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PREPARED FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNION OF BURMA

VOLUME II

AUGUST 1953

KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT MCCARTHY ENGINEERS IN ASSOCIATION WITH PIERCE MANAGEMENT, INC. AND ROBERT R. NATHAN ASSOCIATES, INC.

ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA

COMPREHENSIVE REPORT

ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA

PREPARED FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNION OF BURMA

VOLUME II

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

POWER INDUSTRY

AUGUST 1953

KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT McCARTHY ENGINEERS

IN ASSOCIATION WITH PIERCE MANAGEMENT, INC. AND ROBERT R. NATHAN ASSOCIATES, INC. PRINTED AND BOUND IN GREAT BRITAIN BY HAZELL, WATSON & VINEY, LTD. AYLESBURY & I ONDON TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter of Transmittal II Foreword viii

Page Page VOLUME I E. The Structure of the Revenue System 62 F. Banking Pohcy 67 PARTI G. Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Pohcy 72 INTRODUCTION H. Summary of Recommendations 74 CHAPTER I. RESOURCES FOR BURMA'S DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER V. ORGANIZATION FOR A. Introduction 3 COORDINATING THE PROGRAM B. Physical Geography 3 A. The Four Major Steps in Coordinating Economic Activity 76 C. Agriculture 5 B. Organization for Planning 77 D. Forests 8 C. Organization for Programming 78 E. Minerals 11 D. Staff for Planning and Programming 78 F. Water Resources 11 E. Organization and Procedure for Imple¬ G. Transportation 14 mentation of Economic and Functional H. Capital Resources 15 Pohcies 80 I. Human Resources 15 F. Organization for Progress Reporting and Expediting 81 CHAPTER II. THE TASK AHEAD G. Economic and Social Board Staff 82 A. Economic Problem and Opportunity 19 H. Summary 82 B. Development Goals 20 C. Achieving Maximum Output 28 CHAPTER VL ADMINISTERING THE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM D. Criteria for the Selection of Projects 31 A. The Ministries 83 E. Reaching the Goal: Planning and Execution 34 B. The Development Corporations 84 C. Other Government Corporations and Boards 86 PART II D. Problems of Planning, Reporting and Ex¬ ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION pediting 86 E. Other General Problems 87 CHAPTER III. FINANCING THE PROGRAM F. The Private and Mixed Sectors of the A. The Nature of the Problem 39 Economy 89 B. Financing Foreign Exchange Payments 41 G. Summary of Recommendations 92 C. Financing Development Expenditures within Burma 49 CHAPTER VII. MANNING THE PROGRAM D. Conclusions 57 A. The Problem of Specialized Manpower 94 B. Meeting the Problem of Skill and Knowledge 99 CHAPTER IV. CENTRAL ECONOMIC POLICIES C. Meeting the General Problems of Increasing FOR THE PROGRAM Labor Productivity on the Job 107 A. Introduction 58 D. The Need for Able Management—A Special B. Improvement in Fiscal Information 58 Problem 111 C. Fiscal Policy: The Level of Current Expen¬ E. Possible Solutions to the Management ditures 61 Problem 115 F. Summary of Recommendations 120 VI ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA PART III PuKc Page CHAPTER XIV. OCEAN SHIPPING AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION A. Coastal Steamship Services in Prewar CHAPTER VIII. AGRlCULTURf and Postwar Periods 350 A. Objectives 125 B. Investigation of Needs for Steamer B. Present Agricultural Development 125 Services 350 C. National Agricultural Programs 135 C. Union of Burma Shipping Board 351 D. Increase of Agricultural Production 151 D. Conclusion 351 E. Agricultural Aims and Suggested Goals 187 F. Conclusions and Recommendations 188 CHAPTER XV. PORTS AND WATERWAYS CONSERVANCY CHAPTER IX. IRRIGATION A. Introduction 352 A. Over-all Irrigation Program 195 B. Conservancy for Seaports 352 B. Specific Projects 210 C. Conservancy for Waterways 352 C. Estimate of Costs and Benefits 240 D. The Conservancy Problem 354 D. Recommendations 241 E. Conclusions 355

PART IV CHAPTER XVI. HIGHWAYS TRANSPORTATION A. Introduction 356 CHAPTER X. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM B. Classification 357 A. Present Situation 251 C. Existing Highway System 361 B. Interrelations 251 D. Traffic 379 C. Operating Requirements 252 E. Comparisons with Other Highway Systems 394 D. Review of Recommendations 255 F. Design Requirements 402 G. Construction Methods 408 CHAPTER XI. BURMA RAILWAYS H. Construction and Material Costs 420 A. Introduction 256 I. Maintenance 425 B. History 256 J. Materials and Testing Laboratory, Shops 426 C. Existing System 257 K. Planning and Surveys 426 D. Current Operations 261 L. Highway Administration 427 E. Requirements for Further Improvement 267 M. Highway Financing 428 F. Conclusion 278 N. Highway Code 431 0. Commercial Transport 446 CHAPTER XII. SEAPORTS OF BURMA P. Transport Commission 446 A. Introduction 281 Q. Recommended Changes in Geometries B. Port of Rangoon 281 and Location 447 C. Port of Akyab 319 R. General Recommendations 456 D. Port of Bassein 324 E. Port of Moulmein 327 CHAPTER XVII. AIRWAYS F. Port of Tavoy 330 A. Introduction 465 G. Port of Mergui 332 B. International Service 466 C. Domestic Service 470 CHAPTER XIII. INLAND WATERWAYS D. Personnel 471 A. Introduction 336 E. Air Safety, Aircraft and Workshop 475 B. Existing Facilities and Operations 336 F. Airports, Facilities and Terminals 478 C. Operation of Inland Water Transport 338 G. Flight Control and Signal Communi¬ D. New Industry Requirements 342 cation 482 E. Personnel Training Program 348 H. Accounting and Statistics 483 F. Conclusions 348 1. Future Developments 483 G. Estimated Required Expenditures 348 J. Conclusions and Recommendations 489 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pa"e Pii'^e VOLUME II CHAPTER XXI. MINERAL INDLSTRllS PARTY A. General Gcolog> 647 TELECOMMUNICATIONS B. Economic Geology 647 C. Established Mineral Production Operations 648 CHAPTER XVIII. TELECOMMUNICATIONS D. Field Examinations, Studies and Investiga¬ A. Introduction 495 tions 649 B. Historical 495 E. Future Mineral Development 652 C. The Insurrection 497 F. Conclusions and Recommendations 683 D. The Present Situation 497 E. Telecommunications Operations, Plans and Problems 500 CHAPTER XXII. MANUFACTURING A. Review of Existing National Industry 685 PART VI B. A Survey of Industrial PossibiUtics for Burma 685 POWER C. An Industrial Development Program for CHAPTER XIX. ELECTRIC POWER Burma 693 A. Early Hydroelectric Investigations 557 D. Recommendations 802 B. Prewar Power System 561 E. Implementation Procedure 804 C. Existing Power Development 561 D. Initial Diesel Plants at 36 Towns 561 E. Three Large Power Plants for Immediate CHAPTER XXIII. THE DEVELOPMENT OF Development 565 SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRY F. Kalewa Mine Power Project 626 A. Importance of Small-scale Industry in thie G. Other Hydroelectric Projects for Future Burmese Economy 808 Development 628 B. Policies for Development of Small-scale H. Proposed Expansion of Basic Transmission Industry 810 System 639 C. Implementation of Policies for Development I. Diesel Plants for Outlying Towns 640 of Small-scale Industry 813 J. Large Hydroelectric Sites for Future Study 640 D. Summary of Recommendations 814 K. Stream Flow Measurement 640 L. Summary and Recommendations 640 CHAPTER XXIV. FORESTRY AND OTHER INDUSTRIES PART VII A. Forestry 815 INDUSTRY B. Other Industries 818 CHAPTER XX. INTERRELATION OF INDUSTRIES A. Range of Industries 645 CHAPTER XXV. THE COORDINATED PLAN B. Common Economic Factors 645 A. Supporting Functions 822 C. Common Requirements 645 B. The Combined Program 832

PART V

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

ji.B. n—1

CHAPTER XVIII TELECOMMUNICATIONS

A. INTRODUCTION tempo of expansion increased until, just before the 1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE invasion, the populated areas of Burma enjoyed ade¬ The object of this report is to record and evaluate quate local and long-distance telephone service. the findings of a general survey of the functions of the Vacuum-tube repeaters had been introduced in 1922 Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of to improve trunk operation. In 1940, carrier operation Transport and Communications, and to recommend was begun on the Rangoon-Prome route so that one expanded, supplementary or new services, within line could provide several speech and/or telegraph the framework of the people's needs and purchasing circuits. All telephone services were operated by the power. Government's Posts and Telegraphs Department with the exception of the Rangoon and Moulmein ex¬ 2. SOURCES OF INFORMATION changes. Plans were being made to take these over when Burma was invaded by the Japanese. Connec¬ Data have been gathered from any and all sources tion to the international radiotelephone network was believed to afford factual information. Such records provided by a link between Rangoon and Madras. as are available of pre-independence operations have been discussed with departmental officials. District as c. Radio well as headquarters workings and organization have been observed, and personnel have been interviewed Wireless (radio) was utiUzed in Burma, as in other throughout Burma. All of this has involved some 1,800 nations, for shipping, aeronautical, meteorological, miles of travel by rail, 1,200 miles by air, and 350 broadcasting and international services. The Posts miles by highway beyond Rangoon and its environs. and Telegraphs Department was responsible for these FaciUties presently in operation and planned have expanding services and for such hcensing and en¬ been analyzed from the standpoints of efficiency and forcement of national and international regulations economy. When pertinent, facilities of neighbouring as was necessary. Over a half-million messages in countries have also been studied. various categories were handled by the radio services in the fiscal year 1939-40. It is recalled that the relay through India to the rest of the world was not as B. HISTORICAL efficient as was desired, and message delays caused L DEVELOPMENT AND PREWAR STATUS considerable grumbling. A broadcasting service was a. Telegraph inaugurated in 1938, and modern equipment was in¬ The development of communications services in stalled in 1940. Over 6,000 receiver licenses were Burma has been closely Unked with that of India for issued on an annual renewal basis. about a century. First came the military telegraph 2. WAR DAMAGES which expanded gradually until general pubhc service It is not essential to this Report that a detailed re¬ was opened in 1895. By the beginning of World War II, cord of war damage be included, other than to ob¬ Burma had an extensive network of telegraph lines serve that telecommunications facilities were almost involving some 33,000 miles of wire connecting 656 completely destroyed either by denial or enemy action. telegraph offices, including two landlines to India, Most of the personnel escaped to India and served one via Akyab and Chittagong (now in East Pakistan), brilliantly in the Allied armies, while others were and one via Tamu and Manipur. Lines from Bhamo caught by the invaders and forced to work on local into China, and through Moulmein into Siam were projects. If there is any solace at all in this picture of abandoned as uneconomic because of their light near total destruction of facihties, it is in the fact that traffic and the difficulty of maintenance. the bulk of trained personnel returned to the Depart¬ ment at the end of hostiUties. b. Telephone It is recorded that telephone installation in Burma 3. REHABILITATION began in 1888, although it was only after 1937 that the Restoration after World War II was speeded smaller communities received such facilities. The through the joint efforts of the British Army Signal 495 496 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA Corps, the Civil Affairs Service (Burma), and the Trunk operations revenue was obtained as a lump returning civil Government. Equipment from mili¬ sum in the rental of all telephones having access to the tary stocks, some civil-type equipment which had trunk network. This made the average telephone been ordered by the Government-in-exile (Simla), rental a very high figure. There seems to have been no supplemented by such remnants as remained in well-organized telephone accounts office to set rates Burma, were combined to rehabilitate the most im¬ or handle the revenue, which amounted to Rs. 16 portant services to prewar eflectiveness. lakhs annuafiy.

a. Telegraph c. Radio By the end of 1947, the telegraph network was (1) Foreign Circuits largely restored, although certain fines, in particular The tremendous application of radio during the the one from Prome to Akyab connecting with the war gave Telecommunications personnel further line to Chittagong (Pakistan), were abandoned for training in this, the youngest and most versatile of economic reasons. The more modern practices of communications media. The prewar arrangement for using teleprinter and superimposed voice-frequency handling foreign telegraph traffic via the India radio signals on telephone carrier channels were adopted circuit was slow and cumbersome. Consequently, on a limited scale during this period. It is recorded when the British Army Signal Corps established a that up to early 1948, a total of 1,355 miles of earth direct circuit to Colombo from Rangoon, the way was return telegraph circuit, 5,255 miles of phantom tele¬ paved for a commercial circuit over the same route. graph circuit, and 889 miles of voice-frequency tele¬ Telecommurucations absorbed this high-speed (auto¬ graph traffic channels has been put into operation. matic Morse) operation in mid-1946, and by early Inland telegraph traffic was averaging about 190,000 1948 was handling 175,000 messages annually for messages for a total of Rs. 10 lakhs per annum. almost Rs. 6 lakhs in revenue. The Rangoon-Madras b. Telephone radiotelegraph circuit handled Burma's India-Paki¬ stan traffic, although high-speed operation was not The demand for telephone service caused consider¬ utifized because of deficiencies at the India terminal. able improvisation because of equipment shortages The traffic volume on this circuit reached about in the years following the war. A more extensive and 275,000 messages per year, netting Burma over Rs. 3 better trunk (long distance) line system than before, lakhs of revenue. including fines correctly transposed for carrier opera¬ tion, fiad been installed by the military. Enough ter¬ (2) Domestic Circuits minal and repeater equipment had been obtained to meet all requirements. Technicians were trained in Because of the inaccessibiUty of some conamunities the necessary installation and operating techniques to landline facilities, radio stations had been installed to round out the new carrier program. It should be to furnish telegraphic contact with the rest of the noted that by the end of 1946, test calls were put country. About 30 of these utilized former military tfirough to New Delhi from Rangoon on an all-car¬ equipment. The scarcity of trained personnel, power rier circuit. Line construction was slowed in the Delta sources and spare parts so necessary ifor this operation area by difficult river crossings and marshy terrain, hampered the program. The fact that it expanded at so that the idea of utilizing v.h.f. radio began to re¬ all speaks well for the abiUty and courage of the "wire¬ ceive consideration. However, exchanges and local less staff." outside plant were not so well estabfished. Seventy (3) Marine Station telephone exchanges served about 3,000 subscribers in the towns and cities of Burma, principally with ex- The marine radio station at Monkey Point went on military equipment. The poorest equipment was in the air January 21, 1946, and has operated continu¬ use in the city of Rangoon where the program for ously since then. During the reconstruction period, a telephone rehabilitation fared very badly because of new transmitter and antenna system were installed to engineering and equipment inadequacies. It is to be give the Port of Rangoon a service modern in every noted that during the war period the private company respect. Several thousand messages are handled which had originally operated this system had been annually with ships at sea. taken over by the Government. At that time, also, radio was being suggested for the Arakan because of (4) Police, Aeronautical and Broadcast both the initial expense of new lines and the difficulty A v.h.f. radiotelephone system for the Rangoon of construction in the face of continuing dacoit Police was installed in 1946, to include ten mobile, 25 attacks. fixed, and one headquarters station. The maintenance TELECOM MUNICATION S 497 of this equipment was later assumed by the Police. currently with the introduction of this policy there The broadcasting services were absorbed by the occurred the insurrection with its tremendous de¬ Ministry of Information, and aeronautical radio struction and loss of facilities of aU categories. operation by the Department of Civil Aviation. From the foregoing picture of telecommunications 2. TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH LINES activities during the rehabifitation period and up to Telecommunications docs not have an accurate the time of independence, it is obvious that with few record of the losses suffered by the trunk telephone exceptions communications facilities were as good as and telegraph lines systems. The loss is known to be or superior to those destroyed by the war. large and widespread, and has effectively ended most long-distance telephone and landline telegraphy. 4. STATUS AFTER INDEPENDENCE Some equipment has been captured and put to use by a. New Department the insurgent groups. Prior to independence (January 4, 1948), the tele¬ communications were directed by the Chief Engineer, 3. RADIO Telecommunications, under the Department of Posts With wire facilities made useless, the responsibiUty and Telegraphs. Because of the close integration of for internal communications became a matter for the the postal and telegraph services, many towns had Wireless Division of the Department. This emphasis combined offices presided over by the local post¬ on radiotelegraph communications has strained the masters. The same employees handled both mail and resources of the department. Training classes were telegrams, and provided reliable and economical ser¬ added to afieviate the shortage of operators, but the vice. Effective with independence, however, the two whole program appears to have been born of expedi¬ branches were separated, and the telecommunica¬ ency rather than adequate planning. Fortunately, the tions affairs were put into an independent depart¬ foreign circuits and the shipping service were beyond ment whose Director reported to the Deputy Secretary the reach of the insurgents, and have continued nor¬ of the parent ministry. mal operations.

b. Responsibilities 4. RESULTS The responsibifities of this new department re¬ Insurgent damage to landfine communications ser¬ mained unchanged, and included: vices has been nearly as devastating, at least from the (1) The engineering, construction, operation and curtailment of operations, as was World War II. maintenance of aU domestic and foreign civil telecom¬ Lack of security in many areas has precluded any re¬ munications services, telephone, telegraph and radio. liable survey of the extent of the damage and has de¬ (2) The maintenance and operation of a maritime layed planning for expanded or new services. Atten¬ radio station at Rangoon to work with ocean ship¬ tion to a rehabilitation program is developing slowly. ping. Since the Wireless Division has rallied to handle the (3) The installation and maintenance of fines or bulk of the inland traffic, new thought is being given systems required by other civil branches of the to efiminating landlines altogether. This latter move, Govermnent. however, is considered uneconomical and unwar¬ (4) The Hcensing of private communications sys¬ ranted. tems, broadcast receivers, amateur radio stations and radio operators. D. THE PRESENT SITUATION (5) The handfing of Burma's affairs at inter¬ national telecommunications conventions, and the L LANDLINE FACILITIES enforcement of treaty regulations in domestic radio a. Telegraph operations. Burma Telecommunications has commercial tele¬ graph services over the following circuits: C. THE INSURRECTION From To Via L GENERAL Rangoon Prome Tharrawaddy When independence was achieved, there was a Mandalay Lashio Maymyo flurry of staff changes based on a poficy of employing Nyaungkio only Burma nationals in goverimient posts. Since Kyaukme Telecommunications had been staffed largely with Hsipaw non-nationals, the release of these trained men had a Prome Paungde Thegon most depressing effect on the various services. Con¬ 498 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA From To Via There is, as yet, no radiotelephone connection Mandalay Thazi Kyaukse from Burma to other parts of the world. This is re¬ Meiktila garded as a serious deficiency in the communications Rangoon Nyaunglebin Pegu system, and is one of the problems confronting the Pyuntaza Department for early solution. A project report, Daiku "An International Radiotelephone Connection for Prome* Shwedaung Rangoon CTO* University Col¬ Burma," has been submitted. lege (Ran¬ (2) Rangoon and Mandalay Exchanges goon) Rangoon* Mingaladon WhUe all of Burma's telephone exchanges are Rangoon* Insein Ahlone essential, the most important, from the standpoints Kamayut of size and service rendered, are those of Mandalay Rangoon Pyapon Twante and Rangoon. Mandalay, within the past few months, Maubin has installed a new 400-line magneto switchboard, Kyaiklat and considerable underground cable. With a popula¬ Rangoon Yandoon Maubin tion of 182,000 this gives a very low saturation figure, Chauk Sagu Singu Salin even if aU of the lines were in use. Once trunk opera¬ tion to Rangoon is re-estabfished, the demand wiU increase tremendously. * Local circuit operation. Rangoon's system is a "hodge podge" of ex-miUtary These circuits include 800 miles of fine, and 37 tele¬ boards never intended for "big city" operation. Their graph offices. The Burma Railways are not yet accept¬ small capacity necessitates a great deal of transfer ing prepaid telegrams at telegraph offices in railway operation. This wastes time, reduces the quafity of stations. the connection, and increases the possibility of pre¬ mature cutoff at any of the exchanges involved in the b. Telephone caU. There are five exchanges containing 2,618 fines in (1) Trunk Operation the system proper, and 97 private branch exchanges (PBX) using 192 junction lines to serve a total of 1,134 There are 75 telephone exchanges of various sizes, telephones. accommodating some 4,500 subscribers. Trunk operation is limited to the following circuits: Disintegration of outside plant, both underground and aerial, has outstripped Telecommuiucations' From To Via maintenance efforts to the extent that satisfactory Rangoon Tharrawaddy and Taikkyi telephone service is no longer available. This situation Prome is a serious threat to the optimum performance of the Rangoon Maubin Twante new manual auto-ringing boards, and is irreconcilable Rangoon Nyaunglebin Pegu with full automatic operation. Mandalay Maymyo (direct) The public has complained about the telephone Mandalay Sagaing (direct) service, and high annual rate of K600. Plans for Mandalay Myitnge (direct) conversion to an automatic system have been dis¬ Mandalay Meiktila Kyaukse Thazi cussed for years. However, because of the time re¬ quired for engineering, manufacturing, and instalfing, it was decided in 1950 that new manual boards should be ordered to alleviate the danger of a creeping para¬ No repeaters are used in these circuits, and ser¬ lysis of the exchange system. Units of 1,000 fines vices are of less than commercial quality. Most of the which can be broken down into 500, 300, and 200-fine exchanges are isolated and furnish only local service sections for future use in the districts, were selected. (see Plate 1). Two of the three units ordered have already arrived in An experimental low-power radio fink connects Rangoon from UK, and installation has begun in the the Rangoon and Moulmein exchanges for limited 40th Street Telephone Building. If present plans are (primarily government) service. A v.h.f. single chan¬ realized, these boards should be rendering service nel link, planned several years ago, is now being in¬ within a few months. Further exchange facilities are stalled to connect Rangoon, Maubin, Wakema and provided by a 400-fine PBX board which has recently Bassein. The appfication of radio to commercial tele¬ been installed in the Secretariat. phony will be covered in some detail under "Burma's Two surveys from which details of an automatic ex¬ Domestic Communications," Section E-2. change are to be developed have been made in Ran-

TELECOMMUNICATIONS 499 goon. The first was concluded two years ago by BPO, satisfactory. The crowning deficiency is the lack of London, under contract with GUB, but final speci¬ space for the essential directional antennas. fications have not been submitted. The second survey By existing commercial standards, Burma's trans¬ was recently concluded by engineers of the L. M. mitters cannot be classified as "high-powered." For Ericsson Co., Stockholm, at no cost to Government. the primary foreign circuits, three 1-2-kW, Standard Specifications have been proposed by this firm and a Telephone, Ltd., units are available. For secondary price quoted to the Ministry. This latter survey is foreign and divisional headquarters circuits, three based on the recommendation by the authors of this 300-watt RCA transmitters are utilized. To operate Report that the modern crossbar system be con¬ over shorter distances to district stations ten 50-watt sidered before committing Rangoon to the much transmitters of both modern and former mifitary types older Strowger system recommended by BPO. A pro¬ are provided. Effective radiated power is reduced ject report entitled, "An Automatic Telephone System througfi interaction and absorption between the for Rangoon," and embodying these recommenda¬ crowded antennas. Several Marconi 300-watt trans¬ tions has been submitted. It is planned to house the mitters were ordered recently for use in Rangoon and selected exchange in a functional building located to district headquarter stations. the West of Sule Pagoda Road, between Dalhousie The receiving facilities by commercial standards are and Eraser Streets. less satisfactory than those for transmitting. No diver¬ Maintenance for the present system leaves much sity grouping is possible, and the antennas are limited to be desired. Lack of adherence to standards, plan¬ to simple vertical "whips." In all, there are 18 re¬ ning, spare parts and materials, tools and facilities is ceivers, old mifitary or ancient commercial units. critical. Records and maps are incomplete and de¬ Expansion plans for seven more are being imple¬ ficient in test data. The greatest need, however, has mented. been for a technically and adnunistratively trained The use of substandard equipment and systems has organization whose sole function is to manage and a most derogatory influence on the service. However, operate the Rangoon telephone system. On the re¬ foreign traffic fares much better in this respect than commendation of the authors, this need was recog¬ does local inland traffic. nized and a divisional engineer appointed. 3. ORGANIZATION 2. RADIO The Director of Telecommunications is the Chief The inland telegraph service is almost completely a Executive of the Department, and reports directly to radio service. At the moment, 66 stations are con¬ the Deputy Secretary of the Ministry. To assist him, nected to Rangoon, or to each other in several nets so the Director has a Deputy and two Personal Assis¬ that traffic can move from one end to the other of tants, one for Engineering and one for Traffic. The Burma by relay. Plate I indicates the stations now in Department is divided into five main divisions: operation, and includes those now planned for instal¬ (a) The Burma Wireless (Radio) Division under lation this year. The message service is generally con¬ the Divisional Engineer, Wireless, at Rangoon, with sidered slow. The pubfic, as well as Government, has responsibility for all the Department's radio matters complained about the time required for telegrams to in Burma. reach their destinations via this radio system. For (b) The South Burma Division (Telegraphs) under example, messages relayed but once, at Mandalay, the Divisional Engineer,Telegraphs, at Rangoon, deal¬ required 26 hours to reach Kalewa from Rangoon. ing with engineering, traffic, telegraph and telephone These shortcomings inherent in a high-frequency (except the Rangoon telephone system) matters in radio net have been pointed out previously (see lower Burma. Interim Report, page 248). (c) The North Burma Division (Telegraphs) under Two circuits handle Burma's communications with the direction of the Divisional Engineer, Telegraphs, the outside world. The Rangoon-Madras link clears at Maymyo, with similar responsibilities in Upper traffic to and from India and Pakistan, whfie the Burma. Rangoon-Colombo circuit handles the rest. All Ran¬ (d) The Independent Arakan Division, under the goon transmitters, foreign and domestic circuits, are direction of the Officer in Charge, Telecommunica¬ located in a rented bungalow at the 6^- Mile, Prome tions, Akyab, with similar responsibilities in that area. Road, and the receivers are housed on the second (e) The Rangoon Telephone Division under the floor of the 40th Street Telephone Building. Keying Divisional Engineer, Telephones (Rangoon) deals and order circuits are carried over telephone lines with engineering, management and operation of the from the Central Telegraph Office. By no stretch of Rangoon telephone system. the imagination are these facilities even moderately The Director also has reporting directly to him the 500 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA Superintendent of each of the following important nussion difficulties. While these cannot be entirely posts: avoided, their effects can be minimized by the applica¬ Telecommunications Stores, Rangoon. tion of certain radio-engineering principles. The fail¬ Central Telegraph Office, Rangoon. ure to locate the transmitting and receiving stations in Central Telegraph Office, Mandalay. surroundings sufficiently adaptable to directional Further details are shown in the Organization antennas is responsible for a large measure of the Chart. present substandard operation. Until these locations have been corrected, optimum operation cannot be achieved. E. TELECOMMUNICATIONS OPERATIONS, PLANS AND PROBLEMS (2) Frequency Shift Keying L BURMA'S FOREIGN COMMUNICATIONS CIRCUITS Keying a transmitter by shifting its frequency a a. General small amount offers an important advantage over the Planiung new and improving existing foreign cir¬ conventional on-off method. The effects of noise on cuits involves both radiotelephone and radiotele¬ the operation of frequency-shift keyed circuits are re¬ graph activities. Because they will supplement each duced considerably. A signal-to-noise ratio of but other in Burma's communications pattern, and will six decibels permits satisfactory operation. This share housing and operating facilities, it is advan¬ means that any given circuit will be "commercial" tageous to treat them together. Since efficient depend¬ rather than "marginal" for a greater portion of the able foreign circuits are second only to dependable day. Obviously, Burma's transmitters can be made domestic communications for the welfare of the more efficient by adopting f.s.k. country, these matters must receive prompt con¬ sideration. (3) Diversity Reception b. Present TrafiBc Situation For commercial operation, the principal circuit requirement is that the received signal-to-noise ratio (1) Routes be above a certain minimum, even in deep fades. At the moment, two radiotelegraph circuits handle Because enormous power increases would be necessary Burma's foreign traffic. One of these works between to make a noticeable improvement, it is far more Rangoon and Madras with messages to and from effective to apply every possible means for decreasing India, Pakistan and Ceylon. The other circuit, be¬ the fading range than to increase power. Since the tween Rangoon and Colombo, where it connects into gain in circuit performance due to diversity reception the world network of Cable and Wireless, Ltd., varies with the degree of reliability of the circuit, the handles all other foreign traffic. improvement may be of the order of from 12 to as (2) Message Totals much as 30 decibels. To achieve this by increasing transmitter power would be a most unreaUstic ap¬ Spot checks reveal that weekly totals (in both proach. Consequently, space diversity reception (not directions) average around 5,250 messages over the used heretofore by Telecommunications) should be Rangoon-Madras circuit, and 8,200 over the Ran¬ utifized at both ends of the circuit. goon-Colombo circuit. The Madras circuit at times requires up to three Rangoon transmitters, one auto¬ matic Morse, and two manual circiuts. The Colombo (4) Teleprinter circuit usually clears its traffic with one automatic In discussing telegraph-traffic handfing, it must be Morse circuit, but when necessary another can be observed that automatic Morse operation has had its added. By Western standards, these circuits cannot be day, and is being supplanted by teleprinter at an considered either fast or heavily loaded, but there are ever-increasing rate. The adoption of teleprinter has many complaints from the distant terminals about the always resulted in higher traffic volimies, faster ser¬ quality of the Burma signals which at times are un¬ vice, lower rates and greater accuracy. Few tele¬ readable. The difficulties under which they operate communications administrations feel that they can are substantial, but not insurmountable. afford to ignore this modem trend.

c. Improvement Possible (5) Possible Economies (1) Location To summarize, if one of Telecommunications' Any communications link utilizing the high-fre¬ 1-2-kW transmitters utifizing frequency shift keying quency spectrum is subject to various kinds of trans- (f.s.k.) were worked into a properly designed direc- MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS. I ORGANIZATION CHART DIRECTOR OF TELECOMS. 1 DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS X DEPUTY DIRECTOR

P.A.(TFC.) P. A. ( E)

SUPT.C.T.O. SUPT.C.T.O. O.I/C.TELE. O.E. W. I D . E . T. ~l D.E.T D . E . P. S -T. S. MANDALAY. RANGOON. AKYAB. BURMA. I ^BURMAJ NO. BURMA. RANGOON RANGOON.

T. M. ASSTSUPT. I/R.I T. M. E.S.T.

T T.L.S. T.L.S. 1 O.l/C. L.a C. A.E.P. ( INT.) A . E. P. ( E X TJ A.E.W. k .E.W. A.E.W. A.E.W. A.E.W. ASST. SUPtO/D. ASSTSUPT.O/D. A.E. W. (TRANS¬ (RECEIV¬ A.E.W, (WORK¬ MARINE (MANOA ( A.O.W) MITTING) ING) AKYAB SHOP) STATION STATION STATION -LAY.) RANGOON E.S.(CABLE) E . S. P. E.S.T. E.S.S.

T. M.S. T X \I±i [LLI ED EH EH Ei] ED ABBREVIATED DESIGNATION. T. L. S, T.M. Telegraph Masters. S.D.O T S.D.O.T A.E.E. S.D.O.T. A.E. (B.) T.L.S. Telegraphists. MOULMEIN BASSEIN RANGOON RANGOON RANGOON I/R. Instrument Room. 0/D. On Duty. P. A. Personal Assistant E.S.T. 1 E.S.(B) D.E. Divisional Engineer. QH^ S.T.S. Supdt. Telecoms. Stores. A.E. Assistant Engineer. A.O. Attached Officer. E.S. Engineering Supervisor. S.D.O.T Sub-Divisional Officer Telecoms. W.S. Wireless Supervisor T Telegraphs. S.D.O.T. S D.O T. S.D.O T. A.E. E. S. D.O.T. W. Wireless. MANDALAY. M AGWE TOUNQOO MANDALAY MAYMYO. ] EL. Electricol. ™I P. Phones. (B) Buildings. EST. EST. E.S.T. E.S.T. E .S .T TFC. Traffic. SHWEBO YENAN6YAUN0 TOUNGOO MEIKTILA I ELECTRICAL! '^ ^ ^ I E. Engineering CT 0 Central Telegraph Officer. 0 l/C. Off icer-ln-Charge. L.a c. Lines and Cables. S. Stores. (INT) Internal.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS 501 tional antenna on a frequency suitable for the distance e. Revenue and time of day, and the signal at the distant point was Telecommunications' financial records for 1951-52 picked up by directional antennas and diversity re¬ foreign and domestic telegraph services are as follows: ceivers, one efficiently handled teleprinter circuit could handle the Burma-India traffic. This is true Total Earned K38,53,671.42 also of the Colombo circuit. Telecommunications can Total Expenditure (Salaries and therefore defer buying higher powered telegraph Materials K9,52,953.73 transmitters until the present units are worn out. f. International Radiotelephone Link (6) Cost Estimate (1) General Frequency shift keying can be added to the Madras Burma's telephone system was connected to India's and Colombo transmitter for a very modest sum. telephone network by a radio hnk from 1936 xmtH the Conversion to teleprinter operation would add little beginning of World War II. This faciUty has never more to the investment, and could release skilled been re-estabUshed in spite of the insistent demand man-power for other operating duties at the Central for it. The Department of Telecommunications has Telegraph Office. arranged with Indian P. & T. to commence operations between Madras and Rangoon at some future date. No. Unit Cost Total The Radio Section of the Department planned the Required Kyats {Foreign Exchange) necessary technical facilities, and prepared a speci¬ 2 Frequency Shift Exciter 10,000 20,000 2 Frequency Shift Converter 7,000 14,000 fication for equipment to which tenders were sub¬ 2 Telegraph Converter 4,500 9,000 mitted late in 1952 by several European and American 3 Teleprinter (No. 15 Send-Receive) 6,000 18,000 manufacturers. A project report covering this whole matter has been submitted. Total K66,000 (2) Selection of Equipment However, this modest modernization scheme, re¬ Early in their correspondence, Telecommunications gardless of its desirabifity, cannot be implemented in¬ had been urged by India P. & T. to use equipment to maximum effectiveness until the long-pending re¬ identical to that installed in their Madras station. ceiver and transmitter centers are in operation. Consequently, Telecommunications contacted West- inghouse, USA, for particulars and prices of their d. New Circuits Desirable "MW" combination which features telegraph and Direct telegraphic connections to other neighboring telephone transmitters operating from a common countries are desirable, but full-time circuits cannot power supply. This equipment meets the need of be justified from the direct revenue standpoints. To administrations requiring heavy traffic-handUng illustrate this point, the following table fists the num¬ capacity, but does not represent the "best buy" for ber of messages handled in an average week's opera¬ Burma in this case, inasmuch as a radiophone system tions: only is required. (3) Review of Planning Burma UK USA Thailand Indonesia Phil. Rep. (a) Amplitude modulation. Since an ampUtude modulated (A3) system was originally planned, it is Outgoing Mgs. 797 138 61 67 5 believed that Telecommunications is not evaluating Incoming Mgs. 746 175 47 18 3 correctly the advantages of the Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (A3a) or Independent Sideband (A3b) operation as used by many overseas telephone services. It is qtiite possible to connect with various countries (b) Route and terminal. Incomplete planning is on a spfit-schedule for periods long enough to handle also evident in agreeing to the location of the Indian mutual traffic. However, until those arrangements are terminal at Madras which requires a carrier connec¬ made and until the facflities are at hand for carrying tion across the sub-continent to Poona, for all relays them out, it is necessary to continue to work through beyond India. The standard telephone toll rate Colombo at the higher rates and accepting the delays between Madras and Poona is Rs. 8-10 which will in the reqxiisite relay operations. Plate 2 shows several increase the total charge appreciably, without benefit desirable radio routes in relation to Rangoon. to Burma. Wire transmission over that distance will 502 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA also degrade the signal, and is more subject to inter¬ telephone circuits, and expected (at last intimation) to ruptions. Calcutta is scheduled to have a direct radio¬ use the same on the Burma-India link. It is possible telephone connection with UK in the very near future that they will change their view (they already use (a Calcutta-London radiotelegraph circuit was SSSC on the Poona-London circuit) if Burma ap¬ opened in March 1953), certainly by the time Burma's proaches them with a plan showing the mutual ad¬ overseas telephone can be put into operation. The vantages of SSSC on the India-Burma link. transmission path between Rangoon and Calcutta is 450 miles (40 %) less than that between Rangoon and (6) Expansion of Overseas Telephone Service Madras. A cursory examination of Burma-India tele¬ grams over a period of a few days shows about equal Once the Burma-India link is in operation, pressure distribution between the Madras area and the Cal¬ will be felt for connections with other countries. Indo¬ cutta area. Since radiotelephone calls might be ex¬ nesia, Japan, Malaya and the Philhpine RepubUc use pected to follow the same pattern, there are good SSSC in their overseas telephone services. It would be reasons for reconsidering the route of this proposed a simple matter, at least from the technical point of link. view, to "hook-up" with them if Burma possessed a similar equipment. This point is made because it is feasible to use the same equipment for working some, (4) Single and Independent Sideband Operations or all, of these countries on part-time schedules until (a) Advantages. In conventional amplitude modula¬ growth requires full-time service. Plate 2, an outhne tion (AM), the transmitted carrier requires two thirds map of Burma and her neighbours, shows the route of of the power, and yet serves no useful purpose after this projected radiotelephone circuit as well as other modulation. In Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier desirable circuits. and Independent Sideband systems, the carrier is sup¬ pressed, and in SSSC one of the sidebands is dropped. (7) Other Essential Elements There is therefore a material saving in transmitting power. Since the transmitted signal requires less spec¬ The receivers and transmitters of this service would trum space, the receiver can be made more selective to be located at the centers, and would be attended by provide a better signal-to-noise ratio. Consequently, the regular shift engineers. Connections to the tele¬ interference is reduced. With the carrier generated in phone exchange would be through the same mediiun, the receiver, selective fading is of little consequence, v.h.f. radio or wire, as the telegraph circuits. Direc¬ and the signal is further improved. When all of these tional antennas for day and night frequencies are advantages are integrated, the use of SSSC is equiva¬ necessary for optimum performance of overseas radio¬ lent to a nine-decibel increase (factor of eight) of telephone circuits. Connecting high-frequency radio transmitter power. circuits to landhne systems always raises problems. One or two telegraph (or teleprinter) channels can The instabihty of the radio hnk is responsible for most be transmitted simultaneously with the voice channel of the difficulty and makes it essential to employ to provide a reliable combined service. When ISB is rather elaborate equipment for a satisfactory junction. used, the power-consuming carrier is suppressed, and The radiotelephone terminal equipment has all of the both sidebands are transmitted to carry separate in¬ facihties required to make the circuit operative in only telligence channels. In this arrangement, one trans¬ one direction at any one instant. It also controls signal mitter can accommodate as many as four voice chan¬ levels in both directions, filters out fine noises, and by nels, or an equivalent band-width combination of the privacy system, renders speech tmintelligible to voice and telegraph channels. unauthorized listeners. It follows that a skilled oper¬ (b) Disadvantages. Both ISB and SSSC equipment ator is required at the controls of this terminal equip¬ are more expensive than AM, and more difficult to ment. adjust and maintain. When considered from stand¬ points of cost per channel, and greater reliabihty, how¬ (8) Estimate of Costs ever, the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages as attested by their increasing popularity on overseas In compiling the following figures, cognizance has circuits. Unfortunately, AM and SSSC equipment are been taken of the fact that this service will share cer¬ incompatible for commercial operation. tain Rangoon facilities with other communications services. Therefore against such items as land, build¬ ings, connections to the central office and auxiUary (5) India's Equipment power supply, there will be shown only a propor¬ The Indian P. & T. has invested heavily in AM tionate amount as chargeable to the proposed equipment (Westinghouse, USA) for internal radio¬ project. JAPAN OKYO TO U.S.A.

:'»QUETTA

.K<^*^ DELHI

^\ CEYLON COLOMB^

%- '•^^ / A/ D / A N

Proposed Radiotelephone Link Alternate Radiotelephone Proposal Active Radiotelegraph Circuit Desirable Future Radiotelephone^ And/Or Radiotelegroph Links J Connecting Radiotelephone And Radiotelegraph Circuits }

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING

RADIOTELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH ROUTES

KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEW YORjC-T. RANGOON DR. BY./^ MAY S3 NO.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS 503 (a) Capital investment (9) Service Charge to the Public Besides indicating the order of yearly expenditure Foreign Item Ufe Exchange Local required to operate this radiophone system, the above (years) (kyats) (kyats) estimate permits an approximate unit service charge to be computed. For example, it is beUeved that the maximtim number of calls that the system could 1. Transmitter 15 1,50,000 2. Receivers 15 70,000 handle might reach 200, over an 18-hour day. This 3. Terminal and Privacy Equipment 15 45,000 figure takes into consideration the time required for 4. Connections to Exchange 15 65,000 "person-to-person" arrangements as required bymost 5. Emergency Power Supply 15 16,000 6. Transmitting Antennas 5 10,000 8,000 overseas calls. However, it is unUkely that the satura¬ 7. Receiving Antennas 5 5,000 4,000 tion point of the system would be reached for several 8. Housing (Radio and Power) 25 30,000 years. The local expense is the same for all calls re¬ 9. Sites for Bmldings and Antennas 40,000 gardless of destination; so a direct compilation of 3,61,000 82,000 Burma's minimum fee can be made for various daily Engineering and Contingency (10 %) 36,100 8,200 totals. Calls per day Burmds local charge per call 3,97,100 90,200 20 K14.10 50 K5.65 100 K2.85 It is reasonable to expect items 1-5 to render service In computing the cost of a trans-ocean call, it is for 15 years or possibly longer, if operated and main¬ necessary to add the local charges (as shown above) tained properly. An antenna life (items 6-7) of five and appUcable taxes to those of the foreign agencies. years appears to be a low estimate, but was so chosen When agreements are made between telecommunica¬ to permit the changes that are often necessary for ex¬ tions agencies of the various countries, flat rates are panding transmitting and receiving center operations. usually assigned to ordinary types of service. This (b) Annual costs. The annual cost of this service is facihtates the rapid and accurate compilation of costs comprised of (i) the annual investment charge of on the standard "three-minute plus overtime" basis. interest and amortization, (ii) maintenance and opera¬ tion costs and (iii) administration costs. (10) Using the International Radiotelephone Service (i) Annual Investment Charge In operation, the overseas telephone is little different Amount Rate Annual Investment Charge from an ordinary long-distance landUne system. A Items (kyats) (%) (kyats) typical call would be handled in the following manner: 1-5 3,46,000 9-634 33,333.64 6 and 7 15,000 23-098 3,464.70 a Rangoon subscriber wishing to converse with an 6 and 7 12,000 22-463 2,695.56 associate in India, would simply call the telephone 8 30,000 6-401 1,920.30 exchange and ask for the overseas operator. When /ii A^l\ ''0 connected, the operator records the particulars for (ii) Maintenance and Operation Costs reaching the desired party, and the caller disconnects. Amount Rate Maintenance and Operation When the overseas operator has reached the desired Items (kyats) (%) (kyats) individual over the radio Unk and foreign telephone 1-5 3,46,000 10-00 34,600 system, she calls the subscriber back through the local 6 and 7 27,000 5-00 1,350 exchange. The conversation then proceeds in the 8 30,000 5-00 1,500 37 /ISO 00 normal manner. During the Wlking period, the over¬ seas operator has an opportunity to fill out the neces¬ (iii) Administration Costs Amount Rate Administration sary toll ticket so that an accurate bilUng can be made. Items (kyats) (%) (kyats) It is, of course, possible to have arrangements for 1-9 4,87,300 5-00 24,365 several calls to proceed at the same time. Operators, '''1 ifi') on vdth practice, become very proficient in handling these circuits. Total Annual Costs Kl,03,229.20 Trans-oceanic radiotelephone services have been in The administration charge may appear to be low. operation all over the world for many years. Excellent However, this project will be a small operation among relaying and interconnecting agreements permit calls the many activities of Telecommunications, and to be made between most countries today, and at should carry only its proportionate percentage of the charges becoming increasingly reasonable as facihties department's overhead. are added and modernized. 504 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA g. Landlines to Other Countries that untuned transmission fines are to be used, and Because of the low traffic totals involved and the arrangements made for all transmitters (and receivers) expense of maintenance through difficult border to work into the same value of impedance. Only in country, landlines between Burma and her neighbors this way can the maximum flexibility be achieved. cannot be justified in the foreseeable future. High- Because of negligibleradiation of properly constructed frequency radio can provide the traffic capacity and and terminated lines, small, well-shielded transmitters the required reliability at a fraction of line costs, once can be stacked without harmful interaction. Telecommunications puts its radio operations on a (c) Buildings. The station buildings required at modern commercial basis. the transmitting and receiving sites do not have to be unduly large, but they must be extremely functional. h. Rangoon Radio-station Centers A small shop for limited maintenance, calibration and (1) General adjustment is essential, as well as adequate storage In sizable radiotelegraph and radiotelephone opera¬ facilities for the most essential spares. Since the tions, it is standard commercial practice to concentrate amount of clerical routine handled by the engineer in all activities in speciahzed areas. These are known as charge is negligible, a small office will suffice. A locker the Transmitter Center (TC), Receiving Center (RC), room with the usual facilities must be provided for and Central Telegraph Office (CTO), respectively. staff" convenience. Great efficiency in the utilization of manpower and (d) Emergency power. The highest importance must machines is possible if these centers are correctly de¬ be attached to the abihty of these centers to function signed and adequately equipped. The Telecommuni¬ at all times. Consequently, emergency power supphes cations Department has not achieved much in these in the form of diesel-driven three-phase alternators respects because of the small, badly located areas avail¬ must be ready at a moment's notice to take over the able for receiver and transmitter centres. station load of lights and power from the commercial (a) Antennas, Directional antennas are essential for mains. Adequate housing for these machines as well optimum h.f. performance (both transmitting and re¬ as transmission and switch-over facilities must be ceiving), but unfortunately require considerable land included at each site. area. Receiving is further complicated by the multiple (e) Center control board. At the receiver center, all (two or three) well-spaced antennas required for signals must pass through the control board to the diversity working. However, provided that the fre¬ CTO by cable or radio. Since the order circuit between quency and direction of the array is appropriate, the two points also terminates at this board, any com¬ several receivers may operate from one antenna. An¬ plaint involving signal level or quality can be re¬ tennas located some distance from the equipment are solved without delay or inconvenience. At the trans¬ connected by untuned transmission lines of the correct mitting center, the keyed impulses from the CTO are impedance for optimum energy transfer. The layout distributed to the transmitters through a similar of both types of centers deserves first-class engineering. board which includes patching, ordering and moni¬ (b) Other requirements. Engineers, operators and toring facilities. For possible emergency operation, it technicians are usually employed on rotating shifts so is advisable to provide separate order and trafl&c- that the advantages of working during certain hours handhng circuits. can accrue to all hands in turn. Quarters, at least for key personnel, within the immediate neighborhood (3) Connection to Central Telegraph OflBce are highly desirable. Electricity, water and sanitation Plate 3 illustrates the physical relationship of the facilities are necessary for quarters as well as for the desired radio-stationcenters and the Central Telegraph station proper. Office. The distance from the CTO is not of much importance provided that it does not exceed eight to (2) Planning ten miles, but the transmitting and receiving centers (a) Layout. On a large-scale map of the plot, anten¬ should be as widely separated (three to five miles) as nas and station can be laid out to meet the present and possible to attenuate interference. For connecting future requirements for foreign and domestic circuits these areas to the CTO, there are two possibilities: and equipment. From this information, clearing, level¬ telephone cable or v.h.f. radio. The trend in most ing and road and powerline construction can be ac¬ countries is to utilize radio since it has considerable curately laid out, and provisions made for water and channel expansion properties, and facilitates connect¬ sanitation. High-frequency operation does not require ing to the CTO without the hardships associated with the low-resistance ground connection so essential to laying and maintaining cable. In this particular in¬ low-frequency equipment. stance, the first cost, convenience and reliability are (b) Transmission lines. It should be kept in mind slightly in favor of radio. 1 MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING RANGOON AREA TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING CENTERS KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO NEW YORK^ RANGOON DR. BY/7/ DATE PLATE CK. BY.'t-^ MAY 53 NO.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS 505 (4) Cost Estimate (5) Difficulty in Obtaining Sites These centers, as mentioned previously, will be the At this writing the transmitter center site is said to Rangoon terminals of foreign and domestic radio¬ have been obtained, but the receiving site has become telegraph and radiotelephone circtiits. Their cost, an item to be settled between the Ministries of Trans¬ maintenance and operation will be absorbed in these port and Commtmications, and Agriculture and operations. However, it is necessary to estimate these Forests. Since 1948 Telecommunications has been figures to determine the order of expenditure required. selecting and requesting various sites but always has had to yield to prior claim. The point has now been (a) Capital cost reached where service must be curtailed unless land for commercially acceptable centers is forthcoming. Foreign Owkig to the location of the new Burma Broadcasting Item* Life Exchange Local (years) (kyats) (kyats) Service high-frequency transmitters, very httle latitude for compromise in the location of a receiving center site remains. 1. Transmitters 15 50,000 2. Receivers 15 2,15,000 i. Recommendations 3. UHF/VHF Traffic and Order Circuits 15 2,50,000 1,00,000 (1) Radiotelephone and Telegraph 4. Antennas, Masts and Lines 15 1,25,000 In connection with facihties discussed in this sec¬ 5. Emergency Power Supplies 15 1,00,000 tion, Burma's Foreign Communications Circuits, it is 6. Housing (Stations and Quarters) 30 6,00,000 7. Roads 30 60,000 recommended that: 8. Sites 4,00,000 (fl) Telecommunications arrange to operate the foreign radiotelegraph circuits with frequency-shift 7,40,000 11,60,000 keying and teleprinter. Engineering and Contingency (10 %) 74,000 1,16,000 {b) Modern diversity receivers be used on these circuits. 8,14,000 12,76,000 (c) The Telecommunications administrations of nei^boring countries, other than Ceylon and India, be contacted in the matter of spht-schedule operation * Does not include equipment for International Radiotelephone for handling mutual traffic to provide better relay Link, nor any expansion of present radiotelegraph program, but facihties than now exist. replaces some outmoded military gear. {d) Burma reopen immediately telecommunications (b) Annual cost. The annual cost is comprised of: matters with India, and arrange a high-level confer¬ (i) the annual investment charge of interest amor¬ ence for an "across the table" exploration of the tization; (ii) maintenance and operating costs; and mutual advantage of the following: (iii) administration costs. (i) Adopting Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (A3a) or Independent Sideband (A3b) for radio¬ (i) Annual Investment Charges telephone operation, and eventually a combined Amount Rate Charge telephone-telegraph service. The use of ISB operation Item (kyats) (kyats) (%) with two active telephone channels, one for Indian calls 1-5 8,14,000 9-634 i^Mo.ie 4 1,10,000 8-994 9,893.40 and the other for relayed calls, should be considered. 6,7 11,66,000 5-783 67,429.78 (ii) Allocating definite frequencies to this Burma- 1 5': nA'i QA India telephone service so that they can be quoted in any further discussions, specifications or plans. (ii) Maintenance arul Operating Costs (iii) Improved high-speed (automatic Morse) opera¬ Amount Rate Charge tion at both ends of the present radiotelegraph circuit Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) 1-3 5,66,500 10-0 56,650 imtil (fl) can be implemented. (iv) Possible use of Calcutta as a telephone and/or telegraph terminal for working with Burma. (v) EstabUshing flat rates for telephone landlines (iii) Administration Costs when used for mutual overseas calls. Amount Rate Charge Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) (vi) Operation of the proposed radiotelephone ser¬ 1-8 20,90,000 10-0 2,09,000 vice over an 18-hour day (minimmn) to permit relays 2,09,000.00 to Europe, Africa, and the western hemisphere reaching their destinations at a reasonable time of day. Total Annual Costs K4,97,568.94 (e) Telecommunications draft a complete specifica- 506 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA tion of a modern, adequate AM radiotelephone trans¬ especially where the terrain is difficult, or the popula¬ mitter, receiver and terminal to operate over the Ran¬ tion hostile. There will therefore continue to be a well- goon-Madras Circuit, for distribution to manufac¬ defined, if decreasing, need for this medium in Burma. turers in the event that India will not go to SSSC. This is preferable to attempting a selection from the appa¬ (2) Disadvantages ratus suggested in response to the previous request. The serious disadvantages and drawbacks of plac¬ (/) Recognition be given to the fact that adequate ing a nation's intercommunity communications into radiotelephone and radiotelegraph equipment for large scale h.f. operation should be evaluated in terms foreign and domestic services will be required for the of a peace-time commercial communications service. foreseeable future. Since the absolute necessity for At best, each h.f. circuit can carry but one telephone proper sites has gone unrecognized too long and at and one telegraph channel without unrealistic ex¬ the expense of the radio services of Burma, it is penditure. Also the portion of the radio frequency recommended that: spectrum from 3,000 to 30,000 KC (classified as h.f.) (i) The chosen receiving site^^near Insein, be turned is best stiited to long-distance communications, and over to Telecommunications at once. has been reserved for that purpose (Chapter III, (ii) That Telecommunications proceed with plans Article 7 of the ITU Code) by the International Tele¬ for the centers and implementation thereof, as out¬ communications Union, of which Burma is a member. lined in this report. With all nations clamoring for more h.f. channel (iii) That u.h.f. radio circuits be used for traffic authorization, and with a sizable block of countries channels between the centers and the CTO, and v.h.f. refusing to honor international allocations, the band be used for order circuits. is extremely crowded. Random or consistent inter¬ ference and fading hinders operations which are also 2. BURMA'S DOMESTIC COMMUNICATIONS subject to deterioration during heavy atmospherics, a. General especially those prevalent at the beginning and end of It is apparent that Burma's greatest single com¬ the monsoon season. There are no inexpensive means munications need is for better interior coverage of insuring secrecy on these circuits. As presently utilizing all three media, telephone, telegraph and operated, any station within range (which may be a radio, to maintain a reasonable balance between considerable distance under favorable conditions) can need, service and costs. This was the partially realized tune in and copy. Monitoring or jamming by un¬ objective of reconstruction after World War II, when friendly elements is simple. No nation in modem, the insurrection brought new problems with disas¬ comjnunications history has ever limited its civil trous effects on the internal communications services. facfiities by committing itself to large scale h.f. opera¬ Provisions must now be made for an adequate tion for its primary internal communications net. trunk-circuit pattern of interconnected community With h.f. radiotelegraph (W/T) stations manually telephone exchanges and for essential telegraph facili¬ operated on discontinuous schedules and working in ties throughout the country. How and when this can small nets, several relays (and delays) may be neces¬ be achieved may have far-reaching implications. sary before a message is delivered. As the number of stations increases these situations multiply. Conse¬ b. High-frequency Radio Scheme quently, the service cannot be regarded as fast, nor (1) DetaOs of the Plan entirely dependable. It is also extremely expensive. To meet the emergency brought about by the dis¬ ruption of landhne operation. Telecommunications (3) Estimated Cost (per station) developed a plan for telegraphic service utilizing high- (a) Capital costs frequency radio. This scheme required that the Life Foreign Local division headquarters stations should relay to Ran¬ Item (years) Exchange (kyats) goon from a network of district stations. These, in (kyats) turn, would work to and from their respective town¬ 1. Transmitters and Receivers 15 15,000 ships and villages. In all, some 250 radio stations 2. Power Supplies 15 5,000 were considered necessary under this plan. When the 3. Antennas, Tools and Incidentals 15 1,000 plans was made (1949-50), several stations were 4. Accomodations (site, station, already working in a limited network. For essential quarters) 30 80,000 government and public telegrams, the service was 21,000 80,000 satisfactory and expansion along the same lines appeared feasible. In this connection, it may be stated that h.f. radio has no peer for medium-long distances. TELECOMMUNICATIONS 507 (b) Annual costs (per station). The annual costs in¬ clude (i) the interest and amortization on the invest¬ Manpower Requirements ment, (ii) maintenance and operating costs and (iii) Title Per Station admMstration costs. For 250 Stations Supervisor 1 250 (i) Annual Investment Charges Operator 2 500 Amount Rate Charge Engine-driver 1 250 Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) Peon 1 250 1-3 21,000 9-634 2,023.14 Durwan 1 250 4 80,000 5-783 4,626.40 Sweeper 1 250 6,649.54

(ii) Maintenance and Operating Costs To meet the vacancies occurring through natural Amount Rate Charge Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) turnover, leaves, retirements and other causes, it is essential that a minimum reserve of two hundred men be available for the several categories. The personnel problems inherent in a staff" of this size, far-flung in 18,700.00 location, are diverse and must be handled with skill and consideration. Adequate housing for staff and (iii) Administration Costs station will eliminate most major complaints. Amount Rate Charge Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) (5) Domestic Telegraph Revenue 1-* 1,01,000 10-00 10,100 In round figures, the inland telegraph system earned 10,100.00 K9 lakhs in 1950-51, and somewhat more in 1951-52, but not enough to cover operating expenses. It is pos¬ Annual Costs (per station) K35,449.54 sible to forecast with reasonable accuracy that the domestic telegraph deficit will increase because the (c) Conclusions. The estabUshment and operation larger municipahties, which are the most lucrative of a radiotelegraph station as Telecommtmications sources of business and which have been radio- has planned is an expensive venture. The impact of the equipped for some time, are already included in the "Accomodations" figure (item 4) on the expenditure revenue returns. Smaller district stations cannot pay can be softened considerably by continuing the pohcy their way even with drastic compromises in service, of renting station and quarters, but at the expense of quarters and staff. risk to equipment, staff discontent and half-hearted (6) Service to be Expected appfication to the job at hand. Under "Administra¬ tion" are included central engineering and office over¬ Because of the basic sociological and economic im¬ head. portance of a rehable communications system, a According to this estimate, it will cost Burma about reasonable operating deficit can be written off, es¬ K88 lakhs per year to operate a system of 250 radio pecially if the service is entirely satisfactory. In this stations in a telegraph network on the scale which instance the service cannot be expected to become Telecommunications has suggested. It is estimated wholly satisfactory. Instances are frequent of messages further that, if telephone facihties for working through requiring 24 to 72 hours to reach their destinations in local exchanges were added to this network, the cost towns having radiotelegraphic services in this relatively would be at least doubled. The poor results obtained small system of 60-odd stations. As the number of on an experimental radiotelephone circuit between stations is increased there is reason to beheve that Rangoon and Moulmein during the past few months service will deteriorate further. Relaying from net to are considered indicative of what can be expected of a net is closely akin to the transfer operation currently low-power h.f. radiotelephone program. found so objectionable in the Rangoon telephone system. Operation on the basis of a continuous watch permitting direct traffic handling on demand (as in the (4) Manpower Requirements maritime services) would not be feasible because of For a system of 250 radio stations, the manpower the equipment, manpower and frequency require¬ needs are imposing, especially the number of trained ments. The conclusion is inescapable that if high- technicians required. frequency radio has a place in Burma's telecommuni- 508 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA cations pattern that place is limited to long-haul {a) There is heavy, continuous traffic over long-haul circuits to isolated outposts. circuits. {b) Many telephone or telegraph channels are re¬ c. VHF and UHF (Microwave) quired. (1) General ((?) Continuous power can be assured at stations Since their initial application in the early thirties and repeaters. u.h.f. and v.h.f. (ultra high frequency and very high (d) Highly competent technicians are available. frequency) have enjoyed increasing popularity among {e) Landline costs compare unfavorably; and land- telecommunications administrations. Although these line maintenance is difficult. radio circuits are not in every case the best choice, (/) New operations are about to begin, or consider¬ there are enough situations in which one or the other able expansion is accurately forecast. is preferable to other media to warrant a careful study (g) Private point-to-point connections are required of their application to Burma's needs. for metering, signaling and special services. {h) Landlines are insecure from sabotage and theft. (2) VHF and UHF Described The term Very High Frequency is apphed to any (4) Disadvantages radio system utilizing frequencies between the limits The disadvantages he in the necessity for repeater of 30 and 300 megacycles. As the frequency increases stations at 20-30-mile intervals, and in the rather from the lower limit, the transmission characteristic complex and expensive array of equipment required of Heaviside layer reflection, good for long distance if in each station, especially where one or more channels somewhat inconsistent operation, changes rather are dropped or introduced. This considerably narrows abruptly to unreflected, quasi line-of-sight, and very the apphcability of these systems. To operate the consistent operation. The term Ultra High Frequency equipment, a most reliable source of power with is apphed to operation between 300 and 3,000 mega¬ standby service for emergency is required. In the cycles. The term Super High Frequency (s.h.f.) is United States, where systems have been engineered to applied to frequencies between 3,000 and 30,000mega- a high degree of reliabihty, most repeater stations are cycles. The frequencies above 900 megacycles are re¬ completely automatic and unattended. The adjust¬ ferred to broadly as being in the microwave region. ment and maintenance of this equipment is highly As the frequency increases the transmission charac¬ specialized and requires very competent technicians. teristics more nearly approach those of the trans¬ In many parts of the world, these conditions are diffi¬ mission of Ught. The signals can be concentrated with cult to meet. Failures can be very costly. a simple antenna in much the same manner that a strong beam of hght can be produced with a polished (5) Considerations Affecting Burma's Needs for VHF reflector. Intervening objects, such as buildings, hills, and UHF trees, etc., cast a shadow; that is, block the signal. The population distribution in Burma is shown by the map. Population and Population Distribution, in (3) Basic Differences, and Advantages over HF Chapter I. Since a significant shift in the foreseeable The basic differences between the various categories future is quite unlikely, it is not difficult to decide are therefore matters of frequency and behavior, where principal communications channels must be u.h.f. and s.h.f. requiring a line-of-sight path between established. Because several of these areas are already stations, while v.h.f. is shghtly more tolerant in this served by the h.f. radiotelegraph system, it is possible respect. These differences have a great bearing on the to forecast somewhat accurately the order of ultimate practical application of these radio systems. The telegraph traffic totals.The following spot checks arein- higher the transmission frequency, the more channels cluded to indicate the loading of these main circuits it can accommodate. This offsets the disadvantage of into Rangoon, the center of Burma's communications shorter working distances. The greatest advantages of system: v.h.f., u.h.f. and s.h.f. over simple h.f. are the con¬ Weekly Mes- Average sistent, static-free signals, and the large number of Circuit sages Sent Received channels (telephone or telegraph) that can be accom¬ Rangoon-Delta 872 962 modated by one wide-band transmitter. Of course, the Rangoon-Moulmein and Tenasserim 760 969 need for transmission lines or cables between stations Rangoon-Prome and Tharra¬ is eliminated. waddy 315 381 The situations under which advantages accrue, how¬ Rangoon-Akyab 375 774 ever, are quite inflexible and well defined—v.h.f., Rangoon-Mandalay and u.h.f. and s.h.f. are advantageous where: N. Burma 2,483 2,710 TELECOMMUNICATIONS 509 It is estimated that, if trunk telephone service were (b) Capital cost widely available to compete for this business, these totals might be lower. For this reason they can be Foreign accepted for the present as saturation figures. None of Item Life Exchange Local (years) (kyats) these ckcuits can be considered heavily loaded, nor (kyats) very remunerative. Consequently, telegraph facihties should be combined with those of other services to 1. Radio and Terminal Equipment 15 21,00,000 derive all economies possible. A telegraph channel 2. Testing Equipment 15 1,00,000 3. Power Source 15 3,50,000 can be operated on a telephone channel without diffi¬ 4. Antenna Towers 15 1,80,000 culty. While there is not heavy continuous traffic, 5. Accomodations (Sites, Stations, several channels (telephone and telegraph) are never¬ Quarters) 30 17,85,000 theless required. 27,30,000 17,85,000 Outside of Rangoon, commercial power is not Engmeering and Contingency (10%) 2,73,000 1,78,500 generally available on a 24-hour basis, but may be within the next few years. Generating power on a 30,03,000 19,63,500 small scale for repeater stations is very expensive from the standpoints of fuel consumption, maintenance and supervision. Competent microwave technicians are not available in Burma, but there are some able h.f. trained personnel who can be upgraded in a short (c) Annual costs. The annual costs include (i) the period of time. Line costs on the main traffic channels annual investment charges, (ii) maintenance and where existing right-of-way can be foUowed are not operating costs, and (in) administration costs. prohibitive in Burma. Maintenance in the face of sabotage and theft is extremely difficult, but could be (i) Annual Investment Charges improved immeasurably by sterner measures. Other Amount Rate Charge Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) elements of maintenance can be made less expensive and less annoying by improved methods to be dis¬ 1-4 30,03,000 9-634 2,89,309 5 19,63,500 5-783 1,13,450 cussed in paragraph E-2-d-(6)-(a). 4,02,759 The first phase of the internal communications re- habfiitation program should be concerned with restor¬ (ii) Maintenance and Operating Costs ing prewar-postwar parity. New and expanded services Amount Rate Charge belong properly in a later phase. Certain organizations Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) could profitably use private or shared fines between 1-4 30,03,000 10-0 3,00,300 Rangoon and other areas, and these needs should be 5 19,63,500 5-0 98,175 determined and incorporated in future planning. The 3,98,475 wide-band transmission potentiafities of microwave systems can provide as many channels as Tele¬ (iii) Administration Costs communications can possibly need. Amount Rate Charge Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) 1-5 49,66,500 10-0 4,96,650 (6) Rangoon-Mandalay Circuit Possibilities 4,96,650 (a) Routes and "hops." There are two possible Total Annual Cost K12,97,884 routes for commumcations between Burma's two largest cities. One foUows the Pegu, Toungoo, Pyinmana, Thazi, Kyaukse main rail and highway To serve the two main routes, as previously route into Mandalay, while the other goes through described, another circuit similar in design and cost Tharrawaddy, Prome and Chauk to Myingyan and would be necessary. Thus the estimated aimual cost thence to Mandalay. Local communications should for the Rangoon-Mandalay and intermediate trunk be provided along these routes, and trunk channels channels is K26 lakhs, or roughly K3,250 per system picked up or dropped where necessary. On this basis mile. If ten channels were used, this would cost a cost estimate for a multi-channel microwave system K32.50 per channel rmle. between Rangoon and Mandalay has been prepared. To insure that as many repeaters and stations as (7) Rangoon-Delta Possibilities possible are located within towns for security and (a) General. The terrain of this area seems ex¬ utility reasons, 22 "hops" are considered necessary. tremely well suited to the appfication of u.h.f. for R.B. n—2 510 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA trunk circuits. Not only are "blocking" hills con¬ tion over this 90-mile circuit. During certain times of spicuously absent, but the large number of cable river- the day, for brief periods of the year, satisfactory crossings to be eliminated makes the whole idea addi¬ operation may be possible. At other times, the circuit tionally attractive. Also, populated centers occur at will be unreliable. It therefore offers fittle or no im¬ strategic points for relay stations. provement over the present h.f. circuit. (b) Present utilization. During the reconstruction period after World War II, Telecommunications (4) Cost decided to try out v.h.f. in this difficult (for landhnes) area. As a consequence, a circuit to connect Bassein The total figure will probably exceed K5 lakhs, not and Rangoon via Wakema and Maubin was designed, including housing. A rough computation of the and the equipment contract was placed with General annual costs (Rangoon-Bassein circuit), based on Electric Company. Simultaneously, an order was this figure, follows: placed for Rangoon-Moulmein "single-hop" circuit equipment. Category Rate Charge investment (15-year life) 9-634 48,170 Operation and Maintenance 12'5 62,500 (1) Circuit Details Administration 10-0 50,000 (a) Channel facilities. At the time these circuits Total Annual Cost K 1,60,670 were planned, 1949, although combination telephone- telegraph multiple-channel operation may have been or 1,60,670/98 - Kl,640 per circuit mile. considered, single-channel working between Rangoon and Bassein was specified. Later, drop-off facihties (c) UHF study for Wakema and Maubin were ordered. In brief, the circuit can handle but one conversation at a time (1) General (equivalent to a pair of wires), with terminations in As the Delta is the most promising area in aU each of the four centers. Burma for v.h.f./u.h.f. trunk-circuit application, it (b) Equipment details. Frequencies between 66 and was decided to determine the approximate cost of a 86 megacycles were selected for this operation. The modern microwave multi-channel system. With tele¬ phase-modulated transmitters can deliver ten watts graph and telephone channels from each toll center to into three-element directional antennas. The receivers Rangoon, and with intervening local circuits, the are of the conventional superheterodyne, limiter-dis- economic picture becomes much brighter than that of criminator type. This equipment is capable of high- the v.h.f. system. quality voice-circuit operation. (c) Antenna masts. The equipment arrived in Ran¬ (2) Communities Served goon in mid-1951, and reposed in the stores' godown until early 1953, when installation was begun. The To provide maximum service, and to maintain failure to order appropriate antenna masts with the short reliable hops, Myaungmya and Twante were equipment contributed to this long delay. The masts added to the Bassein Rangoon path. One relay sta¬ are much larger and heavier than necessary for this tion is deemed necessary midway between Wakema application, but can carry other antennas besides and Maubin. Ah hops are less than 20 miles so that those for v.h.f. working. reflector tower heights are kept within modest limhs. Exclusive of Rangoon, the total population (five (2) Installation and Operation. towns) served directly would be more than 150,000. Tributary lines (landline and v.h.f.) connecting several The Rangoon-Maubin leg has begun two-way towns to the toll centers would increase this figure operation, but the circuit is not yet on a commercial considerably. basis. There is no reason to believe that the system (a) Channels required. Cursory checks indicate that wiU be other than satisfactory. However, the extent while there is some traffic between these commuifities, of degradation in the speech circuit from noise in most traffic would be to and from Rangoon. There¬ the repeaters is not yet known. The lack of 24-hour fore one through telephone and one through tele¬ commercial electricity outside of Rangoon handicaps graph circuit are considered adequate for each cen¬ the operation of all electronic equipment. ter's needs. In addition, local working between adjacent points is also included. One spare telephone (3) Rangoon-Moulmein Circuit circuit could be maintained from Bassein to Rangoon. The choice of 32 and 35-5 MC frequencies would In all, seven telephone and seven telegraph channels seem to preclude commercial quality 24-hour opera- would be provided initially.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS 511 (3) Cost Estimate (6) Security. An interruption at any point kiUs the (a) Capital investment through circuits. Consequently the small building and modest tower instaUations must be amply pro¬ Foreign tected in any such scheme. 'Item Life Exchange Local (kyats) (c) Power. Since rehable commercial power is not (years] (kyats) available outside of Rangoon, diesel-driven generators are required in duplicate at each location. Reserve 1. Radio and Terminal Equipment 15 7,00,000 capacity wiU supply fighting for the station and quar¬ 2. Test Equipment 15 35,000 ters. 3. Power Source 15 1,10,000 4. Antenna Towers 15 60,000 {d) Quarters. Modest quarters are necessary to 5. Accomodations (Sites, Station house the key technical staff near the station on an Buildings, Quarters) 30 6,00,000 "on-call" basis. 9,05,000 6,00,000 Engineering and Contingency (10 %) 90,500 60,000 (d) VHF tributary links 9,95,500 6,60,000 (1) General When the multi-channel u.h.f. system outlined Total K16,55,500 above replaces the Rangoon-Bassein single-channel v.h.f. circuit, the displaced equipment (three complete (b) Annual costs finks) can be used to advantage on tributary circuits (i) Annual Investment Charges where river crossings complicate the maintenance of Amount Rate Charge landUnes. Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) 1-4 9,95,500 9-634 95,816.47 (2) Most Urgent Need 5 6,60,000 5-783 38,167.80 As indicated on Plate 4, if a connection were pro¬ 1 "^"^ 0R4 ''I vided between Henzada and Tharrawaddy, the land- line system between Henzada and Bassein could work (ii) Maintenance and Operating Costs into the Rangoon-Prome landUne trunk. Amount Rate Charge Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) (a) Equipment available. Telecommunications has a complete two-way v.h.f. system which was pur¬ 9,95,500 10-0 99,550 5 6,60,000 5-0 33,000 chased for experimental telephone service finks. This 1 '^'> ■s<;n no equipment is designed for 12-volt operation on fre¬ quencies of 73 and 85 megacycles. It is suggested that (iii) Administration Costs these units could be instaUed to provide the Henzada- Amount Rate Charge Tharrawaddy Unk described above. There is no power- Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) supply problem because petrol-operated battery 1-5 16,55,500 10-0 1,65,550 chargers are available locaUy. Antenna masts for this 1 6^ '\<,c\ on operation should be 75 to 100 feet high. The equip¬ ment already has telephone-exchange connection facilities.

