving this important crop using genomic infor- food value, Guinea yam is also important for the culture of West mation. A recent genomics study proposed that Guinea yam African people (2). originated from a wild relative, the rainforest species Dio- Despite the considerable importance of Guinea yam, its origin scorea praehensilis. Our results based on sequencing of 336 has been elusive. There are two types of Guinea yam: white Guinea yam accessions do not support this notion; rather, our Guinea yam (D. rotundata) and yellow Guinea yam (Dioscorea results indicate a hybrid origin of Dioscorea rotundata from cayenensis). D. cayenensis is thought to be a triploid species of crosses between the savannah species Dioscorea abyssinica hybrid origin, with D. rotundata as the maternal parent and and D. praehensilis. Dioscorea burkilliana as the paternal parent (3, 4). In turn, the triploid D. rotundata is thought to be a hybrid between D. rotun- Author contributions: M.T.-O., R.M., D.D.K., H.T., R.A., A. Asfaw, P. Adebola, and R.T. data and Dioscorea togoensis (4). However, the origin of diploid D. designed research; Y.S., K.D., H.Y., S.N., M.S., A. Abe, A.H., K.I., K.O., M.T.-O., R.M., rotundata, which accounts for the majority of Guinea yam pro- P. Agre, D.D.K., B.P., S.Y., S.M., H.T., B.W., R.A., H.I., A. Asfaw, P. Adebola, and R.T. duction (4), has been ambiguous. Two wild species are candidate performed research; Y.S., H.Y., S.N., M.S., A. Abe, A.H., K.I., K.O., A.O., R.M., P. Agre, D.D.K., B.P., S.Y., B.W., and H.I. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; Y.S., H.Y., S.N., progenitors of diploid D. rotundata: the savannah-adapted wild M.S., A. Abe, A.O., R.M., B.P., H.T., B.W., R.A., H.I., A. Asfaw, P. Adebola, and R.T. analyzed species Dioscorea abyssinica and the rainforest-adapted wild spe- data; and Y.S., M.T.-O., R.A., H.I., A. Asfaw, P. Adebola, and R.T. wrote the paper. cies Dioscorea praehensilis (3–10). The geographical distributions The authors declare no competing interest. of D. abyssinica and D. praehensilis overlap slightly (SI Appendix, This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. Fig. S1). Based on morphological evaluation, Coursey proposed This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 that D. rotundata might be a hybrid between the two species (8). (CC BY). However, other reports have indicated that the origin of Guinea 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: [email protected], P.Adebola@ yam is ambiguous due to the small number of markers (3–7), in- cgiar.org, or [email protected]. trogression (6, 7), or incomplete lineage sorting (7). This article contains supporting information online at https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/ The whole-genome sequence of Guinea yam has been repor- doi:10.1073/pnas.2015830117/-/DCSupplemental. ted (11). A recent genome study involving 86 D. rotundata,47D. First published December 2, 2020. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2015830117 PNAS | December 15, 2020 | vol. 117 | no. 50 | 31987–31992 Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 (IITA) in Nigeria, representing the genetic diversity of Guinea are genetically close to the D. rotundata accessions reported previ- yam landraces and improved lines from West Africa. We sub- ously (10) (Fig. 1C). However, the NJ tree showed that D. rotundata jected these samples to whole-genome resequencing on the is more closely related to D. abyssinica than to Western D. prae- Illumina sequencing platform. We aligned the resulting short hensilis (Fig. 1C), which is inconsistent with a previous finding (10) reads to the newly assembled reference genome (SI Appendix, that D. rotundata is most closely related to Western D. praehensilis. sections S1 and S2) and extracted single nucleotide polymorphism To elucidate the evolutionary relationships of the three wild (SNP) information for use in genetic diversity studies (SI Appen- Dioscorea species that are closely related to D. rotundata—D. dix, Table S1 and section S3). Based on admixture analysis with A abyssinica (designated as A), Western D. praehensilis (P), and the sNMF program (12), we defined five major clusters (Fig. 1 ). — When K = 2, cluster 1 was clearly separated from the other ac- Cameroonian D. praehensilis (C) we performed diffusion ap- ∂ ∂ cessions. Principal component analysis (PCA) also separated proximations for demographic inference ( a i) analysis (15), which cluster 1 from the rest of the clusters (Fig. 1B). Accessions in allows for estimation of demographic parameters based on an un- cluster 1 had significantly higher heterozygosity and ∼10-fold more folded site frequency spectrum. First, we tested three phylogenetic unique alleles than those in the four remaining clusters (SI Ap- models—{{A, P}, C}, {{P, C}, A}, and {{C, A}, P}—using 17,532 pendix, Figs. S2 and S3 and Table S2). Because flow cytometry SNPs that were polarized using D. alata as an outgroup without analysis confirmed that all 10 accessions analyzed in cluster 1 were considering migration among the species. Of the three models, {{A, triploids (Dataset S1), we hypothesized that cluster 1 represents P}, C} had the highest likelihood (SI Appendix,TableS4). triploid D. rotundata, a hybrid of D. rotundata and D. togoensis (4). This result is not consistent with the previous finding that {{P, After removing the cluster 1 accessions, the nucleotide diversity of − C}, A} had the highest likelihood (10), as determined using a D. rotundata was estimated as 14.83 × 10 4 (SI Appendix,Table different method with fastsimcoal2 software (16).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dense Wild Yam Patches Established by Hunter-Gatherer Camps: Beyond the Wild Yam Question, Toward the Historical Ecology of Rainforests
    Hum Ecol DOI 10.1007/s10745-013-9574-z Dense Wild Yam Patches Established by Hunter-Gatherer Camps: Beyond the Wild Yam Question, Toward the Historical Ecology of Rainforests Hirokazu Yasuoka # The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Introduction Hladik and Dounias (1993), and Sato (2001, 2006) argued that for the Aka and Baka in the western Congo Basin Prior to the 1980s, most researchers believed that the African enough wild yams existed for their subsistence. These stud- forest hunter-gatherers, or Pygmies, were the original inhabitants ies were principally based on investigations of the density of of the central African rainforests. It was assumed that their close wild yams, and lacked detailed descriptions of the use of social, economic, and ecological relationships with neighboring wild yams. Therefore, the issue of whether exploitation of agricultural societies did not date back long, and that they had wild yams, including searching for them, digging them up, previously lived solely through foraging wild forest products. transporting them to the camp, and cooking and consuming The same is true for forest hunter-gatherers on other continents. them, could have been practiced in everyday life remains However, Headland (1987) and Bailey et al.(1989)noted inconclusive (cf. Bailey and Headland 1991). that no previous studies had produced sound evidence that pure Archaeological studies have provided powerful evidence hunter-gatherer subsistence was possible in any rainforests indicating the existence of humans in the African rainforests worldwide, and they argued that it was not, and had never been, before the beginning of agriculture (Mercader 2003a, b; possible to live in such areas while solely depending on wild Mercader and Martí 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • BID Africa 2017 – Small Grant Template Final Narrative Report
    <BID project id> <Start and end date of the reporting period> BID Africa 2017 – Small Grant Template Final narrative report Instructions Fill the template below with relevant information. please indicate the reason of the delay and expected date of completion. Use the information included in your project Full proposal (reproduced in annex III of your BID contract) as a baseline from which to complete this template The information provided below must correspond to the financial information that appears in the financial report Sources of verification are for example direct links to relevant digital documents, news/newsletters, brochures, copies of agreements with data holding institutions, workshop related documents, pictures, etc. Please provide access to all mentioned sources of verification by either providing direct link or sending a copy of the documents. This report must first be sent as a Word document to [email protected] and be pre-approved by GBIFS Once this report is pre-approved in writing by GBIFS, it must be signed by the BID project coordinator and sent by post to: The Global Biodiversity Information Facility Secretariat (GBIFS) Universitetsparken 15 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark Template 1. Table of Contents 1. Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... 1 2. Project Information..................................................................................................... 3 3. Overview of results ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dictionary of Cultivated Plants and Their Regions of Diversity Second Edition Revised Of: A.C
    Dictionary of cultivated plants and their regions of diversity Second edition revised of: A.C. Zeven and P.M. Zhukovsky, 1975, Dictionary of cultivated plants and their centres of diversity 'N -'\:K 1~ Li Dictionary of cultivated plants and their regions of diversity Excluding most ornamentals, forest trees and lower plants A.C. Zeven andJ.M.J, de Wet K pudoc Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation Wageningen - 1982 ~T—^/-/- /+<>?- •/ CIP-GEGEVENS Zeven, A.C. Dictionary ofcultivate d plants andthei rregion so f diversity: excluding mostornamentals ,fores t treesan d lowerplant s/ A.C .Zeve n andJ.M.J ,d eWet .- Wageninge n : Pudoc. -11 1 Herz,uitg . van:Dictionar y of cultivatedplant s andthei r centreso fdiversit y /A.C .Zeve n andP.M . Zhukovsky, 1975.