The estimated annual cost is approximately K4,300 (3) Other Links per system-mile or rdiighly K300 per channel-mile for (a) Einme-Wakema-Moulmeingyun, To put these aU telephone and telegraph trunk operation. circuits into operation will merely involve moving Bassein's v.h.f. equipment to Mouhneingyun and (4) System operation requirements the proper receiver-transmitter to Einme from (a) General. The estimate has been based on very Maubin. high quafity equipment to provide continuous reh¬ (b) Myaungmya-Labutta. It is proposed that this able service. Competent maintenance personnel must circuit will utilize the v.h.f. equipment no longer be available. Operation of 6,000 MC equipment is needed on the Maubin-Rangoon fink. not difficult, but is exacting. Complete standby equip¬ (e) Conclusions. Microwave radio can provide very ment is furnished to eUminate lengthy circuit inter¬ economical communications fadfities where the ruptions. channel demand is great enough. Experience with the 512 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA v.h.f. limited trunk system in the Delta will be of great between repeaters. Ordinary local operation between value in determining how widely this plan should be towns can be carried on over carrier lines without developed. Its installation in the Delta should be interaction. Simplex connections can also be utilized pushed. Elsewhere in Burma the landline situation for an additional telegraph circuit. must be assessed. (3) Landline Carrier in Burma d. Trunk Landlines (a) Previous use. Landline carrier working is not (1) General new to Burma. Several carrier circuits proved their worth on the Rangoon-Prome and the Rangoon- The greatest share of the world's trunk circuit Mandalay routes before World War 11. operation is, and probably will continue to be (b) Present equipment and facihties. Some of the handled over landlines. Easy to maintain, especially Telecommunications engineering and operating staff in climates without snow, ice and disastrous winds, have had experience with carrier working, and can a line properly constructed and cared for has an ex¬ serve as a nucleus for future activity of this nature. tremely long life, and is capable of very reliable ser¬ Recommendations have been made (Interim Report, vice. The advent of vacuum-tube repeaters has per¬ page 279) that the present stock of new and used mitted a substantial reduction in the size of conduc¬ carrier equipment be inventoried and put through an tors, and improved metallurgical techniques have operational check. This work has not progressed be¬ provided stronger wires for longer spans. Conse¬ yond the inventory stage. Presently, equipment is quently, greater economies than ever before are now stored in Rangoon, Toungoo and Mandalay. possible in line construction. (c) Planning. Had a carrier program been engi¬ neered and pushed, rehabilitation could have begun (2) Multi-channel Operation two years ago wherever security permitted. The head¬ (a) Carrier current system. Since the carrier princi¬ long rush into h.f. radio telegraphy as a communica¬ ple was first demonstrated, the trend has been to¬ tions medium seems to have channeled responsible wards the reduction of the number of lines required thinking away from the absolute necessity for a land- while still increasing the number of working channels. line system for certain functions. While much valuable A carrier system can provide hundreds of channels, or time has been lost, it is not too late to look into this can be used to superimpose but one channel on a tele¬ whole matter. phone or telegraph line. There are many similarities (d) Trunk routes. As mentioned previously, the con¬ between carrier-current systems and radio systems, centration of population, industry and commerce the major differences being the frequencies normally favors several main telecommunications trunk routes. used and the fact that the carrier-current signals are From toll centers, tributary primary and secondary confined to metallic wire circuits instead of being fines can provide any degree of coverage desired, radiated into space. utilizing much of Burma's huge investment in line (b) Carrier requirements. Because of the increased structures. electromagnetic and electrostatic coupling effects at carrier frequencies, special precautions must be taken (1) Rangoon-Mandalay via Pegu, Toungoo and Thazi in the design of carrier lines to prevent undesirable This circuit needs to be repaired between Pyinmana interaction between lines. Frequent transposition of and Yamethin to permit through working. It offers each wire pair and rigid tolerances in support, tension the earliest and easiest prospect for a carrier route and insulation of each conductor are required. Where between Burma's two largest cities. but one carrier pair is a part of any alignment, con¬ siderable latitude may be taken in all matters except insulation. Well trained technicians are required for (2) Rangoon Mandalay via Prome and Myingyan operation and maintenance of the terminal and re¬ This circuit is in operation as far as Prome. The line peater units, and a reliable source of power is neces¬ was not designed for carrier operation, but there is sary at these points. evidence it would serve for the interim. (c) Radio v. landhne carrier. Each has its advan¬ tages; so a choice must be dictated by the facts of the individual case. More channels can be accommodated (3) Rangoon-Moulmein via Pegu on a u.h.f. radio circuit, a great advantage if the This circuit is broken between Waw and Mokpalin, traffic warrants. The landline carrier has the advantage also between Martaban and Moulmein (Salween (by a ratio of 8 or 10 to 1) in the allowable distance River). TELECOMMUNICATIONS 513 (4) Rangoon-Delta (1) Capital Investment Lines are in operation to Maubin through Twante. Foreign Other more remote points have been connected in the Life Local Item Exchange (years) tributary network. The possibihty of through opera¬ (kyats) (kyats) tion to Bassein seems remote, and for this rehance wiU probably be placed on the v.h.f. radio system now 1. Terminal Equipment 15 75,000 2,000 being installed. Because of the numerous and wide 2. Repeater ,, 15 72,000 2,000 3. Filter 15 40,000 1,000 river crossings and the general inundation of the 4. Power Supplies 15 20,000 countryside for a portion of the year, landfine main¬ 5. Line Rehabilitation 30 9,00,000 4,00,000 tenance is expensive and difficult. Consequently, u.h.f. 6. Buildings 30 1,50,000 radio on the scale described seems the best answer to the problem of trunk operation in the Delta. 11,07,000 5,55,000 Engineering and Contingency (10%) 1,10,700 55,500

(5) Mandalay-Lashio via Maymyo 12,17,700 6,10,500 This circuit has been in operation for a considerable period of time. Traffic does not warrant carrier work¬ Total Estimated Cost K18,28,200 ing at this time. (2) Annual Cost (6) Mandalay-Myitkyina (i) Annual Investment Charges This circuit requires considerable rehabifitation and Amount Rate Charge expansion. It is not likely that carrier working can be Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) justified within the next few years. 1-4 2,27,700 9-634 21,936.62 5 9,90,000 6-505 64,399.50 (7) Conclusions l-A 5,500 4-994 274.67 5-6 6,05,000 5-783 34,987.15 The two Rangoon-Mandalay circuits are ideally 1 11 SIS'! suited for carrier working. Much equipment and Une facihties are available with which to begin the re¬ (ii) Maintenance and Operating Costs Amount Rate Charge habifitation work (see succeeding paragraphs). All Item (kyats) new construction of trtmk-route fines (except in the (%) (kyats) l-A Delta) should be to carrier standards against the time 2,33,200 10-0 23,320.00 5 14,30,000 8-5 1,21,550.00 when such operation will be practical and necessary.

(4) Rangoon-Mandalay Circuit Estimates (iii) Administration Costs (a) General. Three-channel carrier terminals with Amount Rate Charge spares, in the original packings, are held in Tele¬ Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) communications' stores. This equipment would per¬ 1-6 18,28,200 10-0 1,82,820.00 mit three both-way circuits besides the normal voice 1,82,820.00 and telegraph working, on one pair of wires. A smaU building to house the terminal equipment is required Total Estimated Annual Cost K5,31,787.94 on the outskirts of Rangoon to eliminate the necessity of special overhead lines through the city to the trunk From this figure, the annual cost per system mile is exchange. Unsatisfactory transmission of carrier fre¬ estunated at roughly K670, or less than K170 per quencies over cable circtiits without special equipment telephone-channel-mile. makes this necessary. Conventional cable connections (c) Cost comparison. As indicated in paragraph will suffice from the terminal equipment to the trunk E-2-c-(6)-(c) the annual cost for u.h.f. trunks over the exchange. same routes is estimated at K3,250 per system mile, or (b) Cost estimates. Because rehabfiitation of the K2,580 higher than landfine carrier. If only one route carrier system has not been coordinated and kept was equipped with u.h.f., the balance would still favor current by frequent information from the districts, the landhne trunks by K955 per system-rmle. The larger accuracy of fine rehabifitation figures is low. They are potential channel expansion of u.h.f. is no advantage, adequate, however, for budgetary and preliminary in this case, because Burma's future requirements do planning. Both trunks are calculated on the basis of not require it. A modest expansion of landfine carrier providing two intermediate toll centers. can meet all foreseeable future needs. 514 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA (5) Carrier Line Material Reclamation (e) Northern Shan States. The trunk circuit, Man¬ At the end of World War II, a carrier hne was con¬ dalay to Lashio, can be maintained in good order. structed from Tamu to Mandalay for military pur¬ Carrier working should be added as required. The cir¬ poses. Because there is no longer a need for this type cuit should be extended beyond Lashio as soon as of line between these points, it has been suggested that security conditions permit. Tributary circuits will the materials be removed and used for rehabilitating follow with similar action. the Rangoon Mandalay carrier circuits. While re¬ (f) Southern Shan States. Econonuc development liable information is meager, it is believed that enough and a return to settled conditions are essential for an material for at least a hundred miles of carrier line extension of the communications lines beyond Taung¬ could be recovered. The matter merits close in¬ gyi. Spot communications circuits can be estabUshed vestigation from the standpoints of possible future by h.f. radio as required. need for this line, removal cost and general con¬ (g) Tenasserim. When conditions permit, the land¬ dition of the material. hnes should be extended from Moulmein southwards to Tavoy and Mergui. Adequate tributaries can be (6) Trunk Service to Outlying Areas added as required. Until then h.f. circuits must be (a) General. Once the primary trunks have been tolerated. Victoria Point, because of difficult terrain, established the major proportion of the population is must continue to be served by h.f. radio. served. But, many secondary trunks and tributary circuits are necessary to provide some communica¬ (h) Implementation tions facilities for the remaining large areas. How (1) Estimate of expenditure extensive and appropriate the system becomes de¬ Without going over the ground, yard by yard, it is pends on the critical balance of cost, revenue and impossible to determine the exact cost of rehabifitating need. The accumulation of all the facts necessary for these secondary trunk hues. A fair estimate can be definite proposals in these areas is beyond the scope made, however, because the impfied project is large, of the present survey. However, opinions based on and funds can be transferred as required from one personal visits to some of these areas and/or reliable division to another. It is estimated that K20 lakhs information are expressed as conclusions in respect to should be appropriated for this work. meeting early requirements. (b) Arakan. This area is now served by several (2) Planning and Engineering radiotelegraph stations through Akyab to Rangoon. Immediate attention should be given to making the It is planned to add radiotelephone facihties so that essential detailed plans. Subdivisional officers must trunk telephone operation between Akyab and Ran¬ gather data on such points as exact conditions of the goon is possible. As soon as security conditions per¬ present alignment, estimates of materials required, and mit, much of the previous landline system should be possible changes in location of the ahgnment for im¬ restored. This can be supplemented in difficult sec¬ proving security and facilitating maintenance. When tions with the most suitable type of radio. the actual work begins, modern techniques and con¬ (c) Chin Hills, Upper Chindwin and Naga Hills. struction equipment should be utilized. Where deemed essential, landline facihties wiU be re¬ placed when security conditions permit. Improved (7) Landline Maintenance radiotelegraph and radiotelephone operation will pro¬ (a) Vegetation removal. In the tropics landlines vide a modicum of telecommunications service. Ex¬ fare well with the elements but suffer from rapidly pansion of the trunk and tributary system must await growing jungle. During the last few years, great strides highway and/or railway construction which can be have been made in the chemical (herbicide) control hastened by the demands of industry and agriculture. of weeds and brush. There is every reason to believe (d) Kachin State. Trunk working between Myit- that these methods are applicable in Burma, and kyina and Mandalay must be restored as rapidly as could result in considerable savings of both manpower possible by landlines along the railway. The post align¬ and money. ment is in fair condition and should be restrung with copperweld wire, a portion of which is now in stock. (1) Methodology Local telephone and telegraph working can be acom- There are several methods of applying herbicides: modated on the same conductors. Until this can be (a) Fofiage spraying using water as a carrier. carried out, high-frequency radio must continue to (6) Basal bark spraying (dormant season or year- provide limited communications facilities. Because of round) using oil as a vehicle. difficult terrain, Putao is best served by radio through (c) Basal bark spraying with oil and water emul¬ Myitkyina. sion as a vehicle. TELECOMMUNICATIONS 515 (d) Cut-stump spraying with oil as a vehicle. those places where telephone or telegraph landhnes Once vegetation is brought under control, only spot cannot be economically maintained. treatment is necessary to maintain a clear fine right- (e) Where a radiotelegraph station is retained for of-way. Further details may be secured from the security reasons, its maintenance and operation should foUowing firms: Thompson Chemical Corp., St. be met from the defense budget. Louis 3, Mo., USA; Dow Chemical Corp., Midland, (/) Where radio and landUne telegraph facihties Mich., USA; Amer. Chem. Paint Co., Ambler, Pa., are available in a community, the same staff should USA. handle both media. As presently arranged many (b) Equipment radio operators do not handle a single message from one month's end to the next. (1) General (g) Telecommunications make an all-out effort to The specialized tools, modern materials and equip¬ restring commercial hues on the pole structures that ment used elsewhere for fine construction and main¬ have carried Railways' control hues for some time. tenance are conspicuously absent in Burma. With the efficiency, productivity and work quality of the fine e. The Rangoon Telephone System staJBf depending to a large extent on adequate equip¬ (1) General ment the best available on the world's markets should The telephone service in Burma's capital city leaves be procured. much to be desired. Most complaints fall into one or (2) Transportation more of the foUowing categories: Without means for moving quickly from one (a) The system is too small. trouble spot to another, full maintenance productivity (b) The service is unsatisfactory. cannot be reaUzed, nor can optimimi service be ren¬ (c) The annual rental is much too high. dered to the Department's customers. Utifity-body Any thought given to rectifying one of the above trucks can be purchased from many suppliers. must involve the other two. For instance, there is Uttle virtue in enlarging the system without at the same (3) Standards and training time restoring it to an acceptable and less expensive Much more emphasis must be placed on adherence operating standard. to accepted standards. Supervising engineers must be The trend toward fuUy automatic exchange opera¬ in a position, physically and technically, to show tion has aheady extended to 70% of the world's tele¬ maintenance personnel all techiuques for doing the phones. It is inevitable that Rangoon's future system job at hand (see Traiiung, Section 5). wfil be "dial operated." Regardless of the desirabiUty of the automatic system, however, the cost must be (8) Reconmiendations considered in the Ught of local purchasing power. Based on the foregoing discussion, it is recom¬ Since recommendations will be influenced by exchange mended that: size and system of switching, as weU as by equipment (a) A determined program for the restoration of and operating costs, each will be examined in some the Rangoon-Mandalay carrier circuits be adopted detaU. under responsible direction. Engineering-planning could be carried out immediately so that imported (2) Subscriber Demand equipment items might be ordered, and the Rangoon The determination of subscriber demand depends terminal constructed. Line rehabihtation should be¬ upon the integration of numerous social and economic gin at the end of the present monsoon season. factors such as population density, standards of Uv- (b) Microwave radio be utilized for the Delta ing, number and extent of business estabUshments trunk system and the equipment of the entirely in¬ adequate v.h.f. system be used for tributary circuits Telephones Population where single channels over longer hops are desirable. City Country (est.) I Per (c) LandUne rehabifitation be pushed wherever Total possible using copperweld wire as an economy 1 Hundred measure, and to discourage pilfering of line materials. Tokyo Japan 6,300,000 297,000 4-7 Also, that Government take a sterner attitude to¬ Colombo Ceylon 400,000 14,000 3-5 wards all such acts of sabotage so that fine structures Manila Phil. Rep. 1,093,000 15,500 1-42 will be higfily respected. Delhi-New Delhi India 1,191,000 , 15,000 1-26 Karachi Pakistan 1,300,000 j 14,000 1-08 (d) The h.f. radiotelegraph program be modified to Djakarta Indonesia 1,200,000 12,700 1-06 prevent wasteful spending on a system both unsatis¬ factory and expensive. HF should be used only in 516 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA and the habits and desires of the people. Statistics (b) Annual costs. The annual costs are comprised based on these factors are usually collected by the of (i) annual investment charges of interest and local telephone administration to guide expansion amortization, (ii) maintenance and operating costs programs. To supplement the meager data from Ran¬ and (iu) administration costs. goon, figures from a few capital cities have been collected to illustrate the Ukely trends. (i) Annual Investment Charges PracticaUy every major city in this general area has Amount Rate Charge a telephone expansion program planned, or already Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) under construction. Colombo plans to have faciUties 1-5 42,84,500 5-783 2,47,772.65 for 40,000 telephones by the end of 1959, while Delhi- 1-5 1,00,15,500 6-505 6,51,508.28 New DeUu plans to have 30,000 by 1956-57. Q 00 '>Rn 0'^ (3) The Initial InstaUation (ii) Maintenance and Operating Costs When new systems are installed, a certain excess is Amount Rate Charge incorporated in the underground system and in the Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) exchange itself to provide for the first five to ten years' demand growth without additional plant ex¬ penditure. It is befieved that Rangoon should antici¬ pate sUghtly more than one telephone per one hun¬ dred of population. This can be achieved by initiaUy equipping the exchanges as foUows: Main 6,000 Unes (iii) Administration Costs North 2,000 Unes Amount Rate Charge

Insein 300 Unes Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) 1-5 1,43,00,000 10-0 14,30,000 for a total of 8,300 lines. For the physical relationship 14,30,000.00 of these offices, see Plate 5. (4) Estunated Costs Total Annual Cost K26,65,780.93 The foUowing "Capital Costs" table is predicated on the assumption that Government wiU erect a (5) Subscribers' Annual Charge bufiding for the main exchange more suitably located (a) Trend of charges. To compute the cost of auto¬ and designed than the 40th Street property. Centrally matic telephone service to the individual subscriber, located housing must also be provided for the North it is only necessary to divide the annual cost by the and Insein exchanges. Sites for these buildings are total number of subscribers. From the estimated cost, understood to be in the process of procurement. Air the following figures illustrate the trend and magni¬ conditioning is essential for maintaining a dust-free tude of subscriber charges to support a modem atmosphere of constant temperature and humidity to automatic telephone system in Rangoon. permit optimum functioning of the switching devices. ohones in Use Annual Cost Monthly Cost (a) Capital investment 4,000 K692 K58 Foreign 5,000 K554 K47 Life Local 6,000 K462 K39 Item (years) Exchange (kyats) (kyats) 7,000 K396 K33

1. Buildings, including Sites 30 1,00,000 8,00,000 2. Air Conditioning 30 80,000 20,000 (b) Basis for calculating charges. Most telephone 3. Exchange Equipment 30 28,00,000 2,00,000 4. Outside Plant 30 52,00,000 28,00,000 organizations render a monthly or bi-monthly bill to 5. Telephones and PBX Boards 30 9,25,000 75,000 each subscriber. Either of two methods may be used to compute the amount. The first method operates on 91,05,000 38,95,000 the flat-rate principle. A telephone is classified as Engineering and Contingency 9,10,500 3,89,500 either residential or business and the subscriber pays the appropriate fee regardless of the number of calls 1,00,15,500 42,84,500 made. The second method makes a similar distinction in telephone usage, but charges a certain minimum fee plus a smaU amount for each caU. Subscribers' Note: Imports are CIF Rangoon, exclusive of duty. meters, to count the outgoing caUs on each Une, are

TELECOMMUNICATIONS 517 included in the automatic exchange equipment. The the Rangoon telephone system. In general, the recom¬ second method is more equitable but involves more mendations of the report are conventional and reason¬ clerical work. It is more suitable to automatic ex¬ able. Exceptions relating to exchange growth esti¬ change working. mates, and to the type of switching system offered, are (c) Protection against non-payment. From each held. subscriber, it is necessary to collect a deposit in addi¬ (1) Future Needs. The BPO's suggestion that the tion to the modest instafiation fee. This deposit is 30-year Rangoon telephone-line saturation figure large enough to cover a month's operation, and pro¬ might he 6,888 is unrealistic. A review of the statistics tect the telephone administration from the tardy re¬ in Section E 2-e-(2) indicates that this number of mitter. The procedure, if prompt adjustment of the hnes in operation today would only put Rangoon on account is not forthcoming after adequate warning, is a par with other capital cities in this area. Thirty years to suspend the service. There are no collection diffi¬ of economic development should see Rangoon's tele¬ culties, such as those suffered by Telecommunications, phone needs well into the five-figure category. where the telephone administration exercises this rule (2) Switching System. The recommendation of impartially. Strowger step-by-step is consistent with BPO policy since it standardized on this method some thirty years (6) Operation and Maintenance ago. No alternative was offered. (a) Preventive maintenance. Most of the duties in (b) Crossbar trend. The Strowger step-by-step is an automatic exchange will be much more exacting the most widely adopted system of automatic tele¬ and specialized than those found in a manual ex¬ phone switching. Invented in 1889, and achieving change. Technicians will need many skills. The em¬ early success, it has demonstrated the practicability phasis, in this type of operation, is largely on preven¬ of automatic telephone exchanges. Strowger-type tive maintenance—taking the appropriate steps to re¬ equipment is manufactured in many parts of the move the causes of service interruptions before they world; two countries in this area are currently equip¬ can occur. This is a concept which must be learned ping factories for its production. Conservative esti¬ and practiced diligently, or the automatic telephone mates indicate that there are more telephones in auto¬ system is doomed from the beginning. matic operation through Strowger exchanges than (b) Staff estimates.The tables on the next page show the others combined. For many years, however, the a fair approximation of thenumber andkinds of special¬ inherent weaknesses of this sytem have been recog¬ ists required in an operation of this magnitude. nized, and engineers have developed diligently toward The number of people required (and the ultimate improved switching methodology. This search has not success of the scheme) depends largely on the aptitude abated, although circuits using the ingenious Cross¬ and willingness of the employees to learn and practice bar switch are receiving increasing application. In the the precise maintenance and operating procedures. It United States and Sweden, high ranking in telephone is to be noted that draftsmen, stock clerks and technology and leading the world in per capita tele¬ various office staff are provided for under "Adminis¬ phone service, Crossbar systems have rapidly gained tration." favour, being instaUed on an increasing scale. Other (c) Transportation requirements. It must be re¬ nations, including Finland, the Netherlands, Den¬ membered that motorized maintenance is a corner¬ mark, Yugoslavia and Italy are turning to Crossbar stone of satisfactory telephone system maintenance. switching in expansion and modernization schemes. Telecommunications' facilities, in this respect, have First patented in the USA in the early 1900s, the been most inadequate. Under the automatic system, Crossbar switch after considerable development was Insein exchange will begin operations as an unattended apphed to exchange switching in Sweden in 1926. unit. In case of breakdown, and for periodic inspec¬ The first exchange in the USA to be so equipped tion, the services of a mechanic from "North" or followed some years later. Exchange equipment em¬ "Main" must be available by motor transport. The bodying Crossbar switches is now manufactured in cost estimates in the table include an allowance for all the USA, Sweden and France. At the present time, transport requirements and the minimum number of a constantly expanding total of several milhon ex¬ vehicles is indicated. change lines of Crossbar switching are in use. Even though the world's total of Strowger-exchange (7) Selection of a Switching System lines greatly exceeds that of the more modem Cross¬ (a) The BPO Survey Report recommendations. bar, the recent trend in the face of the earher adoption This survey, for which the Government contracted of other systems must be recognized. It is befieved, with the British Post Office, was to serve as a basis for therefore, that Burma's best interests would be served recommendations and specifications for automatizing by a consideration of these latest developments. 518 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA

PERSONNEL REQUIRED FOR OUTSIDE OPERATIONS

PERSONNEL REQUIRED IN EXCHANGES

MAIN 1 3 3 3 4 8 2 3 3

NORTH 1 — 1 3 — . — — 2 2

INSEIN UNAllENDED 3 — — — — 1 TELECOMMUNICATIONS 519 (8) Comparison of BPO Strowger and Ericsson's Crossbar system offered for Rangoon uses roughly Crossbar 15 watt-hours per subscriber per day, while the BPO A report was prepared (November 22, 1952) to pro¬ Strowger (basing the calculation on the fact that bat¬ vide the Department of Telecommunications with a teries are usually provided with sufficient capacity to comparison of important features of the BPO-re- meet the 24-hour load at the 10-year period) consumes commended Strowger system and the modern Cross¬ considerably more, assuming the same traffic condi¬ bar system offered by L. M. Ericsson for automatizing tion in each case. Since a considerable portion of the the Rangoon system. Since both organizations have power is converted into heat, it can have a significant made detailed surveys, it is possible to examine their bearing on the air-conditioiung plant. The BPO conclusions and claims in formulating a recommenda¬ Strowger requires an additional battery for sub¬ tion. It is understood that these are the only systems scriber metering, thus adding to the first cost and imder active consideration by Government. maintenance problems. (a) Obsolescence risk. BPO's Strowger as recom¬ (f) Outside Plant. It is axiomatic with telephone mended for Rangoon was developed over the years engineers that every economy made in the outside to 1936, when the 2,000-type selector was adopted; plant is twice as important as an economy made in since then the design of the selector has been virtually the central office, or in the subscriber's station equip¬ stabilized. The Crossbar offered by Ericsson was de¬ ment. Consequently an exchange system which per¬ veloped between 1935 and 1950, to incorporate facili¬ mits outside plant economies is most desirable. It ties long demanded by the telephone industry. Since must be pointed out, therefore, that the Ericsson an automatic telephone exchange is considered to Crossbar peradts a line-loop resistance of up to have a useful life of about thirty years, that period 1,200-1,500 ohms (exclusive of the instrument), may be required to write off the cost. Therefore, the whereas the BPO Strowger has specified not more more logical choice from the minimum obsolescence- than 650 ohms for dependable signahng. This differ¬ risk standpoint bearing in mind the previously men¬ ence may not seem important until considered in tioned trend, would be the more modern system. terms of the gauge (and cost) of the conductors in the (b) First cost. Estimates on both exchange systems cable plant. In the final analysis, this tolerance of meeting the BPO's five-year figure of 4,184 lines LME's Crossbar could result in a copper saving of (this figure is befieved to be unreafistically low) indi¬ up to fifty per cent. A potential economy of this cates that there is httle difference in first cost. As the magnitude should not be disregarded by a telephone exchange-side exceeds 4,800 fines, BPO's proposed administration faced with purchasing much new cable. introduction of the fifth digit, thus requiring addi¬ (g) Junction lines between exchanges. The BPO tional selectors, will cause the Strowger system to be¬ Report's reference to "private wires" in estimating come less competitive. It is beheved that Ericsson's the junction-fine requirements is confusing. Since Crossbar provides several economies that are not their final design data have not yet reached Rangoon, apparent from comparing price tags, as will be the point remains unclear. The fact remains, however, pointed out in subsequent paragraphs. that the more favourable grouping offered by Erics¬ (c) Space requirement. From the space require¬ son's Crossbar permits a junction-cable economy of ment figures submitted, it appears that Crossbar re¬ some magnitude. The conductor gauge of the junc¬ quires a maximum floor space of one-half square foot tions is the same for both systems. per Une, while Strowger requires one square foot per (h) Dial speed. It is generally understood that the Une. The rack height of the Crossbar equipment is impulses produced by the subscriber-instrument's 9 ft. 6 in., while 10 ft. 6 in. is required by the Strowger dial guide the automatic exchange eqiupment in estab- (unless modified from the standard BPO dimension). hshing the desired ringing and talking circuits. What In both cases, a free space above the rack of at least is not so well known perhaps, is the important influ¬ one foot is required for cable supports. These differ¬ ence of dial speed, make-and-break ratio, and pulse ences in rack height and floor space requirements are shape upon the performance of an automatic switch¬ significant from the standpoints of building construc¬ ing system. The Ericsson Crossbar system permits tion and air-conditioning costs. dial-speeds from 8 to 22 impulses per second, whereas (d) Floor loading. Under similar conditions of in- the BPO Strowger dials must be maintained within a staUation, the Crossbar imposes a floor load of 125 narrower range of from 7 to 12 (optimum 10) impulses pounds per square foot, as opposed to 180 pounds per second. It is well known that faster operating per square foot specified for the BPO Strowger. equipment which will eventually incorporate faster (e) Power consumption. The electric power required dials is receiving attention on many automatic- by a medium-size automatic exchange is not large, exchange design fronts. but it is an item of operating expense. The Ericsson It is further noted that for an exchange of 3,314 520 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA lines, such as the BPO suggests for "Main," 800 cords. Figures from neighboring countries indicate selectors, on various levels, must operate from sub¬ that the annual rate can be as high as three wipers scriber-dial pulses. In an equivalent Ericsson Cross¬ per subscriber Une. This represents an operating cost bar system, the dial pulses are received by only 30 of considerable proportions which is not applicable registers whose relays are designed solely for receiv¬ to a Crossbar system. There are other parts which ing and storing these impulses. It is much easier to require frequent replacement in the Strowger selector. maintain this small number of impulse-receiving This handicap, together with the fact that selector relays than to maintain the 800 selector-relays which mechanisms require precise adjustment and lubrica¬ govern directly the numerical stepping function of an tion tends to offset the advantages of the simpler equal number of Strowger switches. circuitry of the BPO system. (i) National dialing. In the interest of future expan¬ (I) Character of operation. As previously men¬ sion of the automatic telephone system in Burma, it tioned, exchanges have been designed around the is pointed out that many features desirable in a Crossbar switch to eliminate certain faults of earher country-wide dialing scheme are already embodied in systems. The adoption of noble-metal contacts has Ericsson's Crossbar. To provide these facilities with the improved the quality of the talking circuit over that BPO Strowger would require expensive modifications. permitted by the base-metal bank contacts of the (j) Maintenance. One of the outstanding advan¬ Strowger selector. Besides this contact improve¬ tages of the Crossbar switch are its modest mainten¬ ment, the Crossbar switch has increased connection ance requirements. L. M. Ericsson claim that ex¬ speed, and at the same time eliminates the mechanic¬ changes using their equipment report that not more al chatter and vibration inherent to the selector. As than one-haff hour's maintenance per subscriber per a result, the Crossbar central office is quieter. All of year need be anticipated. The BPO Report esti¬ this, while perhaps difficult to evaluate in exact terms, mates (basing the calculation on the number of main¬ contributes to the greater overall satisfaction with the tenance men specified) approximately two hours automatic telephone system. maintenance per subscriber per year. Figures ob¬ (m) Automatic-area numbering. In the survey tained from Pakistan and India, however, indicate report of the BPO, it is indicated that a maximum that maintenance of BPO-type Strowger may re¬ of 7,000 exchange lines can be connected to the auto¬ quire as much as seven hours per subscriber per year. matic area before adding the fifth digit. However, It is somewhat difficult to assess the value of re¬ according to the numbering scheme outlined, a mixed duced maintenance, but a saving of labor means lower 4 and 5-digit system will be utilized at the 4,800-line operating costs, and less out-of-order time means figure. By contrast, the LME Crossbar will permit better service to the telephone public. It is of interest the operation of 9,000 automatic fines. Therefore as to note that the general refiabiUty and low mainten¬ offered for Rangoon, the Crossbar system can ac¬ ance requirements of Crossbar-exchange compon¬ commodate almost 50 per cent more subscribers than ents are contributing factors to its selection by many the BPO-planned Strowger before resorting to the ex¬ administrations for rural automatic exchanges which pense of another group-selector stage. This is a most must operate totally unattended. important point for telephone administrators to keep (k) Spare parts consumption. It must be expected in mind when planning a new system where consider¬ that any automatic telephone exchange will require able expansion must be anticipated. One of the factors certain replacement parts during a given period of contributing to LME Crossbar's much more favor¬ operation. In the best of equipment a relay coil may able number utilization is the full employment of the open or a condenser may develop a short circuit, for "1" level. BPO, as do certain other administrations, such is the nature of delicate electrical apparatus. discards the "1" level for full subscriber use because However, there has been great progress in component of the risk of malfunction due to spurious irutial single design, and with new materials, telephone-design impulses. LME apparently does not consider the risk engineers are striving continually towards fault-free important enough to warrant this curtailment, and equipment. Many feel that the closest approach, to as a consequence provides a substantial saving. date, has been made with circuitry based on relays and Crossbar switches. In comparing the two systems (9) Recommendations offered for Rangoon, it is logical to assume, since The facts and figures presented in this report are relay contact wear is proportional to selector-circuit the result of a general study of the Rangoon telephone current, that the BPO Strowger wiU require more system. During the course of this survey, over a period frequent renewals. This matter is relegated to a lesser of many months, suggestions have been made to place in the spare-parts consumption picture, how¬ and discussed with Telecommunications and Ministry ever, by the replacement rate of selector wipers and officials. Consequently, some of the following items TELECOMMUNICATIONS 521 may aheady be under active consideration. Based on (g) Telecommunications standardize, by specifica¬ conclusions reached in this survey, it is recommended tion and drawings, the apparatus and materials needed that: in the operation of the telephone system. Enough (a) Prompt consideration be taken of the most laboratory facilities must be provided to permit pressing need for an administration within Tele¬ essential electrical measurements. Sufficient equip¬ communications which is techrucally and organiza¬ ment performance data should be recorded to serve as tionally designed to manage the affairs of the Ran¬ a basis for future purchasing. goon telephone system. This must take precedence (h) Improved practices in outside plant construc¬ over any serious move towards automatization. It is tion and maintenance, notably distribution point and further urged that the newly appointed divisional drop wiring, be adopted. Adequate motor transport is engineer be given the latitude and assistance he will also long overdue. need, over an adequate period of time, to straighten (/) Large-scale city maps showing outside plant out and modernize the operations of this expanding installations be maintained accurately, and kept system. current. (b) The program for automatization be pushed so (j) Complete and accurate cable-test data be se¬ that the new manual exchange need not expand be¬ cured to permit trouble location with instruments. In yond 2,000 Unes. It is reasonable to expect South the absence of this information it is impossible to exchange (1,000 lines), bolstered with a few replace¬ decide which cables can be used for automatic ringing ment parts, to serve for another two or three years (new C-B boards) or full automatic exchange opera¬ without excessive breakdown. With 3,000 Unes in tion. Wet-weather cable faults are difficult to find operation, the cost of installing the third 1,000-Une without this information. board as well as the cost of the additional power (k) Adequate accounting facilities be established so supply could be saved. This new 1,000-line board that an accurate compilation of operating and capital could be sent to Mandalay where it will be needed to costs can be quickly obtained. meet the anticipated demand when trunk working is re-established and the program for industrialization f. Telephone Exchanges Outside Rangoon begins to take shape (see Section E^2 f-(8)). (c) Telecommunications procure a site within the (1) General specified area (Mogul, Eraser, Dalhousie, Sule Pag¬ Today, the telephone is recognized as an economical oda), and erect thereon a functional automatic ex¬ and social necessity, yet not one of the 53 communities change building. This will bring about housing and in Burma of over 10,000 population enjoys optimum plant economies by locating the exchange in the future telephone service. This is the basis for the contention center of maximum telephone density. that once the trunk-line system is re-established, ex¬ (d) The modern LME Crossbar exchange system pansion and rehabilitation of the various telephone be adopted in preference to the BPO Strowger for exchanges will be Telecommunications' biggest re¬ reasons outlined within this report. Because of Ran¬ sponsibility for some time to come. Only early and goon's importance, present and potential, as the capi¬ aggressive attention to engineering, planning and tal city of Burma, it is further urged that provisions procurement will enable the Department to meet the be made for 6,000 lines in "Main," 2,000 in "North" demand with competence, speed and thoroughness. and 300 in "Insein" (including the Mingaladon area). The really difficult problem in this respect is keeping Incorporated should be pubfic telephone faciUties in a balance between service, operating expense and public buildings, cinema vestibules, and 24-hour revenue. Telecommunications must not for a moment establishments such as police and fire brigade head¬ deviate from the goal of a faster, more dependable quarters, BRR station and the air terminal. and more economical telephone service for an ever- (e) Telecommunications establish well-planned increasing number of people. training classes for all grades of telephone technicians as one of the first steps in improving and standardizing (2) Subscriber Demand operations as outlined in Section E-5. Also, that As previously stated, the number of telephones re¬ selected technicians be sent to the United States or quired to satisfy the needs of a community depends Sweden for training in modern telephony practices. on many factors and variables. The number of govern¬ (/) Stern measures be apphed to the collection of un¬ ment offices, the degree of industriaUzation, the com¬ paid telephone bills, and the departmental regulations, mercial and social relationships between sections of the in this respect, be more vigorously enforced without country, and the desires and the habits of the people preferment for subscribers who are members of the themselves influence the final telephone saturation Government unless authorized by law or regulations. figure. 522 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA (a) No master telephone plan. Planning for Burma's It is estimated that most of the outside plant will near future network suggests a master plan for a require a complete overhauling and replacement. trunk-lines system with clear-cut goals for the next two, five and ten years. Unfortunately, the Depart¬ (b) Initial exchange lines required ment has put very little definite shape to the blocks of (1) Urgency accomplishment for these periods, and consequently Since Telecommunications has not completed the can promise little more than the limited local service first-stage planning for the rehabilitation-expansion most large communities now have. Trunk-line plan¬ program, very few data were available for the foUow¬ ning will be effective only when the top policy-makers ing estimate. However, the urgency for indicating the understand fully the limitations imposed by pursuing order of expenditure involved demands action, even at the radiotelegraph program rather than rehabilitating and expanding the landlines. the expense of accuracy. (b) Surveys necessary. Before an expansion plan for (2) Basis for Estimate any community takes shape, a formal survey must be conducted by the telephone administration to deter¬ (a) Population above 10,000. Central battery ex¬ mine its extent and direction. This prevents wasting changes are more economical than magneto exchanges money on an oversized plant, or losing money and for medium-sized systems, but require a dependable good will by an inadequate system. It helps to deter¬ source of power. It is believed that this will be pro¬ mine the best location for exchange buildings, and vided throughout Burma by the electrification pro¬ allows designers to mesh their plans with those of the gram. Therefore, C-B exchanges are indicated for the municipality, to the advantage of all concerned. As 52 conamunities of more than 10,000 population out¬ each installation must be independently designed, side the Rangoon area. It is estimated that approxi¬ Telecommunications must furnish its district officers mately 3,500 hnes of C-B exchange equipment will be with complete information and instructions for available upon the mechanization of Rangoon's ex¬ initiating these surveys. changes, leaving about 5,000 lines to be purchased. (b) Population between 4,000 and 10,000. Magneto- (I) Survey details exchange equipment, now in use throughout Burma, There is no short cut for avoiding the requirement can be allocated to the 67 communities having popu¬ for detailed questioning to deternune who are poten¬ lations between 4,000 and 10,000 as required. The tial subscribers. Such information must be solicited on cost estimate for this phase of the program must be the premise that adequate trunk facilities are to be calculated at a later date when better information provided, rates are to be lowered, better subscriber assures acceptable accuracy, and when the growth of instruments are to be installed, and improved local the trunk-line system can be evaluated. service is to be guaranteed. The survey is an exacting (4) Capital Investment task, and not to be treated hghtly by the responsible personnel. All cost fixtures are given on a "per hne" basis to facilitate making estimates for systems of various (3) Estimates of Telephone Exchange Expansion sizes up to 600 hnes. (a) General data only. The collection of the accurate data required for the design of telephone exchanges in Foreign each of the provincial towns is beyond the scope of Life Ex¬ Local Item (years) change (kyats) the survey made for this Report, but such information (kyats) can and must be obtained by Telecommunications' personnel (under expert direction, if necessary) as out¬ lined previously. The present survey has, however, 1. Exchange Equipment 30 155 15 2. Outside Plant disclosed certain pertinent facts: 30 345 175 3. Subscribers' Instruments 30 70 5 (1) The quality of service now rendered is generally at an unsatisfactory level. 570 195 (2) The equipment, both inside and outside plant, Engineering and Contingency is obsolete and inadequate. (10%) 57 19.50 (3) The exchanges are for the most part unsuitable for connection into a high-grade trunk system. 627 214.50 (4) Maintenance standards have not been observed, Estimated Total Capital Cost whether because of material inadequacies or for other (per line) reasons. TELECOMMUNICATIONS 523 (5) Annual Costs for connections when the Rangoon Mandalay carrier This is comprised of the annual investment charges trunks go into operation permitting through operation of (i) amortization and interest, (ii) maintenance and to other districts. Now is the time to think about operating costs and (iii) administration costs. All further expansion. figures are liberal and provide for first-class equip¬ (b) Subscriber demand. The North Burma Division ment, operation and maintenance. has not undertaken the accurate determination of future telephone subscriber demand. However, an (i) Annual Investment Charges estimate adequate for these purposes can be made Amount Rate Charge from presently known facts about telephone usage in Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) Burma. On this basis, it is estimated that one 1,000- Une C-B exchange will see Mandalay through the five-year period following restoration of trunk service 53.19 to Rangoon. Under favorable conditions of indus¬ (ii) Maintenance and Operating Costs trialization and improved standards of living, the Amount Rate Charge number of telephones may double in a 20-year period. Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) 1^3 841.50 25-0 210.38 (c) Automatic or manual. Before the details of ex¬ 210.38 pansion are discussed, the most desirable type of ex¬ change operation should be determined. There is (iii) Administration Costs much to be said for either automatic or manual Amount Rate Charge Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) operation for an exchange of this size. Where labor costs are high, or where there is any great threat of 1-3 841.50 10-0 84.15 84.15 labor stoppages, automatic operation is especially attractive. In any case, its greater reUabihty and per¬ Total Estimated Annual Cost sonnel economies have justified its use for almost 70 % per Line 347.72 of the world's telephones. On the other hand, the Total Estimated Annual Cost lower initial cost of manual equipment with more modest maintenance requirements offers serious financial inducements. The inhial cost of automatic (6) Housing will average about K400 per line more than manual (a) Exchange. It is to be noted that no provision for equipment. Fixed charges, considering return and de¬ new housing has been made in the above estimate be¬ preciation, wiU aggregate at least 8 %. Therefore, the cause the extent of this requirement has not been as¬ excess annual fixed charge of automatic over manual certained. It has been observed that some exchange will be K32 per line. At least ten operators will be building must be appraised from the standpoint of required for toll, inquiry and service, at an added utiUty and location when the program is planned. It annual cost of K15 per line. The annual maintenance is pointed out that where new housing is required, the cost may easily amount to K8 per Une more than the economic and technical advantages of having the tele¬ manual exchange. Altogether, this amounts to K60 phone, telegraph and post-office facilities share a per line, per year, to be compared to the manual buUding should not be overlooked. Modern functional board's operating figure of K45. For a slightly larger design merits high priority. exchange, the automatic system would be more eco¬ (b) Staff. Consideration of living quarters provided nomical. by the Department seems to rank in the minds of em¬ (d) Exchange building. The present central building ployees as the most important aspect of the job. The is too small to accommodate much exchange growth. whole policy of furnishing living quarters must be Consequently, a new building is required for this settled by the Ministry to prevent staff dissension at a anticipated expansion. All of the elements of good time when maximum cooperation is essential. telephone engineering must be exercised to insure that the type of building and its location are optimum. (7) Mandalay Telephone System (a) General. The installation of a new 400-line mag¬ (8) Recommendations neto exchange was recently completed in Burma's (a) General. It is recommended that plans be laid second city. This expansion was accompanied by ex¬ immediately for expanding local telephone service tensive outside plant improvements, mostly in the throughout Burma as outlined in the foregoing para¬ form of new cable. Considering the fact that Mandalay graphs. This should include the drawing up of com¬ has a population of more than 182,000, the present plete instructions and forms so that local subdivisional telephone system will not be able to meet the demand officers can conduct a subscriber-demand survey, and 524 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA furnish the necessary technical information for laying for doing nothing. He must receive guidance and help out the outside plant. from the operating staff as to materials to be ordered (b) Mandalay. Based on the assumption that Ran¬ in plenty of time for the ordering-delivery interval. goon's automatization plan will be implemented in Without standardization, too much high-level activity the very near future, it is recommended that 1,000 is involved for each small order such as telephone in¬ lines of the new C-B exchange equipment released struments. The present procedure requiring a meeting from Rangoon be instaUed in Mandalay. Efforts to of top executives and a group decision to place a obtain the essential information for designing the out¬ small order has resulted in procurement of several side plant system should be undertaken immediately. types of instruments, none of whose parts are inter¬ The designation of manual switching is beheved ad¬ changeable. Chaos therefore prevails in fieu of a vantageous because the need for expansion will be systematic instrument maintenance program. How¬ met efficiently and economically with equipment at ever, a major portion of the prevailing "make-shift" hand. It is not believed expedient to have two auto¬ or expedient type of maintenance so detrimental to matization programs under way simultaneously, be¬ service is caused by unreaUstic and impractical stores cause of the dearth of skUled telephone technicians. operations, as well as the previously mentioned lack When the extent of Mandalay's telephone expansion of standards. can be evaluated, definite plans can be formulated for replacing the C-B exchange by the automatic exchange (4) Tests and records or remaining on a manual basis. If the former, the (a) Necessity. Adequate records are needed in an C-B equipment can always be reinstalled in smaller effective maintenance program. Many faults cannot units at other locations. be readily traced or properly repaired because the local technician has no accurate or complete record of g. Telephone System Maintenance the operating characteristics to enable him to decide (1) General when the circuit is normal. The resulting approach by Maintenance is one of the major items that must trial and error leads to sub-commercial circuit con¬ be taken into consideration in designing, manufactur¬ ditions. ing and operating a communications system. Test (b) Setting-up records. Practice in weU-orgaiuzed equipment and men trained in its use must be pro¬ telephone systems is to make all normal circuit test vided to handle routine equipment tests and to expe¬ values a matter of record. On the same form there is dite repairs on defective units. The tropical climate is space for classifying and entering all departures from more severely destructive to communications equip¬ normalcy as well as the steps taken (and time re¬ ment than are more temperate climates. For Burma, quired) for returning the circuit to service. In this this puts an additional emphasis on the adequacy of manner a case history for every subscriber's circuit is the maintenance procedures to be followed. developed to the continuing benefit of the mainten¬ ance program. Where such orderly methods are em¬ (2) Maintenance Standards ployed, there are no instances of telephones being out Within this report there have been several references of order for days or weeks. to Telecommunications' lack of equipment standards. The same applies to maintenance procedures. Regard¬ (1) The Trouble Log less of the size of the telephone system there is a dis¬ A daily log sheet gives a running account of failures, tinct difference between outside and inside engineer¬ tests and repairs. From this record, the average out- ing, operations and maintenance. Each area must have of-service time per breakdown can be calculated, and its characteristic equipment and standardized pro¬ the trends towards various types of failure recogtuzed. cedure for its use. Standards of workmanship and All of this is an excellent performance check on both repair must be established, and until teeth are put into men and materials, and should indicate whether the the rules governing adherence thereto, Telecommuni¬ subscribers are getting the service they deserve. In cations' service quality will remain definitely sub- Burma, such organized maintenance is not empha¬ marginal. sized. To partially correct this a convenient log sheet should be designed and printed in quantity. This wiU (3) Materials and Stores facilitate the use of the same procedure at aU ex¬ The Superintendent of Stores has the very heart changes in the country. strings of the Department in his hands! If he stocks (c) Test records for preventive maintenance. Once the material required in adequate quantities, the test information covering normal operation has been necessary work can proceed. If he does not, he pro¬ recorded, advantage can be taken of routine operating vides the maintenance staff with the best possible reason tests before trouble develops to the extent of putting the TELECOM MUNICATIONS 525 circuit out of service. Operations engineers have com¬ trouble is always a major factor in good service. Many pounded the theory of preventive maintenance from ex¬ maintenance problems can be eliminated before they perience extending over many years. The basic idea is to begin if the original installation is made correctly. service and remove impending faults before they can (a) Enforcing proper procedures. A great deal de¬ degrade the operation of the system. Preventive main¬ pends on the installer's ability and integrity in the tenance of this kind is practised in many fields. Its matter of following approved practices. The engineer appfication to telecommunications is especially appro¬ in charge of this work can accomplish much by: priate considering the importance of the service ren¬ (1) Providing the installers with the proper tools dered. As information is collected in the areas most and specifications. Ukely to fail, attention is directed to them. In this (2) Being sure that the men arc trained in the use of manner, a complete preventive maintenance pro¬ both. gram is devised. (3) Inspecting carefully a fair percentage of each man's work. (1) Instrumentation (4) Making a special study of each case of station Satisfactory preventive maintenance requires that trouble occurring within two months after installa¬ test instruments be made available to the staff, and tion. that the staff be well versed in their use. Both speed (5) Going over trouble with the installer when it and accuracy are necessary attributes, without which occurs in a new installation, so that mistakes are not the value of instruments to the department is ques¬ repeated. tionable. (7) Honesty (5) Tools, Instruments and Transport Cases have been reported of telephone maintenance The tools and instruments locked up in Telecom¬ men demanding and getting "small pay" from sub¬ munications' godown are earning interest for the scribers for repair service. No program for bringing Government from departmental revenue, but are not these small-time racketeers to account for such available to the employees for use in assuring the flagrant violations of regulations has been instituted. everyday working of the system. Employees who can Tolerance of such practices reflects on the manage¬ ill afford such expenditures are furnishing their own ment of the orgaruzation. tools because of the Department's budget restrictions. Although this whole matter is treated in Section 7, it (8) Recommendations is mentioned here to illustrate the complete frustra¬ Telephone maintenance should be elevated to a tion of maintenance effort. high technical and business plane. It is recommended The maintenance equipment and methodology that: available to Telecommunications is shockingly meager. (a) Telephone maintenance standards be estab¬ There is also a tendency to overstaff whereas it is pro¬ Ushed and rigidly enforced. per equipment rather than increased manpower {b) Maintenance activities be so organized that one which is required. The proper instruments and tools, visit is sufficient to locate and repair the fault. This together with reasonable spare parts, and a means of will eUminate the present evasion of responsibility and getting to the scene of a fault quickly would pernut inherent delays. two well-trained men to accomplish what a dozen, (c) Material necessary for proper maintenance be as now operating, cannot do. carried at aU times by Telecommunications stores. The need for motorized transport seems to have This must be given a first priority by all concerned. received very Uttle attention. This situation should {d) Maintenance men be provided with the neces¬ not be allowed to persist. In this connection, several sary tools and transport for meeting their responsi¬ truck chassis (Ford three-ton) are awaiting bodies at bilities quickly and competently. the Botataung godown. These are too heavy for (e) A complete system of tests and records be set general installation and maintenance, but are ideal up and rigidly maintained to assist outside plant for medium-duty line construction and service pur¬ maintenance personnel in locating cable faults. The poses. The locally made general-purpose body is not present trial and error procedures are untenable in nearly as useful (nor as good an investment) as the this age of precise electrical measurements. functional types available at reasonable cost from the (/) Daily trouble records be meticulously kept so that average "out time" can be calculated, and that United States. the fault reasons be catalogued. (6) New Installations (g) Functional telephone-plant bodies be obtained Good service and good pubhc relations go hand-in- for the Ford truck chassis at the Telecommunications hand in the telephone industry. The prevention of stores. R.B. n—3 526 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA (h) A determined drive be undertaken to eliminate are 14 radio and 9 landline positions, each requir¬ the dishonest maintenance men who demand bribes ing the services of a skilled operator. The actual tun¬ for departmental attention to faulty telephone opera¬ ing, maintenance and control of the radio equipment tion. are performed by technicians at the receiving and h. Central Telegraph Office transmitting centers. Very few of these operating positions are equipped with typewriters. (1) General The Rangoon central telegraph office is located in (2) Staff the Telecommunications headquarters building, For the various services of booking, training, clerk¬ Phayre and Dalhousie Streets. In this building are the ing, accounting, operating, and message delivery, instrument room, the public telegraph booking office, approximately 250 people are employed. and the accounting clerical staff associated with these facilities. All of the telegraphic services with the ex¬ (3) Equipment and Facilities ception of the Marine Shipping Station are controlled (a) Operation. Except for an acute shortage of tele¬ from this location. Messages for the greater part of graphers' typewriters and radio headsets, it can be said the city are also delivered from this point. that the operating equipment is adequate. The lack of (2) Telegraph Circuits typewriters results in lower productivity and greater (a) Point-to-point foreign circuits. All of Burma's operator fatigue while producing a much less legible foreign traffic moves over the Rangoon-Colombo, or message. From the hygienic point of view, each the Rangoon Madras circuits. Average weekly traffic operator should have his or her oWn headset. Motor- (in both directions) totals about 8,000 messages driven tape pullers should be provided to increase the through Colombo, and 5,000 through Madras. efficiency of operators transcribing inked characters Because of the large amount of press and diplomatic from received tapes. traffic, these messages may involve several hundred (b) Circuit distribution and supervision. The Ran¬ thousand words. goon CTO has no supervisory control board, and the hnes to and from the centers terminate at the operating (1) High-speed Automatic Morse positions. Consequently, to check any complaint in¬ At the transmitting end, the messages are trans¬ volving signal quality or operating practices, the ferred to punched paper tape by means of a keyboard supervisor must go to the operating position in ques¬ perforator. The tape then passes through a motor- tion. Supervision thereby suffers. Order-circuit facili¬ driven device which keys the radio transrrutter at any ties to the receiving and transmitting centers are con¬ desired speed up to perhaps 150-200 words per ventional telephones operating through the exchanges. minute. At the receiving end, the signals are inked on This is a slow cumbersome arrangement for the brief, a moving paper tape by an undulator. These dot and frequent communications required in an operation of dash characters are transcribed manually to tele¬ this kind. Modern practice dictates that all receiving graph blanks by an operator using a typewriter, as the and transmitting circuits should pass through a cen¬ tape is pulled along. tral control board. This permits the supervisor to have (a) Limitations. Even though atmospheric and pro¬ a continuous and instantaneous check on signal pagation conditions permit the radio circuit to move quaUty and utilization of each circuit. A key and this traffic at high speeds, delays occur in the punch¬ sounder circuit with each of the centers provides ing and transcribing operations. Although several rapid and convenient order channels without tele¬ perforator and transcribing positions permit large phoning. Since the sounder can be heard from some traffic volumes, when conditions deteriorate, there is distance, more prompt service can be rendered by an appalling waste of skilled manpower. operating personnel. (b) Staff. For operating these two circuits on a three-shift day, 37 positions have been allocated at (4) Message HandUng the CTO, although 30 are presently carrying the load (a) Booking. Most messages are filed at the booking with some difficulty. Of the 30 operators, seven are office although a few are taken at branch offices in the from the Radio Division, and the rest are Traffic outlying districts of the city, and then forwarded to Section employees. the CTO on a landhne circuit. It is anticipated that a (b) Point-to-point domestic circuits public booking office wiU be opened at the Secretariat. Inadequate facilities and outmoded practices at the (1) Type and Operation booking office make fifing of messages a slow, tedious These utiUze either radio or landline facilities, and process. Instead of one clerk consummating the whole are all manually operated. At the present time, there transaction, several are involved before the customer TELECOMMUNICATIONS 527 can complete his task. Each of these "window stops" (4) Motor Cycle Delivery involves queueing and delay. Another objectionable Other Telecommunications administrators have feature is the affixing of stamps to the message for the found that the use of motorcycle-mounted messen¬ amount of the telegram fee. Until modern cash regis¬ gers has resulted in considerable savings and greater ters capable of stamping the message and rendering a satisfaction, especially on long and night trips. A few receipt for the customer can be requisitioned by Tele¬ motor cycles are available, but need extensive repairs. communications, steps should be taken to simplify (c) Abbreviated-address messages. As now operat¬ what should be a minor, rapid transaction. For ing, the process of adding the delivery information to instance, stamps can be sold at every window to elim¬ messages bearing a cable address consume altogether inate travehng between windows. Not more than two too much time and effort. It requires checking a card or three minutes should be required to file a message. file for address particulars and transcribing them on This whole matter, with recommendations, was to the delivery envelope by longhand. All of this brought to the attention of the Director several causes congestion and delay. Plans to improve this months ago. situation, with incidental staff economy, by using (b) Delivery Addressograph equipment have been delayed for many months. (1) Sorting of Messages Received telegrams are sent down from the CTO (5) Manpower to the rear of the booking office where they are sorted (a) Supervision. In charge of the CTO is a super¬ into pigeon holes from which they are turned over to intendent under the Director who also has a personal designated peons when the accumulation warrants. assistant, traffic, to direct the major administrative They, in tum, enter the names and addresses in a routine, and to act for him in traffic matters. Super¬ "peon book," and then set out to make the dehveries. vision of the various subordinate activities is short- Considerable delay is inevitable. handed. During the present period of transition and rehabilitation, the number of authorized supervisory (2) Delivery Peons posts has not kept pace with the needs. In some cases A distinction has been made between "mounted" telegraphists are acting in a supervisory capacity and "foot" peons, even though the salary and quali¬ without extra compensation for the additional fications are the same, to the extent that messages are responsibility. held for allocation to the "type" of peon designated for that particularly locafity. Better service could be (b) Utilization rendered if a "foot" peon could be ordered out on a (1) Mechanization Overdue bicycle, if required, or vice versa. A tendency to increase manpower rather than (a) Uniforms and equipment. It is believed that ade¬ mechanize operations for greater efficiency is mani¬ quate provision has now been made to supply water¬ fest in the CTO. Examples of this were observed in the proofs to peons for the wet season. It is doubtful if transcribing of radio messages; shortages of opera¬ they achieve the three-season hfe anticipated per gar¬ tors' typewriters; hand addressing of delivery enve¬ ment. The uniform allowance, if it were implemented, lopes; and the lack of teleprinters and bookkeeping would funush two suits per peon. However, at the machines. In the highly scientific and systematized present time, the peons get nothing. Enough changes procedures required for the conduct of modern tele¬ should be provided so that a fresh suit can be kept communications, too many people get in each other's ready for use, especiaUy in wet weather. The "esprit- way and introduce a real impediment and delay into de-corps" of workers, their pride in organization the transmission or delivery operation. Better pro¬ stimulated by smartly turned out messengers, is im¬ ductivity could be achieved in both the clerical and portant both to performance and to public confidence. operating areas if a vigorous program were under¬ taken to provide the needed office equipment. (3) Bicycle Shop Recently, enough new bicycles have been provided (2) Operating Staff Shortages to eliminate some of the deUvery delays previously As Ulustrated by Plate 6, the amount of traffic experienced. The bicycle shop is a most necessary handled is increasing yearly; yet no additional opera¬ adjunct of the service. It has been and still is suffering tors have been added to meet this demand. With from inadequate equipment. Power grinding and landline telegraph offices reopening in the districts drilling as weU as brazing faciUties and sufficient spare and calling on the Rangoon CTO for staff, the situa¬ parts should be provided to permit the two mechanics tion merits recognition before it deteriorates further. to render the best possible maintenance and repair Efficiency must be increased or operators added. service. Already, overtime allotments are being exceeded in Y EAR S PERCENT INCREMENTS MONTH 1950 1951 1952 '51 OVER'50 '52 OVER '51 Jan. 47,704 71,245 71,631 49-2 005 Feb. 47, 195 65,400 76,799 38-5 17-4 Mor. 5 5,484 74,857 77,838 34-9 40 Apr. 49,326 65,451 71,91 1 32-7 9-9 May. 57,564 75,245 68,922 30-7 -8-4 June. 6 0,382 66,540 73,002 10-2 9-7 July. 64,266 68,087 73,262 60 7-6 Aug. 62,505 66,701 77,243 6-7 15-8 Sep. 64,905 71,790 77,270 10-6 7-6 Oct. 65,115 72,9 15 81,512 120 1 1-8 Nov. 65,789 69,144 73,419 5 1 6-2 Dec. 72,044 71,332 75,421 -1-0 5-7 898,230

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT NOV. DEC.

■% INCREASE OF 1951 OVER 1950

. % INCREASE OF 1952 OVER 1951 MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING (1950 IS ZERO REFERENCE) COMMUNICATIONS TELEGRAMS HANDLED BY RANGOON C.T.O. KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT EN6INEERING CO NEW YORK RANGOON DR.BY. ^--/V DATE PLATE CK.BY. 'r:uj.&>. JULY 53 NO. 528 TELECOMMUNICATIONS 529 order to move the traffic at hand. In this connection, (7) Recommendations it must be tmderstood that moving traffic through the It is recommended that: interference and static of the average radio circuit is {a) The equipment and materials listed in 6{h) be not as simple as working over a noise-free landUne. obtained at once. The control board and additional Consequently, staff productivity suffers by compari¬ son. circuit wiring can be made by the Assistant Engineer (Electrical) and staff. Wells for typewriters can be (6) Desirable Changes added to the present operating tables by any skilled (a) Need. The several items described briefly in the carpenter. foregoing paragraphs, while individually very modest, {b) The addressing of message deUvery envelopes coUectively have a tremendous influence on the opera¬ be done by Addressograph (coded addresses) and by tion of this most essential adjunct of the telegraphic typewriter (formal addresses) to eUminate errors. service. Procurement action should be taken without (c) The whole message dehvery and booking further delay. systems be given the attention necessary to reduce the waste of time involved in their various functions. (b) Cost estimates Cash registers in the booking office to eliminate (1) Capital Investment stamps, and a few motor cycles for long-distance dehveries wiU help materiaUy. Life P'"'^'^" Local {d) The use of telephone and teleprinter be adopted Item t'^^, Exchange (kyats) ^""'^. (kyats) for forwarding messages between branch telegraph offices and the CTO, to save skilled operators. 1. CTO Central Control Board 15 2,000 (e) All personnel carrying supervisory responsibiU- 2. Typewriters 10 30,000 ties be given indicated promotions. 3. Furniture, Alterations and Con¬ structions 15 1,200 (/) A better appreciation and understanding of the 4. Headphones 10 1,800 Traffic Section's problems and contributions be 5. Tape Pullers 15 15,000 acquired by Telecommunications authorities. 6. Cash Registers 15 40,000 7. Addressograph Equipment 15 2,500 (g) Telecommunications make the requisite uni¬ 8. Motorcycles 10 7,500 form allowances to its messengers, and insist on 9. Signal Wiring Changes 15 300 smart appearance as well as reliable service.

98,800 1,500 Engineering and Contingency (10 %) 9,880 150 i. Marine Radio Station (1) General 1,08,680 1,650 The marine coastal station, XYR, operates on both intermediate and high-frequency maritime radio chan¬ nels to handle shipping traffic by international agree¬ ment. It is extremely weU located at Monkey Point (2) Annual Costs and has aU necessary shops, emergency power sup¬ (0 Annual investment charges plies and quarters. TTie station has direct wire faciU¬ Amount Rate Charge ties with the CTO. Traffic averages 60 to 70 messages Item (kyats) (%) (kyats) 1, 5, 6, 7 65,450 4-634 3,032.95 per day. In all respects it is a well-organized and 2,4,8 43,230 7-950 3,436.79 efficient unit. 3,9 1,650 4-994 82.40 fi 55'' I'l (2) Location Change (B) Maintenance and Operating Costs An unfortunate situation has developed in that the Amount Rate Charge marine station must be moved to a nearby location. (kyats) Item (kyats) (%) This is at the behest of the Burma Navy because the 1-9 1,10,330 8-0 8,826.40 8 8'>fi 'lO station is within its restricted area. Another solution to this problem should not be too difficult to find, and (Hi) Administration Costs should be sought since moving involves a most un¬ Amount Rate Charge productive use of men, money and materials,at a Item (kyats) (kyats) (%) time when all available resources are needed in other 1-9 1,10,330 10-0 11,033.00 11 03'^ 00 communications areas for providing the basic rudi¬ ments of a system. It is estimated that this move will tal Annual Cost cost K13 lakhs, and may require two years. 530 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA (3) Possible Solution c. Limited Engineering Resources Since Telecommunications has the experience back¬ Telecommunications for all its wide technical re¬ ground for conducting this service, it is recommended sponsibilities has but two college-trained engineers, that the function remain in Telecommunications and these are without broad experience. Others hold¬ organization and not be transferred to the Navy as an ing engineering positions achieved the rank by virtue alternative to moving. Instead, it is suggested that the of selection, seniority, service or Public Service Com¬ Telecommunications staff at Monkey Point be made a mission examination. This meager technical staff is naval reserve unit. This would facilitate transfer of the insufficient for an organization of this type. Former control of shipping to the Navy in time of national Posts and Telegraphs service has provided excellent emergency as is the usual practice, and would obviate training in administration and discipline. While there interference with peacetime operation by Telecom¬ is room for wide application of those traditions in munications' civil organization at the present loca¬ today's organization, formal engineering training is a tion. basic requirement for successful operation in the com¬ plex field of communications-electronics. It is no (4) Recommendations personal reflection on partially trained men that they It is recommended that the plan for moving the are unable to fully discharge responsibilities beyond station be postponed while the whole matter is re¬ their grasp, or to operate in fields for which they are viewed at high levels. If it is finaUy decided that the neither trained nor experienced. This condition can station's location is detrimental to the Navy's effec¬ be permitted to continue only at the expense of the tiveness, the actual moving should be postponed until country's welfare. a time when Telecommunications has fewer construc¬ tion rehabilitation commitments. d. Applications Engineering Required

3. ORGANIZATION Hard pressed to furnish simple conununications circuits. Telecommunications' greatest deficiency is in a. General the field of "apphcations" engineering. Men with The personnel and their functions within a tele¬ vision are needed who know enough about communi¬ communications organization lend themselves nicely cations technology to analyze current problems in to division into groups concerned with engineering; economically and technically sound detaU. Such plant installation, maintenance and operation; traffic engineering involves all of the elements of planning handling; commercial acitivities; and legal matters. and implementation so that ends and means are This grouping has been found to have optimum maintained in perspective. efficiency as operations increase in size and complexity. In the Burma Telecommunications Department, the (1) Remedial Action traffic and plant details are nearly complete to the ex¬ tent permitted by equipment, standards and policy. Plant operations, too, require certain engineering Legal problems are arising only in radio regulations. skills to assure optimum system performance. Ad¬ Commercial activities, although to some extent or¬ ministrative and training responsibilities must also be ganized and reduced to routine, are not briskly pur¬ recognized. There is a real danger in permitting an sued. These weaknesses require prompt attention, but employee to hold the title and bear the responsibihty are of minor consequence compared to the critical for engineering, yet to perform only routine admini¬ need for engineering. strative tasks. There is evidence that this situation, an inheritance from the time when communications sys¬ b. The Present Situation tems were simple and required little technical back¬ As presently constituted and staffed, the Telecom¬ ground, has long frustrated whatever rehabUitation munications organization cannot cope simultaneously plans were made. To correct this situation, the Mmis- with the problems of new services, rehabilitation, ex¬ try should promptly grant to its engineers the author¬ pansion and day-to-day operations. Rehabilitation ity and responsibiUty to develop and introduce needed and expansion programs are developing very slowly. technical improvements. Maintenance is badly hampered by inadequacies in manpower, stores and departmental standards. The e. Radio Section Reorganization lack of specification engineering leaves too many Of all the groups within the Department, the radio technical decisions to sales personnel. As operations branch has the greatest number of pressing projects. increase in size and complexity, the need for engineer¬ These are of a nature to require considerable engineer¬ ing specialization becomes more pressing. ing effort over some period of time. TELECOMMUNICATIONS 531 (1) Engineering-planning and operations requiring contributions from more With Telecommunications' most experienced radio than one group are retarded by disagreement and engineers located in and about Rangoon, committee misunderstanding. To meet this challenge with the engineering-planning action on projects appears action it so richly deserves, Telecommunications must feasible. If "doubling up" in this manner does not abandon the piecemeal treatment it is receiving at achieve the desired end, these officers should be de¬ subdivisional and divisional levels, and make cen¬ tached from present duties, and assigned to operate as tralized lines planning the sole responsibility of an an engineering-planning group until the projects are experienced lines and carrier engineer. completed. By that time, with the emergency over, future engineering tasks can be reliably anticipated (2) Action Required over a Wide Area and steps taken to meet them. The following items deserve much fuller treatment than they are now accorded: (2) Operations (a) Modernizing standards and developing specifi¬ (See also Interim Report, page 278). From its in¬ cations. ception, the radio division has made an all-out effort (b) Analyzing sources of supply, acquisition and to maintain itself as a separate entity within the stocking of tools, material and equipment. Department. Consequently, aU matters relating to (c) Ascertaining damage to alignments, and deter¬ radio working on any organizational level must be mining clearing required. referred to Rangoon for action. This has amplified (d) Checking the conditions of, and planning the administrative and personnel problems at the ex¬ utilization of carrier equipment now held in stores. pense of engineering effort, to the over-all detriment (f) Reclamation of used Une and exchange material. of the Department. The feeUng that radio operation, (g) Expanding service by new lines and larger ex¬ because it requires specialized training, cannot be ad¬ changes. ministered through ordinary channels has no place in (h) Improving cost analyses, and modernizing unit- today's philosophy of cooperation. Technical matters cost figures. such as design, installation and maintenance of radio circuits are natural responsibiUties of the Radio g. Pertinent Considerations Division, but operation, disbursements and discipUne For maximum accompUshment in this emergency are matters better handled by the departmental sub- situation, officers on special engineering assignment divisional officer. If this were recognized, there would should report, as directly as possible, to the Director's be no occasion for such jurisdictional friction between office. Frequent progress reports should be circulated the subdivisional officer and the radio-station super¬ to interested officials to keep them informed of pro¬ visor as has occurred in some districts. If purely ad¬ ject status, and to enable them to plan their own con¬ ministrative routine is handled through regular chan¬ tributions for greatest effectiveness. Requisite statist¬ nels, the Divisional Wireless Engineer will be able to ical, clerical and drafting facilities must be provided devote more time to important technical matters. for these priority operations. It is assumed that large- scale maps will have been prepared to portray clearly f. Telegraph and Telephone Planning the details of active circuits and circuits for rehabilita¬ Because of engineering inadequacies and perhaps tion (see Section 8). Heed must be paid to the irreduc¬ hesitancy inspired by the haste to build h.f. radio¬ ible intervals required for financial approvals; author¬ telegraph stations, line and office rehabihtation is not ization requests must be filed at the earliest possible showing healthy progress, even at the planning stage. moment that accurate planning will permit. The main stumbUng block is, of course, security; an¬ other is inadequacy of stores; and yet another is staff h. Evolution of an Engineering Department limitations. The most serious difficulties, however, are For the effective functioning of the natural stimulus the absence of a firm pohcy for re-estabhshing the all- of competitive operations, the trend should be away important lines system, and the lack of a plan for its from having a single organization do the planning, implementation. Granted that many areas are yet un¬ engineering, purchasing, instalUng, operating and tenable for lines, definite planning should be com¬ evaluating of any particular service within the Depart¬ pleted and steps taken to procure the needed material ment. The abuses of such a system are that new ser¬ against the day when it can be used. vices, modernization, expansion and efficiency can be suppressed to avoid additional responsibility; mistakes (1) Centralized Effort and Responsibility are seldom corrected; and poor performance can be Preparation of an integrated "Unes" plan is a task disguised. Thus, for substantial reasons of economy, of some magnitude. At the moment, plans, projects efficiency and policy, the most urgent organizational 532 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA change should be the isolation and centralizing of the (5) Organizational Change Indicated engineering-planning functions for the whole Depart¬ In the scramble for frequencies, one organization ment. may fare better than another. Consequently, it is i. Radio Regulatory Obligations reasonable that Telecommunications, the biggest user of frequencies, should not have the responsibUity (1) General for assignments to itself as well as to others. There In the field of international and treaty agreements must be strict impartiality in the allocation of fre¬ with other sovereign powers, Burma is a member of quencies just as there must be facilities for regulating the International Telecommunications Union, and and controlling radio communications. The increas¬ adheres to the stipulations of the Atlantic City Con¬ ing importance and urgency of the matters outlined vention (1947), to which she is signatory. The actual above, and the inabiUty of the Department of Tele¬ implementation and enforcement of the various regu¬ communications, as presently constituted, to furnish lations on the country level is the responsibility of the the required services seems adequate reason for at Department of Telecommunications. once making a basic change to bring Burma's organ¬ izational structure into line with that of other coun¬ (2) Department Activities tries. In actual practice, the Radio Divisional Engineer handles the details. These, when properly executed, (6) Details of New Organization Structure amount to a large responsibility and require consider¬ There are many differently constituted organiza¬ able time and staff. The most important function is tions in as many countries for handling the responsi¬ the arrangement for frequencies with ITU, and assign¬ bilities aUuded to in this discussion. Burma need not ment to the various users within Burma. Examinations copy the structure of any of her neighbors, but, to for commercial and amateur radio operators as well meet her own needs, can build her own along the as the hcensing of radio transmitters must conform to following lines: standards set by international agreement. Routine (a) The organization for control of the use of radio shipboard radio inspections are made to enforce inter¬ communications should be removed from the Tele¬ national safety-at-sea regulations in respect to opera¬ communications Department, but constituted by tors and equipment. And to aU of this has been added law within the Ministry of Transport and Communi¬ the hcensing and policing of broadcast receivers. cations. Representing Burma at world and regional telecom¬ (b) It should be headed by a competent engineer, munications conferences is anotherimportant function. at divisional rank, who has had an opportunity to study at first hand, the Federal Communications (3) Frequency Allocation Commission of the United States and the Inter¬ With over 80 end-uses of radio recognized by inter¬ national Telecommunications Union, Geneva. national authorities, the general problem of frequency (c) It should be staffed with qualified personnel to allocation becomes a most urgent reahty. This is meet satisfactorily the many and varied demands further complicated for Burma by the proximity of made upon it. radio users who are not bound by treaty to observe (d) It should be equipped with tools and instru¬ the rights of others in the matter of radio frequencies. ments including precise frequency standards and Optimum utilization even within the country is no measuring instruments, distortion analyzers, field academic matter, and requires the close attention of strength meters, and other conventional electronic competent radio engineers. The magnitude of this task laboratory equipment. is brought into focus by remembering that the radio (e) It should have an adequate appropriation to spectrum's frequency limits have a ratio of 10,000,000 cover its examining, inspecting, policing and advisory to 1, while that of the optical spectrum, for com¬ functions. parison, is but 2 to 1. (/) It should represent Burma at international and regional telecommunications conventions with techni¬ (4) Further Requirements cal competence. Regulations concerning frequency stability, channel (g) It should submit a comprehensive annual report occupancy, standards of fideUty, noise, distortion and shortly after the end of the fiscal year. similar items are enforceable in conformance with treaty agreements. This function requires quaUty radio j. Director's Staff Assistants engineering and the laboratory faciUties to permit the (1) Present Areas and Duties necessary measurements. Telecommunications has not The Organization Chart shows two personal jet been able to accompUsh much in this connection. assistants to the Director, Telecommunications, in the TELECOMMUNICATIONS 533 areas of engineering and traffic, respectively. In actual doing. Such a periodical published on a modest scale p)ractice, their duties are largely routine administra¬ (Interim Report, page 285) should materially improve tion, often on seemingly subordinate levels. However, the spirit and unity of the Department, and could be with the recent appointments of a Deputy Director, made the responsibility of the Personal Assistant, and a Divisional Engineer, Rangoon Telephones, it is Personnel. possible that the engineering assistant can now func¬ (c) Training. Training of Telecommunications De¬ tion with the Director to provide haison for better partment's workers is needed at all levels in theoretic¬ handUng of technical matters between the various al and practical matters both to improve daily per¬ groups and divisions. At the same time, the responsi¬ formance and to provide a systematic prerequisite for biUty for commercial matters in respect to the Ran¬ promotion. There is considerable remedial work to goon telephone system will be transferred to the be done in establishing and strictly adhering to de¬ Rangoon telephone division sp that the traffic assis¬ partmental standards, to say nothing of the need for tant can concentrate on domestic and foreign tele¬ upgrading personnel to higher technical responsibili¬ graph traffic problems. The present assistants, there¬ ties. At the present time, the traffic section is conduct¬ fore, less encumbered by office routine, should be able ing a training class for landline radio operations. to contribute much to the huge rehabilitation pro¬ However, there should be authorized a complete gram facing Burma Telecommunications. training program which would serve all divisions of the Department, meeting as many needs as necessary. (2) Additional Areas Desirable The addition of a quaUfied Personal Assistant, Train¬ There are areas within the operation of the Depart¬ ing, provided with necessary equipment and facilities ment to which additional personal assistants could be to arrange and manage training programs of all kinds assigned with advantage, at least until operations would be a logical and much-needed change (see reach a more satisfactory level. It is believed that the Section 5). quaUfied personnel for these posts can be found with¬ in the Department. k. Recommendations (a) Finance and accounting. A financial assistant While there are many items requiring corrective should be responsible for pubUshing promptly a action within the area of organization, only the most monthly statement covering all operations. In addi¬ pressing are considered at this time. It is recommended tion, he should channel to all departments such that: financial advice and information as required. Infor¬ (1) An engineering group be established within the mation necessary for an annual report (none has been radio section as a part-time committee to plan for the published by Telecommunications since the war) more pressing expansion activities on a scale more should be abstracted from these statements and an appropriate than thus far undertaken. As soon as the accurate report forwarded to the Ministry promptly technical manpower situation permits, this group at the end of the fiscal year. Improvement in timing is should become part of a full-time engineering section important since it is noted the financial review of the within the Department. Department's 1950-51 operations was not available (2) An engineering group be established to prepare until February 1953, and not corrected until April detailed plans for the practical rehabihtation of 1953. Burma's landline system and the related expanded The accounting-statistical procedure should be telephone-telegraph working. The engineering de¬ strengthened through the use of bookkeeping velopment of economical and satisfactory service in machines. This should receive responsible study and the lines system must be given emphasis commensur¬ action in the very near future. The preparation and ate with the huge investment. standardization of departmental forms should be (3) All telecommunications engineering recom¬ accelerated. mended above ultimately be combined into a single (b) Personnel. Too much of the time of the Depart¬ competent engineering-planning section to serve the ment's chief executive has been absorbed in personnel whole department. problems. There is a very definite need for a skilled (4) A radio regulatory body, with such duties and personnel officer to take charge of routine personnel responsibihties as have been outlined be established affairs, to maintain the pertinent files, to prepare the outside the Department of Telecommunications but necessary reports and to interpret departmental policy. under the parent Ministry. There is also a need for a non-partisan house organ (5) To minimize departmental reorganization and or departmental news periodical. Telecommunications yet provide essential services, personal assistants to personnel in the districts as well as at headquarters the director be added in the areas of personnel, train¬ frequently ask for information as to what others are ing, accounting and finance. 534 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA

4. PERSONNEL—MANAGEMENT HANDICAPS Director's office is frequently bypassed in both direc¬ tions to the extent that the Director is left ignorant of a. General the exact status of some projects. This situation The Department of Telecommunications because should be corrected by the immediate adoption and of its close relationship with the public is the target of promulgation throughout the organization of a care¬ constant criticism. Since the operation of the organiz¬ fully prepared statement of the mutual obUgations ation is exactly what its members make it, consider¬ and responsibilities of supervisors and their em¬ able study is warranted of such matters as personnel ployees, to include such matters as support of sub¬ procurement, administration and performance, all ordinates' decisions made in the conscientious dis¬ basic to effective management. charge of delegated responsibilities, encouragement of immediate supervisors, delineation of rights of b. Telecommunications Enquiry of 1949 appeal to avoid abuses, obligations of supervisors to The aUegedly unsatisfactory performance of the accept responsibility for subordinates' mistakes but to Department, especially the Rangoon telephone sys¬ give credit for subordinates' ideas and performance, tem, provoked a full-scale Government investigation. and respect for channels of authority. Broad charges of inefficiency and incompetence placed the organization's administration and operation in a e. Morale and Effort very bad Ught. Without repeating the criticisms of the Although government service in this area of the report, it may be said that considerable remedial world has been traditionaUy performed with compe¬ action was indicated. However, after four years it tence and pride, the general impression gained of the would appear that no sustained action has been taken Telecommunications Department is not one of high or is planned. spirit and morale. Some of the reasons for this Ue in the unsatisfactory salary and promotion situation. c. Loss of Leadership Many of the weaknesses of the Telecommunications (1) Salary staff and its operations may be attributed to the loss of Broadly speaking, the salary scale is not Uberal. trained and experienced personnel as a result of the Private employment requiring comparable technical Burmanization Act, coupled with the depredations of skills is much better paid, as attested by the experience dacoity and insurgency. Newly promoted officials of those having left the Department. It was beUeved placed in high posts and hampered by insecurity and that this situation would be corrected to some extent meager job knowledge could contribute little to run¬ when the Wider Pay Commission's recommenda¬ ning the organization. With supervisors unable to im¬ tions were implemented. The failure of this measure part thorough knowledge of procedures and standards has sacrificed a powerful incentive. There is httle to their organizations, the level of performance logic in importing precision communications equip¬ deteriorated. Average acceptable job standards ment for upgrading the service, if the technicians are ceased to exist. Although there is now encouraging paid so little that the circuits cannot be maintained. evidence that the general situation is improving Technical skills should receive compensation commen¬ slowly, exemplary supervision bolstered by training surate with the effort, intelhgence and initiative re¬ programs under a firm departmental administration quired to develop them. is needed. (2) Status d. Interference The pension provisions which are an attractive A serious manifestation of the breakdown of feature of government employment are counteracted leadership and authority is the prevalence of disre¬ by procrastination in confirming employees, even gard for the established channels of authority. No after several years of continuous service. WhUe this program can be consistently or effectively pursued if occurs at all levels, the most shocking example in¬ subordinates can regularly evade or alter assignments volves the telephone operators. Of the 352 employed by direct solicitation of authority higher than their in Burma, only about 65 are confirmed at the tune of immediate supervisors or if higher authorhies per¬ this writing. Employees cannot be expected to do sistently ignore responsible supervisors in giving in¬ their best work, year after year, without even the structions directly to those supervisors' subordinates. minimum recognition estabUshed by regulations. Errors of omission and contradiction are inescapable under such conditions and the ignored supervisors are (3) Allowances rendered unproductive. It has been observed that in Telecommunications is a far-flung organization. the day-to-day operation of the Department, the Its employees are posted to aU sections under a variety TELECOMMUNICATIONS 535 of conditions ranging from excellent to very poor. h. Recommendations Yet the various allowances designed to recognize and It is recommended that: equaUze these situations in prewar days have been dis¬ (1) Departmental regulations covering administra¬ continued. This has resulted in detrimental maneuver¬ tive procedure be impartially and vigorously en¬ ing of aU kinds to secure assignments to the better forced, especially in the areas outlined. Where these posts and to avoid unpleasant posts. Even though regulations are found to be weak or unsuitable, appro¬ unintentional, assignments under these conditions priate changes must be made. ResponsibiUties and have a discriminatory aspect which lowers morale obligations of leadership should be emphasized. and provokes dissension. InequaUties arising from (2) A more rigid interpretation of job quaUty matters of leave and quarters are equally disturbing. standards be imposed by high authority. An equitable poUcy is long overdue. (3) The entire salary scale be reviewed in the Ught of findings of the Wider Pay Commission. (4) Promotion (4) The incompetent and inefficient be removed by Much of the Department's inefficiency, waste and the procedures set up in the regulations. The serious¬ poor service stem from emphasis on form rather ness of harboring or protecting such individuals must than substance, both in the selection of personnel and be impressed upon all supervisors. in the performance of daily duties. Merit and ability (5) The necessity for and the importance of train¬ should be recognized before seniority in achieving ing, and personnel administrative programs be recog¬ promotion. Since service time can be totaled with nized by detailing responsible officers to these func¬ great accuracy and little effort, as compared to pro¬ tions (see Organization, Section 3). fessional competency, seniority has become a cri¬ (6) A procedure be set up for objective evaluation terion of exaggerated value. This emphasizes the need of all qualifications pertinent to promotion in addi¬ for departmental examinations as partial criteria for tion to the facts of previous service. Technical quali¬ the promotion of those with the capacity for greater fications must be estabUshed by written examination responsibility. and performance within the Department before con¬ firmation on any level. f. Remedial Action (7) More attention be focused upon improved As the value of competent and contented manpower morale by appropriate and inevitable recognition of has crystaUized in the last few decades, increasing both superior and inferior performance. attention has been paid to personnel matters. Low- salaried employees are not economical when pro¬ 5. TRAINING ductivity is evaluated. The countenancing of proce¬ a. Need and Status dures which permit a favored group or individual to Telecommunications' need for training is acute, wield power unsupported by abihty and productivity but the urge for seff-improvement that sparks the is unacceptable in progressive concepts of labor rela¬ necessary individual effort is noticeably lacking. tions. Urffair and unethical practices soon result in Suggestions that training courses might be necessary low morale and inferior production. To correct such have not been generally welcomed. To overcome mis¬ deficiences, the various remedial actions that have understanding and reluctance, both a fuU apprecia¬ been suggested must be initiated and pursued by ele¬ tion by supervisors of the mechanism and results of ments of the staff sufficiently high to produce thorough training and a system of recognition of trained em¬ and lasting results. ployees must be developed. Everyone seems satisfied g. Unionization enough with status quo to wait for someone else to get something started. In terms of success, they have The All-Burma Telecoms Workers Union has gotten out of their training program about what they 2,500 members, about 80% of the non-gazetted em¬ have put into it. ployees. In all, there are 13 locals with headquarters in Rangoon. Delegates meet annuaUy to formulate b. Motivation policies for improving the status of telecommunica¬ Before any general training program can be success¬ tions employees. Since special emphasis has been ful, there must be genuine wilhngness on the part of placed on such matters as an enhanced salary scale, the trainees to do the extra work involved. This atti¬ re-estabUshment of allowances to adjust inequalities tude of wUUngness wiU be present only when the of assignment, and prompt confirmation action as trainee can visualize a reward for completion of the outUned in departmental regulations, it would appear course. Suitable incentive may be promotion, in¬ that the organization is concerned with logical and creased salary, improved status, or easier methods of legitimate goals. performing the job, and must be of demonstrated 536 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA value. The need for training in order to qualify for (2) Evening Classes performance tests and examinations will also provide Evening courses can often be conducted to ad¬ motivation when these procedures have been estab¬ vantage. If the material is worth while and the men are lished. If definite courses are known to be pre-re- willing to devote an evening or two a week to their quisite for certain jobs, and are proven genuinely own betterment, the movement should gain momen¬ valuable, there will be no shortage of willing trainees. tum. For a modest honorarium, experienced person¬ nel can be persuaded to take over instructional re¬ c. Some Training Successes sponsibiUties in their particular field. Any foreign (1) Radio Operators engineers available to the Department would prob¬ Telecommunications is conducting an operator- ably wish to participate in the training program at training program in which selected candidates receive appropriate levels. As the saying goes, "It will be very a stipend while undergoing full-time training. Only easy to separate the men from the boys" when it in this manner have they been able to keep abreast of comes to a modicum of sacrifice for self-improvement. the operator demand for the expanding h.f. radio network. Two instructors are employed, one conducts (3) Levels and Recognition the code instruction (English and Burmese) and Supplementary instruction for those holding the message-handling procedure, while the other teaches higher posts requires the more urgent attention. Since some electrical and radio theory. There is no practical each individual involved will have some valuable ex¬ laboratory instruction in the latter section, although perience to share, such training wiU probably be most the students are sent to the Central Telegraph Office effective if approached from the conference stand¬ for experience prior to graduation. The course re¬ point. Tact, dignity, yet firmness must characterize quires approximately six months, and has graduated this venture since the objective is to increase the 22 to date. There are 27 enrolled. contribution of individuals who have experienced rapid promotion and who may not take kindly to a sug¬ (2) Line Staff gestion that further training is either appropriate or A few weeks of training in practical and theoretical necessary. Most requests for technical instruction communications practices has just been completed come from employees at the intermediate levels. For with a group of linemen. It was said to have been these interested and ambitious individuals who are mutuaUy beneficial to both employees and employer. already impressed by the great deal they have to learn, A formal report with details and an evaluation of this the application of the conventional principles of tech¬ venture should be prepared and given wide circulation. nical and vocational training will assure most satis¬ factory results. At lower levels, training is chiefly con¬ d. Implementing a Training Program cerned with imparting job skiUs based on depart¬ The Director of Telecommunications should estab¬ mental specifications. Since these ranks are most lish the training program, and utilizing his Personal important to the functioning of the system and have Assistant, Training, should so plan that all personnel provided some of its most dependable officers, there are reached to the optimum degree. should be enough continuity of pertinent related material to provide a useful and strong foundation (1) Length of Program: Cost for future development. The direction the training program takes, and its Attendance and effort must be recognized and re¬ magnitude, wiU depend on the communications media warded. This requires adequate record-keeping, and a adopted by the Department, and upon the reservoir stricter discipline with respect to attendance and pre¬ of trained people available. The following figures are paration of assignments than is in evidence in day-to¬ based on a three-year intensive schedule followed by day operations. A frank and objective appraisal of the contraction to an irreducible minimum: individual's accomplishment must become a part of the departmental permanent record. Teacher and Librarian (salary and honorarium) K20,000 (4) Technical Library Furniture K 10,000 To supplement any worth-while program, a well- Instruments, Tools, Equipment* K25,000 stocked hbrary must be available. Most technical Books and Magazines K3,000 organizations throughout the world have flourisliing libraries equipped with the latest professional periodi¬ cals and books. Telecommunications attempted such Total K60,000 a project but abandoned it because of staff misuse. * Can also be used in Telecommunications Shop. This service should be reopened under the supervision TELECOMMUNICATIONS 537 of a hbrarian who would perform the usual super¬ program to provide the necessary training aids and visory tasks, besides opening the library at specified furniture for a functional classroom. A modest times. Any future misuses should be corrected by honorarium should be offered staff members who appropriate supervisory measures rather than by participate in instruction. closing the library. (6) A rigorous local experience-training program be required for all engineering recruits, and that per¬ e. Engineer Recruit Training manent employment depend largely on ability demon¬ (1) General strated therein. Local engineering college graduates, as well as state scholars who are recruited by Telecommunications 6. FINANCIAL MATTERS must spend a considerable period of time in the various a. General phases of the Department's activities before they know The Department of Telecommunications is a enough about operations to bear responsibility in revenue-earning organization which turns over its supervisory posts. During this period, the recruit's earnings to the Government, and is in turn supported potential value to the service can be ascertained quite by direct annual appropriations. Review of the fiscal accurately. If there is reasonable doubt of satisfactory year 1950-51, recently released, shows the Depart¬ adjustment on the part of the apprentice engineer at ment operating at a substantial profit. Figures for the end of his experience-training period he should be 1951-52 have not been finaUzed. dropped forthwith. b. Organization (2) State Scholars (1) Responsible Head The program for bolstering the engineering nucleus The Director bears the responsibiUty for: of Telecommunications is enhanced by the training of (a) Maintenance of all accounts in accordance with several state scholars in the United States. Upon regulations. graduation from engineering colleges they wUl pursue (b) Submission of accounts to the Comptroller, a two-year work-study program with appropriate Posts and Telegraphs, monthly. communications companies before returning to (c) Collection of aU revenue. Burma. The practical apphcation of modern trends of (d) Estimating revenue and expenditures in pre¬ carrier telephony-telegraphy, teleprinter circuits, and paring the annual budget. various types of radio working and automatic tele¬ The Director and lesser officers are guided by the phony has been specified for these two-year tours. schedule of financial powers in the matter of expendi¬ With respect to the return of these young men, one tures beyond which governmental sanction must be particularly serious pitfaU must be avoided. This is obtained. The entire budget control rests with the the danger of a too rapid assumption of responsibility Director. without sufficient personal knowledge of actual opera¬ ting conditions in Burma. This can be avoided by a (2) Staff systematic rotation of the students through the actual Accountants and clerks handle the details under operating jobs requiring them to personaUy perform each account head, and prepare various financial re¬ these duties. Such a program is now being considered. ports for the Ministry and for the Comptroller of Posts and Telegraphs accounts. f. Recommendations It is recommended that: c. Comptroller of Posts and Telegraphs Accounts (1) A training program be established under com¬ This post is directly under the Accountant-General petent direction to meet the various techrucal require¬ of GUB, and is responsible for auditing the accounts ments of the Department. This should include both submitted by various officers, as well as for keeping day and evening courses. the official account for the Department. He renders to (2) This training program utilize tried and accepted Government, monthly, the actual expenditure of the methods of technical and vocational training. Department, and keeps the Director informed of (3) Promotions without appropriate theoretical and sanctioned allotment expenditures. He also checks the performance examinations be eliminated. propriety of financial reports and their adherence to (4) A well-stocked and properly staffed professional regulations. and technical library be established at once within the Department. Further, that the services of a competent d. Annual Budget hbrarian be furnished. A budget section of three accountant-clerks collects (5) Enough money be appropriated for the training information from all branch heads, and consolidates 538 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA this into a statement which the Director submits to Comptroller for a three-year period. The balance in Government in anticipation of the revenue and ex¬ this funds bears interest to the Department. penditure for the next fiscal year. This budget finally reaches the Finance and Revenue Ministry which h. General Accounting checks and trims it as deemed necessary. It is then From the brief study made, it is beUeved that a reported back to the Director who notifies those in¬ general overhaul of the accounting methods as a volved of any reapportionment. whole is necessary to bring them into Une with com¬ mercial practices. As the accounts are now prepared e. Annual Report it is extremely difficult and time-consuming to separate The Comptroller periodically submits a report to the activities of the various services to permit exam¬ Government covering Telecommunications' financial ination of any one aspect of their working. For ex¬ status. In addition, the Director submits a review of ample, the cost of maintaining telephone service in the financial statistics for each year's working. How¬ any one community cannot be clearly distinguished. ever, since the Department has enjoyed autonomy, a SimpUfication, greater accuracy and much greater conventional annual report has not been pubUshed. speed in all procedures are essential. This is another Prewar, an excellent review of the Department's fiscal area within the Department where machines rather activities was pubhshed, providing not only financial than increased manpower are required. facts but information covering new services, ex¬ pansion, and various items of interest. It is believed i. Reconmiendations that there is enough of instructive and informative value in Telecommunications' activities to justify It is recommended that: reviving the practice. (1) An annual report similar to that used before the war be published shortly after the close of each fiscal f. Financial Summary year. The figures in the accompanying table were fur¬ (2) Mechanized accounting be adopted to enhance nished by the Department of Telecommunications, the speed and accuracy of the accovmting function. and are included to illustrate the magnitude of financial (3) A Personal Assistant, Finance, be added to the operations. Directors' staff (see Organization, Section D-3-j), (4) The Personal Assistant, Finance, selected be¬ g. Depreciation cause of ability and thorough experience in Burma A sum of money is deposited yearly in the Renewal Telecommunications accounts, be sent to London to Reserve Fund against replacement of capital assets. study the modern accounting methods of the British The amount to be deposited is determined by the Post Office. The practices of the two communications

FINANCIAL STATISTICS

Account 1945-46 1946-47 1947-48 1948^9 1949-50 1950-51 1951-52 (K) (K) (K) (K) (K) (K) (K)

Revenue 5,34,540* 32,83,022 57,32,438 42,73,753 44,68,011 60,73,860 74,36,875

Working Expenses - t — 56,51,482 48,11,251 50,15,830 51,26,040 - t Net Income - t - t 80,956 -5,37,498 -5,47,819 9,47,822 - t

Capital Outlay 15,17,367 15,52,048 12,59,125 30,67,314 4,22,164 4,26,482 2,15,909

* Less telephone revenue; figure unavailable. t Posts and telegraphs accounts not separated. j Figure not yet available from Comptroller of Posts and Telegraphs. § Exact breakdown figures awaited from Comptroller of Post and Telegraphs. The progressive capital outlay to the end of the 1950-51 period is Kl,51,04,181; and includes K36,58,503 for assets taken over by the administration on January 1,1946. TELECOMMUNICATIONS 539 organizations have so much in common that this Annual Income Kl8,76,204 should be done without further delay. Annual Cost of Operation K3,75,275 7. RATES AND CHARGES About Kll lakhs are outstanding in uncollected a. General revenue. These arrears are said to be chargeable Burma Telecommunications has operated at a profit largely to government departments and ministries. for the past two years. This cannot be attributed to The annual telephone directory, although supported good management, but is rather a result of exorbitant by paid advertising, is sold for K3 per copy. telephone rates and miserly repair and maintenance (3) Trunk Lines spending. A weU-managed and integrated telecom¬ munications system should pay its way without un¬ These lines provide the medium for interconnections reasonable costs. With service costs based on operat¬ between exchanges. The cost of a line is proportional ing costs, there must be periodic examinations to to its length. To be fair in setting scales for their use, check that a reasonable balance is maintained. When zoning arrangements are universally resorted to. Yet the administration is charged to conduct its working in Burma trunk calls are allowed without further as a commercial enterprise, it must regulate its affairs charges beyond the annual fee of K600. When trunk to stay out of the red. operation is restored on a large scale, zone rates should be established. Toll-ticket meters should be b. Telephone used on the boards to speed up error-less recording of (1) Present Unsound Basis for Charge call data for bUling purposes. Night and hoUday pre¬ ferential rates should be introduced to encourage use More people use the telephone than aU other tele¬ of the facihties outside of peak daytime periods. The communications media combined. Invariably, the schedule of rates must be calculated carefuUy, and telephone service is the most lucrative of combined wUl probably require frequent adjustment during the operations. The better and more extensive the service, three- to five-year period following trunk rehabihta¬ the cheaper it becomes if the quality of engineering tion. A sample zone scale is shown on the next page and the efficiency of operations are high. These con¬ to illustrate the typical order and trend of charges. siderations highlighted the high rates and poor stan¬ dards of Telecommunications' limited service. The (4) International Radio Telephone combined local and trunk flat-rate scheme is faulty Flat rates are used for internal connections on over¬ since it is based on two unsound premises, the assess¬ seas calls to facilitate the calculation of charges. As ment of equal charges for unequal services (since all in the case of all trunk operations, greater use brings subscribers pay for trunk operations whether or not about cheaper unit service. The rates are set by inter¬ available or used), and the assessment of an annual national agreement at levels consistent with an effi¬ charge much higher than service cost plus a reason¬ cient service. able margin of profit, (5) BilUng (2) Local Service Telephone revenue, in most countries, is collected Under present exchange conditions, and until auto¬ monthly or bi-monthly. Bilhng machines are used to matic working is a reaUty, flat base rates for residen¬ record the various items on the biU form. Some pro¬ tial and business usage should be employed. With gressive telephone administrations mail the toll tickets automatic switching, call meters can be employed to to the customer with the biU, and hold a record of assess the costs more fairly to those who use the ser¬ them on microfilm. Special forms are used so that one vice most. The importance of careful, accurate cost section appropriately stamped serves as the sub¬ accounting cannot be over-emphasized in the com- scriber's receipt. pUation of the subscriber's annual charge. (a) Rangoon system income statistics. It is apparent c. Telegraphs that the greater the number of telephones per unit of (1) General population, the better and cheaper the service can be. In many countries, internal telegraph services have At the moment, the Rangoon telephone system is been running at a loss for several years. This limits ex¬ carrying many communities which have so few sub¬ pansion and threatens the quahty of service. Since scribers that the community accounts show deficits most operations involved in handUng a telegram are even at the K600 annual rate. For the fiscal year of an individual nature, the cost is inherently high. In 1951-52, Telecommunications extracted the following Burma, all inland telegrams are handled on a flat-rate information from the South Burma Division's statis¬ basis. Consequently, the message charge rarely re¬ tics: flects the actual costs involved. It is said that the 540 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA

SAMPLE ZONE SCALE TO ILLUSTRATE THE TREND OF CHARGES

~i I 1 t i : 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 '"TT 1 1 4 1 1- "■*1'"''* T"':" t" t"' ! i 1 1 ' 1 1 1 • , ' ' 1 ,___L-—' -J 1 ___,--- 1 . • ' 1 1 . • 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 : : : <1 3 1 - 1 1 ( T 1 t i ! . i_ .__^.._i__;__4...;._ --T - --f ' 1 < 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 ) 1 i^ 2 _^.f „L_ 1 __L 'ill 1 ^ r • I f T [ . 1 1 , , r

i -pf nTrrrrvm ■ , , ' 1 1 ' ' 1 t ' 1 ' y' ' : • ; 1 ' ! : ; 1 ! ' !

200 400 600 Miles

British Post Office has not shown a profit on inland power and establishment is nearly 50%; there should telegrams since a common rate was adopted in 1870. be no difficulty in keeping the accounts separated and With the local telegraph system operating over ex¬ accurately. Incentive arrangements can be made with pensive h.f. radio circuits often involving several re¬ the postmaster-telegrapher to cover the telegraphic lays, a rate schedule should be compiled to reflect circuit after the post office is closed. Since this type of more accurately the actual cost of the service. Govern¬ operation proved its worth before the war, plans to ment subsidy should only be applied to those circuits abolish it in all areas of Burma must be considered of maximum public benefit which are at the same time extravagant, especially at this time. inherently unable to pay their own way. Zone charges should be drawn up in the same manner as for trunk d. Rate Setting telephone operation. The Department of Telecommunications proposes rates and rate changes subject to approval by the (2) Special Services present Ministry. Final approval is given by the Embassies and business houses maintain "deposit Ministry of Finance and Revenue. accounts" with the Central Telegraph Office so that time is not wasted in individual filing transactions. e. Recommendations Under the prevalent procedures in the booking office Considerable thought should now be given to setting this is an important consideration (see Section up adequate rate schedules against the very near E-2h-(4)-(a)). Press rates have been established, as future when Burma's telecommunications will be fully well as a money-order service. No reduced rate ser¬ extended. The present approach to the rate structure vices are in existence. is both inequitable and uneconomical. It is therefore, recommended that: (3) Combined Post and Telegraph Offices (1) The traffic department gather pertinent in¬ There is considerable merit in areas where the dual formation from other countries on zoning and rate duties are not detrimental to each other, in combining setting for reference in preparing a schedule to submit the telegraph and post offices. The saving in man¬ to Government. The philosophy of charging what the TELECOMMUNICATIONS 541 traffic wiU bear is as untenable for telephones as is three by four feet, with non-adjustable tops. Map charging too little for telegraphic service. storage facilities are totally inadequate, as is bulletin (2) The traffic department designate a competent posting space within all offices. person to study and handle all matters in connection with rates and charges. He must be familiar with all e. Recommendations phases of traffic and cost accounting so that he can It is recommended that: estabUsh a schedule which will produce the necessary (1) A modern print reproducing machine be ob¬ income, yet stand comparison with universal practice. tained for Telecommunications headquarters with (3) Monthly telephone billing be established with which to provide efficient printing service for all sec¬ adequate forms and office machines for rapidly and tions of the Department. accurately conducting this phase of the business. (2) Adequate drafting tables, as well as map and (4) Special services at appropriate rates be intro¬ chart storage facilities be provided. Drawings of these duced as soon as trunk working is resumed. items should be prepared to permit local construc¬ tion. 8. CHARTS, MAPS AND RECORDS (3) AU divisions and subdivisions provide graphic a. General information of operations plans and progress. (4) Drawer-type filing cabinets be provided as Officers of an organization as diverse as Telecom¬ standard equipment in all offices of the Department. munications need every type of statistical and visual (5) An improved and more complete method of aid in planning and conducting operations. Both are indexing file contents be employed. seriously lacking in the headquarters offices. As a (6) The study of this phase of departmental opera¬ consequence, the staff is poorly informed, and pro¬ tions be continued. ductivity suffers. Accurate, up-to-date information is slow in circulating to the extent that one group seems 9. STORES ORGANIZATION to know what the next is doing only by coincidence. When information must travel by word of mouth a. General without substantial docmnentary support, rumor Telecommunications stores is responsible for pro¬ rapidly supplants fact. This situation can be remedied. curing, stocking, listing and dispensing the materials used by the various branches of the service. Since b. Filing most of this has to be imported on tender, there are The type of folders used by the Department for numerous delays which are in part responsible for fihng has the serious disadvantage of deteriorating much of the Department's apparent lethargy. In this rapidly through frequent handhng. Since the only situation, there are many contributory factors that index of contents is vwthin the folder itself, unusual could be eased or eliminated entirely. dependence is placed on memory as to the where¬ abouts of various documents and records. The storing b. Physical Structure and Staff of these folders in open cases invites loss, requires The store's godowns are located in the Botataung altogether too much space and contributes to untidy section of Rangoon, from whence supplies are shipped office atmosphere. to aU divisions. In charge of stores operations is a superintendent who reports directly to the Director c. Charts of Telecommunications. On the staff are an assistant The programming of all of the Department's engineer, several clerks, and the necessary stock operations should be suitably plotted on charts so handlers. Also at this location are the shops for minor that interested and responsible individuals are repairs to line and radio communications instruments. thoroughly advised of current and projected affairs. Stores is a large operation and currently carries an This is especially pertinent to engineering and traffic inventory of K30 lakhs. activities. c. Requisitions and Sanctions d. Maps When requisitioned materials are in stock and Telecommunications is further handicapped by a covered by a current appropriation, the service is meager supply of appropriately scaled maps essential reasonably adequate. However, as is often the case for record and for the conducting of many operations. when unstocked, material exceeding the Director's The shortage is aggravated by inadequacies in drafting financial power of K3,000 must be authorized for and reproducing faciUties. For example, the blue¬ purchase by Government. This procedure is required printing machine is an ancient type which depends on even though the appropriation for the purchase has sunUght for operation. The drafting tables are small, been made in the budget, and results in serious and R.B. II—4 542 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA fatal delays. The request for sanction goes first to the appropriate account heading. From the accounting parent ministry for administrative approval and thence point of view the treatment is adequate. However, the to the Ministry of Finance and Revenue. If the re¬ investment in this amount bears interest to Govern¬ quest involves expenditures for a new project and ment, chargeable to the Department. At the same exceeds a modest sum, Finance and Revenue takes it time, many items desperately needed on various jobs to the Standing Finance Committee for a final appro¬ are held in stores but cannot be requisitioned because val or rejection. It is not unusual for a budget allot¬ of Departmental budget restrictions. The net result ment to expire during this process, thus requiring a finds Telecommunications paying interest on material new request by the very same procedure during the which it needs but cannot use. A more equitable subsequent fiscal year. In the meantime, a price arrangement should be devised. increase on imported equipment may require a sup¬ plementary allotment. g. Recommendations It is recommended that: d. Further Stores Problems (1) The financial authority of the Director be in¬ (1) Superintendent's Financial Authority creased to reduce the number of sanction requests The Telecommunications Inquiry Report first necessary unless a much less cumbersome procedure pointed out the clumsy business procedures under is installed. which the stores organization must function. The (2) The post of Superintendent of Stores, because Superintendent has no financial authority to purchase of its responsibility, be improved in rank to equal even the smallest item. All such matters must be re¬ that of Divisional Engineer. ferred to the Director. It would appear a simple mat¬ (3) Business machines be adopted for improving ter to arrange a reasonable latitude for the Superinten¬ the records and saving time and manpower. dent to make small purchases without annoying the (4) An emergency project head be set up during Department's chief executive with such minor detaUs this period of expansion-rehabilitation to facilitate of daily operations. withdrawing specific instruments and tools. Some measuring instruments, in whose use technical staff (2) Government Central Stores should be trained, have been held in stores for years It is necessary to ascertain the availabUity of a under the misguided impression that they were too desired article at the Government Central Stores "expensive." before if can be purchased locally. Even when the (5) The Superintendent of Stores have a modest article is stocked, a week or more may be required to financial authority, subject to regular audit, for deliver it to the Department's storeyard. emergency purchases on the local market.

(3) Licenses 10. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Import licenses are stipulated for materials brought into the country for departmental use. Since these a. General must be procured before the order can be placed, Burma's telecommunications goal must include considerable delay is chargeable to this requirement the best features of the prewar-postwar system besides alone. Customs duties and handling are also applic¬ such desirable innovations as the state of the electrical able to these imports. communications art wUl permit. The long-range objective should be prompt and accurate service e. Superintendent's Status between the major centers with dependable, if some¬ Before the war, the Superintendent had an addi¬ what slower, coverage of the rest of the country. The tional pay allowance of K100 per month. After inde¬ result will be a telecommunications network superior pendence, this was withdrawn, and the post was re¬ to any in southeast Asia today. To achieve this goal, duced to the same level as that of an assistant engi¬ the telecommunications organization must be given neer in charge of a subdivision. On this basis, there is every encouragement and assistance in adapting itself insufficient incentive for the quaUty of work required. to new methods and equipment. The change of status long recommended should re¬ ceive prompt consideration. b. Attitudes and Policy Men with vision and energy are needed to plan, to f. Stores Suspense Account build and to operate this network. Economic and Materials are continuaUy added to and withdrawn social policy guided by sound engineering advice must from stores. The difference in value between the achieve the balance between need and cost. A capable amount in and the amount out is carried in this engineering organization must be estabUshed to pre- TELECOMMUNICATIONS 543 pare detaUed plans and to supervise their implementa¬ program expanding satisfactorily throughout the tion. Appropriated money must be made readily large communities in the districts, and the smaller avaUable for the installation of new projects and for communities' telephony program taking shape. the adequate maintenance of those already in opera¬ tion. Some means must be found for reducing the (4) Telegraph Terminals administrative delays in releasing appropriated funds A wide use of teleprinter in offices handling sub¬ to permit rapid initiation of needed new work and stantial amounts of traffic, and combined telegraph repairs. A fuUer reahzation of the importance of com¬ and post offices in remote districts where economical munications to the smooth and expeditious function¬ dependable service is required. ing of every activity of the Government should go far toward mitigating some of the inadvertent handicaps (5) Engineering Organization and Training to rapid development. So arranged and established that the functioning oftheDepartment affords no basisfor serious criticism. c. Extent of Telecommunications Coverage This requires engineering, planning and operation Recommended along the modern efficient lines recommended in this Improving but uncertain security conditions pre¬ Report. clude detailed planning in many areas, but these temporary conditions must not obscure the long- d. Recommendations Summarized range view. Consequently, this Report, while accord¬ The following is a brief resume of the numerous ing important consideration to the long term for recommendations offered in this Report for improv¬ general direction and guidance, has placed major ing the scope of service and the efficiency of Tele¬ emphasis on various near future projects. Once the communications in Burma. Ten projects basic to this backbone of trunk communications is established, the attainment are shown in Plate 7 in terms of the esti¬ expansion of industry and the needs and wishes of the mated cost and the time required for completion. It people wUl dictate further development. The end of is not intended to convey the impression that these the five-year period could and should find the follow¬ projects will achieve everything needed in an inte¬ ing situation: grated system, for such is not the case. They will, how¬ ever, provide the framework to give shape and strength (1) External Circuits to the structure. Details can and must be added as (a) Telegraph. Radio teleprinters handling all of required and justified. Burma's foreign traffic through the new transmitting (1) Burma's Foreign Communications Circuits and receiving centers which are connected to the Cen¬ tral Telegraph Office by multi-channel microwave cir¬ Considerable expansion and modernization are cuits. necessary, and can be achieved by: (b) Telephone. Radiotelephone connections to the (a) Adopting frequency-shift keying, diversity re¬ international circuit via the India link, and possibly ception and teleprinter operation on the foreign cir¬ cuits. linuted direct service to other neighboring countries on a spht-schedule basis. (b) Shifting the receiving and transmitting stations to functional centers large enough for the requisite (2) Internal Telephone and Telegraph Circuits directional antennas, and connecting these centers to the Central Telegraph Office over multi-band u.h.f. (a) VHF-UHF. Carrying the Delta's primary circuits. and most of the secondary trunks to Rangoon. (c) Arranging with India to use single-sideband (b) HF. Furnishing long-distance circuits to areas suppressed-carrier operation for the projected inter¬ in the outlying districts over difficult terrain. Not national radiotelephone link. Also discussing the more than 20 such circuits should be required in all possible use of Calcutta as a radio terminal for future of Burma. Burma-India telephone and telegraph circuits. (c) Landlines. HandUng the Rangoon-Mandalay (d) Considering split-schedule direct radiotele¬ trunk traffic on carrier circuits, and extending in all phone-telegraph operation with neighboring coun¬ directions (except the Delta) to provide secondary tries other than India and Ceylon, for improved ser¬ trunks and tributary service. vice and reduced rates. (e) Carrying out the design of buUdings, auxiliaries (3) Telephone Exchanges and antennas for both the receiving and transmitting Rangoon's exchange automatized, and Mandalay's centres so that construction can start as soon as the expanding with C-B operation. The C-B exchange sites are provided and equipment available RANSOON AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE : ■ \ EXCHANSE. ^SsJJMi^l'sSJis.mjhmilmihni

DISTRICT CENTRAL- BATTERY I 1 EXCHANSE PROGRAM. i ■ ...,'_ r 1 "' ,", , 1 ■;" p,'- i' ,"!i'''i'' i p. T '' i,!*!'! 1'.* '•; .^i {,'•'■ L i,, •.,, '■ 1 ■■ .',i„ i.iii..r:.i; .

LAKHS 0 20 60 100 140 160 I BO

YEARS 0 I 3 s 7 •a 9

MINOR TRUNK LINE REHABIUTATION - .*!• •"■ rfH| aj1?!gn,iii3iaai

RADIO TRANSMITTING S RECEIVING '"^■' " 1 CENTERS ( RANGOON) ■ ...:

RANGOON-MANDALAY CARRIER TRUNKS 1

DELTA U.H.P-V.H.F. TRUNK SYSTEM. 1

LAKHS 0 20 30 40 SO 60 70 BO 90

YEARS 0 2 3 4 9 6 7

INTERNATIONAL RADIO TELEPHONE LINK.

CENTRAL TELEGRAPH OFFICE IMPROVEMENTS AND CIRCUIT MODERNIZATION.

ESTABLISHING RADIO REGULATORY MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING ORGANIZATION — ■-- TELECOMMUNICATIONS EXPANSION a REHABILITATION PROGRAM TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRAINING COST a COMPLETION TIME ESTIMATES PROGRAM T^~T KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEW YORK RANGOON OR. BY. E.J.P. DATE PLATE YEARS ^ CK. BY. C.W.B. JULY,53. NO. 544 TELECOM MUNICATIONS 545 (2) Communications within Burma (4) Serious thought be given to limiting the new The present state of Burma's internal communica¬ manual installation (40th Street Telephone Building) tions system (see the table entitled "Present FacUities," to 2,000 lines if action on automatization is to follow in and Plate I) is such that remedial action is needed in the very near future. The present South Exchange can all areas. It is recommended that: be kept in operation for another two or three years to (a) Trunk facUities. (1) Because of the high cost provide, with the new boards, 3,000 lines. This would and mediocre service rendered, the expensive high- result in substantial savings in batteries, installation frequency radiotelegraph program be curtailed to time and cut-over problems. The third 1,000-line serve only those areas inaccessible to landhnes. board can be shipped to Mandalay where it will soon (2) Microwave radio be utUized for the Delta prim¬ be required. ary trunk system, and the v.h.f. equipment, not yet in (5) Telecommunications standardize, by specifica¬ operation, be used for secondary trunks. Improved tions and drawings, the apparatus and materials service and greater economies will result in these needed in the operation of the telephone system. marshy areas with their numerous river crossings. Enough laboratory faciUties must be provided to per¬ (3) Serious planning for rehabilitation of the mit essential electrical measurements. Sufficient Rangoon-Mandalay carrier routes be undertaken at equipment performance data should be recorded to once so that unstocked materials can be ordered and serve as a basis for future purchasing. reasonable preparations made for equipment rehabili¬ (6) Modern practices in outside plant construction tation. and maintenance, notably distribution point and drop (4) Copperweld wire be used wherever theft and wiring, be adopted. sabotage has proved a hazard to landline operation, (7) Large-scale city maps showing outside plant and that aUgnments be moved, if necessary, to follow installations be accurately drawn, and kept up to roads and/or railways for maximum protection and date. Along with these should be accurate cable test for ease of maintenance. Punitive or other deterrent data to permit trouble location with test instruments. actions to eUminate sabotage should be thoroughly (8) Telecommunications estabUsh well planned and explored. capably conducted training classes for all grades of (5) As the initial phase of the landline rehabihta¬ telephone technicians as one of the first steps in im¬ tion program. Telecommunications make an all-out proving and standardizing operations. Also, that effort to restring and maintain commercial lines on selected technicians be sent to the United States or pole structures that are now carrying only railway Sweden for training. control Unes. (9) Plans be laid immediately for expanding the (6) Radiotelegraph stations retained as a security local telephone exchanges in the district communities measure in communities served by landlines be sup¬ of over 10,000 population by instaUing properly de¬ ported from the defense budget. signed C-B telephone systems. This should include (b) Telephone. This program is in two areas: auto¬ the preparation of complete instructions and forms matization of the Rangoon exchanges, and expanding so that the local subdivisional officers can conduct a and improving the district exchanges. It is recom¬ subscriber-demand survey, and can furnish the mended that: necessary technical information for layout of the out¬ (1) The recently established organization for con¬ side plant. ducting the affairs of the Rangoon telephone service (10) The many detailed measures for providing be given the latitude and assistance required to Mandalay with a C-B telephone system can be under¬ modernize the operation of Burma's largest telephone taken at once so that when trunk lines to Rangoon are system. restored, the demands for telephone service can be (2) Modern Crossbar exchanges be instaUed at handled. The present 400-line magneto exchange is Main, North and Insein for full automatization of entirely inadequate to meet the future needs of the service, and that a new outside plant including a 182,000 people for modern telephone facilities. The conduit system in the downtown area be provided. equipment freed by Rangoon's automatization can be It is further urged that provision be made for 6,000 used to advantage in the districts. Unes in Main, 2,000 in North and 300 in Insein, to (c) Telephone system maintenance. Maintenance is allow for reasonable expansion of telephone-use in one of the major considerations in operating a tele¬ Burma's capital city during the first five-year period. communications system. To improve and expand the (3) Telecommunications obtain the centrally located Department's efforts along this line, it has been sites for, and design the buildings required by the recommended that: automatization program. Optimum locations have (1) Telephone maintenance standards be estab¬ been suggested in various reports. lished and rigidly enforced. DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNI

TELEPHONE

Staff Subscri¬ Leased Lines ■S Local Capacity ber's 1 Working Telephone Telephone ■3 Station of Connec¬ fe & 1 1 ;^ i5 Switch¬ Hours .§ Lines Trunk tions in ^ t 1 1 i i5 board ^ (miles) Lines -§<^ use ^i bA 5^ •4 ■§ "^ 1 1 3 t^ ►5 O^ ^ ^ Railway Canal

Mandalay 400 305 0000-2400 2 3 1 2 6 12 Monywa 40 18 0600-2000 1 1 2 Sagaing 40 33 0600-2000 2 Kyaukse 40 23 0600-2000 2 Shwebo 80 23 0600-2000 1 2 Bhamo 40 12 0600-1800 2 Katha 20 14 0600-2000 1 2 Myitkyina 40 18 0600-1800 2 % Kalewa 40 12 0600-1800 1 Ii 2 i Meiktila 100 57 0000-2400 1 1 2 4 Putao Homalin s Mawlaik Paunglyin Shwegu Mogok Amarapura Myinmu Myitgne

840 515 2 8 1 4 16 32 668-2 556 766 60

Toungoo 50 35 0000-2400 1 1 1 2 5 Aungban 20 7 0600-1800 1 2 Yamethin 20 15 0000-2400 1 4 < Pyinmana 10 4 0600-1800 1 2 d 0 Nyaunglebin 20 12 0600-1800 1 2 8 Pyawbwe 20 6 0600-1800 1 2 ffl i g Thazi 20 4 0600-1800 1 2 ^ ^ Taunggyi 50 54 0000-2400 1 1 4 vi Kalaw 40 18 0000-2400 1 4 o Pyu 20 5 0600-1800 1 2

270 160 1 1 2 11 29 275 650 1390 70

Yenangyaung 100 52 0000-2400 1 1 2 4 Myingyan 80 59 0000-2400 1 2 4 Minbu 50 19 0600-1800 1 2 Magwe 50 6 0600-1800 1 2 0 Chauk 10 8 0600-1800 1 2 < Pakokku 50 13 0600-1800 1 1 2 % Nyaungoo 25 4 0600-1800 1 2 § Gangaw Kanpetlet i >-1 Taungdwingyi Minhla

365 161 1 2 9 18 391 36 57 26

Maymyo 120 72 0000-2400 1 1 1 3 2 7 Namtu 50 p Lashio 44 0600-2000 2 2 Hsipaw 44 37 0600-2000 2 2 i Kyaukme 50 28 0600-2000 2 1 < Nyaungkhio

546 CATIONS—PRESENT FACILITIES

TELEGRAPH RADIO

Staff Staff Freqilency i-. Aver¬ 9>v 5 ^ ►4 1 1 1 1 mit i 1

0700-2200 33670 1 2 32 4 4 1 11 1 2 6 1 XYQ 8 1 29 6 2 2 1000-1700 1570 XYK 3 1 2 1 1 0900-1700 910 1000-1700 365 XYD 6 3360 1 2 1 1 1000-1700 565 XYN 3360 3 1 1 0900-1700 1180 1 0900-1700 1500 1 XYL 3 6380 6370 3 1 1 1000-1600 2900 XYC 5820 3380 1 2 1 0900-1700 1000 XYD 4 5180 1 2 1 1 0900-1700 525 XYL 9 6380 1 1 1 1 1 1 0800-1700 500 1 XYC 4 3380 2 1 1 1 0800-1700 1100 1 XYC 2 3380 2 1 1 1 0800-1700 820 1 XYC 3 3380 2 1 1 1 0900-1700 95 XYZ 2 3710 2 1 I 0800-1600 740 1 XYL 5 5740 2 1 1 ] 1000-1600 95 1000-1700 20 0900-1700 XYV 7 3720 4165 3 1 1

47555 1 2 32 4 4 1 ,17 1 2 6 1 6 57 19 8 11 3

0900-1900 1550 0800-1700 260 0900-1700 615 XYD 2 5180 1 2 1 1

0900-1700 225

1000-1700 205 0900-1700 1500 XYD 5 3360 1 2 1 1 1000-1700 235

4590 2 4 2 2

0900-1700 1470 1 1 XYD 3 5180 1 1 1 0900-1700 1710 1 1 XYC 9 5740 1 2 1 0900-1700 405 XYK 2 3720 1 2 1 0900-1700 655 XYD 7 3360 1 2 1 090&-1700 1665 2 XYL 8 5820 1 3 1 1 1000-1700 1940 XYC 5 3700 1 2 1 0900-1700 XYV 6 5180 5635 3 1 0900-1700 155 1 XYL 6 5820 2 1 1 1000-1700 270 XYC 6 3600 1 1 1 1 0900-1700 410 1 XYL 7 5740 1 2 1 1 0900-1700 26 XYT 9 5170 5625 3 1

7706 4 4 8 23 11 4 10

1000-1800 1310 0900-1600 260 0900-1700 975 XYD 8 3360 3 1 1 0900-1700 230 0900-1700 300 0900-1600 45 3 1 1

547 DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNI

TELEPHONE

Staff Subscri¬ g 5; Capacity 1 Leased Lines ber's Local of Working Telephone ]S 5?a/io« Connec¬ Telephone Switch¬ Hours Trunk <5 tions in 1 1 i Lines board i (miles) Lines 1 use 1 ■5" 1 k) KJ ►^ 0 Railway >i5 s ^ ^ Canal

Taikkyi 25 2 Tharrawaddy 25 20 Pegu 100 70 z Twante 20 7 8 Syriam 25 11 z Rangoon CTO I 3 1 <& University Telegraph office Ahlone Telegraph office

195 110 1 3 1 2200 935-0 1312 32 Moulmein 180 179 0000-2400 1 2

Tavoy 100 81 0000-2400 i Mergui 50 33 0000-2400 5 Thaton 30 23 0000-2400 s Kanbauk 360 316 1 2 269-4 343-36 290-19

Prome 60 49 0000-2400 1 2 < Thayetmyo 25 18 OOOa-2400 % Allamnyo 10 5 0000-2400 s Paungde 20 11 0000-2400 n Shwedaung OH Thegon Zigon o CO 115 83 1 2 426-8 252-5 391-1

Bassein 180 99 0000-2400 1 Myaungmya 35 21 0600-1800 Wakema 25 7 0800-2000 Moulmeingyun 10 2 0900-1700 Bogale 5 3 0900-1700 Pyapon 20 18 OOOa-2400 Kyaiklat 20 11 0900-1700 Maubin 25 21 0600-1800 Yandoon 10 8 0900-1700 i Henzada 50 36 0000-2400 pa Zalun 10 7 0900-1700 Myanaung 10 3 0900-1700 Yegyi 20 7 0600-1800 Kyonpyaw 10 4 0900-1700 Ngathaingyaung 10 2 0900-1700 Kyaunggon 10 3 0900-1700 Danubyu Kyangin Einme Pantanaw

548 CATIONS—PRESENT FACILITIES

TELEGRAPH RADIO

Staff Staff Frequ ency Aver¬ Schedule age Call 1 Hours Traffic 1 1 1= 1 § Sign 1 1 1 Cl Total 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 6 t i Trans¬ 5 1 i 1 Receive 1 1 CO r-i 1 1 1 mit 1

0900-1700 550 XYF 6 5300 1 1 1 1 1 0900-1700 130 I00O-1700 140

0000-2400 65080 1 3 5 83 6 34 35 13 1 1 2 2 1 61 9 8 33 6 11 1 0930-1630 15 0800-1630 20

65935 1 3 5 83 6 34 35 13 1 1 2 2 1 61 9 8 33 6 11 1 1 1 1 1

0900-1900 3 2 3 1 1 XYG 7800 1 8 1 1 1 1 XY 7 2 2 1 1 XYT 2 5925 5810 3 1 1 2 2 1 XYG 2 5925 1 2 1 1 1 XYG 3 5925 1 1 1 1

7 2 7 1 1 2 1 3 14 3 1 3 4

0800-1800 2100 2 2 1 1 XYF 3760 1 2 1 1 0900-1600 390 XYF 5 5180 1 2 1 1

0900-1700 4 0900-1700 120 0900-1700 100

2714 2 2 1 1 2 4 2 1 2 1

XYX 1 \„„ 4 1 0900^1900 1110 { XYX 2 /"50 8100 1 2 1 0800-1400 430 XYG 4 5300 1 1 1

0900-1700 14 XYK 6 5120 5575 3 1

0930-1800 345 XYG 5 5300 1 1 1 1 0900-1700 60 0900-1700 770 XYF 7 3750 1 1 1 1 0900-1700 100 0700-1800 2800 XYF 4 5300 3 1

10 XYK 8 5120 5575 3 1 1 8 XYJ 9 5140 5595 3 1 1 8 XYK 4 5300 5755 3 1 1 8 XYK 7 5140 5595 3 1 1

549 DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNI

TELEPHONE

Staff c i Subscri¬ Leased Lines "S5 1 Capacity Local ber's Telephone .2 Working Telephone •Si „ . of 5; 1 ti &' s i 0 Trunk ;:». ^""'""r- Hours ^ % Lines ^ 1 1 Lines Q lions w ; 1^-5, 1 (miles) use i i i§ ^ 1 Railway Canal ^

Akyab 200 171 0000-2400 1 2 1 3 25 i 6 Kyaukpyu 40 20 0500-2300 1 2 3 Sandoway 20 9 0500-2300 2! 3 Maungdaw (Non-Ex.) 3 0000-2400 1 z; Cheduba Kyauktaw Minbya < Paletwa hi Singaling Khamti

260 203 1 1 2! 1 14 30 j 12 1 1 Rangoon North Exchange 540 525 0000-2400 1 1 3I22 Mingaladon 150 132 0000-2400 ; 1 3^12 Insein 100 62 0000-2400 1 1 5 o S Central 400 360 0000-2400 1 17 o Regent 440 440 0000-2400 i 4 West 340 340 0000-2400 i 4 South 1099 1093 0000-2400 1 1 15 53 8

3069 2952 1 5 3 1 22 117114 10-762 ; 1 i Rangoon Radio

Rangoon Transmitting Station

j.

1

Rangoon Recrad and High¬ speed Station

Rangoon-Moulmein R/T j

Maymyo Alexander Barracks Daik-U Kawlin Myitgne Pyimtaza Sagu Salin Singu Tatkon Taungtha Thedaw Yawnghwe Zeyawaddy

550 CATIONS—PRESENT FACILITIES

TELEGRAPH RADIO

Staff Staff Frequency Aver¬ j 1. Schedule age t 1 5- c i s § Call !^ Hours Traffic 1 i b 1 i ? Sign Total 1 V 1 1 Trans¬ 1 a 1- 1 1 Q Receive s i 1 s 1 1 1 1 C5 Co mit 1 1

0900-1800 5217 1 10 1 4 5 1 1 1 XYA 8 7660 1160 2 17 6 8 1 0900-1630 500 XYA 3 6790 2 1 1 0900-1630 600 XYA 3 6790 3 1000-1700 120 XYA 4 5810 2 1000-1700 60 XYB 3 4270 3 1000-1700 60 XYA 2 i 4270 2 1000-1700 50 XYB 3 4270 2 1 1000-1200 XYS 4; 5810 6265 2 1 0900-1700 475 XYC 8 3380 1 1 1

7082 1 10 1 4 5 9 1 1 1 3 34 14 6 11 3

1 XYR 2 250 1 1 34 6 2 1 1 3 XYR 3 ; 500 XYR 4 j 4200 XYR 5 1 12600 XYR 6 XYR 1 16800

XYM j 13020 7675 XYM2 XYM 3 ' 12385 7690 1 4 12 7 1 1 1 3 XYM 4 XYM 5 7645 5925 I XYM6i XYM 7 12870 XYM 8 XYM 9 13655 i i XYN XYNO 13395 5300 XYN 3 XYN 4 17580 7600 1 4 29 6 1 1 1 XYN 5 XYN 6 15470 7600 XYN 7 XYN 8 12387 6900 XYN 9 7680

7400 7200 7500 7300 1 2 1 1 1 i

1000-1700 75 0900-1700 45 0900-1700 15 1000-1700 40 0900-1700 45 1000-1700 25 1000-1700 200 1000-1700 20 1000-1700 9 1000-1700 1000-1700 1000-1600 2 0930-1630 105

579 552 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA (2) Material necessary for proper maintenance be actions in the field of organization, the most pressing carried at all times by Telecommunications stores. are these: This must be given a first priority by all concerned. (1) An engineering group be estabhshed within the (3) Maintenance men be provided with the neces¬ radio section as a part-time committee to plan the sary tools and transport for meeting their responsi¬ pressing expansion activities on a more appropriate bilities quickly and competently. scale than at present. As soon as the technical man¬ (4) A complete system of tests and records be set power situation permits, this group should become up and rigidly maintained to assist outside plant part of a full-time engineering section within the maintenance personnel in locating cable faults. The Department. present trial and error procedures are untenable in (2) An engineering group be established to work this age of precise electrical measurements. out the practical rehabilitation of Burma's landline (5) Daily trouble records be meticulously kept so system and the related details of expanded telephone- that average "out time" can be calculated, and the telegraph working. The economical and satisfactory major fault reasons be catalogued. service to be engineered from the huge investment in (6) Functional telephone-plant bodies be obtained the lines system deserves greater attention. for the Ford truck chassis at the Telecommunications (3) All telecommunications engineering recom¬ stores. mended in the body of this Report be ultimately con¬ (7) The acceptance of gratuities by maintenance centrated into a single component engineering-plan¬ personnel for "preferred" services be thoroughly ning section to serve the whole Department. suppressed and replaced by cultivated pride in (4) A radio regulatory body, with duties and re¬ organization. sponsibilities as outlined in paragraph E 3-i-(6), be (d) Central Telegraph Office. A study of this most established outside the Department of Telecommuni¬ essential component of both foreign and domestic cations but under the parent ministry. communications facilities has resulted in the follow¬ (5) To minimize departmental reorganization and ing recommendations; yet provide essential services, personal assistants to (1) Thematerials listed in section E-l-(c)-(6) should the Director be added in the areas of personnel, train¬ be provided at once to modernize and improve the ing and accounting-finance. telegraphic services. (g) Personnel. It is recommended that: (2) The message delivery and booking systems (1) Departmental regulations covering administra¬ should be reviewed with the object of eliminating tive procedure be thoroughly enforced. Where these time-wasting procedures. Cash registers which furnish regulations are found to be weak or unsuitable ap¬ a printed receipt wUl eliminate "stamps," and a few propriate changes should be made. motor cycles for long-distance deliveries will help (2) Higher standards of job quality be imposed and materially. enforced. (3) Telecommunications should insist that its mes¬ (3) The entire salary scale be reviewed in the light sengers are uniformly attired. of the findings of the Wider Pay Commission. This (4) There should be a better appreciation and under¬ would go far toward winning the much needed loyalty standing of the traffic section's problems and contri¬ to the program. butions. All personnel carrying supervisory responsi¬ (4) The procedures provided in the regulations for bilities should be given official status. the removal of the incompetent and inefficient be exer¬ (5) Telephone or teleprinter should be used for for¬ cised. The harboring, protection, or coddhng of such warding messages between branch telegraph offices individuals has an extremely depressing effect on the and the CTO to save skilled operators. morale and eflficiency of the service. (6) Message deUvcry envelopes should be addressed (5) The necessity for and the importance of training with Addressograph equipment (coded addresses) and and personnel administrative programs be recognized by typewriter (formal addresses) to eliminate errors. by detailing responsible officers to these functions (e) Marine Radio Station. It is recommended that (sec Organization, Section E-3). the plan for moving the station be postponed untU the (6) A procedure be established for objective evalu¬ whole matter is reviewed. If it is finally decided that ation of demonstrated qualifications for promotion in the staff cannot be made a naval reserve unit and the addition to the facts of seniority. Technical qualifica¬ station's location is incompatible with the Navy's tions should be established by both written and per¬ effectiveness, the actual moving could be deferred until formance examinations. a more appropriate time when Telecommunications (7) More attention be focused upon improved has less construction rehabilitation commitments. morale by appropriate recognition of superior (f) Organization. Of the many needed corrective performance. TELECOMMUNICATIONS 553 (h) Training. To meet the training needs of all (k) Rates and charges. It is recommended that: echelons of the organization, it is recommended that: (1) The traffic department designate a competent (1) A training program be carefuUy developed con¬ person to study and handle all matters in connection sidering both vocational and professional aspects, with rates and charges. He must be familiar with all both on-the-job and fuU-time opportunities, both ex¬ phases of traffic and cost accounting so that he can tension and residence instruction, and possibly day establish a schedule which will produce the necessary and evening classes. income, yet compare favorably with universal prac¬ (2) This training program utiUze the best available tice. techniques of instruction, embracing both long-range (2) The traffic department gather pertinent informa¬ and accelerated objectives. tion on zoning and rate-setting for reference in pre¬ (3) The compilation of a good technical library be paring a schedule for Government approval. The instituted at once under the supervision of a compe¬ philosophy of charging what the traffic wiU bear for tent hbrarian. telephones is as untenable as charging too little for (4) That funds appropriated for this training pro¬ telegraphic service. gram be adequate for the provision of training aids, (3) Monthly telephone billing be established with shops or practical laboratories, classrooms and equip¬ adequate forms and office machines for rapidly and ment. A modest honorarium should be offered staff accurately conducting this phase of the business. members for teaching their specialities. (4) Special services at appropriate rates be intro¬ (5) A rigorous experience-training program be re¬ duced as soon as trunk working is resumed. quired for all engineering recruits, and that permanent (1) Stores organization. Because of the importance employment depend largely on ability demonstrated of the stores in the operation of the Department, it is therein. recommended that: (i) Financial matters. It is recommended that: (1) The financial authority of the Director be in¬ (1) An annual report simUar to that used before the creased to reduce the number of sanction requests war be published within three months after the close necessary unless a much less cumbersome procedure of each fiscal year. is installed. (2) Mechanized accounting be adopted to improve (2) The post of Superintendent of Stores because the speed and accuracy of the accounting function. of its responsibility be improved in rank to equal that (3) A personal assistant, finance, be added to the of Divisional Engineer. Director's staff. (3) Business machines be adopted for improving (4) The above officer, selected for ability and the records and saving time and manpower. thorough experience in Burma Telecommunications (4) An emergency project head be set up during accounts, be sent to London to study the modern ac¬ this period of expansion and rehabilitation to facilitate counting methods of the British Post Office in respect withdrawing specific instruments and tools. to telecommunications. (5) The Superintendent of Stores be granted modest (j) Charts, maps and records. It is recommended financial authority, subject to regular audit, for emer¬ that: gency purchases on the local market. (1) A modem print-reproducing machine be ob¬ (m) Requirements for further study. In addition to tained for Telecommunications headquarters to pro¬ the matters discussed in this Report, several specific vide efficient printing service for all sections of the subjects require further study and exploration, and Department. the general problem of keeping abreast with current (2) Adequate drafting tables as well as map and developments in the science of telecommunications chart storage facilities be provided. Drawings sUould requires constant attention. be prepared so that these items of furniture can be constructed locally. (1) Public Relations (3) All divisions and subdivisions be responsible A vital requirement for public service is the con¬ for preparing certain minimum graphic information stant cultivation of a behavior toward the public that illustrating plans and the progress of operations. reflects full realization that the service exists solely (4) Drawer-type filing cabinets be provided as for the purpose of accommodating the public, both standard equipment in all offices of the Department. individually and collectively. The Telecommunica¬ (5) An improved and more complete method of tions Department could improve its services im¬ indexing file contents be employed. mensely by two courses of action. The first would be (6) The study of charts, maps and records be con¬ to undertake a campaign of education among all em¬ tinued on an appropriate scale with attention to new ployees to develop a spirit of courtesy, accommoda¬ and functional forms where required. tion, and desire to find a better way of serving the 554 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA customer. The second would be to establish a public changes have been previously pointed out. Consider¬ relations or public information section charged with able additional study is needed to eliminate many demonstrating and publicizing telecommunications remaining inequaUties resulting from modernization services to the public. Both service-wise and revenue- and changing operations. A systematic and scientific wise, the success of a department can be greatly en¬ evaluation of each job should be undertaken as a hanced by weU-directed advertising and solicitation. primary responsibiUty of the personnel section of the administrative staff. (2) Service to Government Departments The telecommunications needs of the Burma Rail¬ (4) Administration ways, the Irrigation Department, the Inland Water¬ A close study of the administrative structure of the ways, the Merchant Marine and other agencies must whole Telecommunications organization would be be adequately met if these agencies are to operate at profitable. Planned changes should be part of an maximum effectiveness. Their needs for independent over-all improvement scheme. A particular need is to communications systems will be reduced to a few devise a means of providing closer support for person¬ speciaUzed requirements when the Telecommunica¬ nel in the field. This may mean strengthening and tions Department demonstrates that it can provide simplifying supervisory channels and emphasizing dependable service throughout Burma at reasonable the responsibilities of the supervisors concerned for rates. The Telecommunications Department should both the personal and professional welfare of the field study the needs of the other departments, should help employees. them to devise systems and equipment that would better serve their needs, and should make available to (5) Responsibility them such services as it may be able to provide in As with all functions of organization, both adminis¬ installing and operating such equipment. The Depart¬ trative and organizational, the responsibility for pro¬ ment should seek to avoid the overcrowding of the gress and improvement rests squarely with super¬ high-frequency spectrum, and should do its best to vision. It is not enough that Telecommunications seek support and to contribute to the orderly allocation merely to provide adequate service; only in striving to of frequencies by international agreement. become superior can an organization become ade¬ quate. It is a key virtue of supervision that it be able (3) Job Evaluation to stimulate throughout its organization a constant Telecommunications is using job titles, concepts search and effort to improve while at the same time and relative salary scales developed many years ago being able to temper change by recognition and con¬ and no longer applicable to the duties being per¬ tinuance of equipment and methods of demonstrated formed. Some of the more desirable and obvious value. PART VI

POWER

CHAPTER XIX ELECTRIC POWER

A. EARLY HYDROELECTRIC INVESTIGATIONS far from the population centers. Exceptions are as During the years 1920 to 1923 inclusive, field foUows: investigations were made of numerous hydroelectric Power Site Possible Market power sites throughout Burma by B. Raikes, Electrical Saingdin Falls Akyab District Inspector to the Government of Burma and Officer- Pyaungsha Rapids, in-Charge, Hydroelectric Survey of Burma. The Namtu River Mandalay Area results were incorporated in a report dated 1924 Namsan Falls Northern Shan States Balu Chaung at Loikaw Southern Shan States entitled "Report on the work of the Hydroelectric Bawgata Chaung Rangoon Area Survey of Burma." AU power sites which were Pegu River J) »» investigated and found useful or believed to be useful Lampha Chaung Amherst District by the survey are Usted in Table XlX-1 together with Hpaungdaw Chaung Tavoy District brief extracts from the 1924 report. For most of the sites the continuous horsepower is given based on It is beUeved that the sites given above are the minimum stream flow without benefit of possible most useful based on the current status of transporta¬ storage. tion faciUties and probable power demand in the near future. Each is discussed in detail later in this 1. MOST USEFUL SITES Report. Also a number of additional hydroelectric Generally the power sites Usted in the Raikes Report and steam developments are proposed which were are in remote areas inaccessible for construction and not covered in the Raikes report.

TABLE XIX - 1 HYDRO POWER SITES INVESTIGATED AND FOUND USEFUL OR BELIEVED TO BE USEFUL BY THE HYDROELECTRIC SURVEY OF BURMA, 1924

Item Available River Locality Market Remarks No. Name Power*

Sheet No. 92t 1 Chipwi Chaung N'Maikha Kachin State — — 4 Indawgyi Lake Mogaung >> ' Lake area 40 sq. miiiii. 5 Hpalin Site Irrawaddy )» — Bhamo and Very large Myitkyina project. — Myitkyina 6 Above Myitkyina j> jj >> 7 Ledan Chaung Ledan Katha District — Katha Good fall and storage. 8 Mole Chaung Mole Bhamo District ' — Bhamo 880 ft. 9 Nampak HkaJ Taiping ); 1 ■ " natural head. 10 Namtabet ChaungJ Namtabet Kachin State — Myitkyina 150 ft. natural head. 11 NamU Hka N'Maikha )> ' J) 13 Tabak Hka Namtabet )) — 9) 14 Mile 31 from Bhamo J Taiping Bhamo District — Bhamo 2,700 sq. mi.

* Continuous horsepower. t Sheet No. and Item No. refer to drawings in the 1924 report. X Investigated and found to be useful.

R.B. n—5 557 558 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA

TABLE XIX - 1 {continued)

Item Available No. Name River Locality Power* Market Remarks

Alternative No. 1 10,000 Bhamo 35 ft. faU and 20 ft. dam plus 500 ft. tunnel and penstock. Alternative No. 2 14,000 57 ft. faU plus 1,840 ft. tunnel and penstock.

Alternative No. 3 21,000 9J 117 ft. gross head, high dam and long tunnel. Alternative No. 4 47,000 257 ft. gross head, higher dam, longer tunnel. 15 Umungya HkaJ Taiping Bhamo District 22,000 2,370 ft. fall and storage—canal and pipe line.

Sheet No. 84t 1 Cho Chaung Yaw Pakokku District Kanpetlet 3 Kyaukset Chaung 7 Sidoktaya Site Mon Minbu District Oilfields 400 cusecs min. flow. 15 Saingdin FallsJ Saingdin Akyab District Akyab

Alternative No. 1 1,200 55 65 ft. fall 880 ft. canal, 470 ft. tunnel.

Alternative No. 2 3,400 55 185 ft. hd., stor¬ age dam, 2,350 ft. pipe hne. 17 Saw Chaung Yaw Pakokku District Kanpetlet Good flow and dam site. 21 Yaw River Yaw Pauk 55

* Continuous horsepower. t Sheet No. and Item No. refer to drawings in the 1924 report. I Investigated and found to be useful. ELECTRIC POWER 559 TABLE XIX - 1 (continued)

Item Available No. Name River Locality Power* Market Remarks

15 Makchinu Chaungf Nam Pang South Shan 400 Taunggyi 16 cusecs 250 ft. 16 Myinkyado ChaungJ Panlaung J> )? 2,000 Kalaw 15 cusecs 1,500 ft. 17 Namsit Nampawn ff )> — Lough Keng "Reported useful." 21 Nam Chitt Shweh North Shan 600 Bawdwin 10 cusecs 700 ft. 23 Nam HpaungJ 5? >» JJ 1,000 9j 15 cusecs 750 ft. 30 Nam Hka Salween South Shan — Kengtung "Worth investigation." 32 Nankwe LakeJ Paunglaung Yamethin District 2,500 Yamethin 25 cusecs 1,110 ft. 33 Nam LamJ Shweh North Shan 300 Bawdwin Long canal and penstock. 40 Nam Mangkaha Ch.J 55 >s >> 1,000 it 42 Nam Pan Nam Teng South Shan . 400 cusecs min. 43 Nam PangJ Salween 55 55 Taunggyi 2,000 cusecs min. No. 1 Loi Ha FaUs (14 mi. from mouth) Alternative A 38,000 210 ft. head with 2,700 ft. pipe line. Alternative B 33,000 180 ft. head with 1,000 ft. canal and pipe. No. 2 Naung Wo Falls (3 mi. above Kengkham) 5,500 30 ft. head with 500 ft. canal and pipe. No. 3 Kunkha Village (2 mi. below Kengkham) 14,000 75 ft. head with 350 ft. canal and pipe. 45 Nam PawJ ShweU North Shan 6,000 Namkhan 600 cusecs with 100 ft. dam. 46 Nam Pawn Salween South Shan — — 580 sq. mi., 700 ft. fall in 35 mi. 47 Nam Po Songt Shweh North Shan 450 Namkhan 20 cusecs 250 ft. 50 Nam Tawn Nam Teng South Shan — — 51 Nam Teng$ Salween » »> 1,000 cusecs min. Alternative No. 1 36,000 396 ft. head, 1,000 ft. canal, 2,000 ft. pipe. Alternative No. 2 31,000 345 ft. head, 1,000 ft. canal, 800 ft. pipe. 52 Railroad Sitef Namtu North Shan — Hsipaw 3,000 cusecs min.

55 Namsan Falls Nam Yao JJ 9> Bawdwin Probably capable further develop¬ ment W. storage. 56 Nam Yom Nam Teng South Shan — 1,000 ft. in 10 mi. 200 cusecs min.

* Continuous horsepower. t Sheet No. and Item No. refer to drawings in the 1924 report. t Investigated and found to be useful. 560 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA TABLE XIX - 1 (continued)

Item Available No. Name River Locality Power* Market Remarks

No. 4 Combined 27,000 150 cusecs 2,000 ft. head. No. 5 Ingon ViUage 2,000 Combined with flood control dam by PWD. 61 Pyaungshu RapidsJ Namtu North Shan 35,000 Mandalay 3,800 cusecs 100 ft. head 2,800 ft. tunnel. 63 Shweh RiverJ North Shan Mandalay 3,000 cusecs min. Alternative No. 1 280,000 1,039 ft. head, 5 mi. tunnel. No. 2 250,000 920 ft. head 4 mi. tunnel. No. 3 190,000 705 ft. head 3 mi. tunnel. No. 4 33,000 120 ft. head 1 mi. canal. No. 5 27,000 100 ft. head, dam and pipe hne. 65 ZawgyiJ Myitnge South Shan Taunggyi 300 cusecs Mong Hing Falls 11,000 400 ft. head canal and pipe hne. Lawsawk 4,000 168 ft. head w. dam 7,300 ft. canal.

Sheet No, 85t 3 Naung Yo Chaung Prome Dist. — Prome

Sheet No. 94t 1 Balu Chaung Nam Pawn Loikaw 90,000 Taunggyi 2,000 ft. m 10 miles, 500 cusecs min. 2 Bawgata Chaung Sittang Pegu District — Pegu

3 Bilin ChaungI — Thaton District — 5S 4 Kawkareik Chaung Amherst District — Moulmein Rapid descent. Narrow gorges.

6 Lampha Chaung 5» — 55 2,000 ft. head. 8 Nam Tan Hpak Nam Pawn South Shan — • • 1,000 ft. head.

9 Nawng Htao Lake 55 55 55 55 — 1,000 ft. head. 10 Pada Chaungf Sittang Toungoo District — Toungoo Too smaU for any but local needs.

13 Paunglaung$ 55 Yamethin Pyinmana 500 cusecs. No.l Nancho Chaung 4,500 100 ft. dam. No. 2 Just upstream of Nancho Chaung 7,000 150 ft. dam. 15 Hatgyi Rapids Salween Thaton District — Moulmein Very large power source.

* Continuous horsepower. t Sheet No. and Item No. refer to drawings in the 1924 report. t Investigated and found to be useful. 920 94<>

94°

ELECTRIC POWER 561 TABLE XIX - 1 (continued)

Item No. Name River Available Locality Power* Market Remarks 19 Thauk-ye-gatt Sittang Toungoo 5,000 Toungoo 550 cusecs. min. 150 ft. dam- good access. 20 YunzaUnJ Salween Salween District Pegu Special Report. 21 Zamagyi Pegu Pegu District Rangoon 195 ft. faUs in upper reaches. Sheet No. 95t 1 Hpaungdaw ChaungJ Tenasserim Tavoy District 320 Tavoy 4 cusecs, 900 ft. head. 2 Kyaukpyu Chaungf Tavoy 55 55 330 55 3 cusecs—1,220 ft. head, long canal and pipe. 4 Tenasserim 55 55 55 Large storage possible.

* Continuous horsepower. t Sheet No. and Item No. refer to drawings in the 1924 report. X Investigated and found to be useful.