- Me t index,lit .opg . ISBN 90-220-0785-5 SISO63 2UD C63 3 Trefw.:plantenteelt . ISBN 90-220-0785-5 ©Centre forAgricultura l Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen,1982 . Nopar t of thisboo k mayb e reproduced andpublishe d in any form,b y print, photoprint,microfil m or any othermean swithou t written permission from thepublisher . Contents Preface 7 History of thewor k 8 Origins of agriculture anddomesticatio n ofplant s Cradles of agriculture and regions of diversity 21 1 Chinese-Japanese Region 32 2 Indochinese-IndonesianRegio n 48 3 Australian Region 65 4 Hindustani Region 70 5 Central AsianRegio n 81 6 NearEaster n Region 87 7 Mediterranean Region 103 8 African Region 121 9 European-Siberian Region 148 10 South American Region 164 11 CentralAmerica n andMexica n Region 185 12 NorthAmerica n Region 199 Specieswithou t an identified region 207 References 209 Indexo fbotanica l names 228 Preface The aimo f thiswor k ist ogiv e thereade r quick reference toth e regionso f diversity ofcultivate d plants.Fo r important crops,region so fdiversit y of related wild species areals opresented .Wil d species areofte nusefu l sources of genes to improve thevalu eo fcrops .
    [Show full text]
  • Facing Herbivory on the Climb Up: Lost Opportunities As the Main Cost of Herbivory in the Wild Yam Dioscorea Praehensilis
    Received: 5 October 2016 | Revised: 21 April 2017 | Accepted: 26 April 2017 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3066 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Facing herbivory on the climb up: Lost opportunities as the main cost of herbivory in the wild yam Dioscorea praehensilis Bruno Di Giusto1 | Edmond Dounias2,3 | Doyle B. McKey2,3,4 1International College, Ming Chuan University, Taipei, Taiwan Abstract 2CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS – Université Plants with simple architecture and strong constraints on their growth may offer criti- de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry cal insights into how growth strategies affect the tolerance of plants to herbivory. Montpellier – EPHE, Montpellier Cedex 5, France Although Dioscorea praehensilis, a wild yam of African forests, is perennial, both aerial 3Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement apparatus and tuber are annually renewed. Each year, the tuber produces a single stem (IRD), Montpellier, France that climbs from the ground to the forest canopy. This stem bears no leaves and no 4Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France branches until it reaches optimal light conditions. Once in the canopy, the plant’s pro- Correspondence duction fuels the filling of a new tuber before the plant dies back to the ground. We Bruno Di Giusto, International College, Ming Chuan University, Taipei, Taiwan. hypothesized that if deprived of ant defense, the leafless growth phase is a vulnerable Email: [email protected] part of the cycle, during which a small amount of herbivory entails a high cost in terms Funding information of loss of opportunity. We compared the growth of stems bearing ants or not as well Foraging Peoples Fellowship; French National as of intact stems and stems subjected to simulated or natural herbivory.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Dioscorea Praehensilis (Berth.) Collected from Central Region, Ghana Using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers Adeyinka S
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 March 2020 Assessment of genetic diversity of Dioscorea praehensilis (Berth.) collected from Central Region, Ghana using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers Adeyinka S. Adewumi1, 2, Kingsley J. Taah1, Paul A. Asare1, Michael O. Adu1 & Paterne A. Agre2* 1 University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana 2 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria ⃰ Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Dioscorea praehensilis Berth is one of the wild yam species resistance to many yam disease (yam anthracnose disease and yam mosaic virus) grow in Ghana especially in the cocoa grown regions of the country. It is a crucial crop that has been known to contribute to poverty reduction and food gap. Genetic diversity in this yam species has been discovered to be eroding and neglected. In this study we evaluated the genetic diversity among 43 D. praehensilis collected from Ghana using simple sequence repeat (SSR). Using 11 SSR marker, a total of 99 number of alleles were generated with an average of 8.48 alleles per locus. The mean gene diversity was 0.81, mean polymorphism information content was 0.82 while mean Shannon information index was 1.94. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed a contribution of 40.16% of the first three coordinate axes and grouped the 43 morphotypes into 2 groups while hierarchical cluster through UPGMA revealed the presence of 3 main clusters. Molecular variance (AMOVA) alongside the Fst revealed low genetic diversity and differentiation among accessions and population. Result of this study assess the genetic diversity and will facilitate the use D.