B. PREWAR POWER SYSTEM the data. Questionnaires were sent out July 1952, with Much information on the prewar power system poor results. More recently 80 power plants through¬ was destroyed during World War II. However, the out central Burma and the Delta were visited in annual report on the administration of the Electricity order to complete the inventory. The results given in Act in Burma for the year ending December 31, 1939, Tables XIX-2 and XLX-3 {seep. 566) mclude annual detaUs 102 pubhc supply undertakings and 77 com¬ kWh generated in 1951 or 1952, and the estunated mercial and industrial undertakings for that year. future demand, based on the statements of local Of the former aU were smaU diesel plants, 10 to people, businessmen and power plant operators. This 500 kW, except for the 24,000 kW Rangoon Steam represents local desires rather than long-range Station and nine nunor hydro and steam stations. planning by trained personnel. Of the industrial undertakings six were hydro stations ranging from 300 to 10,000 kW; 24 were diesel plants D. INITIAL DIESEL PLANTS AT 36 TOWNS up to 1,300 kW; and the remainder were steam The Electricity Supply Board has prepared a plan stations up to 20,000 kW capacity. About 48,000,000 for the installation of diesel and smaU hydro plants kWh were generated for pubhc supply in 1939 and at 36 towns in accordance with Table XIX-4 {see p. 185,000,000 kWh for commercial and industrial use. 572). The work wiU include extensive transmission A comparison of the prewar development with the lines and municipal and rural distribution systems. existing power system (1952) is made in Table XIX-2 The plan is scheduled for immediate construction to {see next page) entitled "PubUc Electric Supply, be completed in about three years. It wiU assist in Prewar and Postwar," indicating that much work is early completion of various portions of the longer yet required to restore the prewar facUities and range plan presented in this Report without appre¬ production. ciable waste of labor and materials, subject to the foUowing comments: C. EXISTING POWER DEVELOPMENT 1. It is recommended that permanent transmission On Plate 1 are shown existing pubhc and private towers or poles suitable for use with the hydroelectric power plants in sufficient detaU to indicate concentra¬ system be instaUed. tions of load and to plan a transmission network 2. Provision should be made for double circuit suppUed by a few large generating stations. Table Unes on much of the irutial construction, though XIX-2 contains details of existing pubUc supply in¬ single circuits only wUl be provided at first for the staUations wherever it has been possible to obtain sake of early completion. 562 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA

TABLE XIX - 2 PUBLIC ELECTRICITY SUPPLY—PREWAR AND POSTWAR

Estirrmted 1939 1952 Future Detnand

Division .i- "§ Q and "3 :^ c^ *2 .« a a ■Si Town C; ^ ;;«, ss ^ If 5 ■t 1 1^ tIs 1 II 1 II

Arakan Division /138 D /Inventory not Akyab 38 y 123 \ 50 S 42 130 D 248 \ completed I Pegu Division Daik-U 5 45 D 50 10 (Destroyed) — — — 1,210 Gyobingauk 8 78 D 79 10 78 |D 105 132 — 1,250 Hlegu 5 29 D 31 7 (Destroyed) — — — 625 Kanyutkwin 5 50 D — 6 ( 5, |) — — — 370 Kayan 7 97 D 90 19 Kyauktan 5 35 S 36 10 (Destroyed) — — 350 Letpadan 12 97 D 94 16 66 D — 94 2,283 „ (Municipal) 12 30 D 40 — — — — — — — Minhla 4 49 D 61 6 49 D 65 77 — 1,025 NattaUn 6 43 D 68 9 43 D 81 92 —- 2,295 Nyaunglebin 8 90 D 112 16 90 D 62 68 — 1,030 Pyu 8 157 D 126 10 (Destroyed) — — — 1,235 Pegu 22 192 D 270 46 258 ID 286 307 — 1,410 Paungde 13 105 D 94 17 (Not Commen ced) — 130 1,263 Prome 28 288 D 648 37 130 ID 132 252 — 1,340 Pyuntaza 6 17 D 9 10 (Destroyed) — — — 725 Rangoon and Insein 421 24,000 S 34,151 688 28,000 1 S 37,368 46,481 Table XIX-5 Shwegyin 6 67 D 61 5 (Destroyed) — — — 650 Shwedaung 8 95 D 133 9 95 |D 166 * — 335 Sitkwin 3 14 D 6 5 (Destroyed) — — — 664 Tharrawaddy 7 91 D 82 8 130 iD 100 110 — 539 Thingangyun 8 70 D 55 18 (From RET) 61 — — — Thongwa 9 55 D 54 11 1

Thonze 8 55 D 54 14 (From Thar¬ 50 79 —■ 995 rawaddy) Toungoo 7 305 D 251 31 162 D 114 168 — 2,590 Zigon 6 65 D 86 9 65 D 103 122 — 985 Kyaiktaw 3 8 D 22 — (Destroyed) — — — — 'Okpo 3 17 D 43 4 17 ID 54 71 — 1,380 ■Oktwin 4 30 D 31 4 (Destroyed) — — •— 492 Syriam (Municipal) 15 (from BO C) 86 15 (from BOC) 42 Taikkyi 4 22 D 42 9 (Destroyed) — — — 1,135 Twante 4 18 D 7 7 ( „ ) — — — 150 Waw — 12 D 8 7 ( „ ) — — —• 535

* Out of commission D Diesel Plant. S Steam Plant. H Hydroeleetric Plant, ELECTRIC POWER 563

TABLE XIX - 2 {continued)

PUBLIC ELECTRICITY SUPPLY—PREWAR AND POSTWAR

Estimated 1939 1952 Future Demand Division and .»> fN 1 Q Town .S; ON .^^ ? ^s 1 4 |1 1 ■Si -5 •If 11 i 1-- S c (thousands) Population 1 1 Ii 1 |i II ii Irrawaddy Div. Bassein 46 325 D 396 77 152 D 425 100 3,037 Bogale 8 120 D 190 23 125-5 D 190 1,200 Danubyu 6 79 D 119 10 136 D 193 153 683 Dedaye 7 30 D 66 9 30-5 D 66 375 Henzada 29 194 D 216 61 130 D 27 178 3,509 Kungyangon 4 26 D 47 5 (Destroyed) 300 Kyaiklat 11 28 D 72 16 58-5 1 D 88 _ 825 „ (Municipal) 11 22 D 40 — (Combined) _ Kyaunggon 4 41 D 42 4 (Destroyed) . _ 150 Kyonpyaw 6 63 D 72 12 i „ ) 225 Kyangin 8 45 D 9 6 45 D 14 15 560 Maubin 9 107 D 124 23 49 D 20 30 _ 150 r60 D Mouhneingyun 8 y 130 — \50 S 17 50-5 S 130 975 Myanaung 9 145 D 119 11 (Destroyed) _ _ 620 Myaungmya 8 140 D 18 24 130 |D 22 128 1,263 Pantanaw 5 — — — 5 (Destroyed) _ 150 Pyapon 12 185 D 200 19 66 D 165 52 1,200 Wakema 9 72 D 68 19 ! .42 D 15 18 600 Yandoon 10 110 D 151 15 44 D 29 693 Einme 4 18 D 22 — (Destroyed) 150 Kangyi — 6 D 17 — \ 5J / Kwingauk — _ _ 2 22 D 16 \ )S / 150 Kyonmange _ 3 32 D 12 10 V »» / 150 Labutta 3 46 D 64 5 V J) / 250 Myingagon — _ _ 4 18 D 29 V " / 150 Mezahgon - ( Revok ed) — — _ Ngathainggyaung 5 27 D 29 8 \ " / _ 225 Ngamyethna Pagoda — 22 S 14 — (from . 22 22 (Henzada) Henzada) Yegyi 1 10 D 11 4 (Destroyed) — — — 225 1 Tenasserim Div. Kyaikto 7 65 D 125 13 Inventory not CO mpleted Mergui 20 120 D 146 34 Moulmein 66 500 D 54 99 370 D 468 Tavoy 29 154 D 146 40 Thaton 17 207 D 285 38 Kawkareik 7 31 D 36 Mudon 4 22 D 11 20 t Palaw — 17 D 9 i 6 35 D 4 1 564 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA

TABLE XIX - 2 {continued)

PUBLIC ELECTRICITY SUPPLY—PREWAR AND POSTWAR

Estimated 1939 1952 Future Demand Division and i$ _! fS 1 •3 /•~\ ■** Town tc o\ rC ON &■ 1 ^^ ^1 J<; s e ei J ■^ § ^-*, 0 ■!<.S ^•S •§ 5 "5. 11 §1 11 II 1^ Ii Ii '3 ts 1 1 Ii IsCJ. Q 1 II II Magwe Division Allanmyo 13 22 D 61 16 (Destroyed) 2,270 Magwe 8 84 D 137 12 66 D 47 345 Yenangyaung — — — — 24 128 D — 80 — 6,970 Pakokku 23 180 S 110 30 (Destroyed) — — 1,005 Thayetmyo 9 37 D 78 12 ( 5, ) 50 815 Kama 3 18 D 30 4 18 |D 27 303 Minbu 6 51 D 43 9 (Destroyed) . — 830 Sahn 7 (Not C om menced) — — — — — 880 Mandalay Division Amarapura 6 39 D 50 11 25 D 9 15 — 1,800 rl5l45 S Mandalay 148 /1,100 S \ 194 D }2,396 182 \ 408 D y 464 764 1,000 12,800 / 225 D Maymyo 21 / 200 D \ 368 H } 602 22 I 448 H / 887 944 100 250 Myingyan 26 150 D 146 36 131 D 123 138 3,815 Meiktila 9 40 D 32 20 163 D 106 146 2,275 Nyaungoo 8 47 D 26 9 44 D . 370 Pyawbwe 6 73 D 63 10 73 D 64 79 720 Pyinmana 18 208 D 284 22 (Not commenc ed) — 44 1,650 Yamethin 9 44 D 79 11 56 D 36 44 1,070 Kyaukse 7 39 D 47 9 68 D 30 36 , 1.355 Lewe — — (R evoked) 6 — — — — — 1,422

Sagaing Division Inventory not CO mpleted Bhamo 80 62 D 79 10 76 D Katha 6 23 D 52 8 20 D Mogok 6 420 H 2,000 8 420 H 1,600 1,600 Monywa 11 93 D 127 26 Myitkyina 7 95 D 114 12 76 D 22 Sagaing 14 56 D 86 15 53 D 36 38 50 5,806 Shwebo 11 75 D 42 18 98 D 72 86 50 KawUn 3 25 D 36 4 435

Federated Shan States Inventory not CO mpleted Hsipaw 5 63 D 69 — 76 D Kyaukme 1 46 D 77 — 44 D . , 50 100 Lashio 5 60 D 43 —- 66 D 30 48 30 30 Panghai E'Hang — 33 D 56 —- Taunggyi 9 65 D 84 — Namhsan — 30 H 79 —

ELECTRIC POWER 565 3. Consideration should be given to steel towers, At Henzada and Pegu planned dry weather irrigation centrUugally cast concrete poles as made by the pumping as well as ice factories, street lighting and Hume Pipe Co., Singapore, and reinforced concrete pumping for domestic water supply wUl supplement poles of local manufacture. It is assumed that the the existing load. The Pegu River hydroelectric Hume Company or similar firm would equip a manu¬ project is the most economical source of power in the facturing plant in Burma for the centrifugal poles in area. It will be easily accessible after the insurgents view of the large program being initiated. have been cleared from nearby villages and after an 4. Since the hydroelectric transmission system will all-weather road has been constructed to the site from be completed soon after the diesel system it is recom¬ the Pegu-Toungoo Highway. The project will also mended that 132 kV be planned for primary trans¬ provide flood control and regulation, increasing the mission lines. For secondary lines 6.6 kV will be minimum flow from zero to 2,000 cusecs for irriga¬ satisfactory except where excessive length may dictate tion, navigation and sanitation in the Pegu district. a high voltage. Consideration is being given to 33 kV for a number of secondary Unes now under study for b. Location the Myingyan-Mandalay system. It is likely that the same situation will exist in the Pegu-Rangoon The site of the proposed power project (see Plate system. The Electricity Supply Board wUl be con¬ 2) is 40 mUes upstream from Pegu on the Pegu River. sulted in this as detaUed plans are developed. It is just upstream from the vUlage of Taikkyi. At 5. Transmission Une conductors should be ade¬ this point the valley is narrow, though affording a quate for the near future loads anticipated for the substantial storage basin due to the existence of hydro system. Close haison wiU be maintained with several lateral vaUeys above the dam site. The flood¬ the Electricity Supply Board in this matter as well as ing of vUlages and rice lands will be avoided. There in voltage requirements. are no natural faUs in this portion of the river, but about 160 feet of head can be developed by a dam E. THREE LARGE POWER PLANTS FOR without exceeding permissible abutment heights. IMMEDL4TE DEVELOPMENT Several earth dikes wiU be needed to seal off low saddles. No other dam site of equal value has been After detaUed study of existing markets, population discovered along this section of the river, based on centers and probable industrial plants a selection of aerial photos, map study and reports from forestry three moderately large power developments has been officials and others famUiar with the region. A recon¬ made. These are as foUows: Initial naissance and preliminary survey of the site were Name of Project Installation made on May 14-16, 1953. in Kilowatts Pegu River Hydroelectric Plant 30,000 c. Access Myingyan Steam Plant 30,000 Saingdin FaUs Hydroelectric Plant 40,000 Forest traUs and jeep roads provide access to the The Usted projects can be completed within three to site during dry weather. The principal route follows four years and wUl produce ample quantities of low the Pegu River from Payagyi via Aseiktaung and cost power to supply the initial demand of a new Zaungtu. An alternative route exists from Pyinbongyi industrial era. No unusual construction or trans¬ along the foothiUs, where much gravel is avaUable for mission difficulties are anticipated in these develop¬ road construction. This alternative is shorter and ments. probably a better location except for the lack of mihtary security. A study of both routes should be 1. PEGU HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT made by the Public Works Department in conjunction a. General with military and forestry officials to determine the The Government's objective is to supply a sizable best route. Road construction should be started at block of low cost power to the Rangoon-Pegu- once, in order to expedite the construction of the Henzada area. The power wiU be derived from the hydroelectric project. During the wet season access most economical source with due allowance for may be had by way of the river until an all-weather benefits to be obtained from interconnection of road is completed. River navigation to Zaungtu is power plants and the supply of the smaUer com¬ not difficult except for the swift current during floods munities along the principal highways and raUroads. and the interference of bamboo rafts which move For the Rangoon-Insein metropoUtan area an during the monsoon. Above Zaungtu navigation is accelerated growth is anticipated in part arising from hazardous because of the steeper river gradient. the needs of the proposed steel null and other heavy Access to Payagyi or Pyinbongyi from Rangoon may industry under consideration by the Govermnent. be had via asphalt paved highway or raUroad. 566 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA

TABLE XIX - 3 PUBLIC ELECTRIC SUPPLY-

Rice Oil Saw Wheat Cotton Dhall Ice Petroleun I Sugar Weaving Jail City or Town Mills Mills Mills Mills Mills Mills Factories Refinerie. ■ Refinerie.t Factories Industries (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Arakan Division Akyab

Pegu Division Daik-U 600 Gyobingauk 750 50 Hlegu 150 75 Kanyutkwin 225 75 Kayan

Kyauktan Letpadan 600 75 375 50 „ (Municipal) Minhla 225 150 150 Nattalin 1,125 300 300

Nyaunglebin 375 75 Pyu 525 150 Pegu 375 75 150 1 Paungde 150 150 1 75 38 Prome 300 150 300 75

Pyimtaza 225 Rangoon and Insein (Details are given in Table XIX-5, Pegu Hydroelectric Project) Shwegyin 75 75 Shwedaung 75 35 75 50 Sitkwin 300

Tharrawaddy 150 75 50 50 Thingangyun Thongwa 1 Thonze 525 50 Toungoo 450 150 800 150 Zigon 375 150 i i Kyaiktaw Okpo 675 150 50 Oktwin 75 75 Syriam (Municipal)

Taikkyi 225 200 Twante 150 Waw 225 Yedashe 150 75

Irrawaddy Division Bassein 1,050 150 300 100 55 Bogale 1,200 Danubyu 225 35 j Dedaye 375 Henzada 1,200 50 75 150 75 Kungyangon 300 Kyaiklat 825 „ (Municipal) Kyaunggon 150

(a) Tobacco Factories ((-) Kyazan Factories (e) Fruit Canning Factories (b) Leather Factories (d) Bamboo Mat and Hat Factories ELECTRIC POWER 567

'ROSPECTIVE EXPANSION IN KILOWATTS

Salt and Workshops 1 1 1 1 Cottage Fish Pump (Auto Printing Military Pagoda Town Cinema Air Ports Nautical Railways Misc. 'ndustries Total Industries Stations Repairs) Presses Lighting Lighting Houses Ports (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25)

400 120 10 20 50 10 1,210 300 50 50 20 30 1,250 300 40 50 10 625 20 50 370

300 20 30 350 45 300 200 60 20 100 108 350 2,283

300 50 20 30 50 20 30 1,025 300 100 50 20 50 20 30 2,295

400 80 20 20 10 (a) 50 1,030 400 60 20 20 50 10 1,235 400 200 120 20 30 40 1,410 300 320 30 130 40 30 1,263 150 30 20 100 45 10 10 (b) 150 1,340

400 60 10 30 725

400 10 30 10 (a) 50 650 50 50 335 300 14 50 664

50 50 20 120 54 20 539

150 60 50 20 20 100 20 995 400 180 140 30 30 60 200 2,590

300 40 20 50 20 30 985

300 50 30 30 50 15 30 1,380 300 10 10 22 492

250 300 60 20 20 40 20 1,135 150 250 20 30 10 535 25 20 30 300

50 50 375 375 178 50 10 100 40 100 (c) 54 3,037 1,200 150 150 18 5 10 15 (d)15 683 375 500 710 200 90 10 60 210 45 15 10 10 (e)99 3,509

300 825

150 568 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA

TABLE XIX - 3 {continued) PUBLIC ELECTRIC SUPPLY-

Rice Oil Saw Wheat Cotton Dhall Ice Petroleum Sugar Weaving Ml City or Town Mills Mills Mills Mills Mills Mills Factories Refineries Refineries Factories Industrie (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 01) Kyangin 225 150 Maubin 150 Moulmeingyun 975 Myanaung 450 75 Myaungmya 975 113 100

Pantanaw 150 Pyapon 1,200 Wakema 600 Yandoon 225 70 105 20 Einme 150

Kangyi Kwingauk 150 Kyonmange 150 Labutta 150 Myingagon 150

Mezaligon Ngathainggyaung 225 Ngamyethna Pagoda (Henzada) Yegyi 225

Tenasserim Division Kyaikto Mergui Moulmein Tavoy

Thaton Kawkareik Mudon Palaw

Magwe Division Allanmyo 650 100 1,000 Magwe 75 20 Yenangyaung 500 100 5,000 Pakokku 100 175 75 100

Thayetmyo 100 50 100 20 Kama 20 73 Minbu 100 300 Salin 375

Mandalay Division Amarapura 150 150 1,000 Mandalay 825 1,275 1,275 900 150 225 260 Maymyo Myingyan 1,150 150 1,000 100 Meiktila 1.425 750

(d) Bamboo Mat and Hat Factories (J) Smithy and Foundry ELE(7rRIC POWER 569

SPECTIVE EXPANSION IN KILOWATTS

Salt and Workshops age Fish Pump (Auto Printing Military Pagoda Town Cinema Air Nautical Railways Misc. Total tries Industries Stations Repairs) Presses Lighting Lighting Houses Ports Ports >.) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25)

150 ("035 560 150 975 35 50 10 620 75 1,263

150 1,200 600 180 36 27 30 693 150

150 150 100 250 150

225 22 22

225

20 160 100 20 50 20 20 (/)130 2,270 170 20 20 20 20 345 1,000 125 50 100 20 (^)75 6,970 150 75 100 20 40 100 20 (/)50 1,005

350 35 20 30 50 20 20 (h)20 815 50 20 80 50 10 303 300 10 20 50 50 830 300 75 20 50 50 10 880

200 120 60 100 20 1,800 100 600 30 120 1,000 90 20 500 430 (/•) 5,000 12,800 50 200 250 400 225 20 20 3,815 400 80 60 20 20 20 250 2,275

50 20 10 (7)20 370 400 120 20 10 20 720 420 60 30 20 (k)20 1,650 400 80 20 20 1,070 200 20 10 1,355

(0 Cigarettes, Distillery, Electroplating, 0') Lacquer-ware Factories (g) Coffee Mills Tanning, Refrigeration and Air (k) Forest School (h) Night Bazaar Stalls Conditioning 570 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA

TABLE XIX - 3 {continued) PUBLIC ELECTRIC SUPPLY-

Rice Oil Saw Wheat Cotton Dhall Ice Petroleum Sugar Weaving Jail City or Town Mills Mills Mills Mills Mills Mills Factories Refineries Refineries Factories Industrie (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)

Sagaing Division Bhamo Katha Mogok Monywa

Myitkyina Sagaing 105 375 3,750 50 100 Shwebo 280 45 60 Kawlin

Federated Shan States Hsipaw Kyaukme Lashio

d. Market Area e. Existing Power Development The Rangoon power plant is a coal or oU-fired modern steam station having two new 10,0(X) kW The project is intended primarUy to serve the generators, two inefficient old 2,500 kW generators existing Rangoon-Insein market but would also serve and one damaged generator derated to 3,000 kW. Pegu-Henzada and other communities along the An additional 10,000 kW generator wUI be in opera¬ route of the proposed transnussion Une. The market tion by mid-1956. The 1952 peak demand at the area is bounded on the north by the Pegu Yomas, on generators was 12,400 kW and the units generated the east by the Sittang River, on the south by the totaled 46,500,000 kWh. The market growth is over Rangoon River, and on the west by the Irrawaddy 30 % per annum in spite of the high rates, 50 pyas (see map on Plate 2). The population of the area is per kWh for domestic and 25 pyas for commercial. estunated to have been about 3,000,000 in 1952. The Plate 3 shows a typical daily load cuve for January 12, income in 1938-39, corrected for the price increase 1953. On Plates 4 and 5 are shown ututs generated in since that time, is estimated at K81 crores. Industrial plants in the Rangoon area include ice factories, kWh per week and maximum demand in kW for flour miUs, match factory, hosiery works, rubber Rangoon-Insein market. Plate 6 shows the present works, broadcasting station, government docks, and projected sales and peak demand for the years pumping plants and raUway shops. One of the largest 1948 to 1962. Existing development at other towns in the market area includes the following diesel plants users of electricity is the government cotton spinning owned and operated by the Electricity Supply Board. and weaving factory, completed in 1950, with 20,000 spindles and 200 looms. Other important users are the Plant k Wh per year Capacity sales (1951) Burma Army, Secretariat, General Hospital, Rangoon inkW University and domestic Ughting which catalogued 1. Pegu 238 280,000 about 25,(X)0 meters at the end of 1952. Plants under 2. Tharrawaddy 130 construction include a the factory, sawmiUs and a soap 3. Letpadan 66 180,000 factory. Existing development at Pegu and Henzada 4. Henzada 130 includes ice plants, soft drink bottling works, saw miUs In the above communities power rates are 75 pyas and a moderate lighting load. per kWh and service is on a 6- to 12-hour basis daily. ELECTRIC POWER 571

ROSPECTIVE EXPANSION IN KILOWATTS

Salt and Workshops Cottage Fish Pump (Auto Printing Military Pagoda Town Cinema Air Nautical Railways Misc. Total ndustries Industries Stations Repairs) Presses Lighting Lighting Houses Ports Ports (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25)

100 36 150 50 20 20 500 (7)200 5,806 350 50 435

20 80 100 30 30

(I) Locomotive Workshop

f. Prospective Load Demand in Kilowatts No. Description The principal power loads now anticipated for 1955 1951 1955 1960 and 1960 are summarized below: 26. University 85 100 100 Demarui in Kilowatts 27. Misc. AU Purpose 820 1,200 1,500 No. Description — 4,700 13,880 1951 1955 1960 Subtotal (Bulk and All purpose) 20,710 28. Power 1,030 1,400 1,600 1. Ice Plants 600 900 1,200 29. Departmental 70 160 320 2. Flour Mills 300 500 700 30. Public Lighting 260 570 1,140 3. Match Factory 100 150 200 31. Lighting 4,070 7,550 15,150 4. Hosiery Works 170 250 350 5. Rubber Works 80 100 150 Rangoon Load with Steel Mill 10,130 23,560 38,920 6. Broadcasting Station 50 400 600 Max. simultaneous demand at 7. Government Dockyard 90 100 100 generators 9,400 21,900 36,000 8. Spinning Mill 700 1,100 1,500 32. Pegu Lighting 238 438 550 9. Rangoon University (Pimiping) 60 60 60 33. Hanthawaddy Lighting Incomp. 244 343 10. Burma Railways 530 700 900 34. Tharrawaddy-Thonze Lighting 130 257 365 11. Port Conunissioners 70 80 90 35. Letpadan Lighting 66 114 172 12. Miscellaneous 300 600 900 36. Henzada Lighting 130 600 732 37. Ice Plants — 165 200 Subtotal (Existing Bulk) 3,050 4,940 6,750 38. Pegu Sawmills — 300 600 13. Proposed Tile Factory — 400 600 39. Irrigation 4,000 8,000 14. „ Saw MiU — 300 500 — 15. „ Soap Factory — 250 400 Outlying Towns Total 564 6,118 10,962 16. „ Creosoting Plant — 100 200 730 1,100 17. „ Water Supply Pumps (220)* Max. simultaneous demand at 18. „ Sewage Pumps (82)* 300 600 7,500 generators 9,900 27,500 46,000 19. „ Steel Mill — 4,500 *Existing steam or air pumps. Subtotal (Exist, and Prop. Bulk) 3,050 11,520 17,650 For detaUs of the above summary see Table XIX-5 20. Burma Army 350 500 700 21. Railway Office 80 100 100 "Estimated Power Requirements: Rangoon-Insein 22. Sule Pagoda Wharf 60 60 60 Metropolitan Area" and Table XlX-6 "Estimated 23. Secretariat 105 150 250 Power Requirements: Lower Pegu Division and 100 100 24. Central Jail 70 Henzada" {see pages 577 & 579). 572 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA

TABLE XIX - 4

INITIAL DIESEL AND HYDRO PLANTS AT 36 TOWNS

Estimated Cost in Thousand Kyats

1 c -§1 a rg Location Total of

ind 'g Sets 5 " Co C3 !-.. 1 ,5 5 ^"1 Consume Capacity Step-dow Substatio Number o Generatir, II >3 la II 1. Pegu 2 X 1,000 1,070 45 5,085 134 500 310 7,144 2. Pyinmana 2 X 1,000 1,070 45 6,345 134 600 312 8,506 3. Meiktila 3 X 1,000 1,590 45 6,231 168 400 335 8,769 4. Prome 2 X 1,000 1,070 45 4,695 127 403 312 6,649 5. Tharrawaddy 2 X 1,000 1,070 38 3,735 127 400 310 5,680 6. Henzada 2x 500 605 38 5,775 113 400 301 7,232 7. Bassein 2x 500 605 38 3,855 120 400 301 5,319 8. Maubin 2x 250 348 14 1,538 78 300 245 2,523 9. Pyapon 2x 250 348 14 1,538 78 300 245 2,523 10. Bogale 2x 100 239 13 1,520 70 300 158 2,300 11. Kyaiklat 2x 100 239 213 1,520 70 300 158 2,500 12. Magwe 2x 500 605 31 1,485 110 400 302 2,932 13. Minbu 2x 250 348 214 2,438 89 300 246 3,635 14. Pakokku 2x 500 605 288 3,375 106 400 303 5,077 15. Kanpetlet 2x 50 143 113 . 94 350 16. Shwebo 2x 200 348 14 2,588 105 300 248 3,603 17. Monywa 3x 100 359 263 3,030 79 250 103 4,074 18. Katha 2x 250 348 214 6,038 105 300 228 4,233 19. Bhamo 2x 250 348 214 3,038 105 300 228 4,233 20. Myitkyina 2x 250 348 14 3,038 105 300 228 4,033 21. HomaHn 2x 50 143 113 . 94 350 22. SingkaUng Hkamti 2x 50 143 133 — 94 350 23. Mogok (Existing Hydro to hi; survey ed for expa nsion) 24. Loikaw 2 x 50 1 143 1 113 1 614 1 49 100 114 1,133 25. Panghai E'hang (Namtu) (Purchase from Burmj I Corpc )ration NamLtu) 26. Akyab 2x 250 348 14 1,538 104 300 229 2,533 27. Sandoway 2x 250 348 14 1,538 104 300 229 2,533 28. Kyaukpyu 2x 50 143 163 612 47 100 114 1,179 29. Ramree 2x 50 143 163 612 47 100 114 1,179 30. Cheduba 2x 50 143 163 612 47 100 114 1,179 31. Moulmein Exists — — 3,038 92 300 66 3,496 32. Mergui 2x 100 239 263 3,617 53 200 155 4,527 33. Tavoy From Anglo- — 250 82 332 Burma Tin, Hpaungdaw, increase height of dam. 34. Victoria Point 2x 50 143 163 _ 95 401 35. Thaton 2x 500 605 231 3,375 112 400 295 5,018 36. Bilugyun 2x 100 239 263 — 115 617 TIME zoooooooooSSoooooooooogo^ ^OOOOOO ooo-Voooooooooo-9 10500 10000 A_ 9500 I V ^ 9000 8500 r uJ 8000 - \ I- l- 7500 < ^ 7000 V 3 6500 I ^ 6000 ^^ \ 5500 7^^^ -f"^ \-l V 5000 t I t XL i 4500 ^^^ \ 4000 7i^ V 3500

LOAD CURVE FOR MONDAY I2TH. JAN. 19 53.

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNIG RANGOON- INSEIN MARKET TYPICAL DAILY LOAD CURVE MONDAY 12 JAN. 1953. KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEW YORK RANGOON OR.BY. ^-J f DATE PLATE CK BY. (i.HT- MAY,53. NO.

R.B. n—6 573 MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING RANGOON-INSEIN MARKET UNITS GENERATED IN KILOWATT HRS.PER WEEK KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEW YORK RANSOON DR. BY €--3?' DATE PLATE CK. BY.

574 WE EKS 0 s IC> 1! 20 25 3C » 35 40 45 5C) 55 60

19 1

N /^ \ AV _^I9 53 I i A / A i K ^r / ^ /I952 A / /

V) . <^/ V^ r r A ^sy ;5 0 / 1 \ o -J / 1951 f // \ ^ ^^r \A V X H w 7 ^ A k 7/^ JV\ y^ ^1950 / \. y^

e /^ / ' > y X "^ / v^ A f / ■OI949 n^ \^ ^.XA ^^ ^^ r^' s\r /"^ V ^J\f ^ VV

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING

RANGOON - INSEIN MARKET MAXIMUM DEMAND AT GENERATORS IN KILOWATTS KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO NEW YORK RANGOON

575 YEAR 1950 1954 1956 1958 I960 1962

o

< o z o

Z Z

UJ < v>

< 3

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING LOWER PEGU DIVISION a HENZADA POWER MARKET FORECAST

KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEW YORK RANGOON DR.BY ^1) ■? DATE PLATE g* CK.BY. a/^T MAY, 53. NO. O

576 ELECTRIC POWER 577 TABLE XIX - 5 ESTIMATED POWER REQUIREMENTS—RANGOON-INSEIN METROPOLITAN AREA

1951 (Actual) 1955 (Estimated) i960 (Estimated)

Thous. Thous. Thous. kW Load kWh kW Load kWh kW Load kWh Max. Factor per yr. Max. Factor per yr. Max. Factor per yr. Demand (%) Sales Demand (%) Sales Demand (%) Sales Existing Installations Ice Plants 600 2,290 900 3,550 1,200 5,350 Flour Mills 300 830 500 1,220 700 1,530 Match Factory 100 269 150 460 200 610 Hosiery Works 170 279 250 480 350 670 Rubber Works 80 341 100 510 150 770 Broadcast Station 50 118 400 740 600 1,480 Government Dockyard 90 186 100 240 100 240 Spinning MiU 700 2,050 1,100 2,450 1,500 2,760 Rangoon University Pumps 60 295 60 410 60 410 Burma Railways 530 960 700 1,290 900 1,650 Port Commissioners 70 99 80 120 90 130 MisceUaneous 300 844 600 1,730 900 2,310

Subtotal (Existing Bulk) 3,050 32 8,561 4,940 31 13,200 6,750 30 17,910

Proposed Installations 1 Tile Factory — 400 1,050 600 2,100 Saw Mill — 300 700 500 1,750 Soap Factory 250 525 400 1,400 Creosoting Plant — 100 440 200 880

Water Supply Pumps *220 67 —■ 730 3,520 1,100 5,250 Sewage Pumps *82 100 — 300 2,620 600 4,380

Subtotal 7,020 36 22,055 10,150 38 33,670

Steel Mill — — —■ 4,500 50 19,700 7,500 50 32,800

Total (Existing and Proposed Bulk) 3,050 32 8,561 11,520 41 41,755 17,650 43 66,470

All Purpose Power Burma Army 350 1,340 500 2,230 700 3,120 Railway Oifice 80 256 100 370 100 370 Sule Pagoda Wharf 60 292 60 320 60 320 Secretfiriat 105 249 150 381 250 635 Central Jail 70 157 100 236 100 236 General Hospital 80 378 150 762 250 1,270 University 85 252 100 333 100 333 Miscellaneous 820 2,809 1,200 4,520 1,500 5,650

Subtotal (AU purpose) 1,650 5,733 2,360 9,152 3,060 11,934 Power 1,030 4,051 1,400 6,100 1,600 7,000 Departmental 70 204 160 500 320 1,000 Public Lighting 260 665 570 2,500 1,140 5,000 Lighting 4,070 9,535 7,550 19,800 15,150 39,800

Total (Other than Bulk) 7,080 33 20,187 12,040 36 38,052 21,270 35 64,734

Population (thousands) 700 800 1,000

* Existing air or steam pumps. 578 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA TABLE XIX - 5 {continued) 1951 (Actual) 1955 (Estimated) I960 (Estimated) Thous. Thous. Thous. kW Load kWh kW Load kWh kW Load kWh Max. Factor per yr. Max. Factor per yr. Max. Factor per yr. Demand (%) Sales Demand (%) Sales Demarui (%) Sales Estimated Power Requirements— Bulk and Other Bulk without Steel MUl 3,050 8,561 7,020 22,055 10,150 33,670 Other than Bulk 7,080 20,187 12,040 38,052 21,270 64,734

Subtotal 10,130 32 28,748 19,060 36 60,107 31,420 36 98,404 Steel MiU 4,500 19,700 7,500 32,800

Total with Steel MiU — — 23,560 39 79,807 38,920 39 131,204

t System load factor.

g. Comparison of Steam and Hydroelectric Power found to be more economical than power from a The actual cost of energy per kWh of output is given steam station. The hydroelectric estimates are neces¬ in Table XIX-7 {seep. 580) for the existing Rangoon sarily conservative because of the dearth of physical system. The cost includes fuel, labor, management, data. It is possible that the cost of Pyas 4-5 per kWh interest, depreciation and taxes for both generation for the Pegu River project (not including distribution and distribution based on detailed reports of the costs) can be reduced by design and construction Rangoon Electric Tramway and Supply Company up economies after field investigations have been com¬ to 1950 and based on prehminary accounting esti¬ pleted. It is concluded that two 15,000 kW units mates from the same company for 1951. For future should be installed initially in 1957, the earhest years a descending price per kWh is estimated in view possible completion date for the hydroelectric plant, of the relatively constant overhead charges and the and that an additional 15,000 kW unit should be anticipated market growth. The cost of power pro¬ installed not later than 1959. duction by expanding the present steam plant or constructing a new steam plant in the Rangoon- h. Paunglaung Hydroelectric Project Insein area has been compared with the cost of pro¬ Construction of the initial Paunglaung River hydro¬ duction by new hydroelectric stations. Four alterna¬ electric plant should be completed in 1960 in order tive markets were considered as follows: to supply additional low cost power (Pyas 4-0 per (1) Rangoon-Insein area not including Steel Mill (see kWh not including distribution costs) to the Man¬ Table XIX-8, seep. 581) dalay and Rangoon power markets. Completion of (2) Rangoon-Insein area including new Steel MiU (see upstream regulating dams will further reduce the cost Table XIX-9, jeep. 5S2) of power from the initial hydroelectric station. (3) Rangoon-Insein area including Steel MiU plus Ultunately about 750,000,000 kWh annuaUy can be lower Pegu Division and Henzada (see Table made available from the Paunglaung projects at an X\X.-\0,seep.583) average cost of about Pyas 3-5 per kWh. (See (4) Rangoon-Insein area including Steel MiU plus lower Pegu Division and Henzada with Irrigation discussion of this project under paragraph G of this (see Table XIX-11, seep. 584) report, "Other Hydroelectric Projects for Future Table XDC-lla {see p. 585) is included to show Development"). alternative (4) if the Pegu hydroelectric plant is constructed and all future expansion is accompUshed i. Bawgata Hydroelectric Project by steam without the benefit of additional low cost The initial and ultimate costs for the Paunglaung hydroelectric power. project are about equal to those for the Bawgata For each of the four alternatives hydroelectric project, for which a preliminary study is given in power from the Pegu and Paunglaung projects is paragraph G. The former has irrigation and flood ELECTRIC POWER 579 TABLE XIX - 6 ESTIMATED POWER REQUIREMENTS LOWER PEGU DIVISION AND HENZADA

1951 (Actual) 1955 (Estimated) 1960 (Estimated)

Ann. kWhjcap. Population Ann. kWhjcap. Population Ann. kWhjcap. Population

Domestic Power Requirements

Load Load Load kWMax. Factor kWhper Yr. kWMax. Factor kWhper Yr. kWMax. Factor kWhper Yr. Demand* % Sales Demand % Sales Demand % Sales Pegu 238 14 280,000 438 20 765,000 550 25 1,200,000 Hanthawaddy 244 15 320,000 343 20 600,000 Tharrawaddy-Thonze 130 16 180,000 257 20 450,000 365 25 800,000 Letpadan 66 114 15 150,000 172 20 300,000 Henzada 130 600 20 1,050,000 732 25 1,600,000

Bulk Power Requirements

Pegu Ice 50 50 219,000 60 50 262,000 „ Saw Mills 300 40 1,050,000 600 40 2,100,000 Tharrawaddy-Letpadan Ice — 45 50 198,000 60 50 262,000 Henzada Ice 70 50 306,000 80 50 350,000

Subtotal 465 1,773,000 800 2,974,000 Pegu Irrigation 1,300 25 2,850,000 2,600 25 5,700,000 Henzada Irrigation E 2,700 25 5,910,000 5,400 25 11,820,000

Combined Domestic and Bulk Power Requirements

Domestic 564 Incomplete 1,653 2,735,000 2,162 4,500,000 Bulk without Irrigation 465 1,773,000 800 2,974,000

Subtotal 564 2,118 24 4,508,000 2,962 29 7,474,000 Total inch Irrigation 6,118 25 13,268,000 10,962 26 24,994,000

* Present installed capacity. t System load factor. 580 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA TABLE XIX - 7 COST OF ENERGY FROM ACCOUNTS OF RANGOON ELECTRIC TRAMWAY AND SUPPLY

1948 1949 1950 1951 kWh Annual Output 16,908,861 19,725,411 25,407,837 33,666,901 K K K K A. Generation Costs Fuel 13,31,016 21,35,709 24,00,254 -, Stores 38,162 47,023 39,751 Salaries 1,17,293 1,17,985 1,36,603 Wages 98,263 1,06,915 1,58,650 1951 Costs are Repairs and Maintenance 1,16,906 2,23,983 1,82,176 close estimate "of actual Rents and Taxes 98,691 1,29,516 1,27,032 Insurance — .—. — expenses Hire of Generating Plant 12,596 13,815 — MisceUaneous Expense 30,692 55,807 53,770 J Total Generation Costs 18,43,619 28,30,753 30,98,236 33,00,000 B. Distribution Costs Salaries 2,11,282 2,36,307 2,58,927 Wages 81,159 75,447 62,468 Mains, Repairs 1,88,115 2,23,076 2,39,282 Transformers, Repairs 1,15,464 1,03,023 1,00,531 Meters, Repairs 60,440 81,119 90,678 Public Lamps, Repairs 44,855 73,681 67,232 Total Distribution Costs 7,01,315 7,92,653 8,19,118 9,00,000 C. Administration Costs Agency Fees 1,80,752 2,32,424 3,29,938 General EstabUshment 4,21,863 4,59,987 4,70,793 Auditors' Fees 6,250 5,500 5,500 Hire of Assets 1,34,044 1,53,891 4,39,277 Business Premises Tax — — 58,332 General Misc. Expense 456 2,006 7,381 Total Administration Costs 7,43,365 8,53,808 13,11,221 16,00,000 60% to Generation* 4,46,000 5,12,000 7,86,000 9,60,000 40% to Distribution 2,97,365 3,41,808 5,25,221 6,40,000 D. Depreciation Costs (Oct.-Dec.) Buildings — — ( 24,212) Plant — — (1,49,134) Mains — .—. ( 41,262) Transformers — .—. ( 7,192) Motors — — ( 18,379) Motor Vehicles ~ — ( 21,373) Total Depreciation 4,38,815 5,71,341 8,72,478 12,00,000 60% to Generation* 2,63,000 3,43,000 5,24,000 7,20,000 40% to Distribution 1,75,815 2,28,341 3,48,478 4,80,000 Cost of Generation A+60%ofC&D K25,52,619 K36,85,753 K44,08,236 K49,80,000 Cost per kWh Output Pyas 15-10 Pyas 18-70 Pyas 17-30 Pyas 14-75 Cost of Distribution B+40%ofC&D Kl 1,74,495 K13,62,802 K16,92,817 K20,20,000 Cost per kWh Output Pyas 7-00 Pyas 6-90 Pyas 6-70 Pyas 6-00 Total Costs A-t-B+C+D K37,27,113 K50,48,555 K61,01,153 K70,00,000

Proportionate to thie investment. ELECTRIC POWER 581 control benefits in addition to power whereas the the estimated cost of energy produced by steam plants latter provides power only. The Paunglaung project located in the Rangoon area (including distribution does not involve flooding villages or farm lands costs) varies from Pyas 20 per kWh in 1952 to about whereas Bawgata is objectionable because of such Pyas 16-4 in 1962. By the addition of the Pegu damages. Accordingly it is concluded that the hydroelectric plant in 1958 the average cost of Bawgata field investigations and construction should energy can be reduced from Pyas 17-6 (steam alone) be deferred until the Paunglaung project is completed to Pyas 12-5 (steam and hydroelectric combined). By or well advanced. the addition of the Paunglaung hydroelectric plant in 1962 the average cost can be reduced from Pyas j. Early Completion of Hydroelectric Projects 16-4 (steam alone) to Pyas 11-8 (steam and hydro¬ By reference to Table XIX-8 it may be seen that electric combined). The above comparisons are made

TABLE XIX-8 ESTIMATED COST OF ENERGY, RANGOON-INSEIN METROPOLITAN AREA Whhout Steel Mill

1952 1956 1958 1960 1962

Annual Sales, Thousands kWh 37,000 68,000 83,000 98,000 114,000 Annual Output, Thousands kWh 42,500 78,300 95,500 112,500 131,000 Maximum Demand, kW 12,400 20,000 25,000 29,000 34,000

Steam Plant, 10,000-kW units 2 3 3 4 4 Steam Plant Capacity, kW 25,000 35,000 35,000 45,000 45,000 Steam Generation Costs, Pyas per per kWh 14-35 13.40 11-80* 11-20* 10-60* Steam Distribution Costs, Pyas per kWh 5-75 5-75 5-75 5-75 5-75

Total Cost by Steamf 20-10 19-15 17-55 16-95 6-35

Pegu Hydroelectric Plant, kW — — 30,000 30,000 45,000 Pegu Hydroelectric Output, Thous. kWh — — 95,500 112,500 131,000 Pegu Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh — — 5-54 4-71 5-10 Pegu Generation per year, Thous. Kyats — — 5,290 5,290 6,680 Steam Plant, 10,000-kW units 2 3 3 3 3 Steam Plant Capacity, kW 25,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 Steam Output, Thous. kWh 42,500 78,300 0 0 0 Steam Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh 14-35 13-40 — — — Steam Generation per year, Thous. Kyats 6,100 10,500 1,200 J 1,200 J l,200t

Total Generation Cost 6,100 10,500 6,490 6,490 7,880

Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh 14-35 13-40 6-79 5-77 6-02 Distribution Cost, Pyas per kWh 5-75 5-75 5-75 5-75 5-75

Total Cost by Steam and Hydro-

* Kalewa coal available at K72.00 per ton. t Cost per kWh of output. X Interest, depreciation and maintenance on idle steam plant. 582 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA for the Rangoon-Insein market without the steel miU hydroelectric projects should be completed as soon development. The sale of large amounts of steam as possible. power renders the 1962 comparisons slightly less favorable to the combined steam and hydroelectric k. Recommendation of Pegu Plant scheme when the steel mill is included and the Pegu- The proposed Pegu hydroelectric project is a Henzada markets are added (see Table XIX-11). If moderate-cost development with a relatively short the larger markets are to be served economically the transmission Une to maintain and protect from

TABLE XIX - 9 ESTIMATED COST OF ENERGY, RANGOON-INSEIN METROPOLITAN AREA Including Steel MiU

1952 1956 1958 1960 1962

Annual Sales, Thous. kWh 37,000 90,500 110,500 131,000 151,000 Annual Output, Thous. kWh 42,500 104,000 127,000 151,000 174,000 Maximum Demand, kW 12,400 25,000 30,500 36,000 41,500

Steam Plant-10,000-kW units 2 3 4 4 5 Steam Plant-Capacity, kW 25,000 35,000 45,000 45,000 55,000 Steam Generation Costs-Pyas per kwWh 14.35 13-10 11-50* 10-90* 10-25* Steam Distribution Costs-Pyas per 5-75 5-75 5-75 5-75 5-75 kWh Total Cost by Steamf 20-10 18-84 17-25 16-65 16.00

Pegu Hydro Plant, kW 30,000 45,000 45,000 Pegu Hydro Output, kWh — — 118,000 139,000 139,000 Pegu Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh — — 4-48 4-80 4-80 Pegu Generation Cost, per year Thousand Kyats — — 5,290 6,670 6,670 Paunglaung Hydro Plant, kW — — 40,000 Paunglaung Output for Rangoon- Thousand kWh — — . 35,000 Paunglaung Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh — — 4-00 Paunglaung Generation Cost, Pyas per year Thousand Kyats — — 1,400 Steam Plant, 10,000-kW units 2 3 3 3 3 Steam Plant, Capacity, kW 25,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 Steam Output, Thousand kWh 42,500 104,000 9,000 12,000 0 Steam Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh 14-35 13-10 16-50* 16-00* Steam Generation Cost, per year. Thousand Kyats 6,110 13,620 1,490 1,920 1,200 J Total Generation Cost- Thousand Kyats 6,110 13,620 6,780 8,590 9,270

Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh 14-35 13-10 5-31 5-70 5-33 Distribution Cost, Pyas per kWh 5-75 5-75 5-75 5-75 5-75 Total Cost by Steam and hydro-

* Kalewa coal available at K72.00 per ton. t Cost per kWh of output. X Interest, depreciation and maintenance on idle steam plant. ELECTRIC POWER 583 TABLE XIX - 10 ESTIMATED COST OF ENERGY, RANGOON-INSEIN METROPOLITAN AREA Including Steel MiU plus Lower Pegu Division and Henzada, without Irrigation Pumping

1952 1956 1958 I960 1962

Annual Sales, Thous. kWh 38,000 95,000 117,000 138,000 160,000 Annual Output, Thous. kWh 42,500 109,000 134,500 159,000 184,000 Max. Demand, kW 13,000 26,500 33,000 39,000 45,000

Steam Plant, 10,000-kW units 2 3 4 4 5 Steam Plant Capacity, kW 25,000 35,000 45,000 45,000 55,000 Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh 14-35 13-10 11-40* 10-80* 10-10* Distribution Cost, Pyas per kWh 5-75 5-75 5-75 5-75 5-75

Total Cost by Steamf 20-10 18-85 17-15 16-55 15-85

Pegu Hydro Plant, kW — 30,000 45,000 45,000 Pegu Hydro Output, Thous. kWh — — 118,000 139,000 139,000 Pegu Hydro Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh — — 4-48 4-80 4-80 Pegu Generation Cost, per year. Thous. Kyats — — 5,290 6,670 6,670 Paunglaung Hydro Plant kW — — — — 40,000 Paunglaung Output for Rangoon Thous. kWh — — — — 40,000 Paunglaung Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh — — — — 4-00 Paunglaung Generation Cost, per year, Thous. Kyats — — — — 1,600 Steam Plant, 10,000-kW units 2 3 3 3 3 Steam Plant, Capacity, kW 25,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 Steam Output, Thous. kWh 43,500 109,000 16,500 20,000 5,000 Steam Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh 14-35 13-10 16-00* 15-50* — Steam Generation Cost, per year. Thous. Kyats 6,240 14,280 2,640 3,100 l,250t

Total Generation Cost, Thous. Kyats 6,240 14,280 7,930 9,770 9,520

Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh 14-35 13-10 5-90 6-15 5-19 Distribution Cost, Pyas per kWh 5-75 5-75 5-45 § 5-45§ 5-45§

Total Cost by Steam and hydro¬

* Kalewa coal available at K72.00 per ton. t Cost per kWh output. X Interest, depreciation and maintenance on idle steam plant govern cost for small output. § Transmission Une expense to Pegu, Tharrawaddy, Henzada, included in hydroelectric generation costs. vandahsm. It is planned to serve Rangoon primarily the same market by expansion of the present steam with supplemental benefits to Pegu, Henzada, and station or construction of a new steam station. The other communities in the market area. For each Pegu project lends itself to incorporation in a more combination of power markets investigated the Pegu extensive power system connected to the proposed project shows substantial economy over supplying Paunglaung River project, but until the latter is 584 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA TABLE XIX-II ESTIMATED COST OF ENERGY RANGOON-INSEIN METROPOLITAN AREA Including Steel Mill plus Lower Pegu Division and Henzada with Irrigation Pumping

1952 1956 1958 I960 1962

Annual Sales, Thous. kWh 38,000 106,000 130,000 156,000 181,000 Annual Output, Thous. kWh 43,500 122,000 149,500 179,500 208,000 Max. Demand, kW 13,000 31,000 38,500 46,000 53,500

Steam Plant, 10,000-kW units 2 3 4 5 6 Steam Plant Capacity, kW 25,000 35,000 45,000 55,000 65,000 Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh 14-35 12-85 11-05* 10-45* 9-82* Distribution Cost, Pyas per kWh 5-75 5-75 5-75 5-75 5-75

Total Cost by Steamf 20-10 18-60 16-80 16-20 15-57

Pegu Hydro Plant, kW 30,000 45,000 45,000

Pegu Hydro Output, Thous. kWh —■ 118,000 139,000 139,000 Pegu Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh — — 4-48 4-80 4-80 Pegu Generation Cost, per year.

Thous. Kyats — —■ 5,290 6,670 6,670 Paunglaung Hydro Plant kW — — — — 40,000 Paunglaung Output for Rangoon, Thous. kWh — — — 40,000 Paunglaung Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh — — —. 4-00 Paunglaung Generation Cost, per year, Thous. Kyats — — — — 1,600 Steam Plant, 10,000-kW units 2 3 3 3 3 Steam Plant Capacity, kW 25,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 Steam Output, Thous. kWh 43,500 122,000 31,500 40,500 29,000 Steam Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh 14-35 12-85 14-40* 14-00* 14-00* Steam Generation Cost, per year. Thous. Kyats 6,240 15,680 4,540 5,670 4,060

Total Generation Cost, Thous. Kyats 6,240 15,680 9,830 12,340 12,330

Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh 14-35 12-85 6-56 6-90 5-95 Distribution Cost, Pyas per kWh 5-75 5-75 5-45§ 5-45§ 5-45 §

Total Cost by Steam and Hydro-

* Kalewa coal available at K72.00 per ton. t Per kWh of output. § Transmission line expense to Pegu, Tharrawaddy, Henzada, included in hydroelectric generation costs. constructed the Pegu plant will function efficiently as soon as possible and construction be scheduled for in serving the fast growing Rangoon market. Both 1957 completion. steam and hydroelectric power are essential in the near future, the former to operate as a base load 1. Technical Details plant where it wiU be relatively efficient and the latter (1) RamfaU to carry base load and peaks, being equally efficient For eight stations in the Pegu Division the annual for either purpose. Accordingly it is recommended rainfaU is shown on Table XIX-I2 {seep. 586), for the that field investigations for the Pegu site be completed period of record, 1901 to 1952 inclusive except for the ELECTRIC POWER 585

TABLE XIX-11a ESTIMATED COST OF ENERGY RANGOON-INSEIN METROPOLITAN AREA Including Steel MiU plus Lower Pegu Division and Henzada with Irrigation Pumping Assuming no future hydroelectric development after completion of the Pegu River development

1958 I960 7962 1964 1966

Annual Sales, Thous. kWh 130,000 156,000 181,000 206,000 232,000 Annual Output, Thous. kWh 149,500 179,500 208,000 237,000 267,000 Max. Demand, kW 38,500 46,000 53,500 61,000 68,500

Steam Plant, 10,000-kW units 4 5 6 7 8 Steam Plant Capacity 45,000 55,000 65,000 75,000 80,000* Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh 11-05 10-45 9-82 9-30 8-90 Distribution Cost, Pyas per kWh 5-75 5-75 5-75 5-75 5-75

Total Cost by Steamf 16-80 16-20 15-57 15-05 14-65

Pegu Hydro Plant, kW 30,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 Pegu Output, Thous. kWh 118,000 139,000 139,000 139,000 139,000 Pegu Generation Costs, Pyas per kWh 4-48 4-80 4-80 4-80 4-80 Pegu Generation per year, Thous. Kyats 5,290 6,670 6,670 6,670 6,670 Steam Plant, 10,000-kW units 3 3 3 3 4* Steam Plant Capachy, kW 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 40,000 Steam Output, Thous. kWh 31,500 40,500 69,000 98,000 128,000 Steam Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh 13-40 13-00 12-20 11-30 10-30 Steam Generation per year, Thous. Kyats 4,420 5,270 8,420 11,070 13,180

Total Generation Cost, Thous. Kyats 9,710 11,940 15,090 17,740 19,850

Generation Cost, Pyas per kWh 6-36 6-67 7-27 7-50 7-45 Distribution Cost, Pyas per kWhf 5-45 5-45 5-45 5-45 5-45

Total Cost by Steam and Hydro-

* Discard old 2,500 kW sets. t Per kWh of output using Kalewa coal at K72.00 per ton. } Transmission line expense to Pegu, Tharrawaddy, Henzada included in hydroelectric generation costs. years 1939 to 1945. The data were obtained from the at Pegu is also shown thereon. It is apparent from Burma Meteorological Department. Three of the examination of the table and plate that the year 1951 stations (Tharrawaddy, Pegu and Nyaunglebin) are is a controUing year in determining the minimum beUeved to approxknate the rainfaU over the watershed annual outflow at the iron bridge and probably at the more closely than the others, in view of the high altitude dam site. It is probable that the low yield for 1951 of the drainage area, averaging about 1,000 ft. above was equalled in 1906, and even lesser yields were the rainfall stations, and in view of the large water obtained in 1902, I9I0 and 1913. During such supply measured at Pegu Iron Bridge, where river infrequent years the steam station at Rangoon would discharge records are available for the period 1946 to be called upon to supply the slight deficiency. The 1952. Accordingly these three stations have been 1951 yield, less 5% for a possible error in stream selected for the rainfall duration curves shown on flow measurements, is used for computing firm power Plate 7. The relative position of the I946-I952 rainfall and for constructing the stage-discharge curve. 586 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA TABLE XIX-12 stationed at Pegu. Daily gauge readings were made PEGU RIVER HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT by the same organization. The stage-discharge curve is given on Plate 8. Based on the gauge heights and Annual, DaUy Maximum Rainfall in Inches at Selected rating curve, runoff for each year of record has been Stations estimated and the foUowing runoff factors based on the Pegu rainfaU spread over the entire watershed above the iron bridge have been determined. Year |1 1- i! Computed 1 Year Runoff Factor 1901 61-7 *55-3 79-5 123-9 126-1 1946 70-6* 1902 63-4 ♦66-9 83-3 106-7 98-8 1903 57-9 70-5 86-3 126-2 130-7 1947 66-2* 1904 67-9 83-7 87-3 153-4 142-8 1948 58-0 1905 65-4 83-8 91-6 150-8 149-4 1949 49-5 1906 63-4 67-8 71-0 112-5 122-2 1950 52-8 1907 72-0 73-4 891 129-9 138-1 1908 71-8 75-7 83-5 143-9 147-5 102-7 1951 62-6 1909 600 82-5 103-1 132-8 130-0 116-9 1952 65-1 1910 69-3 108-1 84-2 110-1 117-1 88-0 *Based on Taikkyi rainfall instead of Pegu. 1911 59-3 69-9 900 150-7 111-8 106-4 1912 66-6 70-9 84-0 116-4 134-1 99-0 (3) Regulated Flow 1913 61-6 75-8 80-8 111-1 118-1 104-4 1914 64-8 71-9 115-0 132-5 118-3 143-3 Table XlX-13 {see p. 591) and Plate 9 contain a 1915 61-4 79-9 89-1 lOI-l 140-5 118-0 121-8 139-7 study of seven years of stream flow records, 1946 to 1916 62-8 91-0 94-6 94-7 120-6 103-5 100-9 122-4 1952 inclusive. The computed runoff modified by 1917 63-8 99-8 86-4 97-6 127-9 113-3 116-5 125-6 1918 71-7 95-2 87-0 101-8 116-1 136-7 127-4 179-2 storage would have yielded a minimum of 1,580,000 1919 5M 79-0 83-1 100-2 122-8 113-9 118-1 168 1 acre feet per year. After deducting evaporation an 1920 50-5 64-4 82-9 1001 132-8 110-4 114-4 87-5 average daUy flow of 2,120 cusecs could have been 1921 57-5 71-0 89-7 106-1 157-5 132-9 121-6 120-1 1922 48-9 75-3 104-5 104-6 125-2 168-0 149-7 144-1 maintained for the period of record except in 1902, 1923 53-1 89-9 85-2 103-1 139-7 157-9 136-1 99-9 1910 and 1913, using 985,000 acre feet of reservok 1924 60-2 92-8 95 0 103-6 141-8 154 0 126-4 109-8 capacity. As shown on the Area-capacity Curve (Plate 1925 56-5 74-4 91-0 101-7 136-8 114-8 109-4 107-7 1926 59-2 74-3 96 0 98-9 118-3 140-8 114-3 104-9 10) the drawdown from top of spillway crest gates to 1927 63-7 78-5 89-8 105-8 118-9 146-2 147-1 106-7 minimum reservoir would have been 42 ft. in order to 1928 49-9 77-2 78-1 116-4 123-3 143-6 142-2 102-5 utUize the stored water. Plate 9 shows graphicaUy the 1929 62-3 89-0 106-6 112-5 119-1 153-8 160-0 123-4 1930 84-7 82-2 92-8 115-8 139-8 150-6 128-2 105-2 information given in Table XIX-I3. 1931 48-9 64-4 82-9 91-4 146-6 116-7 106-3 84-4 1932 53-9 66-4 75-2 81-3 135-5 125-6 134-8 130-9 (4) Firm Power 1933 68-3 74-1 99-0 98-2 127-8 126-3 136-6 117-5 1934 56-6 68-7 76-8 96-4 124-5 137-7 156-2 123-3 Continuous firm power is compuled as follows: 1935 53-3 78-5 81-7 99-5 128-5 1480 129-5 1261 Pool Elev. 280 ft. Tailwater Elev. 120 ft. Gross 1936 59-5 76-1 92-0 100-2 142-0 122-3 122-0 120-4 Head 160 ft. 1937 76-8 88-3 99-8 124-7 156-8 185-8 147-8 142-5 1938 70-5 70-5 85-8 101-4 123-4 115-6 137-2 133-3 Average Head 160 - 21 = 139 ft. Net Head 1946 136-4 (95%) =132 ft. 1947 104-2 Continuous Power* 1948 63-2 76-8 109-8 112-5 129-2 100-4 112-6 95-6 1949 131-0 •95 X 2,120 X 132 = 17,700 kW 1950 123-3 15 1951 66-0 84-8 82-8 96-9 113-3 107-7 1952 70-7 98-3 98-9 120-7 144-5 135-3 98-6 Initial Output 30,000 kW @ 50% station capacity factor Average 62-2 78-4 89-5 105-0 130-6 131-0 128-7 1140 15,000 X 8,760 = 131,000,000 kWh at station •9 X 131,000,000 — 118,000,000 kWh at load center *At Okpo near Minhla. fAt Rangoon. Ultimate Outputf 45,000 kW @ 39 % station capacity factor (2) Stream Flow 17,700 X 8,760 = 155,000,000 kWh at station •9 X 155,000,000 = 139,000,000 kWh at load Daily gauge heights from June to October inclusive center for 1946 to 1952 are available for the iron bridge at Pegu Town. The gauge was installed and current *The average daily flow is reduced by 5 % to allow for possible error in constructing the stage-discharge curve. meter measurements were made by experienced per¬ tA fourth unit of 15,000 kW would be added at some future date sonnel of the Irrigation Department regularly if justified by the water supply or capacity factor. PERCENT OF TIME

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING ANNUAL RAINFALL AT PEGU THARRAWADDY AND NYAUNGLEBIN RAINFALL DURATION CURVES KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEW YORK RANGOON DR. BY. ti-V DATE PLATE CK.BY. 6^T MAY,53. NO.

587 DISCHARGE IN THOUSANDS OF SECOND FEET. 10 20 30 40 50 60 36 ^.'''

32 ^ ^ ^ ^

28 ^ ^

UJ UJ 24 V %y^ \ 20 / X O UJ 16 V X / / / UJ / O 12 Z) / < o / / @ / \

GAUGE NO. DATE DIS¬ RIVER READING CHARGE STAGE 1 27-8-52 25.5 22,984 FALLING 2 31-8-52 23 • 4 22.644 STATIONARY 3 12-9-52 2 t 0 12,096 FALLING 4 19-9-52 21-8 14,255 RISING 5 26-9-52 16 -5 6,98 4 RISING

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING PEGU RIVER AT IRON BRIDGE PEGU TOWN STAGE-DISCHARGE CURVE KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING Ctt NEW YORK RANGOON

588 9 00

800

700

600 z o 2 oc 111 500 0.

UJ bJ U. 400 UJ Q: o < 300 < Vi O 200

1946 1952

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING PEGU RIVER HYDRO PROJECT HYDROGRAPH OF MONTHLY RUNOFF KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO NEW YORK RANGOON OR BY- £ JP- DATE PLATE CKBY. C/^T" MAY, 53. NO. 9.

R.B. n—7 589 CAPACITY IN THOUSAND ACRE-FEET. 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 600 600 400 200 0

300 < Q UJ O

7Z 250

O Ul >o OD < 200 Ul Ul u.

O 150 < > Ul -1 Ul

100 12 15 18 21 24 27 AREA IN THOUSAND ACRES.

AREA RESERVOIR ELEVATION IN ACRES CAPACITY IN A/F.

120' T.W.L. NIL ' NIL

150' CONTOUR 1,363-2 13,630

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING 200" CONTOUR 7,334-4 211,280 PEGU HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT 250'CONTOUR 18,521-6 836,460 RESERVOIR

30d CONTOUR 36,4000 2,164-560 AREA-CAPACITY CURVE. KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEW YORK RANGOON

590 ELECTRIC POWER 591

TABLE XIX- 13 PEGU RIVER HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT Cusecs, Continuous Output from Reservoir, 1946—1952

Thousand Acre Feet per Month* Thousand Acre Feet per Month * Cusecs Cusecs De- I Con¬ De¬ Con¬ Make pletion\ „ L, Net tinuous Make pletion Net tinuous , j Gross \Evapo- Gross Evapo¬ Infiowf up from Yield Output InflowX up from Yield Output Yield ration of Yield ration Storage Re- (usable) Storage Re¬ (usable) servoir

1946 1950 Jan.-Apr. 27 503 503 530 29 501 Jan.-Apr. 27 503 791 530 21 509 May 28 104 607 132 5 127 May 28 104 895 132 4 125 June 305 -173 434 132 0 132 June 190 — 58 837 132 0 132 July 519 -387 47 132 0 132 July 400 -268 569 132 0 132 Aug. 783 - 47 0 736 0 132 Aug. 407 -275 294 132 0 132 Sept. 343 — 343 0 132 Sept. 228 - 96 198 132 0 132 Oct. 247 — 247 0 132 Oct. 212 - 80 118 132 0 132 Nov. 13 119 119 132 124 Nov. 13 119 237 132 8 124 Dec. 3 129 248 132 124 Dec. 28 104 341 132 7 125

2,2£8 1,536 2,100 1,533 1,546 2,120 1947 1951 Jan.-Apr. 27 503 751 530 21 509 Jan.-Apr. 11 519 860 530 20 510 May 14 118 869 132 4 128 May 7 125 985 132 3 129 June 268 -136 733 132 0 132 June 171 - 39 946 132 0 132 July 567 -435 298 132 0 132 July 352 -220 726 132 0 132 Aug. 277 -145 153 132 0 132 Aug. 634 — 502 224 132 0 132 Sept. 312 -153 0 159 0 132 Sept. 288 -156 68 132 0 132 Oct. 138 — 138 0 132 Oct. 196 - 64 4 132 0 132 Nov. 13 119 119 132 124 Nov. 7 125 129 132 8 124 Dec. 3 129 248 132 124 Dec. 3 129 258 132 8 124

1,619 1,545 2,120 1,669 1,547 2,120 1948 1952 Jan.-Apr. 11 519 767 530 21 509 Jan.-Apr. 11 519 777 530 23 507 May 14 118 885 132 4 128 May 14 118 895 132 4 128 June 201 - 69 816 132 0 132 June 265 -133 762 132 0 132 July 355 -223 593 132 0 132 July 476 -344 418 132 0 132 Aug. 565 -433 160 132 0 132 Aug. 761 -418 0 343 0 132 Sept. 331 -160 0 171 0 132 Sept. 444 — — 444 0 132 Oct. 268 —. 268 0 132 Oct. 223 — — 223 0 132 Nov. 13 119 119 132 124 Nov. 13 119 119 132 8 124 Dec. 3 129 248 132 124

1,761 1,545 2,120 1949 Jan.-Apr. 27 503 751 530 21 509 May 28 104 855 132 4 128 *Except four-month total used opposite Jan.-April. June 165 - 33 822 132 0 132 tinflow computed by proportionate drainage areas from Pegu July 227 - 95 727 132 0 132 Iron Bridge records. Aug. 497 -365 362 132 0 132 Sept. 395 -263 99 132 0 132 Oct. 166 - 34 65 132 0 132 Nov. 13 119 184 132 124 at extreme low water for the 112 ft. minimum net Dec. 28 104 124 head and 6,040 cusecs maximum demand. If a fourth 1,546 1,545 2,120 unit should be installed the velocities would be increased 33% to 18.0 and 21-2 ft. per sec. respec¬ tively. It is concluded that the 22-ft. diameter pen¬ (5) Penstock Size stock is a conservative selection based on present The normal maximum demand from three units estimates of the size and type of market. It is in will be 5,130 cusecs based on 45,000 kW ultunate accordance with economic standards of design for installation, and 132-ft. average net head. For a short penstocks which require 15 to 20 ft. per sec. 22-ft. diameter penstock the maximum velocity would velocity under the conditions of normal head and be 13-5 ft. per sec. at average head, or 15-9 ft. per sec. output. 592 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA (6) Diversion Tunnel grass or equal. In order to minimize underseepage a For the seven years record at Pegu Iron Bridge the cutoff trench would be excavated to bedrock or largest daily discharge was 39,215 cusecs on August impervious strata along the axis of the dam. At the 24, 1946, and frequent flows of 30,000 or more bedrock surface a concrete grout cap would be con¬ occurred each year except 1950. At the dam site, with structed through which drilling and grouting would a drainage area less than half that at the iron bridge, be accomplished. The cutoff trench would be refilled it is probable that construction floods will not exceed with rolled impervious earth fill. 25,000 cusecs during wet years. This amount has been (8) Outlet Works used as a basis for determining the capacity of the diversion tunnel. For a 27-ft. diameter concrete-lined The right abutment location for the outlet works tunnel with a velocity of 40 ft. per sec. the diversion appears to be the most favorable, with a minimum capacity would be 23,000 cusecs and with 50-ft. length of tunnel intake and outlet channels (see velocity, 28,700 cusecs. These velocities will be Plate II). The tunnel would be located in shale and dependent on cofferdam pond levels at the time of a sandstone requiring considerable bracing with steel possible construction flood during the wet season. or timber rings. It would be lined with reinforced Accordingly, construction schedules will provide for concrete, and grouting would be provided between completion of the earth dam during the dry season the concrete and rock over the roof of the tunnel. to a point above danger level, so that overtopping At the upstream end there would be a concrete intake due to a rare frequency flood cannot occur. tower containing trash racks, stop logs, and emer¬ gency headgates. Mechanical trash rake and gate (7) Earth Dam hoists would be accessible by steel truss foot bridge Based on the preliminary reconnaissance and from the right abutment. The 22-ft. diameter penstock studies it is concluded that the dam site is in a deeply would be anchored at its upstream end by a concrete weathered formation covered with moderately heavy tunnel plug and would be supported on concrete overburden. Exposed rock foundations suitable for a saddles throughout its length. At the downstream end concrete dam are not available. Several factors favor three lateral 11-ft. diameter pipes would lead to three the selection of an earth dam, i.e. {a) heavy over¬ turbines in the power house, each protected by an burden which wiU provide earth fill material and will U-ft. diameter penstock valve. The 22-ft. pipe would support an earth dam without complete excavation be reduced in stages to 11 ft. in passing the laterals to firm rock; {b) natural saddle beyond the right and the discharge end would be controlled by two abutment for economical spillway construction; (c) 11-ft. valves in tandem. The tunnel discharge channel probable tunnel and power house site in firm rock in would be concrete lined for about 300 ft. below the the right abutment. It is assumed that the rock from outlet portal to withstand high velocity flow during the tunnel and power house excavation will be suitable its use for river diversion. for slope protection on the earth dam but not suffi¬ ciently durable for good concrete aggregates. The (9) Spillway dam cross section has been estimated conservatively About one half mile west of the dam site there is a at one on three upstream and one on two downstream natural saddle in which the spiUway structure would slopes with 30-ft. top width to accommodate an access be located as shown on Plate 11. This would be a road. The center portion or core of the dam would be concrete ogee section founded on firm rock and clay silt containing weathered shale from the borrow surmounted by five Tainter gates each 50 ft. long by pit upstream from the right abutment. Broken shale 20 ft. high. The length of structure, face to face of would be used in the transition to provide a filter training waUs, would be about 270 ft. The gates varying from the finest materials adjacent to the core would be provided with individual electric hoists and to larger fragments of hard shale near the outer individual gasoline standby units located at the gate slopes. The shale would be protected with a heavy piers. A light foot bridge would connect the piers layer of sandstone riprap in sizes from 200 to and abutments for safe access during floods. Below 2,000 lbs. per stone, in order to break waves on the the spillway a concrete apron, baffles and end sill upstream slope, and to control erosion and withstand would be provided to dissipate the energy of the flood sun action on the downstream slope. The shale and waters. Derrick stone and riprap would be placed sandstone would be obtained from the tunnel, power downstream from the end sill. An analysis has been house, tailrace and spillway excavations. If insufficient made of several hypothetical floods showing the effect sound rock is available from these sources, rock may of surcharge storage in each case (see Plate 12 and 13, be imported from the quarries at Mokpalin, and the "Flood Hydrographs" and "Mass Curves of Reser¬ downstream slope may be protected with Bermuda voir Inflow and Outflow"). For the flood equal to

u o o o

(J < T. U oo

>- <

uo Q Z <

Q O O

DURATION IN HOURS

HYDROGRAPH BASED ON PEAK INFLOW. QM=IO,OOOv'A = 2IO,000 MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING CUSECS, VOLUME OF RUNOFF EQUIVALENT TO 15 INCHES OF PEGU RIVER PROJECT RAINFALL, I.e. i5,300x 10' CU. FT. FLOOD INFLOW-OUTFLOW OR 352,000 ACRE-FT. AND DUR¬ HYDROGRAPHS ATION OF FLOOD 40 HOURS KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEW YORK RANGOON

DR. BY £. J. P. DATE PLATE CK. BY G.M. T. MAY 53 NO. 12

593 594 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA 10,000 times the square root of the drainage area, second circuit so that power from the proposed there would be six feet of freeboard at maximum Paunglaung hydroelectric development may be reservoir level, assuming all turbines and sluice valves brought in on that circuit. All lines would be adjacent closed throughout the flood and crest gates to be to existing highways and railroads through generally opened at increments of one foot in the reservoir flat rice lands with no clearing required, except from water level starting at El. 278. About 52 hours would the dam to Zaungtu and from the junction to be required to empty the surcharge volume assuming Tharrawaddy. These portions are in rolling, jungle- crest gates to be closed at one foot increments of covered terrain without access roads. reservoir level. The spillway outlet has a favorable (13) Distribution System location about 11 miles downstream from the power house and tailrace. A sizable distribution system exists in the Rangoon- Insein area and is being expanded at the rate of (10) Power House 5,000 connections per year by the Rangoon Electric Two 21,000-horsepower-at-normal-head vertical Tramway and Supply Co. The development of this Francis turbines directly connected to 15,000 kW system should remain under the control of RET, an water wheel generators would be provided initially. efficient organization which should not be replaced The power house substructure, founded on rock near by Government management if it can be avoided. the tunnel outlet portal, would include the draft tube Details of the proposed distribution system at Pegu, for a third unit of 15,000 kW; and in future could be Henzada, Letpadan, Tharrawaddy and Taikkyi need extended to accommodate a fourth unit on line with not be determined until additional data are available. the others supplied by a penstock from the 11 -ft. sluice The development should be under the close control of valve. The power house is set at an angle with the a private management firm, in order that the sale of center hne of the outlet works, to improve hydraulic energy and appliances can be rapidly expanded. This efficiency at the entrance to the scroll case and to will assure maximum profit to the Government from permit construction of the power house during the the power development and sufficient reward to the diversion period. There would be a steel frame super¬ private owner so that he will energetically promote structure with brick walls and tile roof utilizing local sales. The franchise to sell power at rates approved by materials and labor for this feature. An outdoor the Government should be awarded to the highest installation is not considered feasible in view of the qualified bidder. Financing for major installations heavy rains which sometimes reach as much as should be accomphshed by low interest loans to the 40 inches per month. private owner. The foregoing procedure is believed (11) Substation to be the best means of expanding the new power An outdoor substation would be provided with the system rapidly and of giving efficient personal service main transformers located at the power house and to the consumer. with switching structure on the downstream berm of m. Construction Materials and Equipment the earth dam, east of the outlet channel. The initial (1) Earth FUl capacity would be 30,000 kW with a layout to permit the addition of 15,000 kW in the near future and It is probable that the borrow area for the earth possibly another 15,000 kW in the future. Voltage dam can be located just upstream from the right would be stepped up from 13-8 kV to 132 kV at the abutment. It is believed that the area contains ample transformer bank. A double circuit 60,000 kW line quantities of clay silt with fragments of weathered would lead southward, one circuit to supply Pegu, shale suitable for rolling into the impervious portion Syriam and Rangoon, and the other circuit to supply of an earth dam. The length of haul will vary from Tharrawaddy, Henzada and Rangoon. 1,000 to 2,000 ft. (12) Transmission Line (2) Gravel and Broken Stone Initial hnes would consist of 132 kV 60,000 kW Pervious material to form the shells or filter double circuit from the power station to a junction portions of the earth dam can be obtained from two five miles south as shown on Plate 2. From the sources: {a) rounded gravel from branch streams in junction, one 30,000-kW single circuit line would very limited quantities, and {b) shale outcrops in both supply Pegu and Rangoon, with a 10,000-kW branch abutments upstream or downstream from the dam. to Syriam; and one 30,000-kW single circuit line The latter should be the principal source of pervious would supply Tharrawaddy and Rangoon with a material because the quantity available is large and 10,000-kW branch to Letpadan and Henzada. The the shale is believed to be resistant to disintegration Pegu to Rangoon line would be designed to take a if protected from drying. It should be mixed with 360 — ^ 340 / / 320 /

1 300 A 1 280 1 / A. UJ vt UJ 260 / J b. o « I Ui 240 / # IC CO o 1 — tr> < ^ 220 if z < > < Q -1 (0 2 00 a-/ A o a s in 3 K I 80 J// ^ > I a I 60 1 A *i /' o / OD. 140 / 285 ^1 1 O b. / > O ^ I 20 V '7i 284 UJ Ul in k / Ul >/ / r \ a: 100 Id 283 / UJ tot o CO/ / u. > N 8 0 / / ,> 282 / / UJ tl > / llJ UJ v> / / < fs. 281 -I CO a: / CC S V / i hi / 3 40 i / 280 / X < < / 3 20 / / . / 279

^78 I 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 49 5 TIME IN HOURS FROM COMMENCEMENT OF STORM

CURVES SHOWING RELATION BETWEEN STORM WATER INFLOW INTO RESERVOIR. MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING DISCHARGE OVER SPILLWAY AT CREST LEVEL 26000 O.D. WITH GATE PEGU RIVER PROJECT OPENINGS AS BELOW, AND RISE OF FLOOD WATER. MASS CURVE W.S.L.AT 1ST. GATE OPENING = 27800 O.D .. H 2ND. " = 27900 0 D. RESERVOIR INFLOW- OUTFLOW " " 3RD. >> = 28000 OD. KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO • • " 4TH. II » 28 I 00 00. NEW YORK RANGOON " " 5TH. »• = 26200 OD. ALL GATES CLOSED AT W.S.L. 28000 0-D. DR. BY. ti-^- DATE PLATE CN FALLING FLOOD. iCK.BY. g/^T" MAY, 53. NO. 13

595 596 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA sandstone fragments and the largest, most stable (8) Hydraulic and Electrical Machinery and Controls stone should be used nearest the surface directly For the purpose of the present estimates, United under the slope protection stone. These features will States prices have been used. If equal or lower prices be subject to review when samples have been obtained and satisfactory delivery time can be secured from from the site and tests have been completed. the manufacturers in "soft-currency" countries, they (3) Slope Protection Stone should be given consideration. It is probable that suitable stone wUl be obtained from the tunnel, powerhouse and tailrace excavation (9) Powerhouse Crane for use on the slopes of the dam and for riprap areas Purchase of a 100-ton overhead crane with rails where wave action or turbulent flow must be resisted. and controls should be made in the "soft currency" Additional stone may be obtained from the existing area subject to satisfactory price and dehvery date. granite quarries at Mokpalin on the east bank of the Sittang River about 60 miles from the dam site. (10) Substation, Transmission, Distribution Equipment (4) Concrete Aggregates These should be purchased in a country in the Large deposits of suitable gravel for concrete "soft currency" area where manufacturing capacity aggregates are reported in the vicinity of Pyinbongyi, is known to be ample. about 40 miles from the dam site. The use of this gravel would necessitate the construction of a long (11) Construction Equipment access road and overland haul. Possibly the existing (a) Earth moving. Shovels, bulldozers, scrapers, granite quarries at Mokpahn will prove more trucks and miscellaneous earth equipment should be economical, utilizing a 60-inile water haul via the suppUed by the general contractor in accordance with Pegu-Sittang canal in shallow draft barges. It is his estimated needs. For the purpose of computing understood that the governing depth in the Pegu foreign exchange it is assumed that a foreign con¬ River north of Pegu Town is about four feet during tractor will be selected using equipment manu¬ half of the year and during the six dry months factured in the United States. complete stoppage of navigation will occur due to lack of water. Mokpalin granite has been used for (b) Concrete plant. This would probably be sup¬ road surfacing and concrete aggregates throughout plied from the United States by the general con¬ Burma with successful results. tractor. (5) Timber, Brick and Tile (c) Rock excavation equipment. This would also be Timber for operators' houses, concrete forms and supphed from the United States by the general other temporary construction can be obtained in the contractor. Pegu VaUey. Where smooth surfaces must be obtained absorptive form hning should be imported. Such (d) Steel erection equipment. This would be sup¬ surfaces include tunnel lining, intake and outlet walls, phed from a "soft currency" country by the general powerhouse draft tube and tailrace waUs, and contractor, particularly if structural steel, gate hoists spillway training walls, piers, baffles and end sills. and powerhouse crane are from this source. Brick and tUe for the powerhouse superstructure and other permanent buildings can be procured in Burma. n. Design Contract The manufacture of tile will be initiated in the near In order to complete the Pegu project in 1957, a future under Goverimient sponsorship. design contract should be entered into as soon as (6) Plumbing and Electric Fixtures possible between the Government and an engineering Small pipe, valves, fittings and fixtures can be firm experienced in hydroelectric work. The contract purchased from the countries in the "soft currency" should include field investigation and detailed design area through existing supply houses subject to satis¬ of dam, power station and transmission hnes. Plans factory prices and delivery dates. Electrical wire, and specifications together with the analysis of fittings and fixtures can be' obtained from the same design should be completed in 12 months but the source. tunnel design should be accomphshed in four months so that its construction can be expedited. The (7) Reinforcing Steel, Structural Steel, Penstock, engineering firm should be selected by negotiation Headgates and Hoists and should be paid costs plus a fixed fee in accordance These may be purchased from the same source with standards equivalent to those established by the subject to satisfactory prices and deUvery dates. American Society of Civil Engineers. ELECTRIC POWER 597 o. Construction Contract of the construction, the dam, power station and (1) Type of Contract transmission line should be operated and maintained In view of the lack in Burma of contractors ex¬ by contract. The contractor should be selected by perienced in hydroelectric construction and in view negotiation. He should furnish a superintendent, of the continued activity in heavy construction operators and skilled labor as needed for routine or throughout the world, it is doubted that a lump sum major repairs. He should furnish the necessary tools contract can be secured in the customary manner by and equipment. He should have full authority to competitive bidding. However, a "target price" employ foreign assistants or experts, subject to the contract should be secured with an experienced financial limitation of his contract. During the life of contractor in which he contracts to complete the the contract, apprentice superintendents, operators work for a target price (containing a reasonable and skilled labor should be hired locally, so that contingency allowance for his protection) plus a Burmese nationals can receive necessary training in fixed fee subject to the following provisions. If the order to hold key operating jobs as soon as possible. actual costs are less than the "bid target," he will be r. Estimated Costs paid for the actual costs plus the fixed fee plus 20% Quantity and cost estimates are based on very of the difference between the actual costs and the incomplete data including aerial photographs of the "bid target." If the actual costs are greater than the site and stream flow measurements (1946-1952) at "bid target," he will be paid for actual costs plus his Pegu Town, 50 miles downstream from the dam site fixed fee less 10% of the difference between actual (see Table XIX-14(;?. 595)—"Estunated Cost—Initial costs and "bid target." The bid target as used above, Installation"). Excavation, concrete and steel prices will be the original bid target adjusted once at the are based on costs of similar work recently completed completion of the contract for changes 'in wage rates, in Burma. Hydraulic machinery, electrical machinery material prices and work quantities. The target price and penstock valves are estimated from prehminary contract has been used successfully for current quotation by American manufacturers. A contingency projects in the Middle East, West Indies and other and engineering factor of 20% has been allowed in areas where the construction industry is not strongly addition to a fee of approximately 4 % for the detailed developed and competition cannot be obtained. exploration and design. No details for the distribution (2) Completion on Schedule system have been developed, but the kWh charges are The contract should provide that liquidated assumed to be slightly greater than the present costs damages be assessed at approximately K5,000 per for the Rangoon metropolitan area, in view of the day, the estimated profit on the system, in the event more scattered communities. The annual charges that the contractor fails to complete the work in capitalized at 12% give the total estimated cost of the accordance with the construction schedule. In order distribution system as presented in Table XIX-I4. to give the contractor every opportunity to expedite The over-aU costs of hydro station, transmission hne the work he should be solely responsible for the and distribution system are conservative in com¬ purchase of all materials and equipment, subject parison with the actual cost of similar projects com¬ only to inspection by the supervising engineers. The pleted recently in other countries. contractor should be permitted to import such con¬ struction equipment, skiUed labor, foremen and s. Production Costs administrative personnel as he deems essential for The cost of power at the load center is computed as prompt completion of the work. follows: Capital recovery with interest at 4.25% p. Construction Engineering Life Annual In order to assure the quality of materials and Description in Years Factor Investment Cost % S workmanship in accordance with the specifications, Elect. Controls 20 -0752 120,000 9,000 supervisory inspection and control of construction Generators, Portion of should be the responsibility of an engineering firm Substation 25 -0655 1,520,000 99,600 Turbines, Butterfly experienced in hydroelectric and transmission line Valves, Trash Racks 35 -0555 1,460,000 81,000 construction work. The engineering firm should be Transmission Line 35 -0555 2,570,000 142,500 selected by negotiation and should be paid costs plus Civil Eng. Works Buildings 50 -0491 11,440,000 562,000 a fijced fee in accordance with standards for this type Operation and Maintenance — -0127 17,110,000 217,900 of work in Asian and Pacific projects. Annual Cost, Initial Development (6-5 °„) 51,112,000 q. Operation and Maintenance Contract Note: Interest has been assumed at 4"^ for 75" of the total For a period of at least five years after completion investment and 5 % for the remainder. 598 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA TABLE XIX - 14 PEGU RIVER HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ESTIMATED COST—INITIAL INSTALLATION (U.S. DoUars)

Unit Percentage Quantity Unit¥■ r„... Cost/^_„^ No. Description Cost Local Sterling U.S. % 1 1 Exploration and design ■ l.s. 700,000 20 _ 80 2 Clearing reservoir 10,000 acre 50.00 500,000 80 10 10 3 Clear and grub dam site 60,000 s.y. 1.00 60,000 80 10 10 4 „ „ „ borrow area 80,000 s.y. 0.50 40,000 80 10 10 5 „ „ „ spilhvay 10,000 s.y. 1.00 10,000 80 10 10 6 „ „ „ townsite 30,000 s.y. 0.50 15,000 80 10 10 7 Access roads 4 mi. 10,000 40,000 70 20 10 8 Excavation, cutoff trench 8,000 c.y. 4.00 32,000 70 10 20 9 „ tunnel portals 30,000 c.y. 3.00 90,000 70 10 20 10 „ tailrace 80,000 c.y. 3.00 240,000 70 10 20 11 Excavation, power house 46,000 c.y. 5.00 230,000 70 10 20 12 „ spillway 100,000 c.y. 1.00 100,000 70 — 30 13 „ borrow pit 3,500,000 c.y. 0.52 1,820,000 70 — 30 14 Cofferdam and diversion l.s. — 250,000 70 — 30 15 Foundation preparation, dam 40,000 s.y. 1.50 60,000 70 — 30 16 Drilling holes for grout 60,000 l.f. 1.00 60,000 60 — 40 17 Grouting cutoff and tunnel 120,000 c.f. 2.00 240,000 60 — 40 18 Placing and rolUng earth fill 3,200,000 c.y. 0.15 480,000 60 — 40 19 Excavation, tunnel 21,000 c.y. 10.00 210,000 60 — 40 20 Concrete, tunnel lining 7,350 c.y. 60.00 440,000 60 — 40 21 Concrete, portals and channel 10,000 c.y. 32.00 320,000 60 — 40 22 „ intake tower 10,500 c.y. 40.00 420,000 60 — 40 23 „ spillway 18,000 c.y. 32.00 576,000 60 — 40 24 „ power house substruct. 9,000 c.y. 48.00 432,000 50 — 50 25 „ retaining wall 2,000 c.y. 40.00 80,000 60 — 40 26 Reinforcing steel 3,000,000 lbs. 0.10 300,000 40 50 10 27 Penstock steel 2,400,000 lbs. 0.25 600,000 40 50 10 28 Trash racks and frames 500,000 lbs. 0.25 125,000 40 50 10 29 Head gates, frames, hoists 400,000 lbs. 0.50 200,000 40 50 10 30 Gate house and bridge l.s. — — 40,000 50 40 10 31 Spillway gates, 5 @ 50x20 500,000 lbs. 0.30 150,000 40 50 10 32 „ „ hoists 5 each 4,000 20,000 40 50 10 33 HydrauUc machinery 42,000 h.p. 22.00 924,000 20 , 80 34 Electrical machinery 30,000 kW 38.00 1,140,000 20 80 35 Additional butterfly valves 2 each 50,000 100,000 20 80 36 Electrical controls l.s. — — 100,000 20 , 80 37 Substation complete l.s. — — 250,000 20 80 38 Power house superstructure 300,000 c.f 1.00 300,000 60 30 10 39 Crane complete I.s. — — 100,000 20 60 20 40 Living quarters l.s. — 300,000 40 50 10 41 Transmission line 5 mi. 15,000 75,000 50 30 20 42 J) JS 168 mi. 10,000 1,680,000 50 30 20 43 >> J> 34 mi. 8,000 272,000 50 30 20 44 19 mi. 6,000 114,000 50 30 20 Subtotal 14,235,000 45 Engineering and contingencies 20% 2,875,000 Total hydro plant and trans. system 17,110,000 49-0 12-6 38-4 46 Distribution system* 8,600,000 50 30 20 Total 49-3 18-4 * Exclusive of Rangoon 1952 system and initial diesel program. ELECTRIC POWER 599 Initial Development Cost per kWh at Load Center for Rangoon. All purpose power, power, bulk power kWh Mills Pyas Total Power (Par. 1(4)) 118,000,000 9-44 4-48 and the steel mill would receive rates of 20, 15, 14 75 % Sales 88,500,000 12-60 600 and 10 respectively in 1958 and 16, 12, 10 and 8 Ultimate Development •065 X 21,610,000= SI ,405,000 respectively in 1966. A Government Rate Board Ultimate Development Cost per k Wh at Load Center should establish rates for the market area based on k Wh Mills Pvas Total Power (Par. 1(4)) 139,000,000 10-10 4-80 the recommendations of the Electricity Supply Board 75 % Sales 104,000,000 13-50 6 43 and the managers of the distribution systems. The foregoing cost comparison is based on firm V. Ownership and Operation power computed for the minimum years of record The Government of Burma should own and and on capacity factors which can be attained with operate the hydroelectric plant and transmission the installation of the steel mill, irrigation pumps or system. It is understood that the Electricity Supply equivalent industrial loads as detailed in Tables XIX-8 Board will be the government agency which will to XIX-11 inclusive. Secondary power is not large control all engineering, construction and operating and has been neglected in the economic analysis contracts. The distribution system should be owned presented above. The value of power for design of and operated by a private management firm financed pipe line, tailrace and other hydraulic features should by low interest government loans for aU major instal¬ be taken at 4-5 pyas per kWh. lations. It is believed that the sale of energy and t. Distribution Costs appliances can be most successfully expanded by private initiative, assuring larger profits to the Details of the proposed distribution system cannot Government and incentive income to the private be foreseen but it is believed that 7-5 pyas (1-57 cents) owner. The franchise to operate the distribution per kWh is an ample allowance for a new system system should be awarded to the highest qualified containing about 25% domestic load as given in bidder. Tables XIX-5 and XIX-6 for 1958. The allowance has been reduced to 7-0 pyas for 1962 and 6-5 pyas w. Recommendations for 1966, when loads are greater and system in¬ In view of the favorable factors indicated in this efficiencies have been reduced. The annual cost for Report, i.e., satisfactory physical conditions for 1958 to 1966 and the initial investment are computed generation of low cost power and ample projected as follows: markets in a prosperous region able to absorb the Domestic and Annual Cost output, it is recommended that the preliminary Bulk Sales k Wh per year Pyas in Kyats investigations and design proceed at once. If con¬ 1958 92,000,000 7-5 6,900,000 ditions are found satisfactory, detailed design and 1962 143,000,000 @ 7 0 10,000,000 1966 193,000,000 6-5 12,530,000 construction should be expedited, in order to meet Capitalized at 12% the estimated demands of the market area at the Year Investment in Kyats Investment in Dollars end of 1957. 1958 57,500,000* 12,100,000 1962 83,300,000 17,500,000 2. MYINGYAN-MANDALAY POWER PROJECT 1966 104,300,000 22,000,000 a. General *Of this sum K16,700,000 or $3,500,000 will be provided under the initial diesel program for Pegu, Tharrawaddy and Henzada The Government's objective is to supply low cost distribution systems. power as soon as possible to the Myingyan-MeiktUa- Capitalization for the distribution system has been Mandalay area. In the latter city a power shortage based on capital recovery with interest at 4-25 %. exists which has been partially met by reconditioned Amortization factor—20 year life -075 steam units installed in 1952. At Meiktila a large army Operation and maintenance -045 headquarters is under construction and partiaUy occupied. Also this is the center of an important Total annual cost 120 irrigated area where pumping loads are anticipated. Southeast of Meiktila power will be dehvered to the u. Electric Rates proposed Yamethin irrigation development, which is The proposed domestic electric rates as given in described in Chapter IX on Irrigation. In the Tables XIX-15 and XIX-16 {see pp. 600 & 601) range Myingyan area the heavy industry planned includes from 40 pyas per kWh for outlying towns and villages zinc reduction, sulphuric acid production and to 30 pyas per kWh for Rangoon-Insein metropolitan possibly a fertilizer plant. The most economical source area in 1958. It is estimated that these rates can be of power in the near future is a steam electric plant reduced to 30 and 22 pyas respectively by 1966. The located near Myingyan. The plant would use low cost present rates are 75 pyas for outlying towns and 50 pyas coal transported to the steam plant by barge on the 600 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA TABLE XIX - 15 ESTIMATED INCOME AND COST OF ENERGY—1952 to 1966 incl. (Including Steel Mill, Pegu, Henzada and Irrigation Pumping)

1952 1958 1962 1966

Steam Capacity 25,000 kW 35,000 kW 35,000 kW 35,000 kW Hydro Capacity 30,000 kW 85,000 kW 140,000 kW

Sales Est. Annual Sales Est. Annual Sales Est. Annual Sales Est. Annual Annual Revenue in Rate Revenue in Rate Revenue in Rate Revenue in Rate Revenue Thous. Pvasper Thous. Thous. Pyasper Thous. Thous. Pyasper Thous. Thous. Pyasper Thous. kWk kWh Kyats kWh kWh Kyats kWh kWh Kyats kWh kWh Kyats

Bulk Power, Rangoon 11,000 160 1,760 29,000 140 4,060 39,900 120 4,790 50,800 10-0 5,080 Steel Mill, Rangoon 27,500 100 2,750 37,000 9-0 3,330 46,500 8-0 3,720 All Purpose Power, Rangoon 7,400 28-4 2,100 10,800 20 0 2,160 13,500 18-0 2,430 16,200 16-0 2,590 Power, Rangoon 5,200 25 0 1,300 6,600 15-0 990 8,000 15-0 1,200 9,400 12-0 1,130 Departmental, Rangoon 250 18-75 50 800 150 120 1,200 15-0 180 1,600 12-0 190 Public Lighting, Rangoon 900 0 0 4,200 0 0 6,000 0 0 7,800 0 0 Lighting, Rangoon 12,250 55-8 6,840 31,600 300 9,480 45,400 25-0 11,350 59,200 22-0 13,020 Other 1,000 75-0 750 3,900 40 0 1,560 5,400 35-0 1,890 6,900 30-0 2,070 Bulk Outside Rangoon 2,600 15-0 390 3,600 12-0 430 4,600 10-0 460 Irrigation Pumping 13,000 20-0 2,600 21,000 180 3,780 29,000 160 4,640

Total Sales 38,000 12,800 130,000 24,110 181,000 29.380 232,000 32,900

Output Cost Annual Output Cost Annual Output Cost Annual Output Cost Annual Annual Operating Costs in in Cost in in Cost in in Cost in in Cost Thous. Pyas per Thous. Thous. Pyasper Thous. Thous. Pyasper Thous. Thous. Pyasper Thous. kWh kWh Kyats kWh kWh Kyats kWh kWh Kyats kWh kWh Kyats

Steam Plant 43,500 14-35 6,250 31,500 14-40 4,550 29,000 14-00 4,060 30,000 13-00 3,900 Exist. Dist. System 43,500 5-75 2,500 43,500 5-75 2,500 43,500 5-75 2,500 43,500 5-75 2,500 Pegu Hydro Plant 118,000 4-48 5,290 139,000 4-80 6,680 139,000 4-80 6,680 Paunglaung Hydro Plant 40,000 4-00 1,600 98,000 4-00 3,900 New Dist. System 106,000 6-50 6,900 164,500 6-08 10,000 223,500 5-61 12,530

Total Cost 43,500 20-10 8,750 149,500 19,240 208,000 24,840 267,000 29,510

Chindwin and Irrawaddy Rivers from the proposed required from low water to ground level at the plant. Kalewa mine. Power would be moderate low cost; The intake would be located on the cutting bank of Burmese coal would be used; and proposed heavy the river to avoid siltation and the outlet pipe would industrial loads would be located adjacent to the be submerged in order to recover a part of the power plant. Mandalay and Meiktila are tied in by pumping hft by siphon action. short transmission lines in order to guarantee sizable loads quickly after completion of the project. It is c. Access estimated that the selected capacity of 30,000 kW will Railroads and all-weather highways should be meet the demand until about 1960 at which time low extended to provide access to the site of the power cost hydroelectric power should be available from the station from Myingyan. Regular river steamer service future Paunglaung River project near Pyinmana. is available via the Irrawaddy. Ease of shipping by both land and river is one of the principal reasons for b. Location locating the development at the selected site where The site of the proposed power station is about zinc ore, coal and finished products can be readily 20 miles southwest of the town of Myingyan on the transported. banks of the Irrawaddy River. At this point high ground above river flood levels, navigation facilities d. Market Area for coal handling and ample water for the condensers The power development is intended primarily to are available. About a 40-ft. pumping lift would be serve the proposed industrial plants near Myingyan /' ' • —" / Thabyewa Single Circuit Transmission Line, 132 KV Yegyo s^^ \ — Double Circuit Transmission Line Ingyinzu ■... THAZI - , .,, ifw MEIKTILA .. Secondary Transmission Line, 33 K.V

Nyaungyan I ■ Shanywa Ylndow" SCALE l"« 14 MILES ( APPROX.) Pyawbwe Mindon MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING Yanaung Sbweda MYINGYAN-MANDALAY POWER PROJECT Ywadan"^^ MAP SHOWING TRANSMISSION YAMETHIN AND DISTRIBUTION LINES. KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEW YORK RANGOOli DR.BY.^ J/' DATE PLATE To Sin the >y CK.BY.^-^7^ MAY 53 NO. 14 96

ELECTRIC POWER 601 TABLE XIX - 16 ESTIMATED INCOME AND COST OF ENERGY—1962 and 1966 (Including Steel Mill, Pegu, Henzada and Irrigation Pumping) Assuming no future hydro development after completion of the Pegu River Development

1962 J966

Steam Capacity 35,000 kW 40,000 kW Hydro Capacity 45,000 kW 45,000 kW Annual Sales in Est. Rate Sales in Est. Rate Annual Revenue in Annual Revenue Thousand pyas per Thousand pyas per Revenue in kWh kWh Thousand kWh kWh Thousand Kyats Kyats

Bulk Power, Rangoon 39,900 12-0 4,790 50,800 10-0 5,080 Steel Mill, Rangoon 37,000 10-0 3,700 46,500 9-0 4,190 All Purpose Power, Rangoon 13,500 19-0 2,570 16,200 18-0 2,920 Power, Rangoon 8,000 15-0 1,200 9,400 14-0 1,320 Departmental, Rangoon 1,200 15-0 180 1,600 14-0 220 Public Lighting, Rangoon 6,000 0 0 7,800 0 0 Lighting, Rangoon 45,400 25-0 11,350 59,200 25-0 14,800 Other 5,400 38-0 2,050 6,900 38-0 2,620 Bulk Outside Rangoon 3,600 14-0 500 4,600 12-0 550 Irrigation Pumping 21,000 19-0 3,990 29,000 18-0 5,220

Total Sales 181,000 30,330 232,000 36,920

Output in Cost in Annual Cost Output in Cost in Annual Cost Annual Operating Costs Thousand pyas per Thousand Thousand pyas per Thousand kWh kWh Kyats kWh kWh Kyats

Steam Plant 69,000 12-20 8,420 128,000 10-30 13,180 Exist. Dist. System 43,500 5-75 2,500 43,500 5-75 2,500 Pegu Hydro Plant 139,000 4-80 6,670 139,000 4-80 6,670 New Dist. System 164,500 6-08 10,020 223,500 5-61 12,540

Total Cost 208,000 27,610 267,000 34,890

and the existing markets at Mandalay, but would also about 2,100,000 in 1952. The annual income in serve Meiktila, Yamethin and smaUer communities 1938-39, corrected for the price increase since that along the route of the proposed transmission line. time, is estimated at K45 crores. Mandalay is an important manufacturing and raU¬ road center, the distributing point for consumer goods e. Existing Power Plants arriving from south Burma and from outside. It is the Within the market area the foUowing power plants concentration point for agricultural and mining are operated by the Electricity Supply Board: products from Upper Burma. Meiktila and Yamethin Capacity in Kilowatts 1939 1952 are centers of an important agricultural area where Myingyan 150 131 irrigation is dominant. Rice, tobacco, sugar, hogs Meiktila 40 163 and poultry are major products. The region is largely Kyaukse 39 68 flat to rolhng, about 50% being arable and under Sagaing 56 53 cultivation. Paved highways and railroads connect Mandalay 1,145 1,508 all towns along the transmission hne route. The Yamethin 44 56 market area is bounded on the north and west by the The 1952 rates were Pyas 75 per kWh, 6- to 12-hour Irrawaddy, on the south by the Pegu Yomas, and on service per day, except Mandalay where 24-hour the east by the Shan escarpment (see map on Plate 14). service is given and a sliding scale prevails, Pyas 75 The population of the area is estimated to have been to Pyas 63 per kWh. The Burma RaUways operates an 602 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA 1,150-kW steam plant at Myitnge and a 96-kW diesel 4. Zinc Reduction 7,000 11,700 plant at Mandalay. The principal load is the carriage 5. Sulphuric Acid 1,000 1,500 and wagon buUding shop at Myitnge. 6. Other Manufactures 1,500 2,500 7. Port Mechanization 300 500 f. Prospective Loads 8. Yamethin Pumps 600 1,320 The principal power loads now anticipated for 1957 and 1962 are summarized below: No. Description Demand in Kilowatts. Total 1,208 18,145 30,299 1951 1957 1962 1. Domestic 618 5,745 9,589 For detaUs of the above summary see Table 2. Ice Plants — 350 420 XIX-17, "Estimated Power Requirements—Man¬ 3. Burma Railways 590 850 1,200 dalay Division and Sagaing Town."

TABLE XIX - 17 UPPER MANDALAY DIVISION AND SAGAING TOWN ESTIMATED POWER REQUIREMENTS

1951 (Actual) 1957 (Estimated) 1962 (Estimated) 1967 (Estimated)

Annual Population Annual Population Annual Population Annual Population kWhjcap. (Thousands) kWhIcap. (Thousands) kWhjcap. (Thousands) kWhjcap. (Thousands)

Mandalay 3-1 190 15 230 20 280 25 340 Sagaing 4-9 15 10 22 15 30 20 40 Myingyan 4-9 34 15 42 20 50 25 60 Meiktila 6-6 19 10 25 15 30 20 • 36 Yamethin —. 35 10 42 15 50 20 60 Kyaukse — 8 10 9 15 12 20 16

DOMESTIC POWER REQUIREMENTS

Thous. Thous. Thous. Thous. kW Load kWh kW Load kWh kW Load kWh kW Load kWh Location max. Factor per year max. Factor per year max. Factor per year max. Factor per year Demand Sales Demand Sales Demand Sales Demand Sales

Mandalay 356 19 585 1,970 20 3,450 2,560 25 5,600 3,240 30 8,500 Sagaing 44 19 73 125 20 220 206 20 450 366 25 800 Myingyan 76 26 168 288 25 630 456 25 1,000 570 30 1,500 Meiktila 54 27 124 114 25 250 206 25 450 274 30 720 Yamethin 44 — Incomp. 320 15 420 428 20 750 550 25 1,200 Kyaukse 44 — J5 68 15 90 103 20 180 146 25 320 Rural 0 2,860 15 0 — 3,760 5,630 20 9,880 9,480 20 16,580

BULK POWER REQUIREMENTS

Mandalay Ice . _ 250 60 1,310 300 60 1,570 400 60 1,960 Myingyan Ice — — — 50 60 262 60 60 315 80 60 395 Yamethin Ice — — — 50 60 262 60 60 315 80 60 395 Burma Railways 590* 11 544 850 20 1,490 1,200 30 3,150 1,500 30 3,950 Myingyan Zinc — — — 7,000 60 36,800 11,700 80 82,000 14,500 80 101,700 „ Sulphxir — — — 1,000 40 3,600 1,500 50 6,570 2,000 50 8,760 Other — — — 1,500 30 3,940 2,500 30 6.570 3,000 30 7,890 Port Mechanization — — — 300 30 790 500 30 1,310 1,500 30 3,930 Yamethin Pumps — — — 600 17 890 1,320 19 2,200 2,200 20 3,850

Sinthe Pumps — —■ — 800 19 1,330 1,570 25 3,430 2,800 25 6,120

Total Bulk 590 — 544 12,400 50,674 20,710 107,430 28,060 138,950

Bulk and Domestic 1,208 18,145 59,494 30,299 125,740 42,686 168,570 Max. Simultaneous Incomp.

' Installed capacity 1,250 kilowatts. ELECTRIC POWER 603 g. Paunglaung Hydroelectric Project dehvered to Myingyan starting in 1957 at a price of An investigation has been made of several sources approximately K42 per ton in the stock pUe (see of hydroelectric power to supply the Myingyan- Table XIX-18). Mandalay area. The most economical and sunplest project to construct is the Paunglaung River project i. Recommendation of Steam Plant near Pyinmana. DetaUs of this project are discussed The Myingyan steam plant is a moderate low cost in para. G of this chapter. From this project power power development with relatively short transmission can be supplied at the load centers for Pyas 4-0 per line to nearby cities to be maintained and protected kWh for the initial development and Pyas 3-5 from vandalism. It is intended to serve proposed per kWh, ultunately after completion of upstream industrial plants near Myingyan and existing markets regulatmg dams. The mitial Paunglaung power at Mandalay, Meiktila and Yamethin. The power project should be completed m 1960 in order to plant, transmission and distribution systems can be avoid the addition of a fourth turbine and generator completed by December 31, 1956, to utUize Kalewa at the steam plant. This development is indicated in coal and to supply the new industrial plants which Table XIX-21 {see p. 609). If Paunglaung power is should be completed at that time. The development not avaUable by 1960 the additional unit must be lends itself to incorporation in a more extensive provided at the Myingyan steam station, assuming power system connected to the proposed Paunglaung market growth as shown in Table XIX-17. River project, but untU the latter is constructed the Myingyan steam station wUl serve the Mandalay h. Kalewa Coal Division industrial and domestic markets. Both steam If the Kalewa coal project is promptly approved and hydroelectric power are essential in the near and unplemented, a dependable supply of coal wUl future, the one to operate as a base load plant from be avaUable. The coal wUl move to the steam plant which it would be relatively efficient and the other to via river barges. If developed as planned, coal can be carry base load and peaks, being equaUy efficient for either purpose. Accordingly, it is concluded that TABLE XIX - 18 field investigations at Myingyan should be com¬ MYINGYAN-MANDALAY POWER PROJECT menced as soon as possible and that construction should be scheduled for 1956 completion. Comparison of Existing and Proposed Steam Plants j. Technical Details Ahlone Mandalay Proposed (1) Power Station Site Name of Plant Power Power Myingyan Station Station Power Station The site selected is on the east bank of the Irrawaddy about 20 mUes southwest of Myingyan Location Rangoon Mandalay Myingyan where river navigation is most favorable. The site is Rangoon Elect. Elect. on high ground that has offered resistance to erosion Operating Co. Elect. Tram Supply Supply by the river. It is on a cutting bank which wUl avoid and Supply Board Board sUtation at the proposed dock and pump intake. The kWh Generated 1952 46,500,000 77,500,000* site comprises 20 acres, half of which is reserved for No. of Turbo coal handling and storage. The other half provides Alternators 2 2 3 Capacity Each, kW 10,000 550 10,000 space for the proposed power generating station with Voltage 6,600 400/440 6,600 additional space for expansion. Tracks would lead Power Factor 0-9 0-8 0-8 from the turbine room and the ash hoppers to the R.P.M. 3,000 1,000 3,000 Steam Pressure 425 213 600 dock. RaUroad and highway connections from Steam Temperature 780 518 825 Myingyan would be constructed for the movement Year Manufactured 1949 World War — of ore to the zinc reduction plant and for general II No. of Boilers 4 2 3 hauhng. Steam Rate, Ibs./hour per boiler 60,000 10,000 120,000 (2) Fuel Handling Type of Fuel Coal or oil oU coal A bulkhead type dock of sufficient height to clear Fuel Rate Ibs./kWh (coal rating) 1-65 3-3 1-25* the maximum flood by five feet would acconomodate Cost of Coal, Ks/Ton 90 — 42-0* the coal barges. On the dock would be instaUed a Cost of Oil Ks/Ton 161 — _ track mounted crane and conveyor belts to move BTU/lb., Coal — 12,100 ll,000t the coal to the stock pile. The storage area would approximate a 140-degree sector, 350 ft. *Estiniated for 1957. fKalewa Coal. radius, served by a drag scraper located at the 604 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA center of the arc. This would permit the storage of rating when supphed with steam at 600 lbs. per sq. in. nine months' supply at 12 ft. depth. The scraper gauge pressure and 825° F. temperature at the turbine would feed to a vertical lift bucket conveyor, which stop valve and when exhausting into a 2-inch vacuum. dumps onto an overhead horizontal belt feeding the Each generator should have a maximum continuous coal hoppers and pulverizers. The pulverizers should rating of 10,000 kUowatts, at 80% P.F., 3,000 r.p.m., be capable of supplying 13 tons per hour to each 3 phase, 50 cycles, 6,600 volts. boiler. If low cost fuel oU becomes avaUable at Myingyan, conversion of the boilers to fuel oil can (6) Condenser Water be readily accomplished (see Plate 15 for the general The condenser water intake should be located in a layout of steam plant). wet well at the outer corner of the dock. Three mixed- (3) Steam Generation flow axial pumps should deliver 11,000 gaUons per The boiler should be of the water tube type fed minute each against a net head of 25 ft. when running by 357° F. water from the preheater. Each boUer in at full speed. The head is based on recovering part of conjunction with economizers and superheaters the gross head by siphon action. At the intake, trash would be capable of continuously evaporating 120,000 racks to remove coarse materials should be installed lbs. of water per hour into steam at 600 lbs. per sq. in. flush with the dock face to be largely self cleaning. gauge pressure at the superheater. The superheater The water conduit should be of such diameter as to would be integral with the boiler and designed to avoid sUtation. Each condenser should have double produce a final steam temperature of 850° F. at the inlets arranged for reversing the flow and flushing out maximum boiler rating. Forced draft and induced the sUt. Condensers would be of the horizontal draft fans wUl be designed to provide air and to draw surface type placed under the turbine exhaust flange, waste gases from the boUer when steaming at its designed for the steam to flow over and the water maximum continuous rating. Grit catchers for the through the tubes. stack wiU be included together with accessories for the collection and disposal of grit. Soot blowers pro¬ (7) Substation vided at necessary points on the boilers, superheaters An outdoor substation would be provided with the and economizers would be connected to a flue dust main transformers located near the powerhouse and suction system leading to a central dust hopper. Ash switch gear in the powerhouse. The initial capacity hoppers under each boUer would discharge into a would be 30,000 kW with space for expansion. conveyor system leading to a central ash hopper. Voltage would be stepped up from 6.6 to 132 kV at The central hoppers would dispose directly into the transformer bank. dump cars mounted on a track leading to the dock. The stack should be of the self-supporting steel type, (8) Transmission Lines designed to clear the highest portion of the power¬ Initial lines should consist of a 132-kV 30,000-kW house structure (see Plate 16 for the "Steam and double circuit from the power station to Myingyan Electrical Diagram for One Unit"). and a single circuit loop from Myingyan passing (4) Boiler Feed Water north-eastward to Mandalay thence south through Feed water would be supplied from tube weUs. Myitnge and Kyaukse to Meiktila and thence Make-up water would pass through an evaporator returning to Myingyan. A branch line across the heated by bleed steam from the turbines and saturated Ava Bridge would serve Sagaing. A double circuit steam from the boilers. Thence water from the line would lead from MeiktUa to Yamethin. In future evaporators and from the feed heaters would enter it would be connected to the proposed Paunglaung the deaerators, after three stages of heating supphed hydroelectric development by a double circuit by main and bleed steam. Two boiler feed pumps in 132-kV line. The towns along the loop system would parallel would supply each boiler, one motor- receive continuous service, uiUess outages occurred operated and the other turbine-operated. Each pump simultaneously at two points in the loop. The pro¬ should be of the centrifugal type capable of delivering posed zinc reduction plant should be located adjacent 120,000 lbs. per hour of feed water against a pressure to the power station and would be served with a of 720 lbs. per sq. in. 6.6. kV line leading from the powerhouse. Conversion to direct current would be provided by the zinc plant. (5) Turbo Alternator Sets AU transmission lines would be adjacent to existing Three turbine generator units would be provided or proposed highways and railroads, crossing initially. Each turbine would be of sufficient capacity generally flat rice lands through which no clearing to drive the generator continuously at the specified would be required. NARROW GAUGE RAILS FROM PUMP HOUSE IRRAWADDY RIVER CIRCULATION WATER PUMP HOUSE"

MAX FLOOD LINE PLUS 5 FT.

C.W. SUPPLY PIPE

SUBMERGED OUTLET

I C.W. RETURN PIPE

\ \ FLUE DUST SUCTION SYSTEM

\ ASH CONVEYOR \ FIRING FLOOR \ L \

ANNEXn FOR FEED HEATERS,ETC, THREE 10,000 KW. TR. A. SETS SWITCHGEAR, LAVATORIES ETC.''^ /D ^ ^ ^TRANSFORMERS [SWITCH H0U8EI

WEIGHER

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING

MYINGYAN MANDALAY PROJECT my/^/Ai^ '^/ty/z&fiiMm ^Am///^Amy/^//m:m^^ HOPPER GENERAL LAYOUT OF PROPOSED STEAM PLANT SECTION A-A KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO NEW YORK RANGOON DR. BY /"^/^DATE PLATE CK. BY

ELECTRIC POWER 605

TABLE XIX - 19 MYINGYAN-MANDALAY POWER PROJECT Estimated Cost—Initial Installation (U.S. Dollars)

Percentage No. Description Quantity Unit Unit Cost Cost Local Sterling U.S.

$ 1 Investigation and Design I.s. 300,000 20 40 40 2 Land Purchase 20 acre 200 4,000 100 — 3 Clearing and Grading 10 acre 500 5,000 80 — 20 4 Access Road 1 mi. 10,000 10,000 70 20 10 5 Water Front Riprap 3,000 s.y. 5-00 15,000 60 20 20 6 Sheet Pile Dock 250,000 lbs. 0-50 125,000 40 10 50 7 Dock Crane l.s. — — 45,000 20 60 20 8 Belt Conveyor 500 l.f. 40-00 20,000 40 — 60 9 Drag Line l.s. — — 30,000 20 60 20 10 Coal Pulverizers l.s. — — 120,000 40 —" 60 11 Power Station, Foundation 30,000 s.f. 7-00 210,000 50 — 50 12 Power Station, Superstructure 1,120,000 c.f 0-50 560,000 60 30 10 13 Boilers and Stack 360,000 Ibs./hr. 4-25 1,530,000 40 30 30 14 Boiler Auxiliaries l.s. — — 150,000 40 50 10 15 Piping 300,000 lbs. 0-25 75,000 40 50 10 16 T.A. Sets and Condensers 3 each 600,000 1,800,000 30 — 70 17 Turbine Room Crane I.s. — — 50,000 20 60 20 18 Condenser Water l.s. — — 120,000 50 — 50 19 Induced Draft System l.s. — — 80,000 40 50 10

20 Oil Pumping and Heating l.s. — —■ 20,000 30 60 10

21 Electrical Controls l.s. .—■ — 100,000 20 20 60 22 Living Quarters l.s. — — 200,000 40 50 10 23 Flood Protection 2,000 l.f. 50-00 100,000 60 20 20

Subtotal 5,669,000 24 Substation l.s. — — 250,000 20 —• 80 25 Transmission Line 181 mi. 8,000 1,450,000 50 30 20

26 >s s> 63 J» 15,000 945,000 50 30 20

27 9t 99 5 J? 6,000 30,000 50 30 20

Subtotal 8,344,000 28 Engineering and Contingencies 20% 1,656,000

Total Power Station and T.L. 10,000,000 41-0 22-4 36-6 29 Distribution System 3,030,000 50 30 20

Grand Total 13,030,000 43-1 24-2 32-7

(9) Distribution System The present distribution system at Mandalay is for the same reasons the Myingyan distribution maintained and administered by the Electricity system should be developed under the close control Supply Board. DetaUs of the proposed new distribu¬ of a private management firm. The franchising and tion system in Mandalay, Myingyan, MeiktUa and financing of the distribution system should be handled other communities would be determined after ob¬ as recommended for the Pegu project (paragraph taining further field data. Like the Pegu system and E-l-v of this chapter). R.B. n—8 HIGH VOLTAGE T "1—L CIRCUIT BREAKERS I I 3CTJ: 3CT> 3CTJ: AUX, POWER OUTGOING OUTGOING JRANSF'MER^ 3 CT >^ SURGE FEEDER FEEDER DOUBLE C PROTECTION } SECOND- f f <'' ARY V^NA^ LOW VOLTAGE SERVICE AUXILIARY PANEL BOARD BUS Y X I T *~X 3PT AIR CIRCUIT 1*) LEGEND BREAKERS ^ I Y Y I COND.a FEEDWATER 1 CIRC. WATER LOW VOLTAGE BOILER AAUXILIARY^^ANELBOARO BUS AIR LINES AIR CIRCUIT 5^ V* =^^ SUPERHEATED STEAM BREAKERS BLEED STEAM OR HIGH T T VOLT. ELECT. LINES SATURATED STEAM OR LOW VOLT ELECT UNES

\6ENERAT0RN REACTOR -W 3CT DISCONNECT SWITCH

CONDENSER

TO I ATMOSPHERE I

, PRIMING , CONDENSATE. EJECTOR n PUMP A ■ ^ dy DRAIN -■ n TO WASTE I M I * I

TURBINE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING MYINGYAN-MANDALAY POWER PROJECT STEAM AND ELECTRICAL BOILER FEED PUMPS DIAGRAM FOR ONE UNIT KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEW YORK RANGOON DR.BY^-J'v^DATE PLATE |^ CK.BY^;//;/- MAY 53 NO- iD

606 ELECTRIC POWER 607 k. Construction Materials costs for the Rangoon metropolitan area, because of (1) Local purchase the more scattered communities to be supphed. The annual charges capitalized at 12% give the total For estimating purposes it is assumed that local estimated cost of the distribution system presented purchases wUl include dock fenders and facing in Table XIX-19. The over-aU cost of steam station, timber; water front riprap; cement, aggregates, brick transmission line and distribution system are con¬ and tUe for the powerhouse; framing, roofing and servative in comparison with the actual cost of simUar lumber for Uving quarters. projects completed recently in other countries. (2) Purchase from Countries in the "Soft Currency" Area n. Production Costs This may include structural steel, dock crane, drag The estimated annual cost of power at the load hne excavator, boUers, turbine room crane, plumbing center is computed as foUows: and electrical fixtures, reinforcing steel, sump pumps, CAPITAL RECOVERY WITH INTEREST AT 4-25%* substation, transmission and distribution equipment, Life in and steel erection equipment. Description Years Factor Investment Annual Cost % % Boilers, (3) Purchase from the United States Elect. Controls 20 -0752 2,200,000 165,000 This may include sheet pUing, condenser water Steam Turbines, etc. 22 -0714 2,400,000 171,000 Trans. Lines 35 -0555 2,425,000 134,000 pumps, belt conveyors, pulverizers, turbines and Civil Eng. Works 50 -0491 2,975,000 146,000 generators, earth moving equipment and concrete plant. Capital Recovery Charges 616,000 Capital Recovery Charges (balance brought forward) $616,000 1. Contracts Labor Cost 77,000 SuppUes, Repairs, Contingencies 21,000 Contracts for design, construction, supervision of Transmission Line Maint. (1 -5 % of Trans. Line 36,000 construction and operation should be handled in the Investment) same manner as for the Pegu hydroelectric project Fuel Cost (1957 market) 42-0 1 -25 (paragraphs E-l-n, o, p and q of this chapter). X X 59,494,000 X 1-3 = 381,000 Design and specifications should be completed in 4-75 2,240 nine months, but the dock and powerhouse layout Total Annual Cost $1,131,000 should be accomphshed in three months to expedite Cost per kWh at load center: foundation work. For this work the engineering fees should conform with the standards of the American 1,131,000^(59,494,000x1-15) = 16-52 mUls or 7-88 Society of Mechanical Engineers or their equivalent. pyas * Interest has been assumed at 4 % for 75 % of the total investment m. Estimated Costs and 5 % for the remainder. Quantities and costs are based on incomplete data Future costs are as foHows: 1962 1967 including an aerial mosaic of the industrial site at Plant capacity (v/ithout hydroelectric Myingyan and the Burma Survey (1 inch = l mile) development) 40,000 kW 50,000 kW maps for location of the transmission lines, (see Capital recovery charges 1822,000 $1,025,000 table XIX-19, "Estimated Cost—Initial InstaUa¬ Labor, supplies, etc. 116,000 137,000 tion"). Excavation, concrete and steel costs are based Fuel cost 806,000 1,080.000 on prices for simUar work recently completed in Transmission line maint. 48,000 60,000 Burma. BoUers, turbines, generators and electrical $1,792,000 $2,302,000 controls are estimated from prehminary quotations Cost per kWh at load center, mills 12-37 12-62 from American and British manufacturers. A con¬ pyas 5-90 6-01 tingency and engineering factor of 20% has been aUowed in addition to a fee of approximately 3% o. Distribution Costs for investigation and design. Utut charges for the Without complete detaUs it is beheved that 8 pyas distribution system are assumed as foUows: (1-68 cents) per kWh is ample allowance for a new Pyas per k Wh distribution system containing about 50% domestic Zinc Reduction Plant 1 -0 load as given in Table XIX-I7 for 1957. The allow¬ Sulphuric Acid and Fertilizer Plants 2-0 ance has been reduced to 7-0 pyas for 1962 and Other Consumers 8 -0 6-5 pyas for 1967 when loads are greater and system The last item is somewhat greater than the present inefficiencies have been reduced. The annual cost for 608 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA 1957-1967 and the initial investment are computed p. Electric Rates as follows: 1957 1962 1967 The proposed domestic rates as given in Table Zinc Plant K 3,68,000 K 6,60,000 K 7,10,000 XIX-20 range from 50 pyas per kWh for rural Sulphur and Other Mfg. 1,51,000 2,10,000 2,30,000 General Sales 12,10,000 21,40,000 32,70,000 (villages of 2,000 to 8,00() population) to 40 pyas, urban, in 1957. It is estimated that these rates can be Annual Cost K 17,29,000 K 30,10,000 K 42,10,000 reduced to 40 and 30 pyas respectively by 1967. The Investment at 12% Kl,44,00,000* K2,51,00,000 K3,51,00,000 „ in dollars $3,030,000 $5,280,000 $7,390,000 present rates are 75 pyas for all towns except Manda¬ Capital Recovery with interest at 4-25 % lay, where the foUowing rates exist. Amortization—20 year life -075 Operation and Maintenance -045 First 100 units Pyas 75 per kWh Total Cost -120 Second „ „ „ 69 „ „ *Of this amount K71,79,000 or $1,510,000 is provided in the initial diesel program for supply of the Meiktila area. All other „ „ 63 „ „

TABLE XIX - 20 MYINGYAN-MANDALAY POWER PROJECT ESTIMATED REVENUE & COST OF ENERGY—1957 to 1967 inclusive (All steam power development without benefit of the future Paunglaung Hydro development)

1957 1962 1967

Plant Capacity 30,000 kW 40,000 kW 50,000 kW

Sales in Est. Rate Annual Sales in Est. Rate Annual Sales in Est. Rate Annual Annual Revenue Thous. Pyasj Revenue Thous. Pyasj Revenue Thous. Pyasj Revenue kWh kWh Thous. K kWh kWh Thous. K kWh kWh Thous. K

Domestic, Urban 5,060 40 2,030 8,430 35-0 2,950 13,040 30 3,910 Rural 3,760 50 1,880 9,880 45-0 4,450 16,580 40 6,640 Ice Plants 1,834 25 460 2,200 20-0 440 2,750 15 410 Burma Railways 1,490 25 370 3,150 20-0 630 3,950 15 590 Zinc Plant 36,800 5 1,840 82,000 4-5 3,690 101,700 4 4,060 Sulphuric Acid 3,600 10 360 6,570 9-0 590 8,760 8 700 Other Plants 3,940 10 390 6,570 9-0 590 7,890 8 630 Port Mechanization 790 25 200 1.310 20-0 260 3,930 15 590 Irrigation Pumping 2,220 25 560 5,630 20-0 1,120 9,970 15 1,490

Total Sales 59,494 8,090 125,740 14,720 168,570 19,020

Sales in Cost in Annual Sales in Cost in Annual Sales in Cost in Annual Annual Operating Cost Thous. Pyasj Cost Thous. Pyasj Cost Thous. Pyasj Cost kWh kWh Thous. K kWh kWh Thous. K kWh kWh Thous. K

Capital Recovery — — 2,920 — — 3,910 — 4,870 Labor, Supplies, etc. — — 470 — — 550 —. — 650 Fuel Cost — — 1,810 — — 3,830 — — 5,140 Trans. Line Maintenance — — 170 — — 230 — — 290 Zinc Plant Distribution 36,800 1 370 82,000 0-8 660 101,700 0-7 710 Sulphuric and Other 7,540 2 150 13,140 1-6 210 16,650 1-4 230 General Distribution 15,154 8 1,210 30,600 7-0 2,140 50,220 6-5 3,270

Total Costs 7,100 j 11,530 15,160 ELECTRIC POWER 609 TABLE XIX - 21 MYINGYAN MANDALAY POWER PROJECT ESTIMATED REVENUE AND COST OF ENERGY—1957 to 1967 inclusive (Steam electric station supplemented by hydroelectric power from Paunglaung development)

1957 1962 1967

Steam Capacity 30,000 kW 30,000 kW 30,000 kW Hydro Capacity — 40,000 80,000

Sales in Est. Rale Annual Sales in Est. Rate Annual Sales in Est. Rale Annual Annual Revenue Thous. Pyasj Revenue Thous. Pyasj Revenue Thous. Pyasj Revenue kWh kWh Thous. K kWh kWh Thous. K kWh kWh Thous. K

Domestic, Urban 5,060 40-0 2,030 8,430 350 2,950 13,040 30-0 3,910 Rural 3,760 50-0 1,880 9,880 45-0 4,450 16,580 40-0 6,640 Ice Plants 1,834 25-0 460 2,200 20-0 440 2,750 15-0 410 Burma Railways 1,490 25-0 370 3,150 20-0 630 3,950 15-0 590 Zinc Plant 36,800 5-0 1,840 82,000 4-5 3,690 101,700 4-0 4,060 Sulphuric Acid 3,600 10-0 360 6,570 9-0 590 8,760 8-0 700 Other Plants 3,940 10-0 390 6,570 9-0 590 7,890 8-0 630 Port Mechanization 790 25-0 200 1,310 20-0 260 3,930 15-0 590 Irrigation Pumping 2,220 25-0 560 5,630 20-0 1,120 9,970 15-0 1,490

Sales in Cost in Annual Sales in Cost in Annual Sales in Cost in Annual Annual Operating Cost Thous. Pyasj Cost Thous. Pyasj Cost Thous. Pyasj Cost kWh kWh Thous. K kWh kWh Thous. K kWh kWh Thous. K

Steam Plant Capital 2,920 2,920 2,920 „ „ Labor, etc. 470 480 500 Fuel Cost 77,400* 2-33 1,810 86,200* 2-33 2,010 100,000* 2-33 2,330 Trans. Line Maintenance 170 230 290 Hydro Plant 68,500t 4-0 2,730 105,2001 4-0 4,210 Zinc Plant Dist. 36,800 1-0 370 82,000 0-8 660 101,700 0-7 710 Sulphuric and Other 7,540 2-0 150 13,140 1-6 210 16,650 1-4 230 General Distribution 15,154 8-0 1,210 30,600 7-0 2,140 50,220 6-5 3,270

Total Costs 7,100 11,380 14,460

Units generated in steam plant. t Net supplied by hydro at load center

There is no rural supply at present. Small industries and the managers of the distribution systems. such as sugar mills, pumping plants, ice plants and port mechanization would receive a rate of 25 pyas q. Ownership and Operation per kWh initiaUy and 15 pyas in the future. Large industries, sulphuric acid and fertilizer plants would The steam station and transmission system like the receive a rate of 10 pyas per kWh initiaUy and 8-0 Pegu power plant and transmission line should be pyas in the future. The zinc reduction plant would owned and operated by the Government of Burma receive a rate of 5-0 pyas per kWh initially and 4-0 with the Electricity Supply Board controUing all pyas in the future. As recommended for the Pegu engineering, construction and operating contracts. project a Government rate board should establish The distribution system, financing, marketing and rates for the Myingyan-Mandalay area based on the granting of franchises should also be handled as for recommendations of the Electricity Supply Board the Pegu system. 610 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA r. Conclusion four feet. Air service to Akyab is provided by the In view of the favorable conditions for the genera¬ Union of Burma Airways (Douglas DC-3 planes), tion of moderate low cost power using Kalewa coal there being four flights a week from Rangoon. and the ample prospective markets in a prosperous Regular coastal shipping service is avaUable between region able to absorb the output, it is recommended Rangoon and Akyab. Seagoing ships caU at Akyab that the prelhninary investigations and design pro¬ for rice and rice products during rice shipping season. ceed at once. If conditions are found satisfactory Akyab has an excellent deep water port to receive detaUed design and construction should be expedited ocean ships but heavy cargo must be transferred by to meet the estimated demands of the market area lighter from ship to shore or to the dam site. The at the end of 1956. district is isolated from central Burma by the Arakan Mountains and there are are no motorable roads or raUroads connecting the two regions. 3. SAINGDIN FALLS HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT a. General d. Market Area In developing the Saingdin FaUs power project The Akyab District and adjacent areas totalling the Government's objective is to supply a substantial about 8,000 square miles comprise the market area block of low cost power for domestic and industrial for the Saingdin Falls power project. About 25 % of use in an area which is now predominantly agricult¬ the area is arable and under cultivation. Most of the ural. Industrial loads wUl include Government remaining 75 % is rolling to rugged and not suitable sponsored pulp and paper factories, jute bag factories, for agriculture. The hiUs and mountains are generaUy brick and roof tile plants, irrigation and domestic covered with forests which include extensive areas of water supply and carbide and other chemical plants. dense bamboo suitable for the manufacture of paper. Secondary benefits from the Saingdin Reservoir would include a large year round supply of clear The area is bounded on the north by Pakistan; on the east by the Arakan Mountains; and on the south water for domestic, industrial or irrigation uses. and west by the Bay of Bengal (see Plate 17). Minor flood control and navigation benefits would be realized also. Considerable Government support for the project has been generated due to the rapid e. Existing Development postwar development in the Chittagong area of East Pakistan about 100 miles northwest of the power The population of the Akyab District is 840,000 site. There is also strong local support with ample and that of the market area is somewhat greater. income to pay the annual power bUl. The income of the area in 1938-39, corrected for increase in the price level since that time, is estimated b. Location at K25,00,00,000. The per capita income was slightly (perhaps 5 %) higher than for Burma as a whole. The The site of the proposed development is at Saingdin population is engaged principaUy in the production Falls on the Saingdin River about 50 miles north of of rice and its export to India. Fruit, vegetables, Akyab and ten miles east of Buthidaung, headquarters poultry, tobacco, fish, bamboo products and brick for Government activity in northern Akyab District. are produced for local use. Bazaars are stocked with The Falls are located six miles upstream from the cheap cloth, low cost merchandise and a few canned junction of the Saingdin and Mayu Rivers, where foods. Movement of goods and food is normaUy by both are tidal estuaries. The tidal condition extends river steamers, sampans and dugout canoes. Surplus to the FaUs, which are 70 ft. in height. Map studies, earnings appear to be spent on ornaments ranging field reconnaissance and discussion with residents of from rough tin bangles up to gold and precious the district indicate no other falls in the Akyab stones: and on costly pagoda temples and reUgious District of equal volume and height. A natural shrines. storage basin 35 mUes in length at the 150-ft. contour above low water also favors the site. AvaUable f. Future Development storage will carry through a drought extending over a period of several years. (1) Pulp and Paper c. Access The Government is actively promoting the con¬ struction of a pulp and paper mUl, using the local SmaU boats provide access from Akyab to the bamboo as pulp wood. Complete investigation by FaUs via the Mayu and Saingdin Rivers. At normal experts has verified that the bamboo supply is ample low water the governing depth for navigation is about to sustain a total output of at least 100 tons per day. 92/20 93 MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING

SAINGDIN FALLS HYDRO PROJECT MAP OF MARKET AREA AND TRANSMISSION LINE

KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO NEW YORK RANGOON DATE PLATE MAY, 53 NO.

Water shed area.C^^lx^^^^ Reservoir area. -Transmission line •■ Ail weather road. Jeepoble In dry season.

ELECTRIC POWER 611 The present and anticipated worid demand including g. Prospective Load substantial needs within Burma assure an ample The principal power loads now anticipated for market for the output. Tenders for the design of the 1962 are summarized below: first instaUation have been received and a contract wUl be awarded in the near future for this work. ESTIMATED 1962 MAXIMUM DEMAND No. Description Demand in kW (2) Jute 1. Domestic 3,708 2. Ice Plants, Port Mechanization, etc. 775 Experimental cultivation of jute has been successful. 3. Rice Mills 3,500 Test bales have been sent to Japan for spinning and 4. Paper Factories 10,000 weaving in order to plan a buriap mill. It is probable 5. Jute Bag Factories 800 that burlap bags can be economicaUy produced in 6. Brick and Roof Tile Plant 400 Akyab District and the expenditure of K.4,40,00,000 7. Carbide Plant 1,500 per year (1951 estimate) of foreign exchange for 8. Pumping Loads 3,000 imported bags avoided. A project report has been 9. Caustic Soda, Chlorine 2,600 submitted on the jute miU project. 10. Paper Factory (Steam generation) 15,000 (3) Brick and TUe Total Demand 41,283 AU roofing tUe for Burma is imported. Common For detaUs of the above summary refer to Table brick is of poor quahty. TUes can be produced in XIX-22 {seep. 612) "Estimated Power Requirements, Akyab area and the quahty of brick greatly unproved Akyab District". in Government operated plants, saving foreign h. Technical DetaUs exchange and the necessity for stucco work on the (1) Rainfall exterior of the rough brick waUs, now standard For five stations in the Akyab District and three practice throughout Burma. It is probable that stations in the Chittagong District (Pakistan) for the hoUow waU tile can be produced to back up brick eyars 1901 to 1952 inclusive, the annual rainfaU is veneer or to construct lightweight partition walls. shown in Table XIX-23 {see p. 613). The data were Salt glazed vitrified sewer pipe can be made in the obtained from the Meteorological Department or from same plant. the Government of Pakistan through that Department. (4) Chemicals At Akyab the rainfall varied from a maximum of 323 inches in 1918 to a minimum of 135 inches in 1925. At Production of carbide, caustic soda, chlorine and Chittagong it varied from a maximum of 153 inches other basic chemicals is under consideration by the in 1927 to a minimum of 67 inches in 1907. The Government. The estabUshment of such new industry weighted average for the Saingdin Falls watershed is favored by the presence of raw materials, limestone varies from a maximum of 262 inches in 1918 and salt at Kyaukpyu with ocean haul of 100 miles to to a minimum of 11 1 inches in 1933 (see Table Akyab and low cost electric energy from Saingdin XIX 25, p. 615). Theissen's method has been used to FaUs. Substantial quantities of these products will determine the weighted average when records of be used by the welding operations, paper factories adjacent stations are available. For 1901-1906 and and fertilizer industry. 1947-1952 it was necessary to construct a rainfaU (5) Pumping relation curve, Akyab vs. Saingdin watershed in Dry weather irrigation and domestic water supply order to approximate the rainfaU over the watershed can be developed from the Saingdin reservoir, from for those years. For 1939-1945 the rainfall over the natural ponds and old river channels located in the watershed was approximated by a rainfaU relation Mayu delta, and from wells. Pumping loads will curve, Chittagong vs. Saingdin. become a major factor in the power system during (2) Stream Flow the dry season. Pumps for drainage and for filling Daily gauge heights at Saingdin FaUs have been storage ponds during the wet season wiU tend to even recorded from May 1, 1952, to date. The gauge was up the annual load curve. installed and current meter measurements were made by experienced personnel of the Electricity Supply (6) Rubber Board. A local village headman was employed to It is probable that rubber plantations can be read and record the gauge heights. The stage- developed successfuUy on the foothills adjacent discharge curve is given on Plate 18. Based on the to the rice and jute lands. It is understood that gauge readings and the discharge curve, an estimate experimental plantations by the Government will of runoff for 1952 is given (Table XIX-24, p. 614) be started in the near future. and the runoff" factor is computed to be 55.7%. 612 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA TABLE XIX - 22 ESTIMATED POWER REQUIREMENTS, AKYAB DISTRICT (Including the Paper Factory without Steam Generation) 1951 (Actual) 1957 (Estimated) 1962 (Estimated) 1967 (Estimated)

Annual Population Annual Population Annual Population Annual Population kWhjcap. kWhjcap. kWhjcap. kWhjcap.

Akyab 4-2 38,000 15 50,000 20 60,000 25 70,000 Buthidaung 10 15,000 15 25,000 20 35,000 Ponnagyun 15 10,000 20 20,000 20 25,000 Maungdaw 10 8,000 15 15,000 15 20,000 Rathedaung 10 7,000 15 10,000 15 20,000 Rural 800,000* 2 830,000 5 890,000 8 950,000

DOMESTIC POWER REQUIREMENTS kW kWh kW kWh kW kWh kW kWh Location max. Load per year max. Load per year max. Load per year max. Load per year Demand Factor Sales Demand Factor Sales Demand Factor Sales Demand Factor Sales

Akyab 89 20 159,388 428 20 750,000 547 25 1,200,000 667 30 1,750,000 Buthidaung — — — 114 15 150,000 214 20 375,000 320 25 700,000 Ponnagyun — — — 86 20 150,000 183 25 400,000 229 25 500,000 Maungdaw — — — 61 15 80,000 128 20 225,000 171 20 300,000 Rathedaung — — — 53 15 70,000 86 20 150,000 171 20 300,000 Rural — — — 1,265 15 1,660,000 2,550 20 4,450,000 4,330 20 7,600,000

Total Domestic 2,007 2,860,000 3,708 6,800,000 5,888 11,150,000

BULK POWER REQU IREME NTS

Akyab Ice Plants — — 50 50 219,000 100 50 438,000 150 50 656,000 „ Cold Storage — — — 75 60 394,000 150 60 788,000 250 60 1,310,000 „ Rice Mills 2,328t _ 2,500 30 6,560,000 3,500 30 9,190,000 4,500 30 1,1,800,000 Port Mechanization — — —• 110 20 193,000, 250 20 436,000 500 20 438,000 Paper Factories — — — 5,000 50 21,900,000 10,000 50 43,800,000 15,000 50 65,600,000 Jute Bag Factory — — — 400 40 1,400,000 800 40 2,800,000 1,200 40 4,200,000 Brick and Roof Tile — — 200 40 700,000 400 40 1,400,000 600 40 2,100,000 Carbide Plant — — — 700 50 3,060,000 1,500 50 6,600,000 2,500 50 10,900,000 Caustic Soda — — — 1,300 50 5,690,000 2,600 50 11,400,000 4,000 50 17,500.000 Pumping Loads — — 1,500 25 3,280,000 3,000 25 6,600,000 4,500 25 9,800,000 Buthidaung Ice Plants — — 30 50 131,000 50 50 219,000 100 50 438,000 Ponnagyun Ice Plants — — — 30 50 131,000 50 50 219,000 100 50 438,000 ,, Docks — — — 85 20 149,000 175 20 306,000 400 20 700,000

Total Bulk — — — 11,980 43,807,000 22,575 84,196,000 33,800 125,880,000

Domestic 89 — .—, 2,007 2,860,000 3,708 6,800,000 5,888 11,150,000 Bulk 2,328t — — 11,980 43,807,000 22,575 84,196,000 33,800 125,880,000

Grand Total 2,417 — Incomplete 13,987 46,667,000 26,283 90,996,000 39,688 137,030,000

Max. Simultaneous De¬ mand at Generators 13,000 41-Ot 25,000 41-St 37,000 42-33:

(In eluding the Paper F actory with Steam Generat ion)

Domestic 89 20 159,388 2,007 — 2,860,000 3,708 6,800,000 5,888 11,150,000 Bulk 2,328 — — 11,980 — 43,807,000 22,575 84,196,000 33,800 125,880,000 Paper Factory (Steam) — — — 15,000 50 65,600,000 15,000 65,600,000 15,000 65,600,000

Grand Total 2,417 — Incomplete 28,987 112,267,000 41,283 156,596,000 54,688 202,690,000 §

Max. Simultaneous De¬

* Estimated. t Based on 1941 Installations. I System load factor. § Demand approaches capacity of hydro plant and estimated sales exceed available power supply, therefore paper factory electric boilers should be replaced with coal boilers about 1966. ELECTRIC POWER 613 TABLE XIX - 23 (3) Regulated Flow SAINGDIN FALLS PROJECT The annual rainfall data for 1901-1952 at Akyab and Saingdin watershed weighted average are given Annual, Monthly Maximum, Daily Maximum Rainfall in Table XlX-25, together with the computed annual in Inches at Selected Stations runoff" based on a 50% runoff" factor. The runoff" modified by storage would have yielded a minimum Burma Pakistan of 1,430,000 acre feet per year. After deducting 1 1 40,000 acre feet for evaporation an average daily Year Akyab Rathe¬ Buthi¬ Kyauk Pal¬ Cox Chitta¬ Lama flow of 1,910 cusecs would have been maintained daung daung taw etwa Bazaar gong during the driest period of record, 1929-1947 1901 206-1 151-3 — 144-3 144-7 88-1 _ inclusive, using 820,000 acre feet of reservoir capacity. 1902 189 0 192-1 — — 125-6 160-5 124-5 As shown on the area capacity curve, Plate 19, the 1903 232 6 178-8 —. .— 108-6 122-9 95-3 1904 187 4 190-0 — — 136-9 134-7 95-7 _ drawdown, spillway crest to minimum reservoir, 1905 235 5 251-1 — — 138-4 149-9 140-8 would have been about 35 ft. in order to utilize the 1906 176 8 165-9 158-7 — 140-9 136-6 101-4 stored water. Plate 20 shows graphically the informa¬ 1907 210 8 182-9 148-8 — 109-6 96-1 67-1 1908 204 7 140-8 133-7 — 118-5 133-4 95-3 tion given in Table XIX-25. 1909 233 9 174-0 186-4 — 127-1 145-1 141-2 1910 217 9 173-7 147-2 — 103-7 100-6 98-6 (4) Firm Power 1911 209 5 185-2 215-1 159-7 131-4 146-6 122-7 1912 235 8 264-8 158-8 133-3 111-3 131-1 103-5 Continuous firm power is computed as foUows: 1913 213 8 216-7 186-2 138-1 116-0 147-4 143-3 Pool Elev. 230 TaU Water Elev. 10 Gross Head 220 ft. 1914 236 3 143-4 202-0 154-8 137-8 137-9 110-3 Av. Head 220-35_=202- 5 ft. Net Head (95 %)= 192 ft. 1915 248 5 183-1 219-5 209-5 163-2 140-0 138-8 1916 269 0 156-5 206-9 101-5 126-6 150-7 114-8 114-3 2 1917 225 1 132-0 204-5 162-8 132-5 150-3 104-0 124-9 Continuous Power 1,910 x 192=24,500kW. 1918 323 5 148-0 329-7 262-0 199-4 217-6 125-5 126-4 1919 239 4 171-7 251-1 178-4 119-2 149-9 124-8 119-2 IT 1920 224 5 200-8 226-3 139-2 104-7 137-2 87-9 110-7 Initial Output 40,000 kW at 50% station capacity 1921 222 4 207-5 232-1 210-0 137-1 140-5 123-3 145-1 factor 20,000x8760=175,000,000 kWh at station 1922 233 9 197-8 225-7 114-1 120-3 124-4 78-2 106-7 1923 259 8 204-6 219-4 186-3 156-4 147-8 136-8 163-9 ■9X 175,000,000= 157,000,000kWh at load center. 1924 252 6 202-7 210-9 189-8 150-0 164-2 133-1 116-4 Ultimate Output * 60,000 kW at 41 % station capacity 1925 134 6 198-6 126-5 158-2 125-4 124-2 132-8 97-2 factor 24,500x8760=214,000,000 kWh at station 1926 245 1 205-9 192-4 184-5 162-0 158-4 121-3 133-7 1927 155 6 170-1 185-2 144-2 119-0 120-0 153-4 94-4 •9x214,000,000=192,000,000 kWh at load center. 1928 203 4 169-6 199-2 146-1 125-8 103-6 109-8 104-4 * A fourth unit of 20,000 kW may be added at some future 1929 213 0 159-3 208-9 143-6 131-9 130-5 110-6 119-4 date if justified by the water supply or capacity factor. 1930 197 1 148-4 156-6 143-8 122-1 139-4 90-5 101-1 1931 203 2 143-2 154-4 138-6 139-5 142-6 108-7 97-5 (5) Penstock Size 1932 185 1 163-0 156-4 178-8 140-1 140-7 117-5 110-5 1933 169 4 107-9 129-6 195-1 194-5 100-3 120-9 99-6 The normal maximum demand from three units 1934 168 8 153-1 143-6 161-1 147-5 142-5 117-0 123-1 will be 4,680 cusecs based on 60,000 kW ultimate 1935 162 7 138-5 163-1 149-3 109-6 108-5 91-4 83-6 installation, and 192 ft. average net head. For a 20-ft. 1936 159 2 177-4 165-3 166-6 133-2 143-3 104-0 139-8 1937 176 4 216-4 204-7 184-1 161-7 176-7 118-6 141-3 diameter penstock the maximum velocity would be 1938 215 4 191-2 173-3 137-9 123-8 151-7 122-9 120-6 14.9 ft. per sec. at average head, or 16.3 ft. per sec. 1939 156-0 108-1 138-7 at extreme low water for the 175 ft. minimum net 1940 148-2 123-0 125-1 1941 193-2 117-3 148-3 head and 5,140 cusecs maximum demand. If a fourth 1942 154-1 97-5 111-5 unit should be installed the velocities would be 1943 148-4 92-8 91-9 increased 33% to 19.8 and 21-7 ft. per sec. respect¬ 1944 116-5 94 0 89-4 1945 167-9 106-4 106-1 ively. It is concluded that the 20-ft. diameter penstock 1946 is a conservative selection based on present estimates 1947 205-3 of the size and type of market. It is in accordance 1948 241-8 1949 181-2 with economic standards of design for short pen¬ 1950 177-3 stocks, which require 15 to 20-ft. per sec. velocity 1951 208-3 13M under the condition of normal head and output. 1952 217-5 164-5 1953 (6) Diversion Tunnel Average 211-5 177-6 186-2 160-4 130-7 141-7 112-3 116-8 Max. The year 1952 produced peak flows of 19,000 Month 62-1 77-7 71-2 81-7 53-6 cusecs in June and again in July. RainfaU for 1952 Max. appears to have four-year frequency based on the "RainfaU Duration Curve," Plate 21, and can be 614 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA TABLE XIX - 24 SAINGDIN FALLS PROJECT RainfaU and Runoff for Calendar Year 1952

Jan.- May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Apr.