    [Show full text]
  • Dioscorea Spp.): Implication for Conservation and Agricultural Practices
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Evolution and Phylogenetic Diversity of Yam Species (Dioscorea spp.): Implication for Conservation and Agricultural Practices Marie Florence Sandrine Ngo Ngwe1,3*, Denis Ndoumou Omokolo1, Simon Joly2 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Higher Teacher’s Training College, University of Yaoundé 1, P. O. Box 47, Yaounde, Cameroon, 2 Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Montreal Botanical Garden and Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada, 3 Institute of Agricultural Research for Development-CEREFEN, BP 167, Meyomessala, Cameroon * [email protected] Abstract Yams (Dioscorea spp.) consist of approximately 600 species. Presently, these species are threatened by genetic erosion due to many factors such as pest attacks and farming prac- tices. In parallel, complex taxonomic boundaries in this genus makes it more challenging to OPEN ACCESS properly address the genetic diversity of yam and manage its germplasm. As a first step Citation: Ngo Ngwe MFS, Omokolo DN, Joly S toward evaluating and preserving the genetic diversity yam species, we use a phylogenetic (2015) Evolution and Phylogenetic Diversity of Yam diversity (PD) approach that has the advantage to investigate phylogenetic relationships Species (Dioscorea spp.): Implication for Conservation and Agricultural Practices. PLoS ONE and test hypotheses of species monophyly while alleviating to the problem of ploidy varia- 10(12): e0145364. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145364 tion within and among species. The Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 62 accessions from Editor: Genlou Sun, Saint Mary's University, 7 species from three regions of Cameroon showed that most Dioscorea sections were CANADA monophyletic, but species within sections were generally non-monophyletic.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa Regional Synthesis For
    REGIONAL SYNTHESIS REPORTS AFRICA REGIONAL SYNTHESIS FOR THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE AFRICA REGIONAL SYNTHESIS FOR THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME, 2019 Required citation: FAO. 2019. Africa Regional Synthesis for The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. Rome. 68 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-131464-7 © FAO, 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/ legalcode/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited.
    [Show full text]
  • The Management of Wild Yam Tubers by the Baka Pygmies in Southern Cameroon
    African Study Monographs, Suppl.26: 135-156, March 2001 135 THE MANAGEMENT OF WILD YAM TUBERS BY THE BAKA PYGMIES IN SOUTHERN CAMEROON Edmond DOUNIAS IRD (ex ORSTOM), CEFE - UPR 9056 CNRS ABSTRACT Wild yams (Dioscorea spp.) are primordial sources of carbohydrates for many hunter-gatherers of African forests. Yams play a key role in the symbolic perception of the forest by the Baka Pygmies of Southern Cameroon. The Baka have elaborated an original form of wild yam exploitation that I have termed “paracultivation”. Paraculti- vation defines a set of technical, social and cultural practices aiming at managing wild resources while keeping them in their natural environment. In 1994, I undertook an experimental survey to estimate the effect of paracultivation on survivol and growth of yam plants. Preliminary results presented here demonstrate that paracultivation increases the production of tubers without affecting plant survivorship. Furthermore, it allows a better control of the spatial and temporal availability of yam resources by the Baka. This study has opened up new perspectives on the evolutionary ecology of tuber- producing tropical forest plants. Paracultivation encourages us to reconsider the interac- tive process between forest dwellers and their environment. Key Words: Wild yams; Baka; South Cameroon forest; Paracultivation; Resource man- agement; Ethnoecology INTRODUCTION I. Protocultivation: A Step to Domestication Historical studies of the processes of plant domestication were long dominated by Judeo-Christian bias, persisting in locating the birthplace of the agricultural revolution in the “fertile crescent” of the Near East. The rise of agricultural civil- isations could not be conceived of without seeds. Only in the 1970’s did scientists divorce with classical schemes the emergence of agriculture, by describing the age- old agricultural prehistory which preceded the domestication of barley and wheat by many civilizations in other parts of the world (Harlan et al., 1976; Harris & Hillman, 1989).