RainfaU* 2-79 19-14 36-35 66-44 41-43 28-98 18-77 3.63 NU Runofff 1 430 1,820 5,860 17,060 3,570 2,550 2,180 1,280 2 430 1,530 5,400 7,820 3,250 1,820 2,780 1,170 3 430 1,530 3,000 11,235 3,250 1,530 1,400 1,280 4 430 1,680 3,000 15,605 3,000 1,400 1,680 1,170 5 430 1,680 4,600 14,630 3,000 1,060 1,820 1,170 6 730 1,680 3,000 13,660 3,000 2,350 2,000 1,060 7 ^ 730 1,680 2,350 12,205 6,360 2,000 2,350 1,060 8 o 620 2,000 2,180 10,265 5,000 1,680 1,680 940 9 1,530 10,750 4,200 1,820 1,400 430 >^ 730 10,750 10 o^ 520 1,280 8,300 12,205 4,200 2,000 1,280 430 11 v. 520 1,170 3,250 8,300 9,770 5,860 2,350 430 12 a 340 1,680 3,570 4,600 3,860 5,400 2,780 430 13 g 250 2,550 3,860 3,250 7,820 4,600 2,000 430 14 C3 160 2,180 8,300 2,180 3,860 3,860 1,680 430 15 o 80 1,680 7,350 6,360 2,350 2,350 1,530 430 16 3 830 3,570 4,200 3,860 4,200 2,780 1,280 430 17 § 620 2,550 3,860 3,860 2,550 2,350 1,060 430 18 oO 430 3,570 3,000 3,860 2,180 1,680 1,400 430 19 ^ 340 2,780 3,860 3,860 2,180 1,530 1,280 430 20 ® 250 1,680 3,250 3,250 3,000 1,280 1,060 430 09 21 ^ 340 2,000 2,780 3,000 9,770 1,400 940 430 22 CO 1,170 1,820 3,250 2,550 9,770 1,170 830 430 23 1—1 1,060 1,280 4,600 1,680 8,300 940 1,170 430 24 »—1 1,060 1,400 13,175 1,400 5,860 730 1,060 430 25 830 1,530 12,205 2,780 8,780 1,680 940 430 26 830 4,600 13,660 9,270 6,840 2,780 940 430 27 830 5,860 15,120 16,575 3,860 2,550 830 430 28 1,170 6,000 18,515 13,660 3,250 2,350 830 430 29 1,060 6,000 19,000 7,820 2,780 2,550 730 430 30 1,820 19,000 13,660 6,000 3,570 2,000 730 430 31 3,000 — 17,545 5,000 — 1,680 — 430

* 1952 Rainfall at Akyab 217-53 inches. t 1952 Runoff, Saingdin Falls 865,900 day second feet. Weighted Average Rainfall. Saingdin Watershed (based on Rainfall Relation Curve) 164-5 inches or 13-7 feet. 865,900x2 =55-7% -. Rimoff Factor= 13-7x640x354' tised as a basis for determining the capacity of the (7) Field Investigation diversion tunnel. For a 25-ft. diameter concrete lined Seventeen diamond drUl holes have been com¬ tunnel with a velocity of 40 ft. per sec. the diversion pleted and the cores are avaUable at the Electricity capacity would be 19,700 cusecs and with 50-ft. Supply Board, Rangoon Office. Core logs are on file velocity, 24,500 cusecs. As to the Pegu plant, these at the foUowing Government offices: velocities wiU be dependent on cofTerdam pond levels (a) Resident Engineer, Saingdin FaUs at the time of a possible construction flood in the wet {b) Electricity Supply Board, Rangoon season, and construction schedules should provide (c) Geological Department, Rangoon for completion of the earth dam to a point above {d) Knappen Tippetts Abbett Engineering Co., the danger level, during the dry season. Rangoon ELECTRIC POWER 615 TABLE XIX - 25 A map showing the location and depth of the drUl holes is in preparation for reference of above hsted SAINGDIN FALLS PROJECT (354 sq. mi. Watershed) Government offices and for use in the detaUed design RainfaU and Runoff for Calendar Years 1901-1952 of the structures. The map shows 5-ft. contours of the dam, power house, spUlway and borrow pit areas. Annual Rainfall Thousand Acre Feet per Year Net Year Cusecs The results of driUing indicate the presence of Akyab Saing¬ In¬ Make Deple¬ Yieldf Con¬ massive sandstone under the dam and power house din flow* up tion tinuous area with hard blue shale in the tunnel site. The left 1901 206-14 158" 1,490 1,490 1,990 abutment is deeply weathered and wiU require a deep 1902 189-03 146 1,380 50 50 1,430 1,910 cutoff trench and grouting to prevent seepage. The 1903 232-55 173 1,630 — 50 0 1,580 2,110 saddle spUlway wUl be founded on hard shale at a 1904 187-37 145 ►t 1,370 60 60 1,430 1,910 1905 235-50 175 1,650 — 60 0 1,590 2,120 depth of 60 ft. below ground surface. 1906 176-79 149 1,410 20 20 1,430 1,910 Ten test pits have been excavated in the borrow 1907 210-71 128-5 1,220 110 130 1,430 it area (see Plate 22) indicating ample quantities of 1908 204-72 125-9 1,190 240 370 1,430 19 clay sUt and shale for the earth dam. Samples and 1909 233-92 155-9 1,470 — 40 330 1,430 if

1910 217-85 124-5 1,180 250 580 1,430 1» logs are avaUable as for the core borings. 1911 209-51 171-8 1,620 —190 390 1,430 1912 235-80 134-5 1,270 160 550 1,430 >» (8) Earth Dam 1913 213-83 150-0 1,420 10 560 1,430

1914 236-29 169-2 1,600 —170 390 1,430 if In view of the avaUabiUty of earth fiU materials 1915 248-51 1900 1,800 —370 20 1,430 and the long haul for suitable concrete aggregates, 1916 269-02 165-5 1,560 — 20 0 1,540 2,060 1917 225-06 167-3 1,580 — — 1,580 2,110 a roUed earth fiU wiU be more economical than a 1918 323-48 262-5 2,390 — — 2,390 3,220 concrete gravity dam. Other favorable factors are 1919 239-43 183-5 1,730 — — 1,730 2,320 the existence of a natural saddle beyond the right 1920 224-53 163-5 1,540 — — 1,540 2,060 1921 222-40 183-3 1,730 — — 1,730 2,320 abutment for economical spiUway construction and 1922 233-93 170-9 1,610 — — 1,610 2,160 the angUng position of the faUs which permits by¬ 1923 259-77 186-9 1,770 — .— 1,770 2,370 passing them with a short tunnel and a long taUrace 1924 252-55 178-5 1,690 — — 1,690 2,260 1925 134-55 126-0 1.190 240 240 1,430 1,910 channel in ledge rock below the faUs. The rock from 1926 245-06 176-5 1,670 —240 0 1,430 ,j the taUrace excavation is suitable for slope protection 1927 155-45 150-9 1,420 10 1,430 10 >J on an earth dam, but not sufficiently durable for good 1928 203-36 161-5 1,530 — 10 0 1,520 2,030 1929 212-98 169 0 1,600 — — 1,600 2,140 concrete aggregates. The dam section has been 1930 197-12 138-5 1,310 120 120 1,430 1,910 estimated at one in three upstream slope, one in two 203-22 146-0 1,380 50 170 1,430 1931 J3 downstream, with 30-ft. top width to accommodate 210 1,430 ,j 1932 185-07 147-5 1,390 40 an access road. The centre portion of the dam would 1933 169-40 111-3 1,050 380 590 1,430 )I

1934 168-82 145-0 1,370 60 650 1,430 i» be clay sUt containing weathered shale from the 162-74 135-2 1,280 150 800 1,430 1935 t> borrow pit upstream of the tunnel intake. The 1936 159-20 148-9 1,410 20 820 1,430 5» 1937 176-38 182-5 1,720 —290 530 1,430 » zoning, riprap, cutoff and grouting procedures would 1938 215-43 147-4 1,390 40 570 1,430 ss closely resemble those recommended for the Pegu rl08-12 1,490 — 60 510 1,430 1939 158- it dam. 1940 122-98 165 1.560 —130 380 1,430 >9 1941 117-28 162 1,530 —100 280 1,430 f> (9) Outlet Works 1942 §■ 97-54 152 1,440 — 10 270 1,430 ») ■II 1,430 1943 92-77 150 1,420 10 280 ft The left abutment location was chosen for the 1944 93-76 151 1,420 10 290 1,430 f* 1945 J 06-45 157. 1,480 — 50 240 1,430 „ outlet works in order to by-pass the faUs with a 1946 — - — — — 1,430 J* minimum length of tunnel and discharge channel (see 1947 205-33 157' 1,480 — 50 190 1,430 1,910 Plate 22). The tunnel would be located in shale or 1948 241-83 178 1,680 —190 0 1,490 1.990 1949 181-17 141 1,330 100 100 1,430 1,910 sandstone, and its construction and that of the 1950 177-25 138 ■* 1,300 130 230 1,430 1,910 penstock would be simUar to the Pegu construction. 1951 208-29 159 1,500 — 70 160 1,430 1,910 At the downstream end three lateral ten-foot diameter pipes would lead to three turbines in the powerhouse, each protected by a ten-foot diameter penstock valve. * Inflow based on 50% runoff fartor. The 20-foot pipe would be reduced in stages to t Including evaporation of 40,000 Ac. Ft./Yr. 10-feet in passing the laterals and the discharge end X Proportioned from Akyab rainfall. would be controUed by two ten-foot valves in tandem. § Chittagong rainfall. The tunnel discharge channel would be concrete II Proportioned from Chittagong rainfall. lined for 450 feet below the outlet portal. DISCHARGE IN THOUSANDS OF SECOND-FEET I 2 3 4 5 6 7 e 9 10 II 12 13 14 IS 16

I- Ul ^--- Ul ,^ •- @, ^-•' ® -*** S 8 ^- (7) (D IJ —' ^ ^ ^ O ^ UJ XD ■i\ ® Ui o / 4 < / o t

NO. DATE GAUGE READING DISCHARGE RIVER STAGE 1 SEP 1 1952 6 • 68 3280 FALLING 2 „ 2 ' 6- 56 3100 STATIONARY 3 .. 4 , 6- 48 2692 " 4 " 6 1 6- 49 30 1 6 « t 5 '. 7 ' 7- 43 656 8 RISING 6 .1 7 . 7- 50 68 2 4 STATIONARY 7 ., 8 9 7-13 5068 PALLING 8 9' 9 . 6 89 4 128 STATIONARY 9 ., 9 , 6- 85 4020 FALLING 10 "11 . 8- 08 95 1 2 STATIONARY

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING

SAINGDIN FALLS HYDRO PROJECT AKYAB DISTRICT STAGE-DISCHARGE CURVE KNAPPEN TiPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEW YORK RANGOON

616 CAPACITY IN THOUSAND ACRE-FEET

3500 3000 2500 2000 15 00 1000 500 1 340 2 320 -^ 300 < ^ ^ . CVJ ^ O 280 ►p► UJ 260 o o~~ — SF 240 ILL WAY c RE ST- ^ ^ < ^ r~| ■—1 ^ 220 > z >* o /y ^, MIIIMJM R^SE Rvcm T_ tc 200 ^ * y ".t ^ —1 o 180 ^ • 1 y 82 }, 000 U FE |T UJ AC .c^p. 160 ^ > i kCT IVE ST OR IQE ->-> o > y ^^ CZ/n.. CD 140 y 1 < ^ ^ 120 ^-v y\ ■^ 100 --- / /° 80 / u 60 -I bJ 40 20 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 AREA IN THOUSAND ACRES

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING

SAINGDIN FALLS HYDRO PROJECT RESERVOIR AREA-CAPACITY CURVE KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEW YORK RANGOON DR. BY,'^•^'^ DATE PLATE IQ CK.BY. C/Vr MAY 53. NO- 1*7

617 YEARS 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950

2500

2250

111 >- Ul Ui UJ < U. 2000 Ul- I Ul a: Ul o 4 a u Z < 1750 , 3_ to M z> (A o YTft < X O* CE O O Ul IE I 500 o YIELD -I J,430jOOO A/p u. UlT. z ^ ^

z ItSO Z

1000 SHAOINe INDICATES WATER FROM STORAGE

7 5 0L

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING

SAINGDIN FALLS HYDRO PROJECT ANNUAL RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO NEW YORK RANGOON DR.BY./f--^-;^ DATE PLATE CK. BY. CAfr MAY 53 NO 20

615 » UJ 250 Xo z z a UJo UJ Ul 200 1 V '^'s^

^ ^

EQUAL OR EXC Ul 0 ^*-«.,

^ "^ \, RAINFALL 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

PER CENT OF TIME ( 52 YEARS RECORD )

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING ANNUAL SAINGDIN WEIGHTED AVERAGE RAINFALL DURATION CURVE KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO NEW YORK RANGOON DR. BY £'J/^ DATE PLATE CK. BY C?>/7" MAY 53. NO 21 619 620 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA (10) SpiUway (13) Substation

About I mUe west of the dam site there is a natural An outdoor substation would be provided with the saddle in which the spillway channel would be main transformers located at the powerhouse and the excavated as shown on Plates 22 and 23. There would switching structure on rock west of the outlet channel. be a concrete apron and slope paving at the control to The initial capacity would be 40,000 kW with layout prevent erosion and low flash boards to increase to permit extension to add 20,000 kW in the future discharge at all stages during a spillway design flood. and possibly another 20,000 kW in the distant future. Analysis has been made of several hypothetical floods Voltage would be stepped up from 13-8 to 66 kV at showing the dominant factor of surcharge storage in the transformer bank. A double circuit 60,000 kW every case (see Plates 24 and 25, Flood Hydrographs line would lead westward to supply Mayu VaUey and Mass Curves of Reservoir Inflow and Outflow). communities, the proposed paper factory and Akyab. For the maximum assumption, 16-5 inches runoff in A future 20,000 kW line would lead eastward to 24 hours and a peak flow of 12,000 times the square supply the Kaladan Valley. root of the drainage area, there will be over five feet of freeboard at maximum reservoir level, (top of (14) Transmission Line dam, el. 245-0) assuming all turbines and sluice valves closed throughout the flood. After such a flood, 210 Initial lines would consist of 66,000-volt 60,000-kW days would be required to empty the surcharge double circuit from the power station to a junction volume if turbines and valves remain closed, and five miles south of Rathedaung, as shown on Plate 14 days if opened to release an average of 8,500 day 17. From the junction one 40,000-kW double circuit second feet. The spillway channel outlet has a favor¬ line would supply Ponnagyun and the proposed paper able location about 2^ miles downstream from the factory at Kyaukseik; and one 20,000 kW double powerhouse and tailrace. circuit line would supply Akyab. Secondary lines would supply Buthidaung, by a 3,000-kW single (11) Powerhouse circuit and Hponnyoleik with 1,000 kW. Future hnes would extend from Buthidaung to Maungdaw and Two 28,000 horsepower-at-normal-head vertical possibly from the power station eastward to the Francis turbines directly connected to 20,000 kW Kaladin Valley. The latter line would be located in water wheel generators would be provided initially. rugged, jungle-covered terrain without existing access The power house substructure founded on rock roads. All other lines would be adjacent to existing below the falls would include the draft tube for a jeep roads or navigable water routes, in generaUy flat third unit of 20,000 kW, and in future could be rice lands with no clearing required. extended to accommodate a fourth unit in line with the others supplied by a penstock from the ten-foot (15) Distribution System sluice valve. With 70 inches of rain in a month, indoor equipment is indicated. In other respects the power¬ DetaUs of the proposed distribution system must house construction would closely resemble that be determined after further field studies. Develop¬ planned for the Pegu project. ment, franchising and financing should be handled as recommended for the Pegu project. (12) Tailrace i. Construction Materials and Equipment To provide a low level outlet for powerhouse and sluice discharge, a long tailrace would be excavated (1) Earth FUl in rock, as shown on Plate 22 having an estimated width of 75 ft. The width is subject to detailed The borrow area for the earth dam would be economic study, comparing annual fixed charges located just upstream from the tunnel intake in the with annual value of increased energy at 3-5 pyas left abutment. It contains ample quantities of clay per kWh. It should be noted that the taUrace excava¬ sih with fragments of weathered shale suitable for tion is the principal source of firm rock for riprap rolhng into the impervious portion of the dam. The and slop protection on the dam. Therefore, the cost haul would be downhUl for most of the material and of increasing the width or depth will not be totally the distance would vary from 1,000 to 2,000 ft. The charged against the cost of increased energy, as long construction of haul roads would not be difficult. A as the rock produced can be used advantageously temporary bridge over the tunnel intake channel in the dam. would be required.

>UJ I- Ul UJ u.UJ DISCHARGE OVER SPILLWAY CREST IN THOUSAND CUSECS

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 UJ 5 18^ 1 900 cr -I ^ " UJ ^ o > ^ ^ UI 16 ^ 800 < ^ oiS r ^ UJ 14 ^ 700 0. Ul (C „v^«i^ ^ w Ul u UJ u. '^ -•' > .v-i-^ L^^.-- 600 o 1 ,>^ ffl UJ 3: ^^^■ ^r ^^.r- < tc "4° ^^ ov?. t>1 o J 10 500 rr a. o < f.\ o^-^ > o r n y CC z Ul 8 ^ .-i;'^' 400 Ul < > i vi9 r\ / Ul Z X 200 a: O QC / ^ /• UJ f H /■ o o

SPILLWAY CONTROL POINT EL. 0 0 W.S.L.OF RESERVOIR (ASSUMED EQUAL TO 0,D.230) ELr-IO EL-r3-0 -A77777777777777? BW!l^v.^/,v^^V/'AV^-'>^v^Aw^'^^/'AV/'Av.^/^^wA^/yAV/V^v-^Aw^^^^^^^

1500- ♦—300' SPILLWAY CHANNEL APPROACH CHANNEL SKETCH SHOWING LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF APPROACH a SPILLWAY CHANNEL

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING SKETCH SHOWING C.S.OF SPILLWAY CHANNEL SAINGDIN FALLS HYDRO PROJECT SECT'S a RATING CURVES SADDLE SPILLWAY. KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEW YORK RANGOON DR.BY. ^-^ DATE PLATE CK.BY. fST/Yr" MAY,53. NO. 23

R.B. II—9 621 240

O SS 0£ 81 < ^IME'^'IN HOURS O o o CURVE I. NORMAL HYDROGRAPH BASED ON PEAK INFLOW OF Qm= lO.OPQ v/A =i iflT^OOi? CUSECS AND PERIOD OF CONCtNTW^^ ilS' -HtiQftS. . / Toss.0,0 OT JAUl NORJ^AJL JIYDROGRAPH MODIFIED FOR STORM WATER 0-1-J^""^--- ~lTPIT-2r ITOtmS AND VOLUME EQUIVA- LENfr to t rAmM?PW;^.7 50X lO^CU.FT. OR -'^gf2-2lLpOO ACRE-FT WITH .jj>£n.=j JJ^NCONTROLLEO J3MMAH0 YAWJJiq? CURVECl/I 3. MODIFICATION OF JOmmZ' tmjPR&GRAPH FOR INITIAL

CURVES 2 8 3 SIMULTANEOUSLY. CURVE 5. NORMAL HYDROGRAPH CORRECTED TO STORM WATER INFLOW VOLUME OF 224,000 AC'ffE FT. IN 24 HOURS AND PEAK INTENSITY OF FLOOD mJEEPJTi} 187,000 CUSECS. W DMIMMAJq JAMOITAH ^0 Y«T3IM(M ^'OQId J3MMAH)'^iO^8Qf(^^Tj0NAL PLANNING T03U0«q ORQYH 8JJA1 MiaSMIA2 SAINGDIN FALLS HYDRO PROJECT 83VRU0 0&1ITAR B 8'T018 SPILLWAY DESIGN .YAWjjiqa 3jaaA8 FLOOD HYDROGRAPH .00 DHIR33m9M3 TT3a8A 2TT3qqiT M39«)AM>I MOOOHAR )1H0YW3H KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. 3TAjq 3TAa ^^^'^.YQ.RQ NEWYORK RANGOON £S .OM .55.YAM -^Vv"^ .\a.AO OR BY ^JTj^ DATE PLATE CK BY tSyyr MAY 53. NO 24 m2 -^ 300 y / CURVE SHOWING RELATION BETWEEN STORM / / WATER INFLOW INTO RESERVOIR , OISCH A RGE Ul 280 r' UJ OVER SPILLWAY, TURBINE AND PENSTOCK / u. SLUICE, AND RISE OF FLOOD WATER ABOVE 260 / SPILLWAY CREST. INFLOW FROM FLOOD /— o lO HYDROGRAPH CURVE Tv" /I CVJ

/ U.' 240 U UJ / UJ / o UJ 220 «*/ - 10 »- H (A 1 ^y UJ UJ UJ tc O O 200 < ^h ~ -I 10 < 1 f u V < 5 1 180 ^1 ^ Oi o^:. Q. 3 -T- (O O *» X 160 ^7 y UJ / yi > J o Z ^1 =>^? m 1 / c X < 140 I 1 b7 tc o i O o^ /;^ o o > H- «0 Q: u. / /'^ UJ a ft

VOLUME ( / «D 5 o "A/ 4 > / UJ / ^/ -I / 60 / ^ / 3 °= / 4 ^ UJ / VI I- •" < ^ y ER SPILLWAY) •7480 C.F.S..Q 40 y AXIMUM RISE H « 6.92 FEE Z 2 U. y O a UJ ^ r _— — 20 E_ I S2 »S<;H* ^ vt: 0 F C Q: A^i s <:uf

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 TIME IN HOURS FROM COMMENCEMENT OF STORM

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING

SAINGDIN FALLS HYDRO PROJECT MASS CURVE INFLOW-OUTFLOW KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEW YORK RANGOON OR. BY^f-^ DATE PLATE CK, BY C^r MAY, 53 NO. 25

623 624 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA (2) Gravel and Broken Stone The value of power for design of pipe line, tailrace Pervious material to form the shells or filtering and other hydraulic features will be taken at 3-5 pyas portions of the earth dam can be obtained from two per kWh. sources: {a) rounded gravel from branch streams in very limited quantity and {b) shale outcrops on both I. Distribution Costs abutments upstream or downstream from the dam. It is believed that 8 pyas (1-68 cents) per kWh is The latter should be the principal source of pervious an ample allowance for the distribution costs of a material as the available quantity is large and the new system containing about 10% domestic load as shale is resistant to disintegration if protected from given in Table XIX-22 for 1957. The allowance has drying. It should be mixed, graded, and zoned as for been reduced to 7-5 pyas for 1962 and 7-0 pyas for the Pegu dam. 1967, when loads should be greater and system inefficiencies reduced. The annual cost for 1957 and j. Other Features the initial investment are computed as follows: Slope protection, materials, equipment and pro¬ kWhper year Pyas Kyats cedure for contracting should also be handled as for Domestic and Bulk Sales 46,667,000 @ 8-0=37,40,000 the Pegu project. Quantities and costs based on con¬ Paper Factory (Process Steam) 65,600,000 @ 0.4 = 2,62,000 siderations similar to those discussed for the Pegu Annual Cost, 1957 K40,02,000 project are given in Table XIX-26 "Estimated Costs—Initial Installation" {see p. 625). Capitalized at 12%. Investment K3,38,00,000* ($7,100,000) for initial k. Production Costs Development. The estimated annual costs of power at the load Capital recovery with interest at 4-25%. center are computed as follows: Amortization factor—20-year life -075

Capital recovery with interest at 4-25% Operation and maintenance -045 Life Annual Description in years Factor Investment Cost Total annual cost •120 *Of this sum K21,00,000 or $442,000 will be provided under the Electrical Controls 20 -0752 150,000 11,300 initial diesel program for the Akyab distribution system. Generators, Portion of Substation 25 -0655 1,600,000 104,800 Turbines, Butterfly m. Electric Rates Valves, Trash Racks 35 -0555 1,630,000 90,500 Transmission Line 35 -0555 1,620,000 90,000 The proposed electric rates in Table XIX-27 {see p. Civil Engineering Works 626) range from 60 pyas per kWh rural (villages of Building 50 -0491 11,080,000 543,000 Operation and 1,000-5,000 population) to 50 pyas, urban (towns of Maintenance -0127 16,080,000 204,000 5,000 to 50,000 population) in 1957. It is estimated that these rates can be reduced to 40 and 30 pyas respec¬ Annual Cost, Initial Development (6-5%) 1,043,600 tively by 1967. The present rates are 100 pyas (urban) Note: Interest has been assumed at 4 % for 75 % of total invest¬ from the small government-operated diesel plant. No ment and 5% for the remainder. rural supply exists. Small industrial enterprises such as Cost per k Wh at Load Center (Initial Development) rice mills, pumping plants, and port mechanization kWh Mills Pyas would receive a rate of 25 pyas initially and 15 pyas Total power (see para. 3-h-(4)) 157,000,000 6-67 3-18 in the future. Large industrial projects, the paper Est. sales 1957 (Table XIX-22 factories, carbide plant, etc., would receive a rate of corrected for output at load center) 129,000,000 8-11 3-86 15 pyas initially and 10 pyas in the future. Otherwise 67% of total 105,000,000 9-95 4-74 rates should be estabUshed by the Government rate Ultimate development 6-5%x21,280,000= $1,380,000 board as recommended for the preceding projects. Cost per kWh at Load Center (Ultimate Development) Total power (see para. 3-h-(4)) 192,000,000 7-20 3-43 n. Conclusion The foregoing cost comparison is based on firm Ownership and operation should be handled as power computed for the minimum years of record recommended for the preceding projects. As this and on capacity factors which can be attained with project appears feasible in all respects, it too is the installation of the paper factory and other recommended for immediate detailed investigation, industrial loads now available or in the planning design and construction, with construction to be stage. Secondary power is smaU and has been completed by the end of 1957 in time to supply the neglected in the economic analysis presented above. new pulp and paper factory. ELECTRIC POWER 625 TABLE XIX - 26 SAINGDIN FALLS HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ESTIMATED COST—INITIAL INSTALLATION (US Dollars)

Unit Percentage No. Description Quantity Unit Cost Cost Local Sterling us

$ 1 1 Exploration and design l.s. 650,000 20 80 2 Clearing reservoir 10,000 ac. 50-00 500,000 80 10 10 3 Clear and grub dam site 40,000 s.y. 1-00 40,000 80 10 10 4 „ „ „ borrow area 60,000 s.y. 0-50 30,000 80 10 10 5 „ „ spillway 20,000 s.y. 1-00 20,000 80 10 10 6 „ „ „ town site 40,000 s.y. 0-50 20,000 80 10 10 7 Access roads 4 mi. 10,000 40,000 70 20 10 8 Excavation, cutoff trench 7,000 c.y. 4-00 28,000 70 10 20 9 tunnel portal 55,000 c.y. 3-00 165,000 70 10 20 10 „ tailrace 140,000 c.y. 3-00 420,000 70 10 20 11 „ power house 44,000 c.y. 5-00 220,000 70 10 20 12 „ spiUway 400,000 c.y. 1-00 400,000 70 •— 30 13 „ borrow pit 2,500,000 c.y. 0-60 1,500,000 70 — 30 14 CofTerdam and diversion l.s. — 200,000 70 — 30 15 Foundation, preparation dam 30,000 s.y. 2-00 60,000 70 — 30 16 Drilling holes for grout 50,000 l.f. 1-00 50,000 60 — 40 17 Grouting cutoff and tunnel 100,000 c.f. 2-00 200,000 60 — 40 18 Placing and rolling earth fill 2,300,000 c.y. 0-16 368,000 60 — 40 19 Excavation, tunnel 16,500 c.y. 10-00 165,000 60 — 40 20 Concrete, tunnel lining 4,200 c.y. 60-00 252,000 60 — 40 21 „ portals and channel 18,500 c.y. 32-00 592,000 60 — 40 22 „ intake tower 8,600 c.y. 40-00 344,000 60 — 40 23 „ spillway 15,000 c.y. 32-00 480,000 60 — 40 24 „ power house substruct. 7,500 c.y. 48-00 360,000 50 — 50 25 „ retaining wall 2,400 c.y. 40-00 96,000 60 — 40 26 Reinforcing steel 3,000,000 lbs. 0-10 300,000 40 50 10 27 Penstock steel 3,200,000 lbs. 0-25 800,000 40 50 10 28 Trash racks and frames 400,000 lbs. 0-25 100,000 40 50 10 29 Head gates, frames, hoists 360,000 lbs. 0-50 180,000 40 50 10 30 Gate house and bridge l.s. — — 30,000 50 40 10 31 Hydraulic machinery 56,000 h.p. 20-00 1,120,000 20 — 80 32 Electrical machinery 40,000 kW 30-00 1,200,000 20 — 80 33 Additional butterfly valves 2 each 50,000 100,000 20 — 80 34 Electrical controls l.s. .— — 120,000 20 — 80 35 Substation complete l.s. — .— 300,000 20 — 80 36 Power house superstructure 250,000 c.f. 1-00 250,000 60 30 10 37 Crane complete l.s. — — 90,000 20 60 20 38 Living quarters l.s. — --- 300,000 40 50 10 39 Transmission Line 56 mi. 15,000 840,000 50 30 20 20 40 »» 99 29 mi. 10,000 290,000 50 30 20 41 99 99 30 mi. 6,000 180,000 50 30

Subtotal 13,400,000 42 Engineering and Contingencies 2,680,000 20% Total Hydro plant and trans¬ 16,080,000 48-4 11-3 40-3 mission system 43 Distribution system 6,658,000 50 30 20

Total including dist. system 626 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA TABLE XIX - 27 ESTIMATED INCOME AND COST OF ENERGY—AKYAB DISTRICT (Including Paper Factory with and without the Steam Generation Load)

1957 1962 1967

Hydro Capacity kW 40,000 60,000 60,000

Est. Rate Annual Est. Rate Annual Est. Rate Annual Annual Revenue Pyas per Revenue Pyas per Revenue, Pyas per Revenue, kWh Kyats kWh Kyats kWh Kyats

Domestic, Urban 50 6,00,000 40 9,40,000 30 10,63,000 „ Rural 60 9,95,000 50 22,20,000 40 30,40,000 Bulk, Rice Mills 25 16,40,000 20 18,40,000 15 17,70,000 „ Paper Factories 15 32,90,000 12 52,60,000 10 65,60,000 „ Carbide Plant 15 4,60,000 12 7,92,000 10 10,90,000 „ Caustic Soda 15 8,40,000 12 13,70,000 10 17,50,000 „ Pumping 25 8,20,000 20 13,20,000 15 14,70,000 „ Other 25 8,30,000 20 13,20,000 15 15,40,000 Total excl. Steam Generation 94,75,000 1,50,62,000 1,82,83,000 Steam Generation 2-5 16,40,000 2-5 16,40,000 2-5 16,40,000 Total including Steam Generation 1,11,15,000 1,67,02,000 1,99,23,000

Annual Operating Costs ■ Power Plant (6-5%) 50,20,000 62,00,000 66,30,000 Distribution System 8-0 37,40,000 7-5 68,20,000 7-0 95,80,000

Total Annual Cost Without Steam Generation 87,60,000 130,20,000 162,10,000 Net Profit—Steam Generation 7,15,000 20,42,000 20,73,000

Dist. System added for Steam Gen. 0-4 2,62,000 0-4 2,62,000 0-4 2,62,000 Total Annual Costs With Steam Generation 90,22,000 1,32,82,000 1,64,72,000

F. KALEWA MINE POWER PROJECT to provide moderate spare capacity it is concluded 1. DESCRIPTION that the initial installation should consist of three 2,000-kW generators. Substation and 33-kV trans¬ A preliminary study has been made of the power mission lines to Kalemyo and Mawlaik should be requirements at the proposed Kalewa mine and provided to bring low cost power to the principal adjacent communities. The estimated population, towns of the Upper Chindwin. The estimated cost domestic and bulk demand, and sales, are given in is here summarized: Table XIX-28 {see p. 327), and summarized as 1957 1962 1967 follows: Generating Capacity in kW 6,000 6,000 8,000 1957 1962 1967 Estimated Cost of Power Max. demand at Station 1,575,000* $1,840,000* $2,080,000* generators, kW 3,600 4,200 5,000 Estimated Cost of Estimated sales in kWh 13,224,000 15,449,000 17,819,000 Transmission Lines 330,000 440,000 550,000 The requirements for the mine have been taken from Total Cost $1,905,000 $2,280,000 $2,630,000 the Kalewa Coal Project Report dated April 1953. Of the amounts indicated by (*) $1,575,000 are Other bulk requirements are proportioned from included in the Kalewa Coal Project Report for the existing markets at Rangoon and Mandalay. The mine power plant. The same plant will supply the estimated domestic sales are based on per capita mine city and adjacent communities as distant as use at other small communities in Burma. In order Mawlaik, 35 miles to the north. ELECTRIC POWER 627 TABLE XIX - 28 KALEWA COAL MINE AND ADJACENT AREA—ESTIMATED POWER REQUIREMENTS

■ ■ 1957 1962 1967 1 1 1 Annual Population Annual Population Annual Population kWhjcap. kWhjcap. kWhjcap.

Mine City 15 10,000 20 12,000 25 15,000 Kalemyo 10 3,000 15 4,000 20 5,000 Zinaung 10 2,000 12 2,500 15 3,000 Kalewa 10 1,000 12 1,500 15 2,000 Mawlaik 10 3,000 15 4,000 20 5,000 Rural 2 30,000 5 40,000 8 1 50,000 1

1957 1962 7967

Thous. Thous. Thous. kWMax. Load kWhper kWMax. Load kWhper kWMax. Load kWhper Demarui Factor year Sales Demand Factor year Sales Demand Factor year Sales

Domestic Power Requirements Mine City 86 20 150 110 25 240 194 25 375 Kalemyo 23 15 30 34 20 60 57 20 100 Zinaung 15 15 20 23 15 30 26 20 45 Kalewa 8 15 10 14 15 18 23 15 30 Mawlaik 17 20 30 27 25 60 46 25 100 Rural 46 15 60 152 15 200 304 15 400

Total Domestic 195 300 360 608 650 1,050 Bulk Power Requirements Mine City Ice 30 60 158 40 60 210 50 60 262 Piunping Stations 50 30 131 60 30 158 75 30 197 Military Post 10 40 35 15 40 53 20 40 70 Mining Operations 3,500 40 12,250 4,000 40 14,000 4,500 40 15,750 Processing Plant 50 80 350 60 80 420 70 80 490

Total Bulk 3,640 12,924 4,175 14,841 4,715 16,769

Bulk and I>omestic 3,835 13,224 4,535 15,449 5,365 17,819

Max. Simultaneous

• System load factor.

2. PRODUCnON COSTS Item Annual Cost The estimated annual cost at the load center is Labor Cost 27,000 computed as follows: Supplies, Repairs, Contingencies 10,000 Transmission Line Maintenance (1 •S % of Capital Recovery with Interest at 4-25% Trans. Line Costs) 5,000 Life Annual Fuel Cost (1957 market) Cost Item in years Factor Investment 25-0x1-25x13,224,000x1-3 Boflers and % % 50,500 34,600 Electrical Controls 20 •0752 460,000 4-75x2,240 Steam Turbines 22 •0714 500,000 35,700 Transmissioa Lines 35 •0555 330,000 18,300 CivU Eng. Works Cost per kWh at the load center (1957) Cai»tal Recovery Charges 118,800 211,300-^(13,224,000x 115) = 13-9 miUs or 6-64 pyas 628 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA 3. CONCLUSION The weighted average for the watershed varies from a The power requirements estimated in Table XIX-28 maximum of 68 inches in 1927 to a minimum of lead to the recommendations that a 6,000-kilowatt 38 inches in 1920. Pyinmana appears to have the steam plant be installed at the mine, and that trans¬ average characteristics of the watershed, and is mission lines be provided to Kalemyo and Mawlaik selected as a control station for the construction of with service to intermediate communities. Domestic a rainfall duration curve (see Plate 26). The plate rates should start at Ps 50 per kWh by 1957, and can also shows the relative position of the 1952 rainfaU be reduced to Ps 30 per kWh by 1967 if the anticipated at Pyinmana. load growth is realized. Ice plants, pumping, and small industrial consumers should receive a rate of d. Stream Flow Ps 25 per kWh, reducing to Ps 15 by 1967. The mine Daily gauge heights April 10, 1952, to March 31, rate for bulk power should be Ps 8-0 per kWh reduc¬ 1953, are available for the Kyidaung and Kawma ing to Ps 6-0 by 1967. ViUage gauges near the mouth of the Paunglaung River. The gauges were instaUed and stream flow G. OTHER HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT measurements at Kyidaung were made by experienced personnel of the Irrigation Department regularly 1. PAUNGLAUNG RIVER PROJECT stationed at Pyinmana. Daily gauge readings were a. Description made by the same organization. The stage-discharge A near future project recommended for completion curve is given on Plate 27, and the daily discharges in 1960 is the Paunglaung River Hydroelectric Station are given in Table XIX-30 {seep. 633). near Pyinmana (see Plate 1). Since the cost per kWh at load center is low in spite of the long transmission e. Regulated Flow lines, Paunglaung power will substantially reduce costs when introduced into the proposed Rangoon- Plate 28 contains a study of the 1952 record. The Pegu system (see Table XIX-15) and the Myingyan- computed runoff" modified by storage and evaporation Mandalay system (see Table XIX-21). In addition would have yielded a minimum of 2,000 cusecs con¬ to these systems, large potential markets exist in the tinuous flow which is taken as a basis for estimating upper Sittang Valley and in the Irrawaddy from firm power. For area-capacity curve, see Plate 29. Pakokku to Bassein. The Paunglaung project will From an inspection of the Pyinmana rainfaU record produce ultimately 750,000,000 kWh per year at a it wiU be seen that eight years show 10% (or less) cost of about Ps 3- 5 per kWh at the load center without below the 1952 rainfaU and four years show from benefit of secondary power sales. This can be reduced 10 to 20% below. For the years 1919, 1920 and 1934 to about Ps 3-0 per kWh if secondary power is sold the rainfaU is even lower and for such years resort atP0-8perkWh. must be had to steam or other hydroelectric sources of power. For aU other dry years it is estimated that b. Irrigation Benefits the minimum annual flow wiU total from 10 to 20% below 1952 and that the low flow months wiU yield The Paunglaung project has sizable irrigation about 25% less than 1952. It is believed that this benefits due to diversion of wet season flows into large volume of low flow is due to beneficial effect of the proposed Yezin storage reservoir through a high ground water storage. Accordingly, the minimum level canal. For this reason the project has been regulated flow is taken at 25 % below the computed included as part of the proposed Yamethin com¬ 1952 yield. prehensive irrigation development, which involves several new storage reservoirs, canals and pumping f. Available Power plants. Low cost power for pumping is an essential part of the Yamethin scheme. The minimum height Continuous firm power is computed as foUows: of the Paunglaung dam has been determined by the Pool El. 485, TaUwater El. 270, Gross Head 215 ft. level of the Yezin full reservoir. Accordingly the Average Head 215-22-5= 192- 5 ft. Net Head (95 %)= spillway crest will be El. 485. 183 ft. 183 c. RainfaU Continuous Power 1,500 X-TJ= 18,300 kW. For eight stations surrounding the Paunglaung Initial Output 40,000 kW (g 46% station capacity watershed the annual rainfall is shown in Table factor. XIX-29 {see next page) for the period of record, 1901 18,300 X 8760= 160,000,000 kWh at station to 1952 inclusive, except for the years 1939 to 1946. 0-9 X 160,000,000=144,000,000 kWh at Load Center. ELECTRIC POWER 629 TABLE XIX - 29 FUTURE PAUNGLAUNG HYDRO DEVELOPMENT Annual Rainfall in Inches at Selected Stations

Weighted Year Yamethin Loikaw Yawnghwe Kalaw Tatkon Pyinmana Yedashe Thandaung Average*

1901 44-9 62-5 — 1902 34-9 — 45-4 — — — — — — 1903 30-8 — 62-2 — — — — — — 1904 34^4 — 63^7 — — — — — — 1905 35-7 — 55-7 — 118-9 — — — — 1906 27-6 — 43^9 — 217-4 — — — — 1907 39-6 — 52-2 — 269^2 56-6 — — — 1908 37-8 — 51^3 — 237^6 53-9 _— — — 1909 52-5 — 64-4 74-6 303^9 66^1 59-6 57-2 — 1910 44-6 — 71-8 63-3 212-9 41 ^2 54-8 45^8 —

1911 31-2 _ 54^1 66-0 244-0 49-7 45-4 51-0 1912 34^3 — 53-7 69-4 219-1 46-2 42-2 50-0 — 1913 38-7 .— 54-9 — 231-2 — — — — 1914 34-6 — 56-3 57-0 224-1 43-9 41-2 54-8 — 1915 36-5 — 60-6 60-1 220-2 41-8 48-6 540 — 1916 49-9 40-1 60-1 63-3 208-7 51-4 76-2 53^3 52-9 1917 45-0 44^2 74-1 105^2 232-6 49-5 43-9 59^8 63-2 1918 35 0 26-2 55^2 66-7 260-6 49-5 48-9 51-3 47^1 1919 34-3 37-5 41-2 67-0 225-1 38-5 39-9 48^6 43-0 1920 23-7 29-5 40-5 47-2 184-2 40-3 37-0 43-0 38-1

1921 32^8 38-8' 57^0 57^5 212-1 63-0 49-7 44-1 51-3 1922 39-4 40-0 54-5 61-6 223-3 40-2 49-9 54-6 48-8 1923 41-6 33-8 52-5 95^1 203^3 36-4 4M 53-1 49-2 1924 30^7 35-9 54^7 78-0 250^0 35-1 49-2 43-9 47-2 1925 38-2 42-1 63-9 54^4 192^0 46-1 49-8 50-6 52^5 1926 46-3 58^5 68^2 65-7 210^6 38-2 47-2 55-0 58-5 1927 40-8 60-5 77^8 84^3 238^0 57-4 52-2 64-1 68-1 1928 37-7 50-3 74-9 83-5 218^9 38-5 42-9 66-9 61-7 1929 37^6 49-4 60-7 96-6 — 44-6 46-8 52-6 57-2 1930 35^9 35-7 47-5 71-7 — 45-8 56^2 46-2 46-2

1931 34-7 32^9 45-5 65-6 _ 32-1 40-8 33-5 40-5 1932 35-5 29-9 55-6 53-8 — 37-1 43-8 45-3 44-2 1933 34-9 43-0 49^0 83-5 — 40-5 51-1 42-4 48^4 1934 45-5 42^1 42^8 116-4 — 43-2 37^9 45-3 50-5 1935 36-1 34-5 55^7 123-6 — 48-3 39-2 50-8 54-9 1936 28-8 28-9 51-0 71-0 — 46-2 46-0 60-2 47-0 1937 49-6 39-1 47-4 81-3 — 54-4 53-3 61-6 51-5 1938 34^6 31-6 51-4 69-6 — 47-2 43-1 53-4 47-3

1947 48-5 _ 64^2 .—. — — — — 1948 34^5 — 60-1 — — — — — — 1949 — — — — — — — — — 1950 47-7 — — — — — — — — 1951 45^8 45-9 62-9 — — — 45^0 — — 1952 36-5 38-8 54-4 82-8 —■ 39-3 — 45-0 49-1

♦ Weighted average for Paunglaung Watershed 630 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA Ultimate Output 80,000 kW (a^ 34% station capacity The reservoir capacity and the transmission line factor. location have been determined from the Burma 27,500x8760=241,000,000 kWh at station Survey maps, one inch to one mile, with 50-ft. contour 0-9x241,000,000=217,000,000 kWh at Load Center. interval. The cost estimate is given in Table XIX-31, Secondary Power 45,000- 18,300=26,700 kW. "Estimated Cost—Initial Installation" {see p. 636). Excavation, concrete, and steel prices are based on Initial Secondary cost of similar work recently completed in Burma. 26,700x5850=156,000,000 kWh at station. Hydraulic and electrical machinery are estimated 0-9 X 156,000,000=140,000,000 kWh at Load Center. from preliminary quotations by American manu¬ Ultimate Secondary (Not Computed) facturers. A contingency and engineering factor of In determining ultimate output it was assumed that 20% has been aUowed, in addition to a fee for the continuous firm power could be increased 50% detailed exploration and design of approximately by the addition of upstream storage reservoirs. A 4-0% of the total. fifth unit of 20,000 kW would be added at some j. Production Costs future date if justified by the water supply or capacity factor. The estimated annual cost of power at the load center is computed as follows: g. Penstocks Capital recovery with interest at 4-25''/,

The normal maximum demand from each unit will Life in Annual be 1,640 cusecs based on 20,000 kW per unit at a Description Years Factor Investment Cost 183-ft. average net head. For a 12-ft. diameter pen¬ $ stock, the maximum velocity would be 14.5 ft. per Electrical Controls 20 -0752 150,000 11,300 sec. at average head, or 16-5 ft. per sec. at extreme Generators and Portion low water for the 161-ft. minimum net head and of Substation 25 -0655 1,800,000 118,000 1,860 cusecs maximum demand. Accordingly five Turbines, Racks, etc. 35 -0555 1,500,000 83,200 Transmission Line 35 -0555 5,510,000 306,000 12-ft. penstocks would be installed in the concrete Civil Eng. Works dam, and would be located to supply the powerhouse Buildings 50 -0491 11,840,000 582,000 at the downstream toe of the dam. In view of the Operation and Maintenance -0119 20,800,000 247,500 narrow canyon site (see general layout Plate 30), the powerhouse would occupy the entire width of the river, and the spillway would be located in a natural Note: Interest has been assumed at 4% for 75% of the total saddle in the left abutment. investment and 5 % for the remainder. h. Diversion ♦Initial Development •065x18,800,000=51,223,000 Cost per kWh at Load Center: The year 1952 produced a flood of 26,4(K) cusecs kWh Mills Pyas during the wet season. This is considered a normal Firm Power (par. f.) 144,000,000 8^50 4^051 year. The four year frequency flood would be 30,800 75% Sales 108,000,000 11^32 5-39 cusecs based on proportionate annual rainfalls at Pyinmana (see Plate 26) and would be 41,700 cusecs If secondary can be sold at 0-8 pyas per kWh (1 ^68 mills) based on Meyers rating, 10% of maximum*. It is Selling 100% of secondary power, 140,000,000 (g 1-68 = concluded that a construction flood of about 41,700 $235,000 Cost of firm power should be anticipated during the wet season and about 5,000 during the dry season from December 1,223,000-235,000 = 6-85 mills 3-26 pyasf to June inclusive. 144,000,000 * Meyers maximum equals 10,000 times the square root of the drainage area (1,741 square miles), or 417,000 cusecs. Selling 50% of secondary power 70,000,000 (g 1-68 = $117,500 i. Estimated Cost Cost of firm power 1,223,000-117,500 Quantities and costs are based on incomplete data = 7-7 mills 3-66 pyas including a topographic survey of the dam site, 144,000,000 reconnaissance survey by the Burma Geological * The total cost of the initial development is reduced by Department, and stream flow measurements from $2,000,000 credit due to irrigation benefits from diversion of flood April 10 to date at Kyidaung viUage near the dam waters into the proposed Yezin reservoir. site. Rainfall records are available for about 50 years t Delivered at Pyinmana the cost would be Pyas 3-02 per kWh without benefit of secondary power sales or Pyas 2-25 if all the at eight communities surrounding the watershed. secondary is sold at Pyas 0-8 per kWh. PERCENT OF TIME 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

76 f\

72 tn \ UJ X \ O 68 in

\ O 64 1 liJ -I UJ u < \ \ Li. X 60 ^LA llJ < tc a. o CM \ h. 56 0> 1 PYINMANA GAUGE o \ ^ '(42 YEARS F ECORD) Ui f7\ 52 ^SL "V

< P AUNGLA JNG WEI 3HTED A VERAGE t 48 3 ^ (24 YEARS RECOR ?> _) < < tc u. 44 •J' ^ < A

CM lO 40

36

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING

PYINMANA GAUGE AND PAUNGLAUNG WATERSHED RAINFALL DURATION CURVE KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEW YOjjK^^-? RANGOON DR. BY ^ -ya DATE PLATE CK.BY. (;%w- r MAY, 53. NO. 26

631 DISCHARGE IN THOUSANDS OF SECOND- FEET. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 20 .^ <' y '^ ^ ^ * ^' 16 * ' Ul ^ UJ ^" u. 14 • ' X > ^ - I 2 -^ * ^^_ I- \ y ^ '^ UJ ^ y- \ ^ /' (^ / f UJ o (^ (§ y < < y r / h V ^

GAUGE DIS¬ RIVER NO DATE READING CHARGE STAGE I 5- (0-52 10^ 3 10,978

2 16-10-52 9 8 10,652 3 19-10-52 90 9,199 4 28-10-52 89 8,857 5 28-11-52 64 5,544 6 19- 12-52 5^5 3,722 7 15- 1-53 48 2,812 8 31 - 1-53 5-0 2,903 9 10-4-52 3-0 991 MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING PAUNGLAUNG RIVER HYDRO PROJECT STAGE-DISCHARGE CURVE PAUNGLAUNG AT KYIDAUNG VILLAGE

KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO. NEWYORK^ RANGOON

632 ELECTRIC POWER 633 TABLE XIX - 30

FUTURE PAUNGLAUNG HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT 1952-1953, Rainfall and Runoff at Dam Site

Feb.-Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.

RainfaU* 2-24 0 VIA 6-41 12-40 11-48 10-83 8-51 0-74 0 0-34

1 1,000 3,360 6,330 18,190 20,090 14,025 10,540 4,690 2 1,000 3,360 6,170 17,000 18,000 12,975 9,580 4,690 3 1,000 3,750 6,970 16,400 16,400 13,150 8,935 4,545 4 <4J 5,705 CO 1,000 3,750 18,380 14,920 11,575 8,440 4,545 5 "d 730 4,400 5,835 19,140 14,025 10,540 7,945 4,545 6 S" 1,500 4,140 4,270 17,000 13,675 10,540 7,780 4,545 7 2,000 2,880 4,835 14,560 12,800 10,540 7,615 4,400 8 1,500 2,000 4,400 14,380 12,275 10,700 7,450 4,400 9 1,000 2,000 4,270 13,850 19,140 13,150 7,615 4,270 10 CO 1,000 1,000 1,500 4,270 14,025 23,900 14,920 7,615 4,270 '*-'. 11 1,000 730 1,500 5,270 14,560 21,040 13,675 7,450 4,140 •d 12 1,000 730 1,000 6,970 15,640 18,570 12,975 7,130 4,010 § sCN 13 t—( 1,000 1,000 1,000 6,810 14,380 17,200 13,325 6,970 4,010 II of 14 II 1,000 1,000 1,300 5,705 17,200 17,800 11,925 6,650 3,880 II o 15 o 1,000 730 2,000 5,850 19,140 16,600 10,380 6,490 3,880 2,810 8 CO 16 ® 1,000 .730 2,000 6,490 17,400 15,100 11,925 6,490 3,880 ® 17 (A 1,000 370 2,330 7,138 16,200 14,025 10,380 6,330 3,750 s. 18 4 1,000 370 1,500 7,615 15,100 12,800 10,060 6,170 3,750 1,000 10,060 19 S 730 2,000 15,820 13,500 9,260 6,010 3,750 1—I 20 1,000 1,500 1,800 12,975 15,280 18,950 9,260 5,850 3,620 m 1 w^ 21 1 1,300 2,000 1,800 10,380 14,740 26,400 11,750 5,850 3,620 22 ■-B 1,300 4,835 1,500 10,060 14,025 25,000 11,225 5,705 3,620 23 1,000 2,330 1,800 10,220 13,500 22,220 10,060 5,560 3,620 24 1,000 1,500 2,000 11,400 13,675 19,710 9,420 5,415 3,620 25 S 1,000 1,500 3,100 11,400 15,460 17,400 9,420 5,270 3,620 M 26 1,000 1,800 4,270 11,400 17,200 22,430 9,100 5,125 3,620 27 1,000 2,330 3,880 11,925 18,000 19,330 9,420 5,125 3,490 28 730 2,550 4,835 17,600 17,200 18,000 8,935 4,980 3,490 29 730 2,550 5,705 22,640 15,460 14,920 9,260 4,835 3,490 30 730 2,770 6,490 ??,?70 21,420 13,850 10,700 4,835 3,490 31 1,000 3,360 20,850 20,800 11,750 3,360 2,900

* Annual Rainfall, Pyinmana 54-7 inches or 4-56 feet.

t Anntial Riinoflf, Paunglaung River at Dam Site 2,366,798 d.s.f.

Runoff Factor 2,366,798x2 =93-2%. 4-56x640x1741 (Based on Pyinmana rainfaU over the entire watershed). Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 1200

1000

X 1- z O 800 tc

1- uj eoo IU u.

Ui tc o <

O 400 z < 3 o X t- CAPACITY OF UNITS (INITIAL ) 200 f YIELD. 120,000 A . F. /~ ■^SECONDART POWER _^ v/ffmm/ wmmm. ^mmmA f \ / ' w//////M/ ^-FIRM PO (1952) n "7

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING PAUNGLAUNG HYDRO PROJECT MONTHLY RUNOFF AT DAM SITE. KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO NEW YORK ^ RANGOON DR. BY.^^' DATE PLATE CK. BY. ^T/VT" MAY, 53. NO. 28

634 CAPACITY IN THOUSAND ACRE-FEET 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 z o 700 1- < ^^ o 650 , c .^^^ UJo z 600 ^^>y^ < .^^-^8,00'0 AC.FT ^-^ _,^ ^ACTIVE STORAGE z 550 tc o 500 y'^ SPI -UWAT UKC.SI ■^^ , /^ . UJ El. 485. > ^ ^■^^Sis-^ o 450 , r ' 03 ^ El. 440 < y 4 00 N^ z o / 350 y \ H < \ ■> /

UJ 250 2 3 4 5 6 AREA IN THOUSAND ACRES

WATER SHED AREA= 1741-5 SQ. MILES

ASSUMED BED LEVEL AT DAMSITE = 270 O.D.

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING

PAUNGLAUNG RIVER HYDRO PROJECT AREA-CAPACITY CURVE PAUNGLAUNG RESERVOIR. KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO NEW YORK _ RANGOON DR. BY.-^v^-^^ DATE PLATE «Q CK. BY. <:;>/7" MAY. 53. MO. fc^

635 636 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA TABLE XIX-31 PAUNGLAUNG HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT Estimated Cost—Initial Installation (US Dollars)

No. Description Quantity Unit Unit Cost Cost

$ 1 Exploration and Design l.s. 800,000 2 Clearing Reservoir 2,000 acre 50-00 100,000 3 Access Roads 3 mi. 10,000-00 30,000 4 Cofferdam 1,000 l.f. 150-00 150,000 5 Excavation, Dam Foundation 50,000 c.y. 3-00 150,000 6 Foundation Preparation, Dam 15,000 s.y. 2-00 30,000 7 Drilling Holes for Grout 24,000 l.f. 1-00 24,000 8 Grouting Cutoff 36,000 c.f. 2-00 72,000 9 Mass Concrete 420,000 c.y. 15-00 6,300,000 10 Penstocks, 5 @ 150x500 375,000 lbs. 0-40 150,000 11 Excavation, Spillway 240,000 c.y. 1-00 240,000 12 Excavation, Powerhouse 40,000 c.y. 5-00 200,000 13 Concrete, Powerhouse 7,500 c.y. 40 00 300,000 14 „ Channel Lining 2,000 c.y. 3200 64,000 15 „ Spillway Lining 5,000 c.y. 32-00 160,000 16 Reinforcing Steel 800,000 lbs. 0-10 80,000 17 Trash Racks and Frames 480,000 lbs. 0-25 120,000 18 Headgates, Frames, Hoists 360,000 lbs. 0-50 180,000 19 Headworks Crane Ls. — — 20,000 20 Hydraulic Machinery 56,000 h.p. 20-00 1,120,000 21 Electrical Machinery 40,000 kW 35-00 1,400,000 22 Electrical Controls l.s. — ' — 120,000 23 Substation Complete Ls. — — 300,000 24 Powerhouse Superstructure 250,000 c.f. 1-00 250,000 25 Crane Complete l.s. — — 90,000 26 Living Quarters l.s. 300,000

Subtotal 12,750,000 27 Transmission Line 230 mi. 20,000-00 4,600,000

Subtotal 17,350,000 28 Engineering and Contingencies 20% 3,450,000

Grand Total

2. BAWGATA PROJECT damages. Accordingly the Bawgata field investiga¬ tions and construction should be deferred untU a. Description Paunglaung project is well advanced. The Bawgata hydroelectric project is located near Kyaukyi, lower Sittang watershed (see Plate 1). b. Estimated Costs Surveys were commenced by the Hydroelectric The initial installation at the upper site would Survey Board during the 1948-49 dry season and consist of 40,000 kW under 950 ft. average net were violently interrupted by the Karen insurrection. head requiring three miles of pipe line and a concrete The initial and ultimate costs for the project are gravity dam 100 ft. high. The cost would be about about equal to the Paunglaung project based on pre¬ $17,500,000 including transmission line. The ultimate hminary estimates. The latter has irrigation and flood installation at the upper site would be 90,000 kW at a control benefits in addition to power, whereas the cost of approximately $29,300,000. At the lower site former provides power only. The Paunglaung project the final installation would consist of 60,(XX) kW does not involve flooding villages and farm lands under 650 ft. average net head requiring five miles of whereas Bawgata is objectionable because of such pipe line and costing about $21,200,000 including SCALE IN FEET

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING

PAUNGLAUNG HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT GENERAL LAYOUT OF DAM AND POWER STATION

KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO NEW YORK, RANGOON. DR BY; ^ DATE PLATE CK BY: c^/^r MAY 1953 NO. 30 APPENDIX NO. 2

ELECTRIC POWER 637 additions to the transmission hne. The third stage c. Field Work of the development would consist of the Yunzahn diversion dam, 140 ft. high, and a four-mile long In September, 1952 a staff gauge was installed at tunnel feeding to a powerhouse at the head of the Loikaw Bridge to determine the minimum flow. Bawgata reservoir. The installation would include Preliminary levels were taken at that time to deter- 40,000 kW under 700 ft. average net head and the min the elevation of a possible regulating pond which total including dam, tunnel and transmission Une would not cause excessive backwater at Loikaw would be $15,500,000. Three combined projects Bridge. It was found that very httle fall exists from would produce 630,000,000 kWh per year at the load the bridge to the dam site, and the regulating pond center at a cost of 8- 34 mills or 3- 97 pyas. The markets would be limited in volume. Therefore a dam site for this power would be the Rangoon area, the must be sought above Loikaw, possibly near Inle Sittang Valley and the Irrawaddy from Prome to Lake, in order to obtain large storage for seasonal Bassein. regulation of the river. However this is not a near future problem in view of the natural regulation now existing. Since June, 1953, a location survey has been 3. BALU CHAUNG PROJECT (LOIKAV^O in progress for the canal intake and alignment, fore- a. Description bay and penstock layout, and powerhouse location. A small, low-cost project for near future develop¬ ment can be undertaken at Loikaw on the Balu d. Estimated Costs Chaung. For location see Plate 1. The initial installa¬ tion should be about 3,000 kW to supply Mawchi For the initial instaUation at the upper site, Mine, Loikaw, Taunggyi and the proposed Lough including 2J mUes of canal, 3,000 kW capacity, and Keng zinc development. If a heavy demand is created 150 mUes of transnussion line, the cost is estimated at the zinc mine the initial plant can be expanded in at approximately $1,800,000. Assuming 50% load easy stages to about 25,000 kW utilizing the upper factor, the cost per kWh at the load center would be site, five irules from Loikaw. Utilization of the upper 9-92 mUls or 4-73 pyas. The cost can be substantiaUy site involves a canal 2J miles in length with initial reduced if the load factor is improved or if a larger capacity of 500 cusecs (ultimate 2,500 cusecs) in market and installation can be developed. Since the order to develop 200 ft. of head. Short penstocks power site is over 300 mUes from Rangoon it cannot approximately 800 ft. in length would connect the be considered as an economic source for the Rangoon canal forebay to the powerhouse. No dam is required area. At some future date it may be interconnected in the initial development, but one may be constructed with the central transmission system by way of the in the future to supply pondage for daily fluctuation Mawchi-Toungoo Road or the proposed Loikaw- in water demand. The dam would be about 20 ft. Pyinmana Road in order to supplement the Paung¬ high in the deepest part of the river. laung and Bawgata hydroelectric plants at times of drought or excessive market growth. b. Middle and Lower Falls A reconnaissance was made in January, 1952 of the 4. LAMPHA CHAUNG (MOULMEIN SUPPLY) middle falls, indicated on the Burma Survey topo¬ graphic maps to be 600 ft. in height. The faUs are a. Description 15 miles from Loikaw and difficult of access. Only a distant view could be had in the time allotted for A possible highhead project for future develop¬ the reconnaissance. A third fall 600 ft. or more in ment exists on the Lampha Chaung 55 miles east of height exists downstream from the middle falls, but Moulmein. Aerial photos have been made indicating could not be approached due to rugged canyon walls a rocklined gorge downstream from a natural storage and lack of jeep trails. The middle and lower falls basin at El. 3,000 controUing 11 sq. miles of drainage are too inaccessible for consideration in the near area. Apparently a 200-ft. concrete arch dam could future. There is a total fall of 2,200 ft. from the head be constructed with gross storage of about 32,000 of the upper falls to the foot of the lower falls in a acre feet. This would control the average annual distance of ten miles. This would provide 130,000 output, and would yield about 86 cusecs of continuous kW continuous power without river regulation other flow. Some 2,500 ft. of net head could be developed than that now supphed by Inle Lake. This would be with a four-mile pipe line, using two powerhouses if exceptionally low cost power, but large markets and stage development were desired. Based on the total large power installation are needed to justify the ex¬ net head a continuous output of 19,500 kW could pense of exploration, access road and transmission hne. be obtained. R.B. n—10 638 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA b. Estimated Costs Relative Priority / II III For the initial instaUation including concrete arch Power house location West Side Storage dam, two miles of pipe Une, 1,340 ft. net head, Canal Wetto Dam Dam 16,000 kW capacity, and 55-mUe transmission line, a preliminary cost estimate is $6,200,000. Assuming Approximate continuous flow, c.f.s. 1,200 4,000 5,000 50% load factor and the entire output salable, the Average net head, feet 70 48 38 cost at load center would be Ps 2-96 per kWh. The Approximate continuous output is computed to be 64,500,000 kWh delivered power, kW 5,600 12,800 12,660 Initial installation, kW 10,000 20,000 20,000 at Mouhnein, Bilugyun, and possibly Thaton. The Cost including trans, line above analysis indicates a highly favorable power to Monywa $2,400,000 $5,600,000 $6,100,000 site and it is recommended that field investigations Output at load center, kWh 46,500,000 106,500,000 105,000,000 be commenced when security conditions permit. Cost at load center. miUs/kWh 3-36 3-42 3-77 Cost at load center, 5. NAMTU RIVER PROJECT, MAYMYO a. Description The output would be useful when a large power At the Pyaungsho Rapids, Namtu River, about system, which can accept energy whenever the irriga¬ 20 miles east of Maymyo, there is a large potential tion system can release water, has been developed. source of power. In an eight-mile length the river Accordingly the instaUations should be given a drops nearly 300 ft., affording some 75,000 kW of priority later than the Myingyan steam plant and continuous power without construction of a storage Paunglaung hydroelectric plant. The construction dam. The low flow is reported to be 3,000 cusecs, of the Mu River plants would also be dependent on an estimate consistent with the very large drainage area. A major hairpin bend in the river alignment completion of the Mu River irrigation dams which are recommended in the irrigation chapter of this permits the eight-mile reach to be developed by a Report. canal about five miles in length. A moderate installa¬ tion of 25,000 kW could be economically justified for 7. EXPANSION OF EXISTING HYDROELECTRIC the initial development. This could be expanded by PLANTS regular stages as more power is needed. The project In Table XIX-4 "Initial Diesel and Hydro Plants would adequately serve the northern Shan States and at 36 towns," the following hydroelectric planning by the Mandalay Division for many years. In view of its the Electricity Supply Board is noted: Item 23, inaccessibility, it has been given priority later than Mogok, existing hydroelectric plant to be surveyed the Paunglaung and Loikaw developments. for expansion. Item 25, Panghai E'Hang, purchase from Burma Corporation, Namtu. Item 33, Tavoy, b. Estimated Costs From Anglo-Burma Tin, Hpaungdaw plant, increase The initial installation, including five mUes of canal, height of dam. 25,000 kW capacity under 275 ft. net head, and 120- When security conditions permit, these existing nule transmission Une, would cost $9,900,000 based plants should be examined for enlargement and the on preliminary studies, aerial photos and topography addition of storage reservoirs so that firm power may from Burma Survey maps. Assuming 50% load be obtained. Two of the plants, Namtu and Hpaung¬ factor the cost per kWh at the load center would be daw are weU located for interconnecting with the 5-88 mUls or 2-80 pyas. This site could be developed proposed network and wiU serve an extended area. at low cost without a storage dam up to 75,(XX) kW This would appear to justify considerable expansion and with a low diversion dam for daily regulation of the Namtu plant to serve Mandalay and the could serve up to 150,000 kW based on 50% load Hpaungdaw plant for Moulmein at times of shortage factor. at other plants or to accommodate excessive growth not now foreseen. It is probable that the small (420 kW present capacity) Mogok plant wiU remain 6. MU RIVER HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS isolated, as interconnection would be costly. A possible source of intermittent "secondary" Some discussion has been had in regard to enlarge¬ power wiU exist at proposed irrigation projects in ment of the Maymyo hydroelectric plant from 448 the Mu River region. Map study and information kW to about 650 kW. If found economical, this available on irrigation plans indicate the following should be done, and interconnection should be made characteristics: to the Lashio-Mandalay proposed transmission Une. ELECTRIC POWER 639 However, this smaU increment cannot be considered 4. PAYAGYI, THATON, MOULMEIN, TAVOY as an early temporary solution of the Mandalay These towns should be connected to the basic shortage, where the near future demand has been network in order to interchange power from the estimated to be as high as 12,800 kW (see Table XIX-3). proposed Rangoon loop and the proposed Lampha and enlarged Hpaungdaw hydroelectric stations. H. PROPOSED EXPANSION OF BASIC The lighter loads make it possible to utilize 132 kV TRANSMISSION SYSTEM even though the transmission distance is long. Also power sources and markets are distributed along the 1. MYINGYAN, CHAUK, MAGWE, PYINMANA proposed line, a condition that results in smaller The Rangoon and Mandalay loop transmission losses and lower design voltage than for a long line Unes should be completed under the Pegu hydro¬ with power plant at one end and market at the other. electric project and the Myingyan steam plant project, respectively, by the end of 1957. The Sittang 5. THE MYINGYAN, YE-U, SHWEBO, SAGAING LINE Valley transmission line should be completed under This line should be constructed when the Mu River the Paunglaung project by 1960. Coincident there¬ irrigation project is undertaken in order to supply with, or immediately following the Paunglaung power for pumping as well as for domestic loads. project, there should be completed a 132-kV line Ultimately the small hydroelectric plants described from Myingyan to Chauk, Magwe, and Pyinmana in par. G.6 of this chapter would be connected to in order to bring Myingyan power southward to the this loop. In view of relatively small loads and oil fields and the populous Magwe district. Con¬ markets interspaced with power sources the 132 kV versely, Paunglaung power would move to that design is believed suitable. area over a short efficient connection giving depend¬ able service from two sources to Magwe District (see 6. YE-U, WETTO, KATHA Plate 1 for location and Table XIX-32 {see p. 641) When the Mu River power plants are completed, for estunated 1961 demand). The existing steam it will be necessary to construct a line from the loop plant at Chauk, 11,300 kW capacity, should be described in the preceding paragraph to the power interconnected to supply additional power from plants near Wetto. Possibly an extension to Katha Magwe to Mandalay. If the completion of the can be justified to serve that town and other commu¬ Paunglaung project is delayed beyond 1960, the nities along the railroad. date proposed in this Report, then power from Chauk will in all probability become a necessity for 7. MANDALAY, MAYMYO, LASHIO the Mandalay division. When a dependable source of power has been 2. THE SATTHWA, PROME, LETPADAN LINE developed at Pyaungsho Rapids on the Namtu River, This should be constructed as soon as possible or storage has been provided at the existing Namsan after the Myingyan, Magwe, Pyinmana line in order FaUs plant, a connecting line should be provided to bring Paunglaung power to towns on the middle from Mandalay to Lashio. A tie should be made to Irrawaddy and the Prome railroad. Also this line is Maymyo hydroelectric plant for interchange of power. required preparatory to extending service into the 8. THE MAWCHI, LOIKAW, TAUNGGYI, LOUGH delta, and probably should be designed for 275 kV KENG LINE in view of the long transmission distance involved. A tie should be made to the 1,600-kW steam plant This is included in the Balu Chaung hydroelectric at Thayetmyo for interchange of power, conserving project in order to reach all possible markets with fuel when excess hydroelectric power is available. low cost hydropower. At a future date the extension from Taunggyi to Maymyo should be constructed. 3. HENZADA, BASSEIN, MAUBIN, RANGOON This will assist the Mandalay-Lashio system if short¬ In order to bring low cost hydroelectric power to ages occur and wiU provide power during initiation large potential markets in the delta, a 275 kV loop or enlargement of the Pyaungsho Rapids project. should be constructed from Henzada through Bassein and Maubin to Rangoon. Large diesel plants 9. LOILEM TO NAM PANG HYDROELECTRIC which are to be installed under the initial program STATION will be placed in reserve after about ten years of If the low cost hydroelectric power on the Nam active use. Such plants will serve as standby for Pang is developed to serve the eastern Shan States, protection against transmission line outages or a transmission line should be constructed along the delays in completing extensions to growing new Keng Tung road to tie in with the basic network at load centers. Loilem. 640 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA I. DIESEL PLANTS FOR OUTLYING TOWNS K. STREAM FLOW MEASUREMENT Certain remote towns should be supplied by diesel A hydrologic division should be created within the plants for many years to come. Ultimately, these Government organization to collect, pubUsh, and towns would be the recipients of power units no distribute river discharge measurements and other longer needed in the central Burma system. Proposed hydrologic data. This division should install staff or instaUations and estimated peak demands are recording river gauges, and make sufficient stream summarized from Table XIX-32 {see next page): flow measurements to cahbrate each gauge. Rating Estimated 1961 Proposed curves and tables should be published periodicaUy Town Peak Demand Installation, along with daily gauge heights. The division should inkW kW install rain gauges in critical drainage basins and Victoria Point 500 800 Mergui 1,700 2,000 near prospective power sites to supplement the Sandoway 500 800 scattered gauges already in operation at the principal Kyaukpyu 1,300 2,000 towns and vUlages. The division should be attached Ramree 300 500 either to the Electricity Supply Board or Irrigation Cheduba 300 500 Department. A list of suggested gauging stations Homalin 300 500 for power use follows: Singkaling Hkamti 200 300 River Location River Gauge Rain Gauge Myitkyina 1,900 2,500 Pegu Zaungtu Existing Existing Bhamo 1,100 1,500 Pegu Taikkyi „ „ Keng Tung Saingdin Saingdin Falls „ „ The estimated demand is based on increases in popu¬ Paunglaung Near mouth „ Not required lation and standards of living resuUing from the Balu Chaung Loikaw „ Existing current industrial program. Smaller installations Bawgata Chaung Kyaukkyi Re-establish Re-estabUsh Usted in Table XIX-4 should be regarded as "stop Lampha Chaung Near mouth Establish Establish Hpaungdaw Near „ „ gap" provisions to be completed in the next few Chaung powerhouse years. Namtu Near mouth ,, Not required Nam Yao Namsan Falls „ Establish J. LARGE HYDROELECTRIC SITES FOR Mu Wetto FUTURE STUDY Nam Pang Keng Tung „ On the Nam Teng River, 50 miles southeast of Road Loilem, there is a large power source. The river has L. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS a minhnum flow of 1,000 cusecs and faUs 800 ft. in 15 miles. Apparently this is less favorable for low 1. Early investigations of potential hydroelectric cost power than the Balu Chaung at Loikaw, where power in Burma by B. Raikes are summarized in the faU is more concentrated (2,200 ft. in ten miles), Table XIX-1. The prewar and existing power system the access is not so difficult, and transmission distance are detailed in Table XIX-2 indicating that much is less. A concentrated fall of 396 ft. is reported for work is yet required to restore prewar facilities and the Nam Teng which should be compared with a production. In the last column of the table is given 600 ft. concentrated fall on the Balu Chaung. the estimated future demand based on the statements On the Nam Pang River, just downstream from of local business men and power plant operators. the Keng Tung road, there is a major power source. These are long range needs predicated on require¬ The low flow is 2,000 cusecs and the fall is 800 ft. in ments for electrification of existing enterprises and 15 miles. For reasons given above this is less favor¬ substantial lighting and water supply installations. able than the Balu Chaung power site, but appears Table XIX-3 contains the "build-up" for the equal to the Nam Teng. Field investigations and estimated future demand. stream flow measurements will be required to make 2. A plan for immediate expansion of the existing a choice between these two power sites. power system by installation of new diesel and hydro¬ On the Mon River above the Mezali irrigation- electric facihties in 36 towns has been prepared by structure there is an excellent source of power, well the Electricity Supply Board. The construction would located to serve central Irrawaddy markets supple¬ require about three years. It will assist in early com¬ menting the Paunglaung and Bawgata developments. pletion of several portions of the longer range At present this is not favored due to insurgent developments presented in this Report without activity and probable flooding of rice lands. Field appreciable waste of labor and materials, and is investigation should be undertaken when the need endorsed as meriting approval and prompt imple¬ for additional power in that area develops. mentation. ELECTRIC POWER 641 TABLE XIX - 32 ESTIMATED ENERGY USE AND PEAK DEMAND, 1961

Million kWhj Year Assumed Peak Proposed Installation District.M^^^tyn t\..'t or\^ 1 Jb..r^l.4tl^State Load Demand Domestic Bulk Total Factor kW kW Type Location

Arakan Division Akyab 6-8 139-4 146-2 47-0 41,000 60,000 Hydro Saingdin Kyaukpyu 0-5 2-9 3-4 30-0 1,300 2,000 Diesel Kyaukpyu

Sandoway 0-5 0-4 0-9 20-0 500 800 j> Sandoway Pegu Division Pegu 2-8 12-0 14-8 28-0 6,000-| *30,000 Steam Rangoon Hanthawaddy 1-9 9-5 11-4 28-0 4,700 45,000 Hydro Pegu River Insein (rural) 0-8 5-5 6-3 25-0 2,600 . 140,000 »» Paunglaung Rangoon-Insein 50-0 90-3 140-3 42-2 38,000 (Pegu-Rangoon Loop) Tharrawaddy 2-7 4-7 7-4 28-0 3,000j 1 1 Prome 2-6 3-3 5-9 25-0 2,700 Satthwa-Prome-Letpadan Line Toungoo 2-6 4-3 6-9 25-0 3,200 Paunglaung-Pegu Line Irrawaddy Division I Bassein 3-8 7-6 11-4 25-0 5,200 Henzada-Bassein Loop Henzada 3-3 17-2 20-5 28 0 8,400 Spur from Pegu-Rangoon Loop Myaungmya 2-1 4-4 6-5 25-0 3,000 Henzada-Bassein Loop

Maubin 2-0 4-4 6-4 25-0 2,900 JJ J) 5,

Pyapon 2-0 4-4 6-4 25-0 2,900 )> J> 55 Tenasserim Division Amherst 3-7 9-1 12-8 28-0 5,200' Thaton 2-6 3-9 6-5 25-0 3,000 - 16,000 Hydro Lampha Ch. Tavoy 1-4 16-5 17-9 50-0 4,100 J Mergui 1-4 1-5 2-9 20-0 1,700 2,000 Diesel Mergui Magwe Division'^ Magwe 2-4 28-4 30-8 60-0 5,900 * 11,300 Steam Chauk

Minbu 1-4 1-8 3-2 25-0 1,500 * 11,300 99 55

Thayetmyo 1-4 5-5 6-9 60-0 1,300 * 1,600 55 Thayetmyo Pakokku 2-1 4-3 6-4 25-0 2,900 Spur from Myingyan-Mand. Loop Mandalay Division Mandalay 10-6 12-7 23-3 30-0 8,900^ Kyaukse 0-6 0-7 1-3 21-0 700 30,000 Steam Myingyan Meiktila 1-3 3-2 4-5 26-0 2,000 [ t40,000 Hydro Paunglaung Yamethin 1-9 12-2 14-1 22-0 7,300 (Myingyan-Mandalay Loop) Myingyan 2-4 110-2 112-6 50-0 25,700j Sagaing Division Sagaing 1-5 3-4 4-9 21-0 2,700 Spur from Myingyan-Mand. Loop Shwebo 1-5 3-4 4-9 20-0 2,800 Mu River Loop Myitkyina 11 2-3 3-4 20-0 1,900 2,500 Diesel Myitkyina Bhamo 0-6 1-3 1-9 20-0 1,100 1,500 >» Bhamo Upper Chindwin 0-7 11-2 11-9 50-0 2,700 6,000 Steam Kalewa Lower Chindwin 1-9 2-6 4-5 20-0 2,600 Mu River Loop

Katha 1-5 1-3 2-8 20 0 2,200 J) ») Eastern States Northern Shan States 2-4 52-8 55-2 60-0 10,500 §12,000 Hydro Namsan Southern Shan States 2-8 53-8 56-6 60 0 10,800\ 18,000 )> Ti—(WlR,tl oilra'w W Kayah State 0-6 7-2 7-8 40 0 2,200/

• Existing steam plants. t Paunglaung to have 80,000 kW capacity by 1962. X Myingyan-Magwe-Pyinmana transmission line to be constructed about 1960 will bring cheap power to Magwe Division. § Existing hydro supplemented from Mandalay-Lashio transmission line. 642 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA 3. Three large power plants for immediate develop¬ f. Mu River dams and canal (proposed irrigation ment are discussed in detail. The market estimates system) are based on planned industrial expansion near each g. Namsan FaUs plant, Namtu (expand) of the three developments and the improved standards h. Hpaungdaw plant, Tavoy (expand) of living and power use always attendant on such i. Mogok hydroelectric plant (expand) expansion. These estimates are lower than those given in Tables XIX 2 and XIX 3 but will closely The Paunglaung project should be given first coincide if the growth trend is extended for another priority in view of its accessibility and usefulness in ten years. It is significant that the local people in serving large potential markets. The Balu Chaung central Burma are demanding more electric power project should be given high priority as a source of than the contemplated program will provide in the low cost power for the Kayah and southern Shan near future, if the industrial projects are completed States including the proposed Lough Keng zinc on schedule. For example in the lower Pegu division development, and Henzada the reported demand totals about 75,000 kW including the proposed steel mill and irri¬ 7. The proposed transmission system shown on gation pumping, whereas the proposed supply wiU Plate 1 includes an initial loop serving Pegu, Rangoon be 60,000 kW in 1957 and 75,000 kW in 1960, leaving and Henzada, a second loop in the Mandalay no spare capacity whatever. In the Mandalay Division Division, and a line from Saingdin Falls to Akyab and Sagaing Town the reported demand totals about and the proposed paper factory. Expansion of the 45,000 kW including the proposed Myingyan zinc initial system will require construction of the Paung¬ plant, whereas the proposed supply will be 30,000 kW laung hydroelectric plant and the Sittang Valley line in 1957 and 40,000 kW in 1962. It is apparent that a from Yamethin to Pegu. The following additional sizable market exists which will largely absorb the transmission lines are proposed: output of the proposed power stations without a. Myingyan, Chauk, Magwe, Pyinmana regard to the early completion of major industrial b. Satthwa, Prome, Letpadan projects such as the steel mill or the zinc reduction c. Henzada, Bassein, Maubin, Rangoon plant. d. Payagyi, Thaton, Moulmein, Tavoy e. Myingyan, Ye-U, Shwebo, Sagaing 4. Preliminary studies and physical data for each of the three power plants are included together with f. Ye-U, Wetto, Katha the estimated construction costs and costs of power g. Mandalay, Maymyo, Lashio production. A plan of implementation is included h. Mawchi, Loikaw, Taunggyi, Lough Keng covering immediate field investigation and design i. Loilem to Mao Pang hydro station (future) plus near future construction to be completed in Items a, b and c should be given top priority in order 1956 for the steam plant and 1957 for the two to bring low cost hydroelectric power to the central hydroelectric plants. Early construction of those Irrawaddy and Delta markets in the near future. power plants is recommended subject to thorough field investigation of each project to indicate the soundness of the adopted design. 8. Diesel plants are proposed for remote towns as a permanent supply, subject to a review of the local 5. A plan for extension of the proposed Kalewa hydroelectric resources in each case. It is recom¬ mine power plant and transmission system to supply mended that the diesel installation be enlarged when neighboring communities is described. Such an necessary by the addition of units made available extension is recommended in order to widen the from the central Burma power system. markets and usefulness of this power plant. 9. Stream flow measurements and supplemental 6. Other hydroelectric plants recommended for rainfall measurements for hydro-power purposes continued investigation and probable future con¬ should be systematically collected, published and struction are the following: distributed to the several government agencies a. Paunglaung River near Pyinmana engaged in planning and construction of river projects. It is recommended that the function be b. Balu Chaung near Loikaw assigned to the Electricity Supply Board, or to the c. Bawgata Chaung near Kyaukkyi Irrigation Department, or to the proposed new d. Lampha Chaung (Moulmein supply) Ministry of Engineering Services (see par. A.3 of e. Namtu River, Pyaungsho Rapids Chapter XXV). PART VII

INDUSTRY

CHAPTER XX INTERRELATION OF INDUSTRIES

A. RANGE OF ESDUSTRIES in the economy which will be taken up by the first The industries to be considered in the economy of manifestations of increased consumer purchasing Burma range from small scale to large scale, from power. extractive to manufacturing, and from state owned to At a casual glance, the interdependence of various privately owned. The mineral industries and forest industries and services would seem to deny the industries described in Chapters XXI and XXIV, possibihty of finding a starting point for develop¬ respectively, are both extractive and manufacturing ment. Each industry appears to depend upon some in nature. Their prominence stems partly from the other for one or more key elements, and all depend fact that they exploit some of the raw materials which upon improved transport, communications, economic are sources of the country's economic independence. poUcies, and trained specialists in order to get off to The manufacturing industries treated in Chapter a healthy start. If the program had to be undertaken XXII and the smaU scale industries discussed in in isolation from the rest of the world, the difficulties Chapters XXIII and XXIV contribute the large body could not be overcome for many years. Fortunately, of productive enterprise required to free essential however, Burma's favorable foreign exchange balance consumer products from the burden of round-the- permits the purchase of both services and capital world shipping costs and to provide support to each resources from outside. When a start has been other and to other projects of the development realized in enough industries, a regenerative cycle or program. "chain reaction" should reduce materiaUy the require¬ ment for further contributions from overseas.

B. COMMON ECONOMIC FACTORS 3. SELECTION 1. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CORPORATIONS More directly, many specific industries and some Both government and private initiative are import¬ improved Uving factors wUl depend entirely upon ant to accelerated industrial development. Govern¬ other industries for either raw materials or finished ment operations have the advantage that centralized products. In the succeeding chapters, therefore, planning affords in meeting recognized needs with projects recommended for early action have been scaled remedial measures, but are hmited by the selected not only for economic feasibUity but for rigidity and inertia of centralized administrations their mutually complementary nature or because which cannot respond, expand, multiply, or contract they would immediately satisfy a grave consumer freely with changing local conditions. Private initiative need. General industrial projects have been grouped enjoys the converse characteristics in that it responds into a First-Year Plan, an Intermediate Plan, and a spontaneously to favorable conditions, and exploits Long-Range Plan (see Section D, Chapter XXII). automatically the latent managerial and promotional talents scattered throughout the population. The C. COMMON REQUIREMENTS program presented here contemplates the optimum utUization of both pubhc and private productive 1. RESOURCES resources. Basic requirements for most of the projects dis¬ cussed in the succeeding chapters are electric energy 2. EXPANSION EFFECTS and a fuel supply both adequate in quantity and The expansion of trades, services, handicrafts and reasonable in unit cost. Provisions for meeting these small scale industries can be expected to develop in requirements are developed in Chapters XIX and some measure spontaneously hi response to the XXI, respectively, Another essential to the success implementation of tax, tariff", credit and marketing of the program is experienced management and pohcies recommended elsewhere in the Report. operating personnel to assist in construction and Their further expansion depends upon the introduc¬ operation of plants and projects. Ways and means tion of cooperative enterprises, educational pro¬ of meeting this requirement are outUned in Chapters grams, extension services and faciUties for obtaining VII and XXV. equipment. In these fields Ues much of the "slack" Other resources required by industry include the 645 646 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA raw materials, minerals, and agricultural products specifications and supervise construction must be required by each industry appropriate to its nature. selected. At the same time, existing agencies may Some of these will be locally available. Some must proceed with such collection of detaUed data as can be imported. be anticipated. Upon establishment of the design agency, that agency must be given expedited support 2. STEPS IN IMPLEMENTATION in assembhng such additional data as it may require. To initiate and bring into operation an industrial The design organization will need to have project in such a way as to insure that it will be sound foundation information, hydrographic and climatic economically, administratively, and functionally, it information, sources and costs of materials, transport is necessary that the project evolve through successive facilities, and complete information on raw materials stages of maturity. and marketing problems. If field investigations are a. Preliminary Plans to be extensive, they should be supervised by field forces of the design and construction organization. Preliminary plans, sometimes parts of master plans, are generaUy prepared from scanty data. d. Construction and Operations They may or may not be based on data sufficiently reliable to guarantee feasibility of the project. The Depending upon the nature of the project, the elements of this comprehensive Report are in the design organization may or may not be the same preliminary planning class. organization that will construct or that wiU operate the completed plant. These decisions can probably b. Investigations for Design be made early and largely on the basis of information Before funds for other than investigational pur¬ contained in this or various project reports, supple¬ poses are committed, sufficient additional data mented by any additional data that may be required. should be obtained to leave no doubt as to feasibility. The design organization should in any event super¬ Such data should confirm necessary resources and vise the erection of the plant whether constructed by marketing estimates, confirm suitabihty of site and contract or otherwise. It should also specify, access to the site, establish a feasible management approve, inspect, and test equipment to be purchased and operating plan, and confirm the feasibility and or erected and installed. Specifications for equipment costs of plant design and construction. If only a must be as carefully drawn and rigidly correct as for little additional information is required and can be any part of the works. obtained by existing agencies, and if the information confirms feasibility, the design organization can be Operations may be performed by management selected. If more information is required, a planning contract with a different firm from the design firm, and investigations group may have to be assembled with the same firm, or with trained Burmese personnel to obtain it. if available. Contractual arrangements should be explicit with respect to requirements for training the c. Designs and Specifications permanent operating staff. Other more general When decision has been made to proceed with the criteria for proper implementation of projects are project, the agency that is to detail the designs and cited in Chapter XXV. CHAPTER XXI

MINERAL INDUSTRIES

A. GENERAL GEOLOGY Minerals Icnown to occur in Bun A thorough knowledge of the general geology of Alum Columbite Manganese Saltpetre any country is essential to the successful exploration, Amber Copper Mica Silver evaluation and development of its mineral resources. Antimony Corundum Molybdenum Soda Although the knowledge attained to date in Burma Barite Gem stones Natural gas Steatite is considerable, it is far from thorough or even Bauxite Gold Nickel Sulphates Beryl adequate, Accurate geological mapping, the basis of Graphite Ochre Sulphides Bismuth Gypsum Oil all other geological work, has covered comparatively Sulphur Cadmium Iridium Oil shale Tin Uttle of the whole area of the country. Chromite Iron ores Phosphates Titanium The four principal physiographic provinces are the Cinnebar Jadehe Platinum Tungsten central basin, the Arakan Yoma, the Arakan coastal Coal Kaolin Sah Zinc strip, all extending in a north south direction, and in the east the Shan Plateau extending southward to include the Tenasserim mountain ranges. There are Granites, gneisses, laterite, limestones, marble, sandstones, serpentines, trap rocks, clays, sands and five recognized tectonic lines which are the major structural features. All have a north south trend. gravels occur, suitable for building blocks, concrete aggregates, road metal and the manufacture of Intrusive magmas have followed these lines of weak¬ cement, bricks, tiles, pottery, china and glass. ness in the earth's crust, and the metallic ore deposits associated with or closely connected with the intru- sives have been governed and localized by them. In 2. ECONOMIC EVALUATION the west the intrusives generally vary from ultra- Those mineral deposits which until now have basic to basic whUe in the east they are acidic. proved of greatest economic importance to Burma Field work undertaken during the course of the are notably tin, tungsten, lead-silver, and petroleum. present survey at Kalewa, in the Naga Hills tract, The importance of the few minerals produced with in the southern Shan State, the Kachin State, the extremely limited and superficial exploration indicates Kayah State and the Tenasserim Division have con¬ a high probabihty that the orderly development of tributed to a better knowledge of these mineralized Burma's mineral resources can provide in a relatively areas. The additional information developed may be short time a large measure of the wealth needed to found in the several development project and field establish other industries and to achieve the improved examination reports previously submitted. living standards that the people seek. Although the exploitation of its oil resources has B. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY provided part of Burma's requirements of petroleum 1. MINERAL OCCURRENCES AND DEPOSITS products, the coal and coke required to serve its sohd Listed alphabetically hereinafter are the principal fuel requirements have been imported. No effective minerals, or metals obtainable therefrom, known to effort has been made to develop domestic production. occur in Burma. Excluded are radioactive and rare During the course of this survey, however, it has been earth minerals; included are amber, coal and petrol¬ determined that the country has at least one extensive eum, sometimes not classified as minerals within the deposit of coal, namely the Kalewa field, which can specialized meaning of the word. Aggregates of be developed to supply industrial power and probably minerals comprising building material and road railway locomotive fuel for the needs of the country metal are mentioned separately. Reference may be for many years. The exploration work and utUization made to the Preliminary Report for the location of tests on which this determination is based are dis¬ most of the better known or more important occur¬ cussed in subsequent paragraphs. rences and deposits. Those having present or potential The comparatively cheap fuel and electric power economic importance are discussed briefly under the which Kalewa coal could furnish would provide an next subheading. essential economic base for the establishment of 647 648 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA new industries and the expansion of existing ones. 2. THE MAWCHI MINES LIMITED For instance, the estabUshment of an electrothermic Mawchi mines lies in territory that continues to be zinc refinery would become possible. In turn this held by insurgents. Any quantities of tin and tungsten would make possible the exploitation of the Lough concentrates being produced are believed to be com¬ Keng zinc deposit and the export of zinc metal instead paratively small and derived from the Ulegal working of only concentrates and ore. of scattered surface occurrences rather than from the Although many of the minerals and metals listed mine proper. Such production is presumably trans¬ under the preceding heading are not known to occur ported illegally into ThaUand. Efforts to regain in quantities or concentrations sufficient to make control of the Mawchi area by the end of the current their development and exploitation economically dry season were unsuccessful. feasible, the discovery in certain instances of deposits which are of economic value is by no means 3. THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY precluded. On the contrary such discovery is likely During the several years prior to the last World if an orderly continuing program of exploitation and War, the annual production of petroleum in Burma development is adopted and executed. Undoubtedly was stabUized at about 275,000,000 Imperial gallons, such a program would bring in new sources of including about 10,000,000 gaUons of petrol derived antimony, manganese, tin, tungsten, lead and zinc from natural gas. Some 70% of the Uquid products production. were exported to India. AdditionaUy, wax was made It is certain that the known reserves of oU can be into candles for domestic consumption and exported extended and that increased production can be in bulk to India and the United Kingdom. developed if Burma's domestic and export demands Although smaU compared with the output in many require it. In general, the evidence is overwhelming other countries, the production provided Burma with that Burma's mineral resources are greatly under- a prominent source of employment, internal revenue explored and under-developed. and foreign exchange. At prices prevaUing during the few years prior to the war, the crude oU produced C. ESTABLISHED MINERAL PRODUCTION was valued at about K6,00,00,000 and the products OPERATIONS refined therefrom in Burma were valued at about Kl 5,00,00,000 1. BURMA CORPORATION (1951) LIMITED The Burmah Oil Company, Indo-Burma Petroleum The Preliminary Report stated that the Corporation and British-Burma Petroleum controUed some 97% planned to resume operations at the monthly rate of of the prewar output, the balance being distributed 8,000 tons of ore mined and miUed. To date, although among several local companies. During the war the noteworthy progress has been made in training properties of the oU companies suffered extensive indigenous mine labor, only about half this rate has damage. To achieve a more effective program for been achieved. Present plans caU for expanding the rehabihtation of the industry, the three large com¬ tonnage mined and treated to 25,000 tons per month, panies combined their production and refining this objective to be attained about two years hence. holdings as the Associated OU Companies, referred The treatment of this larger tonnage wUl require to elsewhere in this chapter. In this group BOC the construction and instaUation of additional mUling ownership represents 76-8%, IBPC 17-0%, and facUities to treble the capacity of the present plant. BBPC6-2%. To mine this tonnage wUl necessitate the recruitment, The Associated Oil Companies resumed produc¬ training and employment of more underground tion in January 1947. Although rehabUitation was workers to nearly double the force required for a and continues to be seriously interrupted by the monthly rate of 8,000 tons mined. Bearing in mind msurrection, a production of 25,800,000 gallons of the trained mine labor that may also be required for crude was obtained in 1952. Insofar as the known the Kalewa coalfield and the Mawchi mines, it is and potential reserves of oU are concerned, the doubtful whether the supply of indigenous labor wiU industry is capable of noteworthy expansion when¬ be sufficient to permit the attainment of this objective ever economic conditions warrant and civU conditions within two years. permit. Should this presently proposed production rate be achieved in two years, zinc concentrates could be 4. GENERAL produced at an annual rate of approximately 66,000 Security conditions have continued to affect tons as compared with the 22,000 ton rate on which adversely the tm and tungsten mining operations in the Myingyan zinc project is based. the Tenasserhn Division and in the Pyinmana and

MINERAL INDUSTRIES 649 Yamethin areas. Until there is assurance of an driUing sites have meanwhile been under construction, enduring major improvement in these condhions, the services of two buUdozers having been obtained httle if anything can be done to implement recom¬ for this purpose from the Public Works Department. mendations for more effective exploration, develop¬ The Project Manager arrived in Burma on March 29 ment and production. Recommended modifications and the foreign driUing personnel required are of mining legislation and taxation could, however, expected shortly. be effected in the interim. MeanwhUe, the prospect shaft at Kalewa was deepened, and bulk coal samples secured for ship¬ D. FIELD EXAMINATIONS, STUDIES AND ment to the United States and Germany for low INVESTIGATIONS carbonization, briquetting and other utilization tests. 1. GENERAL Approximately 4,500 pounds of Kalewa coal were shipped to the United States for this purpose and AU of the recommendations of the Preliminary 2,000 pounds to Germany. From the tests conducted and Interim Reports were related to projects or in the United States, bulk samples of briquettes were activities designed to develop the country's mineral received in Burma and used for combustion tests on resources. Most of them entaUed field examinations a Burma Railways locomotive with satisfactory and surveys, explorations, laboratory investigations, results. Commercial scale briquette manufacturing metallurgical tests, economic evaluation studies, and tests and the return to Burma of several tons of the formulation of development and exploitation briquettes for full scale locomotive tests are part of programs. The principal areas investigated are the program of Project No. 61. indicated on Plate 1. Despite increased difficulties The continuing studies and investigations in Burma arising from civil and security conditions, important and in the United States will furnish the data for results were achieved as hereinafter summarized. detailed plans and specifications for the development 2. THE MINERAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT of the coalfield. Studies of consumer demand indicate CORPORATION that the mine should be developed to supply annually 400,000 tons of Kalewa coal products to meet sohd Following the examination and study of develop¬ fuel requirements for transport, power, industrial and ment corporations in other countries by a Burmese metaUurgical uses. The development plan and aU Mission sent overseas for this purpose, enabhng relevant data obtainable to date have been incor¬ legislation was drawn up and passed by Parliament porated in a Kalewa coalfield development project as GUB Act No. 44 of 1952 to create "The Mineral which is summarized in paragraph E-9-a. For the Resources Development Corporation." The Act many detaUs not covered in this summary, reference specified the Corporation's constitution, powers and should be made to the project report itself. functions, and financing and accounts; specified its powers to establish subsidiary corporations; defined its general legal status; and established it as a legal 4. THE ANTIMONY PROJECT entity as from November 1, 1952. The stipulated The development of a "demonstration mine," and directorate, including a Director-General, was five other mines to be patterned thereon, was a basic appointed, and the recruitment of administrative, recommendation of the antimony project presented technical and operating personnel was begun. in the Prehminary Report. Following the examina¬ tion of some 20 known occurrences of antimony ore, 3. INVESTIGATION OF THE KALEWA COAL eight to ten were to be selected for exploration and FIELD POTENTIALITIES prospecting to determine the best six. Accordingly, Pursuant to the recommendations made in the detailed field examinations were made of Mong Sang Preliminary Report for further field and laboratory and Lebyin, two of the most important antimony- mvestigation of the Kalewa coal field, GUB Project producing areas in the Shan State, and a third area Proposal No. 61, "Kalewa Coal Development near Mong Pan was reconnoitered. However, some Preliminary Field and Laboratory Investigation" of the reportedly most attractive deposits in Burma, was drafted, approved by BEAC and TCA, funds in the Thaton and Amherst Districts, remained in¬ allocated by the latter, and execution finally assigned accessible because of adverse security conditions. in February 1953 to Pierce Management Inc. of Samples of antimony ore from the Shan State deposits Scranton, Pennsylvania. Most of the equipment were despatched by air to the United States where required for the project has arrived in Burma, a they were subjected to laboratory studies and analysis. bulldozer for the construction of access roads having The results of this work are reviewed in paragraph arrived at Kalewa. Some access roads to diamond E-9-e. For greater detail, reference may be made 650 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA to the field examination reports and the antimony is sufficient to supply the refinery's needs for zinc project as presently revised, reported separately, and carbonate ores for over 15 years without taking into summarized in paragraph E-9-e. account possible downward extensions. Plans for underground exploration designed to 5. THE MYINGYAN ZINC PROJECT determine by hand method downward extensions of The Lough Keng zinc carbonate ore deposit, the carbonate ore and its possible transition at essential to the Myingyan zinc project, was examined moderate depth into sulphide ore were prepared and and a report submitted. Representative samples of submitted, together with cost estimates, to the ore were despatched by air to the United States for Mineral Resources Development Corporation. The analysis and metallurgical investigation. Similarly execution of this program wUl determine whether despatched were samples of Burma Corporation diamond drilling may be required later to disclose (1951), Ltd., zinc sulphide flotation concentrates. fully the extent and physical characteristics of the All relevant data including statements and opinions ore body. regarding the long term availability and estimated Estimates were made of the cost of a 25-30 mile cost of raw materials, notably ore, concentrates and access road from Mong Pawn to Lough Keng and coal; estimates of transportation costs; data on the of the cost of equipping the property for the surface utilization of Kalewa coal; smelter schedules; and mining and transport to railhead of 40,000 tons of world zinc markets and prices have been carefully ore annually for 15 years. Aerial photographs were studied in the light of the most recent metallurgical taken for topographic mapping purposes, for road developments in the smelting and refining of zinc. ahgnments, and for use in the geological survey to Although it has not yet been possible to obtain the be made in connection with the exploration program, detailed topographic, hydrographic and other survey and the ground survey control for photogrammetric data necessary to permit determination of the best measures is presently awaited. plant site at Myingyan, an initial field examination of the possibilities offered was made in May, and aerial Lead sulphide and carbonate ore occurrences and photographs for topographic mapping purposes have mining operations in the Bawzaing-Mawson, AUeg- been taken. Further mapping progress awaits execu¬ yaung and other areas were examined. Because of tion of the ground control required for photogram- lack of facihties the lead carbonate zone south of metric purposes. Mawson has not yet been prospected and tested as The results of the foregoing investigational activities recommended in the Preliminary Report. Apart from are reviewed hereinafter beginning with paragraph this development possibility, no deposits of major E-9-b. Subject to final confirmation by large scale economic importance were encountered or indicated. furnace tests for which appropriate tonnages of raw The principal manganese deposit in the Ho Pong materials must be sent to the United States, the estab¬ area was examined, and recommendations for more lishment of a zinc refining industry using the Sterling efficient exploitation were made. Other manganese electrothermic process is recommended. For greater deposits in the area were examined also, and recom¬ detail, reference should be made to the Myingyan mendations made to the owners for prospecting and zinc project report. exploration work where the showings were promising. The field examinations and recommendations are 6. AREAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS covered in reports previously submitted to Govern¬ Throughout the period under review field investiga¬ ment. tions were generally restricted by security conditions, Coal occurrences north and northwest of Taunggyi and, with few exceptions, were precluded in the were investigated. Although some of the coal had Tenasserim Division, a large part of the Kayah State, been reported to have coking characteristics, test of and the Yamethin District. samples taken did not confirm this. The seams exposed were of trivial thickness and lacking in a. Shan, Kayah and Keng Tung States apparent continuity of strike and dip. The conclusion In the Shan State, examination of the Lough Keng was reached that economic coal deposits are unlikely zinc carbonate deposit confirmed the existence of to be discovered in the Shan State. SimUarly, a coal 550,000 metric tons of measurable outcrop ore with occurrence at Htai Kwe, a few miles west of Loikaw, an average content of 40 % zinc. Assays and metal¬ and one at Kyebogyi, a few miles north of Bawlake, lurgical tests of ore samples sent to the United States both in the Kayah State, were examined and found confirmed that the ore would be amenable to treat¬ to be of no importance. ment by the electrothermic process recommended Antimony deposits at Mong Sang and vicinity, and for the Myingyan zinc refinery. The visible ore alone at Mong Pan were examined. The former was found MINERAL INDUSTRIES 651 sufficiently promising to justify a considerable pro¬ commercial value at Namtu near Myitkyina; and gram of exploration and development. On the other mica-bearing formations at Bumarang Bum were hand, the Lebyin mine, referred to in the Preliminary investigated by the engineer and his field assistants. Report, was examined in detail, and the conclusion None of these occurrences proved impressive except reached that it showed little if any promise. for auriferous gravels at Namma and near Myitkyina Several occurrences of copper ore were examined where it was recommended that the possibihty of in the Shan State, but none of them appeared to be a commercial deposit be explored by systematic promising. The occurrences reported south of Heho sampling. on the east side of Inle Lake remained inaccessible Working from Singkaling Hkamti on the Upper for examination because of security conditions. Chindwin River as a base, a geological reconnais¬ Although the reported occurrences of phosphate sance was made with the assistance of Dr. Ba Thi, rock in the Kayah State which were examined and acting Director of the Geological Department, of sampled were disappointingly low in content part of the Naga Hill tract to the west of the river additional exploration appeared warranted. and of a smaller strip to the east. As a result, the Such information regarding the mineral potenti¬ probabUity of important mineral deposits to the afities of Keng Tung State as could be obtained from west was largely discounted. interrogating the best informed persons in Keng Tung was recorded for future reference. Although it c. Tenasserim Division was impossible under the circumstances to reconnoitre Various deposits of beach sands were examined on outside of the town of Keng Tung, it is believed that Tavoy, King, Tantage and Mergui Islands of the the Wah States may prove, on exploration, to have Mergui Archipelago with a view to evaluating them worthwhile deposits of lead and antimony ore, and as possible sources of raw material for a glass manu¬ that south and west of Keng Tung, along the Thai facturing industry. At least one deposit of suitable border, there may be economically attractive deposits quality was found, namely, the Thegon and adjoining of tungsten. Panyoyo sands, although the quantity of 27,200 cu. b. The Kachin State and Naga Hills yds. estimated to be avaUable was not as large as desired. It is believed that further examination might In the Kachin State, the highly reputed lead-silver discover additional smaU deposits. ore deposit at Arahku was examined as well as a While it was possible to investigate and report to reported copper-nickel deposit at Ahkail, north of a considerable degree upon the status of the tin and Arahku. This examination trip required considerable tungsten mining industry in the Tenasserim Division organization because of the lack of communications, by interrogating owners, operators and government Arahku being approximately 12 days by trail from officials at Mergui, Tavoy and Victoria Point, it was Sumprabum. The deposit at Arahku proved dis¬ impossible, because of lack of security, to make appointing and that at Ahkail valueless. Following more than a brief inspection of a few tin and tungsten the initial examination of Arahku, approximately placer areas northeast of Mergui and in the vicinity 100 ft. of underground exploration was accomplished. of Victoria Point. Despite this disadvantage, definite This effectively demonstrated that the Arahku conclusions were reached regarding measures which occurrence possessed no potential economic value should be taken to encourage expanded production and that further efforts to develop it should be activities once security conditions become normal. abandoned. These measures are presented hereinafter in the An examination visit to the lead-silver deposits in section dealing with future mineral development. the vicinity of Putao, which because of the greater local interest in Arahku had been assigned second d. Pegu District priority, was started but abandoned prior to com¬ The coal occurrences at Pyinbongyi, some 40 miles pletion when the examining engineer was recalled to north of Pegu were investigated to the extent per¬ Rangoon by Government. mitted by security conditions and found to be of a In addition to these two principal investigations, trivial extent and of no economic importance. showings of copper ore at Taungbalom; gold aUuvials at Myitkyina, Namma, Hpakan on the Uru River and in Nanpanmwe Chaung; iron and sulphur 7. MINERAL INDUSTRY TRAINING PROGRAM showings at Indawgyi Lake; coal occurrences at The manner in which an effective mineral industry Pinbaw; talc occurrences near Kyungon; jade training program could be established on a continuing showings and workings on the Masa Hka, at Tammaw basis was discussed with the Mineral Resources and Hpankan; garnet-bearing schists of possible Development Corporation. Specific reference to the 652 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA program recommended wiU be found in subsequent b. Development Policies sections and on the organization chart submitted to In formulating national policies fundamental to a the Corporation. weU-integrated, comprehensive mineral development program, the Government should strive to attain the E. FUTURE MINERAL DEVELOPMENT foUowing important general objectives: 1. GENERAL (1) The restoration of estabhshed mining opera¬ a. Economic Potentialities tions to their prewar level of production. (2) The expansion of production operations when¬ In the fiscal years 1937-1941, mineral exports ever possible by the use of the most recent and accounted for 33 % of the national total. So far as the efficient mining methods and metaUurgical processes. deposits exploited during this period are concerned, (3) The creation of additional reserves from known most of them are still capable of return to the prewar mineral deposits by systematic exploration, prospect¬ rate of production. With the higher metal prices now ing, and development work based on sound technical prevaUing, the value of mineral production would be advice and geological examination of the deposits. increased greatly. While there are instances where the prewar production rate could not be maintained for (4) The construction of access roads, where many years from known reserves, there are many warranted, for facUitating the execution of (2) and (3). other instances in which no systematic effort has been (5) The development by Government of mineral made to develop the deposits to create additional production from new or hitherto unexploited deposits, reserves. Also, many of the deposits being exploited and the development of new metallurgical industries before the war are capable of an even higher rate of where the economic value to the country is demon¬ production if efficient operating methods are used. strable but where private enterprise or capital cannot In important instances, also, the provision of access be induced to undertake such development or ex¬ roads alone would make expanded production ploitation. operations economically feasible. (6) The inauguration and effective execution of An example of a known but undeveloped and a long term continuing program of systematic unexploited mineral deposit is Kalewa coal. Here exploration designed to discover mineral deposits of development and exploitation would not increase economic value and to secure their early develop¬ exports, but would reduce and could even eUminate ment and exploitation. the need for imports and, apart from other economic (7) The estabUshment and maintenance of a long advantages more important to the country, would term continuing program for educating and training— result in an appreciable saving of foreign exchange. in Burma and overseas, as required—the labor, super¬ AdditionaUy, the exploitation of this source of visory staff, technological and administrative staff, solid fuel would result directly in an increase in the and personnel needed by the mineral industry (see export of other minerals. With Kalewa coal, the Chapter III). estabUshment in Burma of a zinc refinery becomes (8) Revision of the mining laws and regulations, economicaUy practicable and desirable. The zinc greatly needed improvements in the administration refinery would make possible the exploitation of of the mineral concessions, rules, and modifications the Lough Keng zinc carbonate ore deposit, which in the form of taxation on mineral production so that without the refinery would be economically un¬ the search for minerals and their development and attractive, and would thus enable the export from exploitation by private individuals wiU be encouraged Burma of zinc metal. Foreign exchange earnings rather than discouraged. The contributions of private would thus be increased by both the increase in prospecting are essential in a country having un¬ zinc exploitation and by the substitution of the explored areas as extensive as those existing in Burma, export of zinc metal for the export of concentrates. where coverage in any reasonable period of years The economic potential in undiscovered mineral would be beyond the capacity of any single govern¬ deposits cannot be readily evaluated. Considering ment agency or corporation. that such a comparatively small part of the total area Progress towards the attaimnent of these objectives of Burma has been explored for mineral deposits, can be best effected by a combination of private even superficiaUy, and that only two efficiently enterprise and government effort, the latter exerted developed deposits of metallic minerals, namely energetically through the media of all departments Bawdwin and Mawchi, have made such notable concerned with the development of mineral resources, contribution to the Burmese economy, there is ample but particularly through a strong and efficient Mines reason for beheving strongly that the potential is Department, an adequately staffed and competent comparatively great. Geological Department, and the vigorous and MINERAL INDUSTRIES 653 effective contributions of the Mineral Resources throughout Burma. This is inconsistent with the Development Corporation. The functions, responsi¬ generally accepted definition or connotation of the bihties and administration of these departments and word "prospecting." and constitutes an effective of the Corporation are discussed and correlated in impediment to that activity as usually understood. following subsections. (3) The Disc License is evidently designed to permit an individual of reduced means to conduct 2. MINING LAWS AND TAXATION smaU-scale hand method mining operations on The serious inconsistencies between existing mining "Special Mining Area," By implication and practice legislation—inherited as it is from an older and it appears to convey the right to mine tin and distinctly different social and political establishment— tungsten deposits only. and the new self-determined social and pohtical estabhshment created by the Burmese people, were (4) The Mining Lease is the basic requirement for noted in the Preliminary Report in which it was lawfully working a mine or exploiting a mineral recommended that early attention be given this deposit. It is apparent, however, that despite this matter and the related subject of mineral industry legal requirement a very considerable proportion taxation. of current mineral production resuhs from operations conducted under certificates of approval, prospecting licenses, and disc licenses. This may be due in part a. Existing Legislation to the fact that present procedures for obtaining a The principal existing regulations are set forth in mining lease are unnecessarily complex, cumbersome, the "Burma MetaUiferous Mines Manual, 1937," as and time-consuming. A lease generally denotes the corrected to May I, 1941, the "Mineral Concession grant by the owner of the right to occupancy and use. Rules," and the supplementary manual, "The Burma Mineral Concessions Directions, 1947." Recom¬ mendations relating to these regulations and to the b. Recommended Revisions principles, concepts and consideration from which The primary modifications of existing mining they arise have already been presented to Govern¬ legislation and mineral industry taxation believed ment in a separate study entitled "Recommended necessary and recommended in a previous report in Modifications of Mining Legislation and Taxation" order to provide a sound base for a modern, equitable, to which reference is particularly invited for greater and more effectively workable mining code are as detail than that contained in the subsequent sum¬ foUows: marization. (1) The principle should be established that the At present the lawful conduct of mineral develop¬ mineral resources of the Union of Burma, in the ment and exploitation under the two basic documents broadest scope of the term, belong ultimately to the is effected through the combination of four separate people of the Union, and that the role of the Govern¬ devices: a certificate of approval, a prospecting ment shall be that of custodian of these resources, as license, a disc license, and a mining lease. The agent by the free wiU and in the interest of aU the following comments on each device are pertinent people. Government shall by this enactment revoke to the recommendations which follow: the principle of its hereditary or ultimate ownership (1) The Certificate of Approval is considered to be of all mineral resources, except that through lawfully open to abuses far more damaging than its possible created agents such as corporations, authorities or beneficial contribution to the modern development boards, government ownership of partial to complete of the mineral industry. It has been used by the interest in specific operating elements of the economy financially able, to acquire interests in new prospects may be acquired by due process of law. or mines without personally contributing financially (2) The right to travel freely over the surface of the to the exploration. country where such travel does not involve trespass (2) The Prospecting License is, in effect, a modified on notified areas, searching for and examining mining permit drawn up for a specific claim or area. natural outcrops of rock and collecting specimens and Prospecting licenses are issued without uniformity. samples of such outcrops for subsequent examination As in the case of the certificate of approval, it is open and analysis, where such collection does not involve to serious abuses. A large proportion of the 1951 damage greater than the trivial removal of brush and mineral production in the Shan States came from soil, should be established as a basic free and inahen- operations conducted on claims held only under able right of every citizen of the Union, provided prospecting licenses, a practice believed general that the Government, acting for and with the consent

R.B. II—11 654 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA of the people, may by prior notification and demarca¬ exploration, development, and limited smaU-scale tion, prohibit such travel and search on or within production for renewable periods of one year over a specified distances of areas or establishments created total period of three years, would be readily obtain¬ or maintained in the interest of pubhc welfare. able. (3) The rules requiring a certificate of approval (3) If the property demonstrates further exploita¬ before issuance of a prospecting license or mining tion potentiafities, application for a mineral exploita¬ lease should be revoked, and this device should be tion license could be made by the holder of the aboUshed. mineral exploration license at any time prior to (4) The prospecting license should be revoked and expiration of the latter. If granted, the exploitation provision should be made for the issuance of a license would permit the licensee to continue explora¬ mineral exploration license valid for one year which tion and to undertake formal exploitation of his would entitle the holder to the right of annual deposits for a maximum period of 25 years. renewal for two successive years, prior to the expira¬ tion of which the holder would have to make applica¬ d. Provisions for Foreign Capital tion for a mineral exploitation license if he desired to So far, the recommendations summarized in the exploit the deposit. preceding paragraphs have applied to the develop¬ (5) The device known as the disc license should be ment and exploitation by Burmese nationals, and by abohshed and certain advantages which it offers, as the Mineral Resources Development Corporation discussed in the separate report, should be incor¬ only. However, for a very considerable period in porated in the mineral exploitation license. the future, satisfactory progress toward optimum (6) The mining lease should be revoked and its development of mineral resources will also require broad principles embodied in a new device to be foreign enterprise and capital. Foreign capital wiU known as the mineral exploitation license, but not ordinarily seek employment in Burma unless the modified appropriately to {a) sunplify and facilitate rights to recover and remove the investment from the application and issue; {b) reduce the land area law¬ country with a fair return thereon are fully assured fully to be held under it; (c) aUow the exploitation of and protected by law. Indeed, private foreign capital, aU minerals whenever and wherever found in the or even pubUc foreign capital is likely to be made licensed area; {d) provide for appropriate government avaUable only in those countries which by reputation revenue by a schedule of reasonable taxes levied on and history of fair dealing provide assurance that net income or profit derived from the production there will be no confiscation by taxation or by and disposal of mineral products, at the same time imposition of import, export, and foreign exchange abohshing existing royalty, export and sales forms restrictions, or otherwise. The enactment of a mining of taxation; (e) provide for termination of the license code should therefore include appropriate safeguards under certain conditions such as failure dUigently to for foreign capital. exploit the holding. These recommendations are presented in greater detaU in the previously mentioned 3. THE MINES DEPARTMENT report. It is worth emphasizing here, however, that a. Functions and Responsibilities the fundamental change in concept in this latter instance should be that the State should derive Prior to the last war the Mines Department reasonable revenue from profits made on the sale concerned itself almost solely with the administration and disposal of minerals and metals after they have of the Mines Act, its principal interest being the been produced, but not from the rights of the citizens safety and working conditions of mine labor. Ad¬ to search for, develop or produce them. ministered by a Chief Inspector of Mines and Detailed implementing, clarifying and facihtating subordinate Inspectors, the Act provided also for enactments wUl of course be required. mining boards and mining committees which could exercise many of the functions of inspectors and c. Anticipated Procedure act much as civil courts with respect to mining. In this latter respect, the Department's principal function In idealized outline, prospecting, mineral explora¬ was that of guarding the interest of the State by tion, and exploitation under a code based on these exercising control and regulation of the mineral recommendations would develop as follows: industry. Probably it was derived from the regahan (1) Burmese nationals would exercise their right of conception that the mineral resources of a country free travel and search for promising mineral showings. belonged to the crown, as somewhat distinct from (2) If and when such showings were found, a the democratic principle that a country and its mineral exploration license permitting concentrated resources belong to its people or citizens. MINERAL INDUSTRIES 655 Mineral deposits are irreplaceable and, when b. Administration undergoing exploitation, are wasting assets. Inefficient The development of an effective Mines Department or wasteful methods of development and explohation will inevitably progress slowly if dependence is placed render impossible the maximum recovery of useful solely on the present availability in Burma of qualified minerals and result in an irrecoverable loss of the technical personnel. Considering the requirements of country's natural wealth. It is believed therefore, the Mines Department, the Geological Department, that in addition to the function which it has hitherto and the Mineral Resources Development Corporation exercised, the Mines Department should provide alone, as distinct from mineral industry needs, it will technical advice for small and medium sized mining be some years hence, before there are available enough operations in order to secure the adoption of efficient professionally trained Burmese geologists, mining mining and metallurgical methods. With the same engineers and metallurgists to carry on the full objective in view, the Department's technical advice program. In determining the technical personnel and recommendations should govern generaUy the requirements of these establishments, every care Government's administration and enforcement of should therefore be taken to insure that there is not mineral industry legislation and taxation. duplication of efforts, functions and responsibilities. To this end the staff" on the Mines Department With these important considerations in mind an should include several qualified mining engineers initial organization such as that outlined below is willing and able frequently to tour the mining recommended. In the future, staff can be added as districts, visit operations and advise operators on the need develops. methods of ore development, extraction and beneficia- tion. They should emphasize to the operators their MINISTRY OF MINES function of providing unbiased instruction and THE MINES DEPARTMENT technical assistance and minimize their concern with administration and regulation. An auxilliary function Director of these engineers would be the preliminary appraisal Mines Technical of mineral deposits discovered in the course of the Inspection Assistance License Statistical Section Section Section Section field work of the Geological Department. In the immediately preceding section, basic changes 1 Chief Inspector 1 Chief Mining 1 Chief 1 Mining in existing mineral industry legislation and taxation Engineer Licensing Engineer Officer Analyst were recommended. If these recommendations are 2 Assistant Mines 1 Assistant approved and implemented by Government, the Mines Department would be wholly responsible * One would normally be assigned to north and central Burma for the issue of mineral exploration licenses and and the Shan and Kayah States and the other to the Tenasserim responsible for prior approval of the issue of mineral Division. exploitation licenses, final approval in the latter instance resting with the Minister of Mines. For this 4. THE GEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT purpose the Mines Department would have to include a. Functions and Responsibilities a hcense section or bureau. The head of this office For most countries, and especially for a country would be responsible to the Director for the pro¬ such as Burma which has mineral resources of proved cessing of all license applications. Prior to the economic worth, a strong and efficiently conducted submission of an apphcation to the Director for geological survey or department is a wise investment. approval or denial, the license office would effect any Until the separation of Burma from India in 1937, necessary investigation of the applicant or the area the Geological Survey of India maintained a party under application, using the services of the Depart¬ in Burma with permanent headquarters in Rangoon. ment's technical staff" for this purpose as required. For several reasons, including the financial crisis of In addition to the foregoing functions and responsi¬ 1931, the party never attained its planned strength of bilities, the Mines Department should have a about 20 technical officers, but, at the time of statistical section responsible for the current compila¬ separation, consisted of a superintending geologist, tion and recording of all mineral production and a geologist who served as technical adviser to the export data. Through the Department this data Warden, Burma Oilfields, an assistant geologist and should be made available to all other interested a chemical assistant. When Burma separated from government offices and to private individuals, and India the party was redesignated the "Burma care should be taken by Government to eliminate Geological Department," the Government of India any duplication of this responsibility in other agreeing to lend to the Government of Burma for departments or agencies. a period of five years the geological officers necessary 656 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA to maintain the Department at its immediate pre- (6) the reconstitution and expansion of the Geological separation strength of four men. This organization Department and the Mines Department. continued to function until the invasion of Burma The first five of these undertakings might well early in 1942. absorb most of funds prudently allocable from a At Simla, in June 1944, it was decided that the reasonably balanced national budget, and it is certain Burma Geological Department should comprise one that they would more than exhaust the resources of superintending geologist, six geologists and twelve national technological personnel. Despite the recog¬ assistant geologists. The Consultative Committee nized basic importance of a Geological Department further recommended that the Government of India in the development of the country's mineral resources, lend geologists to staff" the department until the unless funds can be made avaUable to advance the Government of Burma could recruit and train execution of the whole mineral development policy Burmese nationals to replace them. of the Government along parallel lines and simul¬ For various reasons this temporary staffing by the taneously, it would seem wise to secure first the Geological Survey of India never materialized, rehabilitation of prewar production operations, although a Mr. E. J. Bradshaw of that Survey was expansion of their former rate of production where released on request of the Government of Burma to economically feasible, and the development of the accept appointment as Director, Burma Geological most promising production potentialities presently Department. This post he held until shortly after the recognized, namely, the Kalewa coalfield, the Mying¬ inauguration of the Union of Burma in 1948. Since yan zinc project and the Lough Keng ore deposit. then the Department has functioned under an acting Under subsequent headings, the functions and Director, Dr. Ba Thi (Ph.D., Industrial Chemistry), responsibUities of the Mineral Resources Develop¬ assisted in recent years by two state scholars. Dr. ment Corporation and the projected survey of mineral Kyaw Myint (Ph.D., Geology), U Min Din (M.Sc, resources are discussed. The Mineral Resources Geology), a chemical assistant, and a small staff" of Survey, as presently envisaged, would be conducted clerks and office personnel. as a principal activity of the exploration division of In considering the reconstitution and expansion of the Corporation. The initiation and conduct of a the Geological Department, there are two principal continuing program for educating and training questions on which there has been a wide division of national technological personnel would be a chief opinion and which must be resolved by the Govern¬ concern of the Corporation's training division. The ment in determining its course of action. First, technological services and personnel which the confronted with financing the rehabUitation and Corporation would need to employ for its mineral expansion of the Burmese economy, what place exploration and development work would, initially, should the needs of this Department hold in overall have to be obtained very largely from sources outside planning? Second, what is to be the pohcy of recruit¬ Burma. All of the activities of the Corporation could ing technological personnel to conduct the expanded and should be correlated very closely with the functions of the Department? policies and objectives of the Geological Department The fact that in the years immediately preceding and all other government departments and agencies the war, mineral exports accounted for approximately concerned with the discovery and development of 33% of the national total, should receive serious mineral resources. Hence, much if not all of the consideration in determining what percentage should exploration work accomplished would contribute be allocated to the mineral industries from the funds specifically to the Geological Department's ultimate budgeted for overall industrial rehabilitation and objectives. As suitably trained Burmese technical expansion. It is assumed that most of the funds personnel became available through execution of the allocated would be distributed between: (1) the Corporation's training program, they could be development of production from the Kalewa coal¬ absorbed by the Department until its eventual field; (2) the rehabUitation and expansion of the oil reconstitution at not less than the strength recom¬ industry; (3) the fulfiUing of the Government's mended by the Simla Committee was effected. commitment in its participation with the Burma Presumably, adequate funds will be made avaUable Corporation (1951) Ltd.; (4) implementation of the more readily for the Corporation's activities and Myingyan zinc project and the necessarUy contingent objectives than for those of the Geological Depart¬ development of production from the Lough Keng zinc ment. Therefore, it is recommended that until trained ore deposit; (5) financing the activities of the Mineral national personnel begin to become avaUable from Resources Development Corporation, through which the Corporation's training divisions, recruitment for presumably the Government would secure imple¬ the staff" of the Geological Department be sub¬ mentation of most or all of the preceding items; and ordinated to the requirements of the other agencies. G.U.B. MINERAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

DIRECTOR GENERAL!

GENERAL MANAGER

ASSISTANT GENERAL MANASER

GUB. Liaison GUB. Liaison i 1 r T ■ 1 1 I 1 1 _L

SEOLOSICAL DEPT DEPARTMENTS

D I V I SIGNS

X EXPLORATION ENGINEERING OPERATING TRANSPORTATION PURCHASING SALES

_L. z S DOMESTIC DOMESTIC DOMESTIC MINERAL RESOURCES SURVEY DESIGN MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT FOREIGN FOREIGN PROJECT CONSTRUCTION FOREIGN MAPPING

MINERAL RESOURCES DEPT. DRAFTING RELATED SERVICES KACHIN STATE MINING SECTION SHAN STATE DEVELOPMENT OTHER REGIONAL OFFICES EXPLOITATION CONSTRUCTION

METALLURSICAL SECTION ASSAY LABORATORIES

ANALYTICAL LABORATORIES

ORE DRESSING LABORATORIES CONSULATION

>- PETROLEUM SECTION

WELFARE ADMINISTRATIVE a TRAINING ACCOUNTING LEGAL PUBLIC RELATIONS

DOMESTIC SECRETARIAL AND CLERICAL SECTION LABOR RELATIONS SECTION FOREIGN INDUSTRIAL SAFETY SECTION GENERAL SERVICES SECTION MEDICAL B SANITATION SECTION PUBLIC RELATIONS SECTION OFFICE REQUIREMENTS HOUSING REQUIREMENTS MOTOR VEHICLES REQUIREMENTS

MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS

PLATE NO. I-A

MINERAL INDUSTRIES 657 However, a director qualified in the field of geology governmental duties and responsibilities, and more¬ should be appointed to coordinate the work of the over appears to have been delegated too little present staff, to formulate specific plans for expansion authority and latitude of action. So far the Corpora¬ and to coordinate the Department's present activities tion has employed personnel to fill the following with those of the other government agencies and positions only: one liaison officer, one clerk-account¬ departments, particularly the Corporation and the ant, one lower division clerk, one stenographer- Mines Department. secretary, one typist and two peons. No suitable provision has yet been made for officers for the Cor¬ 5. THE MINERAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT poration or for the housing of its related facilities and CORPORATION services such as centralized laboratories which are The establishment of a "Union of Burma Mineral needed to serve the assay, ore-dressing and metal¬ Development Corporation" was one of the important lurgical testing requirements of the Corporation as recommendations in the Preliminary Report. Out¬ well as the petrographic, mineralogical and analytical lined in that Report were the activities, functions, needs of the Mines Department and the Geological responsibilities, government departmental and private Department. industrial interrelationships, and the authority that If the Corporation is to function effectively at any such a Corporation should have. Subsequently, reasonably early date as the principal government legislation was enacted establishing the Minerals entity responsible to the people of Burma for securing Resources Development Corporation as a govern¬ the development and exploitation of their mineral ment entity as from November 1, 1952. resources, considerably more energetic and aggressive The enabling legislation gives the Corporation action must be taken by the Board in organizing and wide powers which encompass most, if not aU, of staffing it for this purpose. There is no need to modify the recommendations in the Report. One exception substantially any of the principal recommendations is that the Directorate is staffed only by Government submitted in the Prehminary Report. On the contrary, oflScials. This means that there is no representation the expeditious implementation of those recom¬ on the Board of Directors from private banking, mendations on which no effective action has yet commerce, or persons active in private mining been taken is urged, particularly with respect to the enterprise. need for engaging effective full-time management at the earliest date. Although recruitment of Corporation personnel and staff" began following its establishment as a It is strongly recommended that the Board of legal entity on November 1, 1952, progress in this Directors should determine policies and that the and other respects has been slower than expected. Director-General should be responsible to the This may be attributable in part to the fact that Board for seeing that they are carried out. For the the Corporation has not, as recommended, been execution of these policies, reliance should be placed relatively "autonomous," or operated "in every on a properly qualified and competent general respect ... as a private enterprise ..." It had been manager possessing a satisfactory record of business recommended also that the executive head of the and mineral industry experience, responsible directly Corporation should possess "some technical know¬ to the Board through the Director-General. Con¬ ledge and wide business experience" and "should be currently, the Corporation should arrange for the given the widest possible latitude for carrying out employment of the foreign technical staff and the directives of the Board." Furthermore, it was consultant services initially required. The managerial emphasized that initiaUy, and for some time there¬ and technical services needed can best be obtained after, until qualified Burmese replacements could be by employing the services of a reputable and com¬ made avaUable, the Corporation would need to petent firm of mining engineers and consultants. employ a few foreign mining engineers and geologists, Failing this, the general manager employed inde¬ and managerial and technical consultant services. pendently should be given wide latitude in choosing his own technical and administrative staff. Although, following estabUshment of the Cor¬ poration in November 1952 an organization chart In addhion to the functions, activities and respon¬ (substantially as shown on Plate lA) was submitted sibUities implied in the Preliminary Report, there arc to the Director-General, the Corporation still has no several additional responsibilities which the Corpora¬ effective staff" or organization, and no executive head tion should undertake. who can presently give it undivided or adequate First, the mineral resources survey project, pre¬ attention. The Director-General of the Board, who viously recommended as a separate project for reasons presently acts in this capacity, has numerous other of expediency but not yet initiated, should at once be 658 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA undertaken by the Exploration Division of the ore has been discovered when it has been apparent Corporation as a continuing program, but on a con¬ from rock outcrops. But in Burma, as in many siderably reduced scale. tropical to subtropical countries, mineral exploration This program should be conducted with a view to and prospecting is handicapped by physical conditions expanding its scope as fast as improvements in which render the routine methods of the past back¬ security conditions permit. Execution of the program ward, time-consuming and insufficiently productive should be correlated at all times with the functions except where comparatively smaU areas are to be and activities of the regional mineral development explored. With topography which renders access in departments of the Corporation, which it will be many instances very difficult, forest and dense noted from the organization chart are also a responsi¬ jungle-covered terrain, thick overburden, and other bUity of the Exploration Division, and with the physical conditions which cover outcrops and ore Mines Department and the Geological Department. indications, many areas which might contain valu¬ So far as the execution of specific projects is able ore deposits have never even been reconnoitred. concerned, the Corporation staffing requirements in The project provided for a weU planned and connection with securing the execution of the Kalewa executed progjram of mineral exploration and coalfield development, the Myingyan zinc project, prospecting, employing geologists, geophysicists, and the development of the Lough Keng ore deposit mining engineers, aerial photography, the use of an can be much more clearly defined. In determining the airborne magnetometer and other geophysical equip¬ minimum technical staff needed by the Corporation ment. It provided also, with the objective of eventuaUy for all of its operations, the requirements for these staffing the continuing program completely with specific projects and those of the Exploration nationals, both short-term and long-term domestic Division should be carefully assessed and correlated. and foreign training programs for Burmese technical personnel. As proposed, execution of this program 6. MINERAL RESOURCES SURVEY over the first five years called for an estimated The Mineral Resources Survey has already been expenditure of $3,861,000 and Kl,23,00,000. mentioned briefly in discussing the functions and In drafting the program, it was necessarUy assumed responsibilities of the Mineral Resources Develop¬ that security conditions would permit its execution ment Corporation. The plan for the survey was on the scale contemplated, and there was good reason drafted as a GUB project proposal in AprU 1952, for believing that much of the foreign technical following the submission of the Preliminary Report assistance and equipment required would be pro¬ and at a time when it appeared that the estal^lishment vided through TCA. More recently, up to the of a mineral development corporation might be termination of TCA in Burma, it was stUl contem¬ considerably delayed. It was thought that pending plated that assistance from this source would be the possibly later establishment of the Corporation, available, although on a necessarUy reduced scale needed technical assistance might thus be made due to the limitations imposed on the originaUy available for Burma more quickly. In implementing contemplated scope of activities by current security the project close coordination and collaboration with conditions. the Geological Department was envisaged, although In spite of present conditions the mineral resources it was realized that at a later date such exploration survey should be initiated and conducted as a con¬ might be conducted to better advantage by the tinuing program by the Mineral Resources Develop¬ Corporation, if and when it should be established. ment Corporation through its Exploration Division Essentially the objective of the project, which and Training Division, and it is recommended that provided for a long-term continuing program of appropriate provision for securing the necessary mineral exploration, was to increase Burma's mineral technical personnel be made by the Corporation at resources by the discovery of presently unknown the earliest date with a view to expanding the scope deposits and of extensions of known deposits. of activities as fast as improvements in security Considering the recognized underexplored and under¬ conditions warrant. developed status of the country's mineral resources, it was considered to be the one measure which, much 7. REGIONAL MINERAL DEVELOPMENT more than any other, could make the greatest long In advancing the area development projects, as term contribution to the social and economic welfare recommended in the PreUminary Report, continuing of Burma. investigations were made in the three principal regions The methods of prospecting which in the past of Burma which include practically all the sources of have resulted in discoveries of ore bodies have not economic mineral production to date, excepting entailed the use of elaborate equipment. Generally, petroleum. These three broad regions are: the Shan MINERAL INDUSTRIES 659 States, and contingent areas including the Kayah, Each regional office would operate with a perma¬ Keng Tung and Wah States; the Kachin State, nent staff which would be augmented on a temporary including the Naga HiUs tract, north Burma and the basis during each field season. During the monsoon Upper Chindwin River country; and the Tenasserim season, certain of the permanent employees would Division. The investigations in the first two regions receive practical training at centres to be established were conducted largely by resident mining engineers at Bawdwin and, as soon as practicable, at Mawchi stationed at Taunggyi (Shan State) and Myitkyina mines. (Kachin State). Security conditions in the Tenasserim GeneraUy, the regional offices of the Corporation Division, however, remained such that only two would be responsible only for reconnaissance, field investigations were made. exploration and prospecting work designed essentiaUy In the Kachin State, at the request of Government, to discover mineral deposits of economic value, the the Consultants undertook general direction of the further development of which, initially or to the activities of the former Office of Mines and Industries production stage when justifiable, the Corporation of the Kachin State as from October 1, 1952, the would proceed to secure through its Exploration date of its transfer from the Kachin State to the Division and other appropriate departments. Ministry of National Planning and Rehgious Affairs. The Mineral Resources Survey which has been Thereafter, the office was redesignated the Mineral recommended as a principal activity and responsibUity Resources Department of the Kachin State, subse¬ of the Exploration Division of the Corporation quently effective February 1st, 1953, all responsibUities would, of course, be coordinated with the activities for the Department were transferred from the of the regional offices in a manner which would Ministry to the Mineral Resources Development prevent dupHcation of effort. The results of the Corporation. survey and of the work of the Exploration Division Near the end of the current field season, under generally would determine what other regional date of May 11, it was recommended to the Corpora¬ offices might be established advantageously. tion that the Department be re-established as a The exploration objectives in the three principal regional office of the Corporation, its principal regions referred to have been indicated generally in functions and responsibilities to be those of securing the preceding section. Briefly, the most important the exploration and prospecting of mineral occur¬ initial objectives in these regions may be summarized rences in the Kachin State and adjacent areas. It as follows: would not develop mineral deposits for production. In effecting the establishment of the Mineral a. Kachin State Resources Department of the Kachin State as a In the Kachin State a search should be made in the regional office of the Corporation, it was recom¬ Putao area for economic deposits of lead-sUver ores, mended that all staff and employees of the former taking advantage of the guidance afforded by the establishment be released as soon as possible under old slag dumps of early Chinese miners, and the existing government procedure, and that the regional indications resulting from geological reconnaissance office then engage a minimum administrative staff of the area. The second most important area for early untU such time as a regional director could be reconnaissance, and detaUed examination where appointed and placed in charge. Thereafter, the indicated, lies in the Hukong VaUey area. director would proceed with building up the organiza¬ tion as feasible and desirable. The activities of the regional offices would fall b. Shan State under the Exploration Division of the Corporation, In the Shan State region, the antimony deposits at and their broad direction would be the responsibUity Mong Sang should be carefully prospected and of the Chief of this Division. Responsible to the explored; underground exploratory workings should Chief of the Exploration Division for the local be driven at Lough Keng in accordance with the direction and operation of the regional offices would recommendations already submitted; efforts should be the regional directors, resident at Myitkyina and be made to discover other economic deposits of at Taunggyi respectively, in the cases of the Kachin manganese ore similar to that being mined at State and Shan State regions, and probably at Tavoy, Ho Pong; and investigations should be initiated to in the case of the Tenasserim Division region. It was determine whether there is any possibUity of working recommended that the regional directors be persons the lead carbonate area at Mawson on a large scale well qualified by technical training in mining geology, by surface mining methods. Further exploration of and that they should possess a suitable background phosphate rock should be made in the area southwest of field and operating experience. of Loikaw. 660 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA c. Tenasserim Division When security prevails, a complete or partial exploration program can be undertaken as con¬ In the Tenasserim Division, once security con¬ ditions warrant. The areas included in the full ditions permit the resumption of normal mining program presented in the Report under reference are operations, thorough examination and exploration listed below, together with estimated exploration of many vein deposits should indicate possibilities costs. which owners and operators would be well advised to explore. Reconnaissance in the Dawna Range Exploration Areas Estimated Costs would probably disclose deposits of tin and tungsten K minerals which so far have not been exploited. Chauk 2,55,00,000 Yenangyaung 1,13,00,000 Ondwe 26,00,000 8. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PETROLEUM Ngashandaung 16,00,000 INDUSTRY Palanyon 17,00,000 Mindegyi 22,00,000 For a comprehensive discussion of the petroleum Yinaing 20,00,000 industry and its development potentialities, reference Lema 20,00,000 should be made to the "Report on the Economics of Yedwet 25,00,000 the Petroleum Industry in the Union of Burma" Yenangyat 24,00,000 prepared by Mr. Stuart St. Clair and submhted to Ainggyi 24,00,000 the Government in March 1953. In briefer form, the Delta Area 70,00,000 observations, conclusions and recommendations are Geophysical Survey 30,00,000 discussed and summarized in the following para¬ Geological Surveys 18,00,000 graphs. Total 4,50,00,000 (a) Chauk is the only field in Burma now in production. The 1952 output was 645,000 Burma (d) If the exploration program proposed develops barrels of 40 Imperial gallons. Present daily produc¬ a large reserve of petroleum in the Delta area, pro¬ tion is less than the capacity of the wells already duction costs should be relatively low, and the drilled, output being limited by refining and river refined products could enter a competitive export transportation facUities. A new distiUation plant with market. Plans to rebuild the refinery at Syriam a capacity of 2,700 barrels per day wiU shortly be in should then be made, the capacity depending upon operation, but only the refined products from this the amount of crude oil reasonably assured. throughput can be shipped. Therefore the present (e) If the exploration in the upper fields is also topping plant must be shut down untU additional successful, and if it is decided to move some of the tugs and barges can be delivered which may not be crude oil to the Syriam refinery, barges and tow untU early 1955. Chauk has possibihtics of production boats for oU transportation must be provided. The from deeper sands, but it is uneconomic to prove size of the Syriam refinery would depend upon them at this time since there is no outlet for its present whether all refining were to be done there or whether potential. What is said of Chauk includes Lanywa, the Chauk refinery would be maintained to furnish its sister field. refined products to upper Burma. The Syriam refinery (b) Yenangyaung, the second largest producing may cost around K7,50,00,000 to K9,00,00,000 and field before the war, is in insurgent hands and has no the pipeline K3,00,00,000 or more. regular production. The possibihtics of extensions to (f) The cost of river transport of crude petroleum the north, south and west as weU as possible produc¬ from the upper fields to the Rangoon area is presently tion from deeper sands are good. prohibitive. The actual cost from Chauk area would (c) The estimated proved reserves for Chauk, be about Kll.OO per ton under normal security Yenangyaung and the other known fields are conditions with a capital investment ranging from 93,000,000 barrels. There is valid reason to believe about Kl, 10,00,000 to Kl,50,00,000 for respective that this estimate can be increased when security quantities of from 7,500 to 10,000 barrels per day. conditions prevail and a definite exploration pro¬ If the Delta drUUng is unsuccessful in opening gram can be started. A number of areas of geologic large pools, Burma's petroleum industry is dependent prominence should be drilled and an equal number upon the present estimated reserves in the upper warrant further study. Drilling now being done near Burma fields and the probable increase in those the boundary between Burma and East Bengal may reserves as a result of future exploratory driUing. throw some hght on geologic possibUities in the In such a case, Burma would be in the following Arakan coastal area. position in meeting its petroleum needs: by 1959, MINERAL INDUSTRIES 661 the domestic requirements of petroleum products In the Report referred to, it was recommended wiU be about 98,000,000 gaUons. To meet the demand that for the encouragement of the development of for specific products such as petrol, kerosene, diesel all natural resources the Government should give oils and fuel oU, a crude production of 8,000 barrels consideration to the following incentives: per day wiU be required. On this basis the known (1) Remission of import duties on equipment and reserves in the present fields will be depleted in some suppUes used exclusively in the exploration for and 25 years with another ten-year period of diminishing development of a natural resource. yeariy production. New pools and added reserves (2) Provision for a generous depletion allowance wiU increase the life of the upper fields commen- on mineral production. surately with the success of the drilling program. To meet the 1959 demand, additional refining (3) Provision for the early return of venture capital. capacity will be necessary. The Chauk refinery of (j) Unless present estimated reserves in Burma are 2,500 barrels daily output wiU provide the needs, in materially increased, the petroleum resources should part, of upper Burma. Addhional refining facUities be conserved for the use of the nation. In this event wiU be required for 5,500 barrels per day. Modern there should be a modified development program, equipment wUl be needed to produce diversified one which should be expanded with the development products and the rebuilding of a smaU unit at Syriam of the economy of the country. Transportation and would be in order. The cost may be around refining capacities should also be cut to fit the crude K5,00,00,000 to K6,00,00,000, subject to changing producing pattern. prices of equipment and labor. 9. SPECIFIC MINERAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS (g) The Delta area occupies a key position in the a. The Kalewa Coal Project future petroleum economy of the country. If a large production should be developed, the reconstruction (1) Summary of the refinery at Syriam is assured and Burma's The objective of the Kalewa coal project is to economy is strengthened because of a profitable provide the solid fuel requirements of Burma export trade. If efforts to find oU pools in the Delta indigenously. To date there has been no production area are unsuccessful or the cost for the amount of solid fuel in Burma; all of the country's require¬ produced is prohibitive, the reserves in the upper ments having been imported, principally from India. fields are the backbone of the future oil industry in The Kalewa coal seams are the only ones in Burma Burma. known to show sufficient extent and quality to meet the country's requirements. (h) It is believed that it is economically sound for A report has been prepared and submitted to the the Government to participate in the joint oil venture Government entitled "Kalewa Coalfield Development as it will thereby gain for itself a participation in the and Transport of Kalewa Coal." The report sets revenue derived from the exploitation of one of its forth objectives, reviews field and laboratory investi¬ own natural resources, and also retain a partnership gations to date, describes the project and its imple¬ with the Associated Oil Companies, an organization mentation, presents estimated capital and production with wide experience in the management and admini¬ costs, economic justification and conclusions and stration of the business. Under joint ownership, the recommendations. Reference is invited to this report exploration and development program proposed in for the many detaUs not included in the following the Report can be put into effect as soon as insurgency summarized presentation. is queUed and security prevails in the several areas In brief, it is proposed to establish at Kalewa a recommended, and when funds are provided. It is mining operation capable of producing 750,000 tons recommended that administration of the Gover- of run-of-mine coal per 300-day year. Approximately ment's interest in the joint oil venture be vested in four years would be required for continued explora¬ the Mineral Resources Development Corporation. tion, mine development and the construction and (i) For the good of its own petroleum economy, instaUation of surface plant and equipment at an the Burma Government should not hesitate longer in estimated cost of $10,626,917 plus K2,21,34,200. renewing prospecting licenses, mining leases and the A working force of about 1,400 would be employed extension of geophysical prospecting guarantees. The and coal products totaUing 417,000 tons annuaUy conservation of the petroleum resources of the nation would be prepared for distribution to various markets. are of primary interest to the Government. The Compared to the cost of importing coal under the applicant for prospecting hcenses and mining leases optimum price conditions expected in the future, the should be screened as to competency, technical and use of this indigenous production would secure financial, to develop a valuable national resource. foreign exchange benefits of approximately 662 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA K2,22,00,000. The additional capital cost of providing The estimated sohd fuel requirements of Burma river transport facilities for moving Kalewa products are shown in Table XXI-I. to market is estimated at K5,14,36,495. TABLE XXI - 1 Subsequent to the submission of the Kalewa ESTIMATED SOLID FUEL REQUIREMENTS project report in late June, additional weathering OF BURMA tests were run, in Rangoon monsoon weather con¬ ditions, on briquette No. 27. This briquette has Tonnage Estimated proved satisfactory and compared favorably with Consumer Requirements Tonnage Pur¬ Tonnage commercial American briquettes when tested in chased Requirements United States laboratories. The severe conditions of Prewar 1951-52 1957 1960 exposure to the monsoon rains caused deterioration Present Users of the briquette to the extent that it is doubtful Rangoon Electric* 50,000 29,142 94,000 38,000 whether the briquette is suitable for outdoor storage Burma Railwaysf 180,000 86,812 150,000 150,000 and transport in Burma. The use of Kalewa coal as Inland Water Transport t 100,000 13,616 40,000 20,000 Present Industries 30,000 17,069 15,000 15,000 a locomotive fuel must remain contingent upon either Rangoon Corporation — 7,763 8,000 8,000 improving the weathering qualities of the briquettes, Port Commissioners —. 1,151 5,000 5,000 under further research work being done under GUB Private Boat Owners —. 1,469 5,000 5,000 Project No. 61, or the transportation and storage of Miscellaneous — 5,337 — — briquettes under cover. Final implementation of the Total, Present Users 360,000 168,960 317,000 241,000 project must await results of diamond drilling and Projected Users Kalewa Mine Plant§ — — 20,000 28,000 the research work on the beneficiation of the coal Myingyan Power Plant II — — 35,000 50,000 now under way. Antimony Project — — — 18,000 Akyab Industries — — 87,200 90,000 It is presumed that the Mineral Resources Develop¬ Myingyan Industries — — 73,350 75,000 ment Corporation wUl secure execution of the project, Rangoon Industries — — 122,250 135,000 and it is recommended that it also be made respon¬ Metallurgical Plants — 31,000 33,000 sible for the establishment and operation of all river Total, Projected Users — — 368,800 429,000 transport facilities required for the distribution of the coal to market points. In so doing, it is strongly recommended that the Corporation engage the services of a well qualified firm which provides * Present expansion rate 30% per year will be relieved by Pegu hydroelectric in 1958. mining consultant, engineering and management t Present usage of wood to be supplanted; dieselization con¬ services for implementation of the development templated for main line and also certain shunting service. program during the initial stages, and to direct and t Contemplates continuance of dieselization program. § Kalewa mine and community. manage operations until suitably trained indigenous II Supplementing Paunglaung hydroelectric in 1960. technical and supervisory personnel become available. (3) Field and Laboratory Investigations (2) Objective Based on the early field examinations and analyses Stated more fully than in the summary, the project of coal samples and a review of aU the information objective is to provide all the sohd fuel requirements available at that time, it was recommended in the of Burma indigenously in order to secure for the Preliminary Report that certain additional field and country the many and diverse economic benefits laboratory investigations be made. If the results which would result therefrom. These benefits are therefrom proved favorable, earUest development of listed hereinafter in paragraph (6), economic justifica¬ the coalfield for production was recommended. tion. Surface exploration had indicated satisfactory con¬ The objective includes the underground develop¬ tinuity of the coal measures along the dip to more ment and equipment of a mine capable of producing than 1,000 ft. below the surface. The latter, however, 750,000 tons of run-of-mine coal per year, and the and the other physical characteristics of the coal at construction of all surface plant and facilities depth could only be proved by diamond drUUng. necessary for servicing underground operations and The continuing investigations pursued were out¬ for preparing the coal for market. As the mining Uned briefly in Section D of this chapter. The action operation wUl be developed in sparsely populated taken in this respect and the results to date of both virgin country, housing for a working force of 1,500 field and laboratory investigations are now reviewed and all the necessary community facilities and services in greater detaU. They are described stiU more fully related thereto must be provided. in the project report. MINERAL INDUSTRIES 663 In order to provide for the principal field and exploration to determine the continuity of the coal laboratory investigations recommended, GUB Project seams in workable circumstances to a vertical depth Proposal No. 61 for "Kalewa Coal Development, of 1,000 ft. Preliminary Field and Laboratory Investigations" (b) Laboratory investigations. Laboratory investi¬ was drafted and approved. In accordance with the gations to determine the best methods of utilizing proposal, $216,500 plus K6,35,000 were obligated by Kalewa coal have been conducted in the United TCA and GUB and in February 1953, execution of States by Mr. C. E. Lesher of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, the project was assigned to Pierce Management, Inc. on bulk samples obtained from the prospecting shaft. of Scranton, Pennsylvania. In Germany similar investigations by Kloechner- MeanwhUe, the investigations already initiated were Humboldt-Deutz have been in progress. continued as vigorously as possible. The results to (1) The conclusions reached from the investigations date of all investigational work are reviewed in in the United States are as follows: succeeding paragraphs. (a) Friability is a predominant physical character¬ istic of Kalewa coal. It breaks into pieces on handling (a) Field investigations. Sinking operations in the or after weathering, the latter becoming apparent as inclined prospect shaft at Thitchauk Camp were a result of a 12-week exposure test made in Rangoon. continued by the GUB Mining Adviser and coal This characteristic precludes its satisfactory use as samples of several tons taken from near the bottom hand-fired fuel for most industrial purposes. of the shaft were dispatched to the United States, {b) The coal is an ideal fuel for combustion on a Germany and Japan. The proposed lines of diamond spreader stoker or for burning in suspension in driU holes were located and partly surveyed. A ground pulverized form. Its ease of ignition, ready release survey party is continuing this work and in addition of volatile content, low ash, and combustion without is making detailed topographical surveys of the smoke are important characteristics. With proper proposed surface plant and community housing equipment it can be unqualifiedly recommended for sites in the vicinity of Thitchauk Camp, the mine stationary boiler firing. A combustion test was con¬ opening locations, the barge loading station along ducted at Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, the Myittha River and, importantly, it is surveying Ohio, in a Kewanee boUer rated at about 10,000 the ground control points required for some 40,000 pounds of steam per hour using an Iron Fireman ft. north of the river for aerial photogrammetric pneumatic spreader stoker which demonstrated, mapping of the whole area. within the limit of coal sample available, that it can Aerial photographs were obtained of the coalfield be successfully fired by a pneumatic spreader stoker. area extending from 12 miles to the north of the (c) Kalewa coal must be briquetted for utilization Myittha River to three miles to the south and also by hand firing. Briquettes were prepared from Kalewa for a five mile strip running east along the Myittha coal with 7 % asphalt binder which would have to be River to include its confluence with the Chindwin imported into Burma. These briquettes softened and River. The photographs were taken in March 1953, crumbled on the firebed during a combustion test of after earlier attempts in October and November 1952 a 200-pound sample on a Burma Railway locomotive proved unsuccessful due to atmospheric conditions. in March 1953 whereas briquettes prepared from Completion of the ground control survey and topo¬ Kalewa char with 8 % of asphalt binder exhibited a graphic mapping dependent thereon will greatly superior hot strength when an equal weight of sample facUitate the correlation of geological indications was similarly tested. Both briquettes displayed equi¬ confirming the lineal extent and continuity of coal valent heating quahties, maintaining steam pressure seam occurrences observed during ground explora¬ comparable to that produced by using Indian coal. tion work. The char, obtained by distillation of Kalewa coal Additional ground exploration of the area was at 950° F., has a volatile content of about 20% com¬ accomplished by a reconnaissance party which pared with the 40 % volatile content of the raw coal. crossed from the Chindwin River to the Waya In the distillation process the coal yields about 8-6% Chaung Valley some ten miles north of the Myittha by weight of tar, 48% of which is briquette pitch. River. Numerous coal outcroppings were discovered As this is less than the quantity of binder required in the beds of four streams traversing the general for briquetting, the shortage would have to be made strike of the coal measures considerably north of the up with imported petroleum asphalt. previous Umit of field exploration. A subsequent char briquette of adjusted granulo- The field investigations contemplated under Project metric composition and with 8^% pitch binder has 61 are under way. Essentially, the program provides shown adequate strength and is being further investi¬ for approximately 17,000 ft. of diamond drill gated for resistance to weathering, either treatment 664 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA or sheltering against rainy season ravages appearing the results of the preliminary work confirmed results indicated. Weathering tests in Rangoon reflect a 12% obtained in the United States, and hold forth the degradation of this briquette after two weeks possibility of producing even better quality briquettes exposure. at costs not exceeding those estimated in the United The preparation of several tons of char briquettes States. In the tests in Germany, efforts were made to for return to Burma for full scale locomotive test is adapt to Kalewa coal several processes employed in contemplated in the continuing execution of Project European beneficiation practice. These included the No. 61. foUowing: (d) Metallurgical char with less than 10% volatile (a) Tests were performed to maintain the percent¬ matter can be made by calcining the 20 "^ volatile age of lump-size coarse coal by immersion in a content char described in (c). It wiU have low ash, solution of calcium chloride, Albert emulsion, low sulphur and a high fixed carbon content. In every magnesia solution, water glass, chlorine-magnesium way it will be a desirable carbon for zinc ore reduc¬ solution and the like, which are traditionally approved tion, making possible the establishment of a zinc means of preventing oxygen from entering the lumps. refining industry in Burma. The variously treated lumps were then subjected {e) Metallurgical briquettes suitable for replacing to varying climatic conditions including an artificiaUy imported coke in Burma Corporation's lead furnaces generated tropical climate. Although the lumpy at Namtu have been prepared by adding 10% of shapes were invariably maintained, the lumps in no bituminous coking coal to the 20% volatUe char case proved resistant to mechanical stress. It was made from Kalewa coal, briquetting this mixture concluded that the decomposition of Kalewa coal with a pitch binder and recarbonizing the briquettes does not result largely from oxidation but rather at a temperature of 1,500° F. The products were that contraction through minor dehydration is hard, grey briquettes of sufficient strength for use in responsible for the cracks which occur and result the lead blast furnaces under reference and other in disintegration to small sizes. low-head types of furnaces. {b) Attempts were made to prepare binderless (/) Estimates of capital and operating costs have briquettes from Kalewa coal by utilizing high been made for the beneficiation facUities required pressures and varying the water content, a method to prepare these various products for market. which has had wide application in Germany. The {g) The heating value of the several types of results were unsatisfactory in that the briquettes had briquettes greatly exceed the heating value of the insufficient strength. Kalewa coal from which they were derived. Also the (c) Numerous experiments in the preparation of several types of briquettes showed stabihty in trans¬ egg shape briquettes in a roll press were unsatis¬ port as well as resistance to weathering, with less factory, even with the addition of up to 15% of than 2% deterioration after six weeks of exposure binder, an unusually high percentage; separate tests foUowed by five minutes of vigorous screening in were made both with coal and with char resulting Rangoon dry season weather. After the Kalewa from low temperature carbonization in varying project report was completed and submhted, in degree of granulometric composition. The resultant order to additionaUy check the stabUity of the briquettes appeared to have been subjected to Kalewa char briquettes, additional weathering tests insufficient pressure and had a specific gravity of l-O, were conducted during six weeks, ending July 30, which is substantially lower than the usual value of 1953. These tests were not satisfactory and indicated 1-2 after briquetting. excessive briquette disintegration during monsoon weather. Additional research must be carried out {d) UtUizing a hydraulic ram press, briquettes of under GUB Project 61 to improve the weathering satisfactory strength were produced first from ehher qualities of the Kalewa char briquettes, or they wUl coal or from char from low temperature carboniza¬ have to be transported and stored under cover with tion with the addition of 15% of binder. Subsequent consequent added expense. experimentation with admixtures of coal and char in various proportions and different granulometric (2) Due to limitations imposed by the size of composition resulted in the production of a briquette sample furnished and the funds made available, the containing only 7% of binder which showed satis¬ laboratory investigations conducted in Germany did factory strength and exceUent combustion quahties. not progress to the point where the best process for (e) The small scale tests carried out in Germany beneficiating Kalewa coal could be selected and provide insufficient data for the design of a large capital and operating costs estimated. Nevertheless, commercial plant and, as a precautionary measure.