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Status of the Vascular Plants in East African Rain Forests
    Conservation status of the vascular plants in East African rain forests Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaft des Fachbereich 3: Mathematik/Naturwissenschaften der Universität Koblenz-Landau vorgelegt am 29. April 2011 von Katja Rembold geb. am 07.02.1980 in Neuss Referent: Prof. Dr. Eberhard Fischer Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Barthlott Conservation status of the vascular plants in East African rain forests Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaft des Fachbereich 3: Mathematik/Naturwissenschaften der Universität Koblenz-Landau vorgelegt am 29. April 2011 von Katja Rembold geb. am 07.02.1980 in Neuss Referent: Prof. Dr. Eberhard Fischer Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Barthlott Early morning hours in Kakamega Forest, Kenya. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents V 1 General introduction 1 1.1 Biodiversity and human impact on East African rain forests 2 1.2 African epiphytes and disturbance 3 1.3 Plant conservation 4 Ex-situ conservation 5 1.4 Aims of this study 6 2 Study areas 9 2.1 Kakamega Forest, Kenya 10 Location and abiotic components 10 Importance of Kakamega Forest for Kenyan biodiversity 12 History, population pressure, and management 13 Study sites within Kakamega Forest 16 2.2 Budongo Forest, Uganda 18 Location and abiotic components 18 Importance of Budongo Forest for Ugandan biodiversity 19 History, population pressure, and management 20 Study sites within Budongo Forest 21 3 The vegetation of East African rain forests and impact
    [Show full text]
  • The Biodiversity of Atewa Forest
    The Biodiversity of Atewa Forest Research Report The Biodiversity of Atewa Forest Research Report January 2019 Authors: Jeremy Lindsell1, Ransford Agyei2, Daryl Bosu2, Jan Decher3, William Hawthorne4, Cicely Marshall5, Caleb Ofori-Boateng6 & Mark-Oliver Rödel7 1 A Rocha International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke St, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK 2 A Rocha Ghana, P.O. Box KN 3480, Kaneshie, Accra, Ghana 3 Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum A. Koenig (ZFMK), Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany 4 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK 5 Department ofPlant Sciences, University ofCambridge,Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK 6 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana and Herp Conservation Ghana, Ghana 7 Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany Cover images: Atewa Forest tree with epiphytes by Jeremy Lindsell and Blue-moustached Bee-eater Merops mentalis by David Monticelli. Contents Summary...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Recent history of Atewa Forest................................................................................................................................... 9 Current threats
    [Show full text]
  • Building on Gender, Agrobiodiversity and Local Knowledge
    BUILDING ON GENDER, AGROBIODIVERSITY AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE A TRAINING MANUAL i All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Publishing Management Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] © FAO 2005 The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations encourages the dissemination of material contained in this publication, provided that reference is made to the source. FOREWORD The present Training Manual is based on experiences collected in numerous training workshops carried out under the FAO-LinKS project1 in Eastern and Southern Africa. This Training Manual constitutes a conceptual guide for trainers that can be used to lead them through the issues of gender and local knowledge which are important elements for agrobiodiversity management and food security. It is apparent, when working with this Training Manual, that agrobiodiversity and food security are complex issues that need careful consideration. The myth that technologies taught to farmers will ease their poverty and hunger because the expertise or seeds provided are modern or new, persists in many contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnobotanical Survey of Wild Edible Plants Used by Baka People In
    Billong Fils et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:64 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-020-00413-0 RESEARCH Open Access Ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants used by Baka people in southeastern Cameroon Pascal Eric Billong Fils1, Natacha Afiong Nana1, Jean Lagarde Betti1, Oumar Farick Njimbam1, Stéphanie Tientcheu Womeni1, Eva Ávila Martin2, Guillermo Ros Brull2, Robert Okale2, John E. Fa3,4 and Stephan M. Funk5* Abstract Background: Forest inhabitants worldwide, and indigenous people especially, have depended for generations on plants and animals harvested in these ecosystems. A number of Baka hunter-gatherer populations in south-eastern Cameroon became sedentarised in the 1950s, but still rely on hunting and gathering to meet their basic needs. The use of wild edible plants (WEP) by these communities remains largely undocumented. In this study, we record the diversity of WEP used by Baka people in dense rainforests in the Mintom region. The area still contains relatively undisturbed forest expanses, just south of the Dja Biosphere Reserve, one of the most important protected areas in the Congo Basin. Methods: We conducted two ethnobotanical surveys in 2019 in four villages on the Mintom road. In the first survey, we interviewed a total of 73 individuals to determine WEP usage. In our second survey, we specifically quantified WEP harvested and consumed daily in a number of households over a 2-week period during the major rainy season, when use of forest products is highest. Specimens of all recorded plants were collected and identified at the National Herbarium of Cameroon. Results: We documented 88 plant species and 119 unique species/plant organ/recipes in 1519 different citations.
    [Show full text]