2 < IK iz <^ UJ U- o- uJ — ^- ■ o t3< CO W3 X m 2X f^ cj O tn in _0 « 1/) CC in zr ^^7M§m^' ^n^Tm/Tmi/ " ^^V/WI^AiW!^^ S2 MAIN HAULAGE LEVEL' +300^ !3t. LEVEL NORTH ^!>?y7!' , 10,000 - — ^ V.-i/ ^ >, 2nd. LEVEL SOUTH t: 6I753X./+35 < X 3rd. LEVEL SOUTH — — . s^1 3.d LEVEL NORTH Q CD < 4th. LEVEL SOUTH z 4th LEVEL NORTH 7" 1 z 1 5th. LEVEL SOUTH Li. 1 5th LEVEL NORTH

PRE- CLEANING PLANT DIP OF COAL SEAM 45° PORTAL GUNBOAT SLOPE NGPb«ET HAULAGE LEVEL 1st LEV^L NORTH

2nd. LEVEL NORTH

3rd. LEVEL NORTH

LEVEL

5th. LEVEL 5th. LEVEL NORTH

SECTION OF PLAN OF MINE YARDS O O INCLINED SHAFT ON INCLINED SHAFT SCALE •600'

-^^tS?!S5?l

.?ll :il!l *N0 5t_h NOT SHOWN ON THIS ORATING MONTHLY PROGRESS IS INDICATED BY BLOCKING ON LEVELS AND NUMERICALLY BY MONTHS BY THE PROJECTED MINE DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE FIGURES CT) TO f3& MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING

SCALE i= 600 KALEWA NOTE DEVELOPMENT STARTING IN FIHST MONrH Cl) AT PORTAL OF MAIN COAL PROJECT HAULAGE LEVEL NEAR MYITTHA RIVER AND FROM SURFACE AT H-^ SLOPE PORTAL KNAPPEN TIPPETTS ABBETT ENGINEERING CO NEW YORK. RANGOON. DR BY E. J .P. DATE PLATE CK BY. r-v 1 ., JULY. 53 NO,

MINERAL INDUSTRIES 665 large scale tests requiring from 100 to 200 tons of raw In anticipation of the exhaustion of the reserves coal should be made and are contemplated in the in the initial mine, underground development could continuing execution of Project No. 61. be extended an additional 20,000 ft. north to provide (3) The Government Mining Adviser has forwarded a second similar mine which could be served by the samples of Kalewa coal to the Imperial Institute, same surface plant, thus increasing the life of the Japan, for testing under the auspices of ECAFE. operation to 34 years. No information has yet been received of the results (c) Mining methods wUl be used which have of these tests. proved effective in similar steeply dipping seams from standpoints of safety, economy and flexibility of (4) Description of the Project operations. During the period of underground With confirmation of sufficient reserves by the development and plant construction, diesel driven diamond drilling program which has been initiated, electric generators, air compressors, fans, hoists and and a favorable conclusion with respect to economic other equipment will be required. Diesel generated production of a stable char briquette, the establish¬ power will subsequently be supplanted when steam ment of a coal mining operation at Kalewa becomes generated electric power becomes available from the feasible. The salient features of the development mine power plant which wUl meanwhile be under program presented in the project report are sum¬ construction. marized in the foUowing paragraphs. The major underground development wiU be (a) The basic factor determining the size of the driven at a level approximately 20 ft. below the 10 ft. initial mine operation at Kalewa is Burma's estimated thick main coal seam. It wiU be a water level tunnel sohd fuel requirements as set forth in the preceding with an accompanying airway advanced northward tabulation. The marketable products required, as from the main mine opening in the vicinity of shown therein, totaUed 417,000 tons. To provide Thitchauk Camp for the fuU 20,000 ft. length of the this tonnage, it wiU be necessary to develop a mine area to be developed. It will serve as the main haulage and construct beneficiation facilities capable of way for the transportation of production from the producing the tonnages shown in the following table. entire area to the surface plant. Midway along its length it wiU be intercepted by a 25 degree slope, TABLE XXI - 2 sunk from the surface in the footwall of the seam PRODUCTION CAPACITY - INITIAL PLANT and continuing to a lower level.

1957 1960 A development advancement rate of not less than 2,000 ft. per year is anticipated in both the haulage- (tons) (tons) way and parallel airway. At this rate they will connect Run-of-mine production per day 2,500 2,500 Mine days per year 300 300 the main mine opening with the 25 degree slope Run-of-mine production per year 750,000 750,000 within a period of three years, as illustrated in Plate Washed coal from cleaning plant-recovery 2. Subsequently, the lower levels wUl be developed 70% 525,000 525,000 Washed coal to be carbonized 275,000 275,000 by an incUned shaft which wUl be equipped with Industrial briquettes produced 136,000 133,000 large capacity skips fed from suitable bins and Metallurgical char produced 16,000 16,000 loading pockets in order to facilitate extraction and MetaUurgical briquettes produced 15,000 17,000 Washed coal for market 250,000 250,000 hoisting operations. The complete development is iUustrated in Plate 3. The development work wUl be accompUshed with (b) In determining the best site for the development the use of modern rock drilling equipment mounted of the initial nunc, that part of the Kalewa coalfield on suitable rigs or jumbos. After blasting, the rock lying immediately north of the Myittha River and will be loaded into mine cars by power shovels for extending north therefrom for several mUes, has been haulage to the surface by electric locomotives and carefuUy explored and has been given detailed study appropriate disposal as waste rock. Electric hoists and consideration. wUl serve haulage requirements on both the slope In this area a balanced mine with wings extending and the inclined shaft. 10,000 ft. to the north and to the south, with 15 ft. The extraction of coal from the main seam wiU be of workable coal extending to a depth of 1,000 ft. accomplished through rock holes from the under¬ (equivalent to 1,400 ft. on the dip), would provide a lying tunnels. The coal wiU be mined in panels by a reserve of 15,000,000 tons. The minimum recovery is modified room and pUlar method and without the estimated at 10,500,000 tons, indicating a mine life use of explosives. Pneumatic pickhammers will be of 17 years at the prescribed rate of extraction. used. It is anticipated that the coal extracted from the 666 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA seam will be contaminated by the admixture of some Surface Plant No. of Employees 20% of rock from above and below the seam. The Coal Washery - Double Shift 40 rock will be removed from the coal in a surface Storage Piles and Conveyors 20 cleaning plant as the initial step in preparing the coal Outside Transportation 32 for marketing or beneficiation. Shops and Maintenance 30 Miscellaneous 166 (d) The estimated work force required under¬ ground for the production of 2,500 tons of run-of- mine coal per day is as follows: Total Surface Plant 336 No. of (7) Coal processing and beneficiation plants will be Underground Emplo vee t required for preparing Kalewa coal for utilization on Mining and Development in Coal 480 conventional grates, particularly for railway loco¬ Development in Rock 36 motives and river boats, and for metallurgical usages. Transportation and Supplies 167 Maintenance 48 The estimated force required for the beneficiation Miscellaneous 13 of Kalewa coal is as foUows: Supervision and Clerical 30 Beneficiation Products No. of Employees Char Briquettes (Industrial Briquettes) 190 Metallurgical Carbon (Metallurgical Char) 19 Metallurgical Coke (Metallurgical Briquettes) 65 (e) Surface plant installations and facilities will comprise the following items: Total, Beneficiation Plants 274 (1) A coal cleaning plant for the removal of ad¬ (8) Engineering and management should be provided mixed waste rock from the 2,500 tons per day of by a competent and well qualified firm which supplies run-of-mine coal extracted. This wUl yield 1,750 tons mining consultant, engineering and managerial services of washed coal. Adequate coal storage facilities will until such time as suitable trained indigenous techni¬ be required to provide for continuity and flexibiUty cal and supervisory personnel become available. of surface operations. Similarly, experienced technicians and supervisors wUl be required during the initial period of operation (2) A steam electric power plant, machine shop, of the beneficiation plants, not only for operation but electric equipment servicing shop, welding shop, also to provide instruction and training for Burmese carpenter shop, compressed air plant, mine ventila¬ counterpart personnel. tion fans, hoist house, storehouses, warehouses, and (9) River transport facilities for moving Kalewa general offices for supervisory, administrative, clerical products to market are to be provided as detailed in and engineering services wUl be required. Appendix M in the project report. EntaUed will be a (3) Change and wash houses will be provided for barge-loading station located on the Myittha River the use of underground and surface employees as near the mine plant where accommodation wiU have well as first aid and out-patient dressing stations. to be provided for a seasonal variation of nearly 50 ft. in river elevation. This station wiU be instaUed (4) A pumping station and water purification as Ulustrated in Plate 4. Barges of 280 tons capacity plant will be required to provide water from the will be loaded here and moved in groups by towboats Myittha River for use in the boiler plant, in the coal along the Myittha to desired destinations on the cleaning plant, for fire protection and for general Chindwin and Irrawaddy Rivers. Barge unloading community use. facilities, likewise designed to accommodate the (5) Living quarters will have to be provided in the variations in river elevations, will be provided at mine area for all employees and staff, the great main delivery points as Ulustrated in Plate 4. majority of whom will have to be recruited from River Transport costs have been estimated as outside the immediate area. Adequate water supply, foUows: sanitation, hospital services, health, educational, Kyats per Kyats per religious and recreational facUities will have to be From To Miles provided, as well as markets and bazaars from which ton ton mile food and living suppUes may be obtained. Kalewa Myingyan (downstream) 208 14.91 ■0717 Kalewa Mandalay( „ ) 280 19.15 ■0684 (6) The estimated surface working force, exclusive Myingyan Rangoon ( „ ) 458 20.84 •0455 of personnel required for beneficiation of the coal, Kalewa Rangoon ( „ ) 666 35.75 •0537 is estimated as follows: Rangoon Myingyan ( ,, ) 458 19.27 •0421 ROAD V

SUPPLY WASH HOUSE HOUSE ZINC FURNACE STORAGE MIXING CARBON KILN IMPORTED PLANT -REPAIR SHOP COKING COAL

BOILER TRANSFORMER COOLING AND POWER TOWER PLANT BRIQUET CARBONIZING BRIQUET

i 2 OVENS PLANT

LEAD FURNACE COKE 3 PRESSES

TAR TANKS GAS HOLDER

GENERAL PLAN OF SURFACE PLANTS SCALE I =100 FT «J i^-rpgt -rrri i i iTtT-rt-rt-r!^rTrrT4d^

LOADING UNLOADING RIVER DOCK RIVER DOCK

MINERAL INDUSTRIES 667 (5) Estimated capital and production costs Metallurgical Char K53.68 per ton Estimated capital and production costs for the A metallurgical carbon for use program of mine development and plant construction in the reduction of zinc ores and outlined in the foregoing section (4) may be sum¬ concentrates. marized as foUows: Metallurgical Briquettes Kll 1.25 per ton A metallurgical coke for use in (a) Estimated cost of mine development and plant the blast furnace smelting of construction: lead ore. TABLE XXI - 3 (6) Economic Justification ESTIMATED COST—MINE DEVELOPMENT (a) The future of coal in Burma. Increasingly in AND PLANT CONSTRUCTION recent years, coal has become overshadowed as the principal source of energy and power for heat by the Estimated Cost advent of oil, natural gas and hydroelectric power. Item Description Additionally, there are now the possibilities envisaged Dollars Kyats in development of atomic energy for industrial uses Development and Construction 1,897,617 26,45,900 which could well materialize with unexpected rapidity. Mine Equipment 1,083,500 These trends away from coal as the principal source Outside Buildings 25,000 8,05,000 Power Facilities 1,183,000 18,60,000 of energy are fully recognized. The development of Communication Facilities 60,000 4,25,000 hydroelectric plants is projected, dieselization of Washery, Storage, Dock Facilities 825,000 15,30,000 transport equipment on railways, river-boats and Beneficiation Plant 2,010,000 50,00,000 Housing and Community 169,000 56,40,000 ocean-going ships is under way, and limited use is Engineering and Management 1,700,000 16,30,000 being made of natural gas. Spare Parts 400,000 However, there are numerous requirements in the Ocean and River Freight 350,000 6,00,000 Contingencies 923,800 19,98,300 industrial and metallurgical fields that must or can best be met by coal or other solid fuels. There are Total Mine and Plant 10,626,917 2,21,34,200 also circumstances under which the use of coal is Total, Equivalent Dollars 15,286,748 _ desirable from the standpoint of economics. WhUe dieseUzation of motive equipment generally results in operating economies, it is weU to keep in mind the If, in place of barge transportation, railway trans¬ limited reserves available in Burma's oilfields, the portation and distribution from a point opposite proven extent of which would serve the country's Kalewa on the east side of the Chindwin River were estimated requirements of petroleum products for to be used, an aerial tramway from the mine to that only 25 years. The development of additional pro¬ point and the construction there of railway loading duction and the discovery of new oil reserves will faciUties would cost an additional $532,050 and entail large rehabUitation and exploration expendi¬ KI2,34,820 compared with the cost of barge-loading tures. and unloading facUities. Should the explorations prove fruitful there still remains the desirabUity of conserving the oil supply (b) Estimated capital cost of river transport facilities to effect self-sufficiency for the longest possible period and conservancy. The capital cost for the estabhsh¬ of time. Should unusuaUy large reserves be dis¬ ment of river barge transportation facUities and con¬ covered, any exportable excess would bring in new servancy has been estimated at K5,14,36,495 foreign exchange balances. (Appendix M, Project Report). The utilization of natural gas is necessarily limited > (c) Production costs, for various Kalewa products, No substantial sources of natural gas have been loaded on river barges at the mine, have been discovered, and it need not be further considered at estimated as follows: this time. The development of hydroelectric plants is Washed Coal K22.54 per ton primarily for power purposes. Utilization of electric For use in stationary boilers energy for heat is uneconomic and generally does not equipped with spreader stokers compete with coal for this purpose. Coal-steam- or for burning in suspension. electric plants may be located beyond the distribution Industrial Briquettes K44.14 per ton field of hydroelectric plants or may be tied in to the For use on railway locomotives, distribution system to supplement the latter source. river boats and in boilers With the consideration of all the foregoing factors equipped with stationary grates. it is adjudged that Burma wUl continue to require 668 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OE BURMA substantial quantities of coal and other solid fuels for {b) Realization of the estimated optimum future industrial and metaUurgical purposes, for certain price of Indian coal cannot be definitely assured. electric power establishments, and for reduced rail¬ No one can predict the price of Indian coal several way requirements and other general purposes. years in advance. The price may be affected by Prewar and presently, Indian coal has been internal conditions in India or by demand of other imported as required. Arrangements are being made nations for available Indian coal supplies. by the Union of Burma Shipping Board to establish (c) Based on Burma's projected needs, the pro¬ a fleet for the ocean transport of 180,000 tons per posed Kalewa development wiU not be able to supply year of Indian coal, indicating its continued importa¬ all of her solid fuel requirements. If the Kalewa tion. RehabUitation of Burma to prewar conditions deposit is developed Burma will have an alternative only would greatly increase her coal requirements; source of coal and can bargain more effectively for with the transport, power, industrial and metallurgical its imports. This factor alone might soon enable expansions projected, her requirements for coal and return of the investment required other solid fuel will increase tremendously. To import {d) The benefits to be derived from industrial ex¬ this additional tonnage from India or elsewhere would pansion in central Burma are substantial, and to adversely affect foreign exchange while continuing meet the need of industries such as the zinc refinery, and even increasing Burma's dependency on other low cost coal is essential. nations. {e) As the hydroelectric power potential of central (b) Justification for the Kalewa development project. Burma is utilized, the need for steam generated power (1) The foreign exchange benefits which Burma to supply deficiencies in unusual dry years or when would derive from the projected use of Kalewa coal, hydroelectric construction lags will become apparent. based on its 1951-52 purchases of Indian coal, are (/) The additional employment of Burmese estimated at Kl,30,00,000 using present (June 1953) nationals which the Kalewa operation would entaU prices and at K99,00,000 using the optimum Indian and the increased economic activity which would be coal prices estimated when Burma operates its own generated by such a payroll could well be a major coal-carrying vessels. On the basis of the estimated advantage of the project as compared to offshore solid fuel market to be served by Kalewa in 1960, purchases. Mining is usually the vanguard of other the foreign exchange benefit increases to K2,93,00,000 industry and from it are learned many rudimentary with present prices of Indian coal, and to K2,22,00,000 techniques from which labor advances to work if the optimum estimated price of Indian coal is requiring greater skills and technology. realized. (g) National self-sufhciency in times of inter¬ (2) Kalewa coal will be used to greatest economic national disturbances could in itself be considered a advantage when burned as a pulverized fuel in central decisive economic factor. Burma. Any departure from this optimum condition {h) The wage rates used in the Kalewa estimates produces lesser economic benefits. and the cost of riverine transport have been con¬ (3) During the initial years of production opera¬ servatively estimated. Actual mine and waterway tions, Kalewa coal and industrial briquettes must operations may well demonstrate lower costs. largely be disposed of in their most unfavorable (0 Daily year-round transportation on the Chind¬ market, namely the Rangoon area. Based upon win River to Kalewa would initiate other activity in 1951-52 purchases by users and upon the present the tributary areas. price of Indian coal at Rangoon (June 1953), Kalewa (j) The value of the by-products of the low tem¬ coal can enter this area on the competitive basis perature carbonization process have been stated in shown in Table 1 and 2 of Appendix E of the project the project report at a nominal amount only. As report. Based on realization of the optimum estimated Burma develops, the manufacture of important coal- future price of Indian coal at Rangoon, Kalewa coal derived chemical and medical products wUl foUow. and briquettes would cost, on an equivalent heat Burma's ammonia requirement for fertUizer can be value basis, approximately K 13.00 more per ton than met through the use of Kalewa coal and sulphuric Indian coal, as shown in Table 2, Appendix E of the acid from the zinc refinery which the coal wUl make project report. possible. (4) The economic justification for developing early (/c) There is no evidence that a coalfield superior production from the Kalewa coalfield is based largely to Kalewa may be found in Burma. upon the following facts: (/) Productive results from extensive oU explora¬ {a) The saving in foreign exchange. tion may not be forthcoming for a number of years. MINERAL INDUSTRIES 669 MeanwhUe Burma will barely be able to provide its by far any advantages to be gained by postponement, minimum domestic oU needs and coal-generated this development should be undertaken as the first power wUl be required wherever its production is stage of such a program. When sufficient coal reserves most feasible. are confirmed by the drUling program now under way, (w) The development of a mine of less capacity and when a suitable briquette has been developed, than that projected has been examined and found the Kalewa project should go forward with highest unattractive. The proposed coal mining operation at priority. Kalewa is already comparatively small and at the (e) It is presumed that the Mineral Resources point where smaller capacity would increase unit Development Corporation will be given the responsi¬ costs substantiaUy. If unexpectedly, during the initial bUity for securing execution of the Kalewa coalfield years of operation, all the normal production cannot development project. It is strongly recommended be used advantageously, production can be better that the Corporation secure the services of a well regulated by working one shift per day and, should qualified firm which provides mining consultant, further reduction be required, a shorter work week. engineering and management services for implementa¬ Under such circumstances, operating economies tion of the development program during the initial obtainable under single shift operation would defray stages and to direct and manage operations untU part of the increased fixed charges and additional suitably trained indigenous technical and supervisory productive capacity would be available as needed. personnel become avaUable. (f) It is further recommended that the responsi¬ (7) Conclusions and Recommendations bility of the Mineral Resources Development Cor¬ (a) If the estimated optimum future price for poration include securing the estabhshment and Indian coal at Rangoon should be realized and operation of facUities required to carry Kalewa pro¬ should prevail for an extended period, the excess cost duction to the various market distribution points, of Kalewa fuels over Indian coal could reach a sub¬ inasmuch as the provision and operation of trans¬ stantial amount. This condition, however, would not port facUities exclusively for this purpose wiU be be permanent because Kalewa production would aU required. Under such circumstances, incentive for be gradually absorbed in the expanding central economic and efficient transport service is presented Burma market, thus releasing the Rangoon area to only to the operator of the mine, namely the Indian coal. Mineral Resources Development Corporation. (b) An alternative to developing Kalewa coinci- (g) It is recommended that the necessary labor dentaUy with the industrial program projected for force, which is not available in the immediate vicinity central Burma would be the importation of Indian in sufficient number and will have to be recruited coal into the area during the expansion period, post¬ from considerable distances, be carefuUy selected and poning the development and the investment entailed trained, and the adaptability to underground employ¬ until demand became sufficient to absorb the maxi¬ ment be promptly assessed. Should it be determined mum Kalewa output. The alternative is not attractive that indigenous mine labor does not respond effectively inasmuch as the extra costs arising from the increased or in sufficient number, it is recommended that prices that would have to be charged for Indian coal consideration be given promptly to the temporary delivered to central Burma, even with the optimum importation of adequate foreign labor to the extent price, would be considerably in excess of the extra required for efficient mine operation. cost of Kalewa coal sold during a similar period in the Rangoon area. b. The Myingyan Project (c) Ample economic justification for the early (1) Introduction development of Kalewa production can be had in The Myingyan project presented in the preliminary national self-sufficiency, savings in foreign exchange, report envisaged the development at Myingyan of an employment of local labor and the development of industrial center which would serve a number of mineral industry projects, such as the Myingyan zinc industries that might be established there advantage¬ refinery and the Lough Keng zinc mine ore deposit, ously because of the combination of cheap fuel and and the other planned industrial projects dependent electric power from Kalewa coal and convenient upon Kalewa coal for power and fuel. river and rail transportation for both raw materials (d) Therefore, because the development of the and finished products. Most important among these Kalewa coalfield is an essential part of an integrated industries was a zinc smelter and refinery and the industrial program for central Burma, and considering coal burning electric power plant essential to it. that the advantages of early development outweigh The project now under discussion relates only to the R.B. II—12 670 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA zinc reduction plant. The coal burning steam power cost of foreign engineering and managerial services plant is described in Chapter XIX, para. E-2. The for which dollar expenditure would be preferable. zinc plant will utilize approximately 10,000 kW of InitiaUy, the Government would make a capital the steam power plant capacity, representing a capital contribution of K26,60,532 to provide for certain investment of about $2,000,000. The rate of one cent preparatory work and metallurgical tests essential per kWh to the zinc plant has been calciUated to for confirming or correcting calculated operating fully cover all power plant costs, including return of costs and profits and finalizing plant designs. This investment. work would require at least one year and the avail¬ (2) Summary abUity of the balance of the capital required would be made contingent upon its satisfactory outcome. (a) Objective and general description. The objective of the project is the establishment at Myingyan of a (c) Implementation. It is assumed that the Mineral profitable zinc smelting and refining industry based Resources Development Corporation would be made on fuel and electric power to be afforded by Kalewa responsible by the Government of the Union of coal, zinc concentrates to be supplied by Burma Burma for securing implementation of the project. Corporation and zinc ores provided by the exploita¬ Three to four years from the date of government tion of the Lough Keng deposit. approval and authorization would be required to A project report has been prepared and submitted bring the project to the production stage. In order to the Government under date of March 31, 1953 to secure its execution the Corporation would have entitled "Myingyan Zinc Project." The report sets to employ foreign technical assistance, engineering forth objectives, reviews field and laboratory investi¬ and managerial services. gations to date, describes the project and its imple¬ (d) Economic justification. To date the zinc ex¬ mentation, presents estimated capital and production ported from Burma has been contained in concen¬ costs, economic justification and the consultants' trates produced by Burma Corporation and, in conclusions and recommendations. Reference should comparatively insignificant amounts, zinc ores pro¬ be made to this report for the many details not duced from other sources. Generally, realization included in the foUowing summarized presentation. costs have made export unattractive except when the The proposed zinc reduction plant would use the price of zinc has been comparatively high. The Sterling furnace electrothermic process for which establishment of a zinc reduction plant in Burma the New Jersey Zinc Company holds patents in the would provide producers with an assured local market United States and other countries, and which for use more favorable than would be obtainable offshore. in Burma offers more advantages than does the Based necessarily on a number of important electrolytic process. To provide for production during assumptions set forth later in this report, an evaluation repair periods, the proposed plant would use two of operating costs and profits shows that the proposed Sterhng furnaces. The plant would treat a mixed feed zinc reduction plant could be operated profitably so of ore and concentrates to produce daily 70 short long as the base price of prime western zinc is ten tons of prime western grade slab zinc, or 50,000,000 cents per pound or higher. Final evaluation may pounds annually. Lead, silver and pig iron would confirm a break-even price of eight cents per pound also be produced as by-products. Ores and con¬ for slab zinc delivered in the European market. centrates will be avaUable to maintain this rate of Return of the capital investment is provided for by production for more than 20 years. including a depreciation charge in the total estimated (b) Capital investment and financing. As presently cost per pound of zinc produced and delivered to the estimated, the project will require an investment European market. The charge is based on a 15-year equivalent to $7,750,000. This wUl provide for con¬ straight-line depreciation rate with the annual charge struction of the zinc plant with all necessary service distributed against full annual production of facilities, coal and char storage and railway and 50,000,000 pounds. The return on the invested river port facUities, housing accommodation and capital, before income taxes, is estimated at the community facilities for all employees, preparatory rate of 6-13% with zinc at 10 cents, 10-0% with work and metaUurgical tests necessary for finaUzing 12 cent zinc, 13-87% with 14 cent zinc and 17-81 % plans and specifications, and foreign technical assist¬ with 16 cent zinc. Reference may be made to Table ance and services. Approximately 40 % of the capital E-14 in the Project report which shows the return cost will be local currency and 60 % foreign exchange. after "Capital Return with Interest" charges, instead In the project report all foreign exchange costs have of by depreciation (also see Plate 5). been estimated in United States dollars, but about 85% The Union of Burma would derive other economic could be made in sterUng, the exception being the advantages from execution of the project. Increased PLATE 5. B le

/ 17 /

16 /f /

/ / 15 A

ELECTROTHERMIC 14 / / / / / 13 / I / / 12 / / / / <0 / i / / I I f c 3 IL. / / / / 10 r "O / o / (A t / / «> 9 } > / C / / 8 / / y c o / / / 7 / J y a: / / / / e 6 r o> o / c / / r/ / a> / o 1 ■LECT ROLY IC w. / a> / / / a. / / / J '/ /

/ / / > A i / / y / / / / 7 / / //

8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Price of Prime Western zinc in cents per pound, European quotalion RETURNS ON INVESTMENT Showing Percentage Returns on Total Funds Invested in an Electrothermic Zinc Plant and an Electrolytic Zinc Plant = A, offer Return of Capitol by Straight-Line Depreciation Charge B, offer Return of Capital With Interest Charge.

PIERCE MANAGEMENT-K.T.A. RANGOON. JULY. 53.

671 672 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA foreign exchange earnings would result, ores other¬ (b) Description wise not economically attractive would become (1) Basic assutnptions exploitable, the discovery and development of new In evaluating at this time the economic justification sources of production would be stimulated, and for a zinc reduction plant in Burma, and in con¬ additional employment would be afforded Burmese sidering to this end the comparative merits of the workers together with opportunity for the develop¬ Sterling electrothermic and electrolytic processes, it ment of new technical knowledge and skills. has been necessary to make the following more (e) Recommendations. The calculations and esti¬ important assumptions: mates upon which the economic justification of the (a) The necessary funds, in the form of equity project are based are themselves necessarily based on capital, can be obtained for the construction of a certain important assumptions which require con¬ zinc plant of any size which is economically feasible, firmation. The availability of Kalewa coal, for up to a daily capacity of 100 tons of slab zinc. example, and of electric power produced from it are {b) The Bawdwin lead-zinc ore reserves are two basic factors which are not firm. Two other adequate to supply to the zinc plant the total require¬ examples are the bases on which ores and concen¬ ments of zinc concentrates for a sufficient length of trates can be purchased and on which rights for use time to justify its erection. of the Sterling process, for "know-how" and for (c) The Bawdwin zinc concentrates will be pur¬ furnace tests can be acquired from the New Jersey chased under a long-term contract at a price at the Zinc Company. These assumptions and others set concentrator not in excess of the realization at the forth on page 6 of the Project Report should be concentrator, should these concentrates be sold to confirmed or corrected and aU calculations and offshore smelters. estimates revised accordingly, where necessary, before starting any design engineering. {d) Shwedaung zinc carbonate ores wiU be pur¬ chased under a long-term contract, at the same price, If capital funds are available for investment under at the zinc plant, per pound of recoverable zinc as the conditions outhned, it is recommended that the the Bawdwin concentrates. project be approved for financing and execution in (e) The reserves of the Shwedaung mine are the manner which has been proposed. With successful adequate to supply to the zinc plant the total require¬ negotiation of the proposed foreign loan the ments of ore for a sufficient number of years to avaUability of which would be made contingent upon justify its erection. the preparatory work having satisfactorily confirmed (/) Myingyan on the Irrawaddy River wUl be the estimated investment cost, operating results, and assumed to be the plant site, but an alternate site at return on the investment authority and the necessary Monywa on the Chindwin River wiU be investigated funds would be given to the Mineral Resources to determine its comparative economic advantages. Development Corporation for the execution of the preparatory work. Then, if the resuhs of the prepara¬ {g) Adequate power can be obtained at a cost tory work and metallurgical tests demonstrate equal delivered to the zinc plant of not more than 1-0 cents or better economic justification for the project, (US currency) per kilowatt-hour, after including execution of the construction stage is firmly recom¬ depreciation and a satisfactory return on the capital mended. invested in the power plant and distribution system. (/?) Mutually satisfactory arrangements can be (3) General presentation made by the financial interests with the New Jersey Zinc Company for rights to use the Sterhng patents, (a) Objective. The objective of this project is the for "know-how" and for testing Bawdwin concen¬ establishment at Myingyan of a profitable zinc trates and Shwedaung ore with Kalewa char in the smelting and refining industry based on fuel and Sterling furnace at Palmerton, New Jersey. electric power to be afforded by Kalewa coal, zinc (/) Char made from Kalewa coal will prove to be concentrates to be supplied by Burma Corporation satisfactory for use in the Sterling furnace and can and zinc ores provided by exploitation of the Lough be made available in the required quantities. Keng deposit, hereinafter under reference as the (j) All zinc is to be sold in Europe even though Shwedaung mine. there is a local and nearby market for about 30,000 Attainment of this objective would result, coinci- tons per annum which should be more economically dentally, in securing for Burma other objectives in advantageous. the form of economic and social benefits which are (k) The zinc plant will operate at full capacity mentioned hereinafter under (e) of this section. throughout the year and will be so located that the MINERAL INDUSTRIES 673 waste smelter gases can be discharged into the are reviewed hereinafter in paragraph E-9-c. How¬ atmosphere without damage to the surrounding ever, on the basis of the high-grade reserves only, areas. and at the presently contemplated maximum rate of reduction of about 22,000 tons of zinc concentrates (2) Material available for treatment per year, there would be sufficient ore to supply the {a) The Bawdwin mine near Lashio has been one zinc reduction plant with 67-5 short tons of zinc of the world's richest lead-zinc-silver mines. In the concentrates daUy for 27 years. years just prior to World War II, it produced about (b) The Shwedaung mine is located about 38 mUes 66,000 tons of zinc concentrates contaiiung 55 % east of Taunggyi in the southern Shan State on what zinc. During the war, the concentrator at Namtu was is known as the Lough Keng ore deposit. Here about destroyed and other installations were severely 550,000 metric tons of zinc carbonate ore, containing damaged. Production operations have been resumed 40 % zinc as mined, exists above the surface, amenable and progress is being made toward the contemplated to very cheap surface mining operations. The develop¬ primary objective of about 22,000 tons of zinc ment program to determine probable extensions of concentrates per year, from which about 30 tons of the ore body below the surface has been recoin- slab zinc could be produced daily. This would require mended, and its execution is presently planned by the mining of about 8,000 tons of ore per month. the Mineral Resources Development Corporation for The secondary objective would require doubHng the initiation before the end of this year. underground labor force required for the first, and At the rate of extraction necessary to supply the the addition of ore treatment faciUties at an extraction presently estimated zinc plant ore requirements of rate of about 25,000 tons of mined ore per month. just over 100 short tons per day, the known ore If reaUzed this would result in the resumption of zinc above the surface wUl suffice for more than 15 years. concentrate production at the rate of about 66,000 To make this ore avaUable, however, the Shwedaung. tons per year. mine would have to be equipped for economical sur¬ The "Survey-Zinc" compiled by the National face mining and motor truck transport of the ore to Security Resources Board of the US Government, raUhead. For the latter purpose, an access road about March 1951, shows the foUowing estimated reserves: 25 mUes long would have to be constructed. An BAWDWIN MINE estimate of the cost of equipping the mine for pro¬ duction on the basis outUned is given hereinafter in High Grade Low Grade paragraph E-9-d. Tonnage 3,000,000 24,000,000 (3) Choice of zinc reduction process Metal content, zinc 12-1% 8-5%cut-oflF Metal content, lead 19-5% 7-0% cut-off The proposed zinc reduction plant would use Metal content, copper 0-84% Metal content, silver 15-1 ozs./ton 3-0 ozs./ton the Sterhng furnace electrothermic process for which the New Jersey Zinc Company holds patents in the United States and other countries. The recom¬ Current investigations have not confirmed the mendation to use this comparatively new but proved existence of such a large tonnage of low-grade ore. process was made only after a careful comparison On the contrary about 3,500,000 tons of marginal with the weU known and much used electrolytic ore averaging about 5-3% zinc and 8-9% lead which process on which the prehminary report project was comprise extensions of the higher grade ore already based. mined, can be rehably estimated on the Chinaman The electrothermic process is described in the and Shan lodes and about 1,000,000 tons of a simUar June 1952 issue of the Journal of Metals and in the grade might be disclosed by development and relevant US patents. Two furnaces using the process exploration work on the Meingtha lode. The location are now under construction by the Cerro de Pasco of this known and probable material in the Bawdwin Company in Peru, and other zinc producers, are mine, the development necessary to make it avaUable understood to have shown interest in acquiring rights for extraction, the additional capital cost that would to use the process. WhUe use of the process would be required to provide expanded concentrating plant necessitate acquisition of patent rights and the facUities, and the anticipated future prices of zinc required "know-how" from the New Jersey Zinc would aU be important factors in determining whether Company, enough information is avaUable in the this low grade material could be considered as a technical and patent hterature to permit a determina¬ potential source of supply to the zinc reduction plant. tion to be made of its economic feasibiUty for use in The investigations of this low-grade ore possibUity Burma, based on general metaUurgical experience. 674 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA Although the conclusion that the electrothermic The electrothermic process produces prime western process is economically more advantageous than the grade zinc, crude lead buUion and pig iron. It can electrolytic process appears amply justified, for com¬ successfully treat ores with a higher iron content parative purposes the estimated capital costs, and than the electrolytic process and it recovers a higher the estimated operational results and costs of the percentage of the zinc content of the material treated. two processes are presented in the project report For u.se in Burma, the comparison favors the electro¬ under Sections E and F. For ready comparison, thermic process. reference may be made to Table XXI - 4. (4) Proposed electrothermic zinc plant

TABLE XXI 4 The use of electricity for the production of zinc in an electrothermic zinc process has been tried in COMPARISON OF ESTIMATES nearly every type of electric furnace with varying ELECTROLYTIC AND ELECTROTHERMIC degrees of success prior to the development of the ZINC PLANTS Sterling furnace by the New Jersey Zinc Company. This tabulation compares the preliminary estimates of The process produces prime western grade zinc by the operational results and investment returns from an liquation of the molten metal condensed from the electrolytic zinc plant with those expected from the metal vapors from the electrothermic furnace. If proposed electrothermic zinc plant. economicaUy feasible, the prime western zinc can be distiUed to produced special high grade (99-99% Electrolytic Electrothermic zinc) and by-products under a process also patented Metallurgical Data by the New Jersey Zinc Company. The absence of Concentrates required daily, cheap natural or producer gas for heating, the high DST 128 171 cost of electricity, and the small amount of cadmium Grade of metal intake 46% 45% Overall recovery 85% 90% in the ores and concentrates, makes the production, Grade of slab zinc produced Special Prime in Burma, of special high grade zinc appear un¬ High Grade Western attractive. The calculations on the electrothermic Short tons of slab zinc daily 50 70 Pounds of zinc per year 36,000,000 50,000,000 zinc process, are, therefore, based on the production Producing Costs, Zinc at of prime western zinc. 12 centsjlb. Furnaces require refining and other repairs. It Concentrates 3-40 3-27 would be undesirable to design a plant around one Refining 5-58 4-43 Depreciation on zinc plant 1-48 103 furnace and have no production during repair periods. Delivery 1'47 147 Hence, the proposed plant would use two Sterling Special high grade premium 100 — furnaces. Together they would treat a mixed feed Patent costs —■ 0-25 comprised of all of Burma Corporation zinc sulphide Total Costs 10-93 10-45 concentrate production and whatever tonnage of By-product credits none none Shwedaung zinc carbonate ore might be required Annual Income before Income to produce 70 short tons of prime western slab zinc Taxes Base price of Prime Western per 24 hours. FuU annual production would thus Zinc— total say 25,000 tons or 50,000,000 pounds of zinc 10 cents/lb. S 187,200 % 475,000 metal. 12 cents/lb. 385,200 775,000 14 cents/lb. 583,200 1,075,000 When the resumption of Burma Corporation 16 cents/lb. — 1,380,000 mining and milUng operations reaches the level Total Investment Required planned, it is understood that 22,000 long tons or (Equivalent Dollars) 7,970,000 7,750,000 24,640 short tons of zinc concentrates wiU be pro¬ Return on Investment (after Depreciation but before duced annually. At this rate 67- 5 short tons per day Income Taxes would be available for the zinc plant. For estimating Base price of Prime Western purposes, a 52% Zn grade has been taken and a Zinc— 10 cents/lb. 2-35% 6-13% 92% plant recovery. On the lower grade zinc car¬ 12 cents/lb. 4-83% 10-00% bonate ore from Lough Keng, the assumption of a 14 cents/lb. 7-32% 13-87% grade of 40 % Zn and a recovery of 88 % is warranted. Hence, in addition to the 67- 5 tons of Burma Cor¬ poration zinc concentrates, 103-78 tons of Shwedaung Briefly, the electrolytic process can produce either ore would be required daily to provide for the pro¬ high grade or special high grade zinc, both of which duction of 70 short tons of slab zinc. The grade of command a price premium over prime western grade. this mixed feed would be approximately 45% Zn MINERAL INDUSTRIES 675 and the average plant recovery 90%. These are the personnel increases, the need for foreign technical percentages used in estimating operational results, assistance \\ill decrease so that comparatively little costs and profits. should be required after the first three years of A plant for the production of sulphuric acid from operation. Eventually, the need for any should the waste gases could be constructed later as an disappear. addition to the zinc plant should the nearby industrial demand in Burma justify it. Also, the capacity of the (d) Capital investment required. The capital invest¬ zinc production plant could be readily increased by ment required cannot be stated firmly untU the plant the addition of one more furnace. This would be site at Myingyan has been selected, the furnace tests justified if the rate of production from either Burma of ores and concentrates completed and estimates are Corporation's ore reserves or from the Shwedaung prepared from general arrangement drawings based mine were to be increased, or both. The capUal cost on New Jersey Zinc Company "know-how." Not¬ estimates of this project do not provide for an acid withstanding this fact, the following estimates are production plant or expansion of zinc production by indications of the magnitude of the capital invest¬ employing a third furnace. ment required. No estimate of the working capital required is included. (5) Auxiliary installations and facilities (1) Zinc plant WhUe the only project facUity under reference so far has been the electrothermic zinc plant, the It is estimated that an electrothermic zinc reduction following auxiliary installations and related facUities plant designed to produce 70 tons per day of prime are also essential. western grade slab zinc using two Sterling furnaces and possessing the necessary service facilities would Provision must be made for coal and char storage, cost, erected at Myingyan, the equivalent of about for railway spur connections and for river port $5,250,000. Adding ocean freight and inland trans¬ facUities. Housing and living quarters must be con¬ portation increases the cost to $5,418,147. structed for aU staff" and employees. A hospital, school, and community hall and cinema must be (2) Rail, river and storage facilities provided along with recreational and religious facUities. Electricity, water supply, sanitation, roads Coal and char storage and railway and river port facUities wiU cost an estimated $181,626. and local telephone communications are other essential items. (3) Employee housing and community facilities (c) Implementation. It is assumed that the Mineral The estimated cost of providing suitable housing Resources Development Corporation would be made accommodation for all plant employees, electric responsible for securing implementation of the service, streets, Ughting, water supply, sanitation, project. To bring it to the production stage, it is community school, cinema, hospital and religious estimated, would require three to four years from the and recreational facilities is $718,713. date of GUB project approval and authorization. One year would be needed in which to accomplish (4) Preparatory work and furnace tests certain metallurgical tests and other preparatory Before construction plans and specifications can work necessary before plans and specifications can be finalized, certain metallurgical tests and other be finalized and construction initiated. These pre¬ preparatory work wUl have to be accomphshed. The liminary steps are outlined hereinafter under the preliminary surveying and mapping of plant site headings "Capital investment required" and "Recom¬ possibilities, town-sites, and of locations for rail and mendations." Following completion of this stage, two river transportation facUities will be necessary. to three years would be required for the construction Furnace test runs will have to be made in the of the zinc reduction plant and all necessary auxUiary United States by the New Jersey Zinc Company, facUities. using Kalewa char with zinc concentrates and zinc In order to secure execution of the necessary ore, for confirming the operational estimates in this preparatory work and the following construction Report and for finalizing plant designs and specifica¬ stage, the Corporation wUl have to employ foreign tions. For this purpose it wiU be necessary to mine technical assistance in the form of engineering and and ship to the United States 5,000 tons of Kalewa managerial services. It will need such assistance, also, coal and 2,500 tons of Lough Keng zinc carbonate during the first years of production operations. As ore. The shipment of 2,500 tons of zinc concentrates the proficiency of Burmese counterpart technical wiU be required. 676 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA (5) Technical assistance produced from other sources. GeneraUy, the cost of Foreign technical assistance wUl have to be pro¬ raU and ocean freight, handhng and storage, offshore vided for securing execution of the project as out¬ smelting and refining charges and aU other realization Uned above in (1), (2), (3), and (4). Similarly, it wUI costs have made the export of concentrates economic¬ be required thereafter during the first several years aUy unattractive except when the price of zinc has of plant operation. Included in the total capital cost been comparatively high. The profitable export of of the project at an estunated cost of $871,400 is zinc ores has required even higher prices. As one provision only for the engineering, supervisory and result, there has been and is little incentive for managerial services required for the preparatory developing new zinc production from known deposits work and construction stage of the project. The cost or for discovering new ones. The estabUshment of a of the zinc plant design, plans and specifications is smelter and refinery in Burma would provide pro¬ included independently in the estunated capital cost ducers with additional incentive in the form of an of that item, as set forth in (1). assured local market more favorable than would be obtainable offshore. (6) Total capital cost A zinc plant at Myingyan must show sufficient The total capital cost of the project is estimated at savings in treatment and shipping charges, as com¬ the equivalent of $7,750,000 ($4,666,659 plus pared with the corresponding charges for sales to Kl ,46,45,869). Table XXI - 5 recapitulates the capital European smelters, to justify the investment, and cost items in the preceding paragraphs under headings give a satisfactory return to the mine operators at which show the estimated breakdown of the total into zinc prices lower than those recent zinc prices at foreign exchange requirements, including ocean which it became unprofitable for the mine operators freight and local currency requirements. to ship. (e) Economic justification. To date no zinc metal A preliminary evaluation of the project, based has been produced commerciaUy in Burma. The zinc necessarily at this time on important assumptions exported has been contained in sulphide flotation set forth earlier in this Report, shows that a zinc concentrates produced by Burma Corporation and, reduction plant could be operated profitably in in comparatively insignificant amounts, in zinc ores Burma so long as the base price of prime western

TABLE XXI - 5 CAPITAL INVESTMENT REQUIRED—RECAPITULATION ELECTROTHERMIC ZINC PLANT

Dollars Kyats

Item Equipment Ocean Inland Description or Services Transport Transport Materials Labor a. Zinc Plant 3,500,000 147,000 11,00,450 16,62,500 66,50,000 b. Rail, River and Storage Facilities 135,000 5,300 36,300 51,000 1,09,000 c. Housing and Community Facihties 150,000 8,000 23,389 16,70,000 9,70,000 d. *Preparatory Work and Furnace 224,525 25,00,959 2,23,260 2,56,748 e. tTechnical Assistance 721,359 7,12,703

JCredit for zinc metal produced from test runs in (3)(d)(4) (-)224,525 — — (-)3,20,440 ■

/. Subtotals 4,506,359 160,300 23,40,658 43,19,463 79,85,748 g. Grand Total 4,666,659 — — 1,46,45,869 —

* The purchase cost of Bawdwin concentrates and costs of procuring Shwedaung ore are included respectively under "Materials" and "Labor." The cost of producing Kalewa char, test expenses, and consultants' fees are included under "Equipment or Services." t All local currency costs are listed under "Materials." % 1419,800 credit from sale of 4,198,000 pounds prime western zinc at 10 cents per pound, less 15 % on doUar equivalent of total of d. above, is $291,985. This is equivalent to a credit of $224,525 plus K3,20,435, making the total capital cost of d. K26,60,532 only. MINERAL INDUSTRIES 677 zinc is ten cents per pound or higher. Final evaluation of capital return are shown in Table XXI - 7 and may confirm a break-even price of eight cents per likewise on Plate 5. pound for slab zinc delivered in the European market. Average US prices for prime western from 1902 to TABLE XXI - 6 1937 show 2-876 cents per pound in 1932 as the out¬ RETURNS ON CAPITAL INVESTMENT standingly lowest price. During the war period, from (After "Capital Return by Depreciation Charge) November 1941 to September 1946, the price was controUed at 8-250 cents per pound. Prices have Base Price Income before Income Taxes Return on Total remained higher since 1946; from October 1951 tiU Prime Western Investment of May 1952 the US price was 19-5 cents. At the time centsjlb. centsjlb. Annual 17,750,000 the Myingyan zinc project report under reference was written, the London quotation was 9-81 cents (March 28, 1953). WhUe no prediction of the expected long- term future price can be satisfactorily supported, there are reasons for expecting that future prices wiU not remain much below eight cents for any consider¬ able period, even if they should, at times, decline to that level. World consumption and demand for most TABLE XXI - 7 metals is more Ukely to increase in the future than to RETURNS ON CAPITAL INVESTMENT decrease. At the same time, the decreased purchasing (After "Capital Return With Interest" Charge) power of world currencies reduces the hkehhood of any full return to prewar wage and price levels. Base Price of Income before Income Taxes Return on Invest- To recapitulate, for easier correlation with the following paragraphs, the total cost of the zinc centsjlb. Annual $7,750,000 reduction plant project, set forth in the preceding table, is estimated at the equivalent of $7,750,000 or K3,68,12,499. Included in this total are the costs of all necessary preparatory work, metallurgical tests, auxUiary and dependent facilities, and all necessary employee housing and community facilities. Working capital has not been included. At full capacity the The preceding tabulations apply to any distribution plant would produce 70 short tons per day of prime between Burma Corporation concentrates and Shwe¬ western grade slab zinc or 50,000,000 pounds daung ore. The reduction process used also produces annually. as by-products crude lead buUion containing some For the purpose of considering financial results silver, and pig iron containing a smaU amount of two calculations have been made. The first assumes copper. The crude lead can be returned to the lead that aU funds which might be invested in the project smelter and refinery at Namtu for the production of are equity capital. The return on this capital is pro¬ refined lead and sUver. No credit for these by-products vided by using a 15-year straight-line depreciation has been taken at this time in estimating cost and investment returns. rate. Thus, the annual depreciation charge would be $516,667. At fuU capacity of 50,000,000 pounds per In addition to the return on the invested capital, year, this depreciation charge would be 1-03 cents the Union of Burma itself would derive economic per pound. It has been included in the total estimated advantages as foUows:— cost per pound of zinc produced and delivered in the (1) More foreign exchange earnings would result European market. The return on the invested capital, from the export of refined zinc than from the equiva¬ before income taxes, is, therefore, the profit per lent metal exported in the form of concentrates and pound of zinc produced and delivered to market ores. multipUed by the annual production of 50,000,000 (2) The exploitations of the Lough Keng zinc pounds. The annual return on the total capital invest¬ carbonate ore deposit, which without a reduction ment is shown for various zinc prices in Table XXI - 6 plant would not be economically attractive, would These results are shown graphicaUy on Plate 5. become possible and thus enable the production and The second calculation of financial return is based export from Burma of increased tonnages of zinc. on "Capital Return with Interest" charges, instead of Exploration for probable extensions of this deposit straight-Une depreciation. The results of this method would become more attractive. 678 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA (3) Burma Corporation might be able to increase Zinc Company. These assumptions, set forth in its ore reserves by lowering its cutoff grade or limit paragraph (3)(b), should be confirmed or corrected of payability and, consequently, be able to consider and all calculations and estimates revised accord¬ expansion of its presently planned production rate. ingly, where necessary, before starting any design engineering. (4) The discovery and development of new sources of lead and zinc production would be generally If capital funds are available for investment under stimulated. the conditions as outlined, it is recommended that the project be approved for financing and execution in (5) Establishment of the industry would provide the manner which has been proposed. With successful additional employment for Burmese workers and negotiation of the proposed foreign loan—the avaU¬ would afford opportunity for the productive develop¬ ment of new technical knowledge and skills. ability of which would be made contingent upon the preparatory work having satisfactorily confirmed the (f) Proposed method of financing. The total capital estimated investment cost, operating results and investment required is estimated at $4,666,659 and return on the investment—authority and the necessary Kl,46,45,869 the sum being equivalent of $7,750,000. funds would be given to the Mineral Resources Assuming that equity risk capital will not, in fact, Development Corporation for the execution of the be readily found, it is proposed that the Government preparatory work. Then, if the results of the prepara¬ of the Union of Burma: tory work and metallurgical tests demonstrate equal or better economic justification for the project, (1) Provide initially K26,60,532 (equivalent to execution of the construction stage is firmly recom¬ $560,112), the amount required for execution of the mended. preparatory work and metaUurgical tests summarized in paragraph (3)(d)(4); In anticipation of satisfactory confirmation of the estimated investment cost, operating results and (2) Negotiate a loan of $4,500,000 to provide for return on the investment and, contingent thereon, 96-4% of the foreign exchange required for the approval for execution of the construction stage of execution of the project, the avaUablity of the loan the project, it is recommended that the Mineral to be contingent upon the successful conclusion of Resources Development Corporation proceed the execution of (1), the resultant confirmation of towards implementation and execution of the project presently estimated operating profits and the satis¬ as foUows: factory finalization of plant design and specifications; (1) Ascertain the grades and quantities of zinc (3) Undertake to provide, concurrently with the required by India annuaUy and negotiate a contingent availability of the loan negotiated under (2), the trade agreement with that country for the purchase balance of the estimated capital requirements of of as much of Burma's potential zinc production as foreign exchange and local currency, namely $166,659 possible over a long period of years at a price com¬ andKl,19,85,337; petitive with India's other sources of zinc supply. (4) Designate the Mineral Resources Development Corporation as the agency responsible for securing: (2) Determine what possibilities exist for expanding the presentiy contemplated rate of production of {a) Implementation and execution of (1) above; concentrates from the Bawdwin mine by the exploita¬ {b) Execution of the construction stage of the tion of low grade material below the cutoff grade project following the successful conclusion of (1); and used in calculating ore reserves, as presently declared. {c) Satisfactory production operations thereafter. (3) Negotiate a contingent long term agreement (g) Recommendations. The calculations and esti¬ with Burma Corporation for the purchase of Bawdwin concentrates, dehvered at Namyao. mates upon which the economic justification of the project are based are themselves necessarily based, in (4) Secure exploration of the Lough Keng ore turn, on certain important assumptions which require deposit for extensions of the known ore body, confirmation. The availabUity of Kalewa coal, for formulate plans for extracting ore from the Shwe¬ example, and of electric power produced from it are daung mine at a rate of not less than 40,000 tons per two basic factors which are not firm. Two other year, negotiate a contingent agreement providing for examples are the bases on which ores and concen¬ the exploitation of the deposit at the foregoing rate, trates can be purchased and on which rights for providing therein the financing necessary for the con¬ use of the Sterling process, for "know-how" and for struction of an access road and the equipment of the furnace tests can be acquired from the New Jersey mine for production. MINERAL INDUSTRIES 679 (5) Negotiate a contingent agreement with the TABLE XXI - 8 New Jersey Zinc Company for the use of their electro¬ BAWDWIN LOW GRADE ORE, JULY 1928 thermic process; their testing of the process at Palmerton, New Jersey with Bawdwin concentrates, Per cent Shwedaung ore and Kalewa char; and for the Location Tons Ag ozs 1 ton Pb Zn Cu design and specifications for the proposed zinc plant at Myingyan. Chinaman Lode Proved 2,857,713 6-4 8-9 5-4 013 (6) Obtain a 5,000-ton sample of Kalewa coal and Probable 252,375 4.0 10-4 5-9 0-11 store it at Kalewa on the Chindwin River ready for Total 3,110,088 6-3 9-1 5-4 013 shipment to the USA for the production of char to be Shan Lode used in testing and reducing Bawdwin zinc concen¬ Proved 691,727 5-2 8-5 4-9 0-10 trates and Shwedaung ore. Probable 68,457 3-8 8-0 4-2 0-05 (7) Obtain a 2,500-ton sample of Shwedaung ore Total 760,202 5-0 8-5 4-8 0-10 and stockpUe it at raUhead at Shwenyaung ready for Grand Total shipment to the USA. Proved and Probable 3,870,290 6-0 8-9 5-3 0-12 Subsequent Extrac¬ (8) Arrange for obtaining a 2,500-ton sample of tion (values not deter¬ 101,401 Bawdwin zinc concentrates for shipment to the USA. minable) (9) Investigate alternative plant sites at Myingyan, select the best plant location, and secure an adequate topographic survey and map of the construction area These figures show proved and probable ore of this (aerial photographs for topographic mapping pur¬ category totalhng 3,870,290 tons and subsequent poses have already been made of the Myingyan area extraction estimated at 101,401 tons. This is believed and general topographic maps should be shortly to have resulted from normal mining extraction pro¬ avaUable for detaUed survey work). cedure where some low-grade ore is taken rather than to terminate the stopping at possibly Ul-defined (10) Employ a competent mining and metaUurgical boundaries of adjoining high-grade ore. engineer supported by the services of a consulting During the war, an additional 200,000 tons were mining engineering firm to assist the Corporation in extracted by the Japanese, and certain tonnages were securing implementation and execution of the fore¬ transferred into the "high-grade" category. The total going recommendations. low-grade ore reserve is therefore estimated at Assuming satisfactory results from the Kalewa 3,500,000 tons with the average content posted in project, the New Jersey Zinc Company tests should the foregoing table. Were an estimate to be made of proceed as soon as possible. The satisfactory com¬ equivalent low-grade ore in the Meingtha lode, it is pletion of these tests and the steps outlined above conceivable that this total might possibly be increased wUl provide a sufficient basis for proceeding with the by an additional 1,000,000 tons. The foUowing are execution of the project by utUization of the con¬ further observations: tingent foreign loan proposed under (f). (1) The low-grade ore estimate refers to definite locations in the mine which can be found again c. Bawdwin Low-grade Ore Reserves without difficulty. Access to some of the locations In the "Survey-Zinc" pubUshed by the National might require moderate recovery and rehabUitation Security Resources Board of the US Government in of the original development workings. March 1951, the low-grade ore reserves of the (2) PracticaUy aU of the low-grade ore occurs in the Bawdwin mine were estimated to contain 24,000,000 foot waUs of two of the main high-grade lodes. tons averaging 8-5% Zn, 7-0% Pb and 3-0 ozs. Ag Only a few very thin bands of ore have been found per ton. These figures were quoted on page 8 of the on the hanging waU side. Enough development work Myingyan zinc project report dated March 31, 1953, and sampling has been done to establish this as the and cited in the preceding section under this heading. definite pattern of low-grade ore occurrence. However, a special investigation has been made and (3) Comparing more recent work with the 1928 separate report submitted on the "Investigation of low-grade esthnate, it is apparent that certain lenses Low-grade Resources in the Bawdwin Mine." As a and stringers can frequentiy be picked up in the low- result and from data based on calculations made in grade sections and mined as high-grade ore. In 1928, the quantities shown in the following Table several instances this was done by the Japanese XXI - 8 were made avaUable. during their occupation. 680 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA (4) There is nothing to preclude the possibility of In addition to its inconvenient situation relative to- a similar development of low-grade ore in the the transportation of ore and supplies, the deposit is Meingtha lode. In the Shan and Chinaman lodes it also disadvantageously situated in relation to power, appears that the amount of low-grade ore is roughly water, and labor supphes. Until hydroelectric power proportional to the amount of high-grade ore. is available in this general area, power wiU have to The extent to which this low-grade ore may be be supplied by diesel electric generators. Fortun¬ economically important to the future operations of ately, power requirements will be very moderate. Burma Corporation and the Myingyan zinc refinery Owing to the physical and topographic features of has not been determined. It depends on many factors the deposit, it will be exploited entirely by open-cut which remain subject to further study, investigation or quarry methods, and ore transportation from the and evaluation in the light of anticipated future mine to the crushing plant and truck loading bins will operating conditions and metal prices. Because of the be by hand-trammed cars running on light rail. The considerable value of the metallic content of the major power demand, therefore, wUl be only for ore compared with similar ores successfully exploited compressors, the crushing plant and water supply. elsewhere in the world, the consultants beheve its It is estimated that the total demand will be met by exploitation potentialities should be determined at two diesel generators totaling 350 h.p., required to run an early date. simultaneously only during parts of each operating shift. Water required for the mine operation and the d. Development of the Lough Keng Ore Deposit camp, estimated at 25,000 gallons per day, will be supplied through a pipeline from the Nam Pawn The Lough Keng zinc carbonate ore deposit has river approximately 3,200 ft. below the mine. Three been mentioned previously in this chapter as one of 20 h.p triplex pump units, one on the river and the the two sources of zinciferous material for the Mying¬ other two at stations approximately 1,000 and 2,000 yan zinc refinery. Until Burma Corporation can ft. higher, will deliver into storage tanks in the mine supply a greater tonnage of zinc sulphide concen¬ area. trates than the 22,000 long tons per year presently contemplated, it is planned to supply the zinc The Lough Keng area is sparsely populated and smelter with ore from the Lough Keng deposit con¬ provision will have to be made for the construction taining approximately half of the smelter's total zinc and maintenance of a mining camp complete with metal output. appropriate utilities, a school, a hospital or dispensary, and recreational facilities. The capital expenditures To this end, plans have been made for developing required to produce 155 tons of ore per day from the and equipping the Shwedaung mine for a daily ore production of 155 short tons, or approximately 3,300 Lough Keng deposit are estimated at $1,100,000. short tons per month. Visible, already measured, The cost of producing and delivering a ton of Lough surface ore in the deposit amounts to approximately Keng ore to rail head at Shwenyaung is estimated at at K50.46 per long ton. 550,000 metric tons or 607,000 short tons which, at the planned rate of depletion, provides positive The estimates may be summarized as follows: reserves for approximately 15 years. The exploratory program recommended to Government should dis¬ close additional carbonate ore below the surface and TABLE XXI - 9 possibly sulphide ore at greater depth. ESTIMATED CAPITAL COSTS The ore deposit, situated in the Shan State at Lough Keng some 30 miles south of Mong Pawn, is not conveniently situated in relation to Myingyan Total Cost nor to established transportation routes thereto. Equivalent Kyats A major item in the estimated cost of developing this % plus K deposit for exploitation is the construction of an Preliminary Surveys and Engineering 1,150 12,900 18,370 approximately 25-mile access road from the town of Access Road, Mong Pawn to Mine 2,500 22,27,950 22,39,830 Surface Plant (Mine and Shwen¬ 13,810 7,49,950 8,15,540 Mong Pawn to the deposit area near Lough Keng. yaung, including power plant and Another major capital expenditure will be necessary all machinery and equipment). to provide a fleet of trucks to transport the ore from Heavy Duty Trucks for ore transport the mine to railhead at Shwenyaung. The distance and other automotive equipment 200 15,07,500 15,09,400 Water Supply 900 5,54,950 5,59,225 from Lough Keng to Shwenyaung via Mong Pawn wUl be about 75 mUes, and the cost of haulage wiU be a large item in total operating costs. MINERAL INDUSTRIES 681 TABLE XXI - 10 expenditure should be made at Lough Keng, other ESTIMATED OPERATING COSTS, PER SHORT than those recommended to prove up the deposit TON F.O.R. RAILWAY WAGONS AT MYINGYAN until there is a firm determination of the Myingyan zinc project. Labor, e. Antimony Project including Super¬ Supplies Total The Antimony project presented in the Preliminary vision and Report had a "first" and an "ultimate" objective. Engineering The first was the annual export of approximately K K K 1,260 tons of refined antimony and 3,600 tons of 50% Mining 3-943 11-619 15-562 Ore transport. Mine to Shwen¬ ore. The ultimate objective was the export, in the yaung 3-325 6-833 10-158 form of refined metal, of all the antimony Burma Railway Freight, Shwenyaung might produce. to Myingyan 13-385 Achievement of the first objective was planned in Depreciation — — 8-550 two stages. The first stage was to be the successful General Overheads 2-705 0-103 2-808 completion of four separate but related programs: the collection at the site of a central oxidation and reduction plant of 4,000 tons of 20% Sb ore purchased from various mines; the purchase, also from various Estimates of results of operation of Lough Keng mines, of shipping-grade ore for export; the selection mine and smelter with zinc at ten cents a pound, show and development of a "demonstration" mine to a profit of approximately K32 per ton of ore on the produce not less than 6 tons per day of 20 % Sb ore, part of the smelter, and a break-even basis for the and at the same time 2-4 tons per day of 50% Sb ore; mine. When the price of zinc drops to nine cents, the and the construction of a central oxidation and composUe results of both mine and smelter wiU show reduction plant as soon as the reasonably certain a loss of about K2-0 per ton of ore, or practically a avaUablity of 4,000 tons of 20 % Sb ore was assured. break-even basis. The second stage, planned to begin on the com¬ It will be noted that no provision has been made pletion of the first stage, and expected to be progres¬ for the cost of developing the deposit. The reason sive over about eight years, was to consist of selecting for this is that, with a positive ore reserve above the the five most promising mines, in addition to the surface adequate for a 15-year operation, no urgency "demonstration" mine, for the development at each exists for immediately establishing additional reserves. of production at least equivalent to that of the After production has begun and is well underway, "demonstration" mine. An oxidation plant at each the subsurface exploration for extensions of the of the six mines was programmed, and appropriate surface ore which has already been recommended to progressive increases in the reduction capacity of the the Mineral Resources Development Corporation central plant that meanwhile would have been pur¬ and the execution of which is being initiated wUl chasing and treating odd lots of ore and ore products have provided guidance for future development work. from smaU independent producers. As projected, the Additional guidance will also be provided to a con¬ successful completion of the second stage would siderable extent by the observed behavior and constitute the beginning of achievement of the characteristics of the ore deposits in the bottom of ultimate objective of funneling all Burmese antimony the open cuts. Thus any extensive underground ores and oxide-plant products into the central plant exploration and development can be much more for conversion into export metal. satisfactorily planned and executed at a later date In the Preliminary Report, based on estimated and at less cost. capital costs for the two stages of the first objective It is assumed that the Mineral Resources Develop¬ of approximately K60,00,000 estimated production ment Corporation will arrange and implement the costs and the then current London quotations for financing of the program, and that it will be wholly antimony metal, an annual operating profit of responsible for securing completion of the program K61,74,000 is estimated at the end of the second at such time that adequate and continuous ore stage of the first objective, and it is implied that at deliveries will be made to the Myingyan plant site this price the continuing annual profits would be of when that plant is ready to operate. The execution of the same order. the Lough Keng project must be coordinated with The development of the project subsequent to the the construction of a zinc smelter in Burma. No submittal of the Preliminary Report has been 682 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA seriously impeded. Examination and appraisal of determine the most efficient roasting technique for fine- some 20 known antimony deposits proved impossible sized antimony concentrates; and that when a perma¬ in all but a few cases because of adverse security nent central reduction plant is envisaged, a study be conditions. Further, two of the reputedly most made of methods of recovering the sulphur evolved promising deposits in the Shan State were examined. in the pyrometallurgical treatment of antimony ores One of these, the Mong Sang deposit warrants a and concentrates. vigorous exploration and development program The report gives much space to descriptions and which has been outlined in a separate report and diagrams of various standard practice procedures submitted to Government with action recommenda¬ and equipments, so presented that accurate estimates tions. The other, Lebyin, although optimistically of capital requirements can easily be calculated by reported in the Preliminary Report, on rc-cxamination substituting the cost of Burmese materials, trans¬ did not disclose potentialities justifying exploration portation, labor and other costs. work designed to develop the deposit into a "demon¬ For a discussion of world markets for antimony stration mine." ores and metal and their relationship to prices, con¬ The several other antimony deposits and showings sumption and demand, reference may be made to the examined in the Shan States did not exhibit en¬ memorandum submitted by A. J. Creshkoff of Robert couraging geological features, and continued explora¬ R. Nathan Associated Inc., and simUar pertinent tion and development could not be recommended. data from other sources, all of which are being trans¬ No additional information could be obtained regard¬ mitted separately to Government. ing the known and favorably reported antimony In considering the contribution which develop¬ occurrences in the Tenasserim Division due to the ment of the antimony project can make to the aforementioned adverse security conditions. economy of Burma and the justification therefor, an However, despite the inaccessibility of most of the appraisal of future prices in world consuming areas antimony deposits for field examination by the con¬ is critical. When the Preliminary Report was com- sultants, certain important concepts and assumptions pUed the price of antimony was approaching its all- on which the development of the project was formu¬ time high which was attained in December 1951. lated were studied and brought more up-to-date by China reputedly has more than half of the world's investigations conducted in the United States of the resources of antimony ore. Prior to 1932 it was the pyrometallurgical treatment of what are believed to be lowest cost producer, and provided about two-thirds representative samples of Burmese antimony ores, of the total world supply. Following her comparatively and free world markets for antimony ores as a basis recent disappearance from world trade in antimony, for projecting foreign exchange earnings from the and her domination of the market, it appeared that export sale of Burmese antimony ore production Burma could avail herself of an exceptional oppor¬ anticipated in 1960. tunity to develop a well-organized modern antimony The results of these investigations, conducted by industry which in the future would be able to com¬ Dr. C. Y. Wang, Consulting Metallurgical Engineer, pete in the world market with China with an advant¬ New York, are contained in a report submitted to age or at least on a basis of equality. Meanwhile, the Government in December 1952 entitled "Report South Africa has been entering the market as a low on the Proposed Antimony Smelting in Burma." cost producer on an increasingly important scale. The seven principal recommendations with which Despite the lower prices that have prevaUed since his report concludes may be summarized as foUows: the project was first recommended (52 cents per that there be thorough geological examination and pound in January 1952), and which have remained sampling of all important Burmese antimony mines fairly constant around 30 cents per pound since and prospects; that the initial unit for treating 20% November 1952 foUowing their steady drop from antimony ore have a daily metal output capacity of January 1952 levels, considerable weight must be only one ton; that investigations and experiments be given to the prediction of mineral economists that conducted to determine the comparative economic consumption between 1950 and 1975 wiU increase advantages of exporting shipping grade antimony by 92% and that the free world output would keep ore (approximately 50% Sb) or treating it in Burma pace with this demand. to recover and export the metal; that mechanization In the contract period subsequent to the submittal of plant instaUations should not be overdone in the of the Preliminary Report, circumstances have not initial stages of developing a smelting industry; that been sufficiently favorable to justify recommending further study of concentration methods for low-grade early implementation of the project as outlined in ores be undertaken; that a study be made to that report. However, in view of the wide price MINERAL INDUSTRIES 683 fluctuations to which antimony has been subject in of solid fuel cannot be overemphasized. The develop¬ the past, it is very possible that at some time in the ment of production from the Kalewa coalfield will future the operation of a properly developed anti¬ afford this. Execution of the Kalewa project, as mony smelting industry can contribute very import¬ proposed in the report thereon, justifies highest antly to the Burmese economy. priority so far as industrial development projects are It is therefore recommended: (1) that the explora¬ concerned. tion and prospecting of the Mong Sang deposit, as As the immediate market for most of the Kalewa outhned and recommended in the report of the production depends upon the production of a examining engineer, be given modest priority in the briquette suitable for transport and storage during development programs to be undertaken by the the monsoon season, the implementation of the Mineral Resources Development Corporation; Kalewa project on the scale recommended must (2) that the examination and appraisal of the anti¬ depend upon the further research work being done mony deposits and prospects in the Tenasserim under GUB Project 60 in briquetting the Kalewa Division, which have remained inaccessible during coal, as well as the results of the diamond drilling the contract period, be effected as soon as security program now under way. In the event that Kalewa conditions permit and when technical personnel are coal cannot be made into a briquette stable under avaUable to the Corporation, or when the Mineral monsoon weather, then consideration must be given Resources Survey can operate in that area; (3) that to the economics of protected transport and storage. wherever and whenever possible instructions be If such storage is not feasible, the Kalewa project given to antimony mine owners and operators by must be revised to conform to the needs for pulverized personnel of the Mineral Resources Development fuel, for power generation, and for the requirements Corporation and the Mine Department, particularly of the Myingyan zinc project. Execution of the in the operation of the simple Chinese process of Kalewa project, on a basis yet to be determined, intermittent liquation of crude antimony; and (4) that justifies the highest priority. the antimony project, as outhned in the Preliminary 2. Implementation of the Myingyan zinc project is Report, be held in abeyance until such time in the economicaUy justified providing Kalewa coal is made future as adequate ore supplies can be assured and available. In this case, it should be assessed second its development presents increased economic advant¬ priority among mineral industry development projects. ages. 3. If the Myingyan zinc project is undertaken, F. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS development of the Lough Keng zinc carbonate ore The orderly and effective development of Burma's deposit for the production of 40,000 tons of ore mineral resources is essential to the future social and annually must proceed concurrently. Without the economic welfare of the country. Important progress zinc refinery, or unless the underground exploration towards this end has been made during the last 18 program already recommended and initiated discloses months. The Mineral Resources Development Cor¬ very large additional tonnage of ore, the development poration has been estabhshed and is taking steps to of the Lough Keng deposit is not economically initiate several of the measures which have so far justifiable. In the latter event, the deposit might been recommended. Specific mineral industry develop¬ prove large enough to justify the establishment of ment projects which have been proposed are receiving its own zinc refinery and a hydroelectric power serious consideration with a view to securing their installation on the Nam Teng River. early implementation. It is noteworthy that so much 4. The possibility of exploiting profitably the low- has been accomplished in this relatively short time grade material occurring on the boundaries of the in the face of such obviously adverse security con¬ high-grade orebodies at Bawdwin should be deter¬ ditions. mined as soon as possible. With the establishment of However, accomplishments to date, important a zinc refinery at Myingyan particularly, and the as they are, cannot but emphasize the magnitude of availability of an indigenous supply of metallurgical the responsibilities which remain for initiation and briquettes (equivalent to coke), probabUities of execution. In the following paragraphs, the recom¬ profitable exploitation are appreciably enhanced. mendation for future action are recapitulated briefly, 5. The antimony deposits at Mong Sang should be emphasis placed on certain correlation, and priorities further prospected and explored to determine their for implementation assessed. potentialities and whether they can be made to serve 1. In an integrated industrial program for Burma, appropriately as the "demonstration mine" envisaged the basic hnportance of developing domestic supply in the Antimony project. As soon as the antimony 684 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA deposUs in the Amherst and Thaton districts of the managerial and technical services and personnel Tenasserim Division become accessible, they should sufficient to serve all of the Corporation's needs untU be examined and their potential value appraised. such time as trained and experienced Burmese UntU these steps have been taken, and until the replacements become available. As recommended avaUability of adequate supplies of ores can be first in the Preliminary Report and reiterated now, reasonably well assured, it is recommended that this step is essential whether the Corporation obtains implementation of the Antimony project be deferred, such personnel by engaging the services of a mine with the foUowing exception. If exploration should management and consultant firm—^which is believed prove large deposits of 4 % antimony ore that can be able—or whether, alternatively, it engages individuals mined cheaply by open cut or underground methods, to render the various services needed. studies should be made as to the economics of mining and concentrating this ore to supply a high grade 7. The functions and responsibilities of the Mines concentrate to a reduction plant. Department should be broadened and its stalT aug- mented in accordance with the administrative and 6. It has been recommended that the Mineral organizational staffing plan previously outlined. Resources Development Corporation be made respons¬ Similarly, as soon as trained national personnel ible for securing implementation and execution of become avaUable, the staff and activities of the the aforementioned mineral industry developments. Geological Department should be expanded. Additionally it is believed that the Corporation should be made responsible for conducting the In order to avoid duplication of personnel and continuing program of exploration and discovery effort, the work of both departments should be recommended in the Mineral Resources Survey correlated closely with that of the Exploration project proposal, and that initially, in order to operate Division of the Corporation and the Mineral to best advantage, it should establish no less than Resources Survey for the conduct of which it would two regional offices. be responsible. Payment of appreciably higher It was recommended in the Preliminary Report salaries to technically educated and trained Burmese that the Corporation, although government-owned, personnel is essential if the country's nationals are should be "relatively autonomous," and that it to be encouraged to undertake such professional should operate "as a private enterprise without the careers in adequate number. limitation of civil services, and especially, free from 8. The revision of mining laws and regulations and the red tape and lethargy which so often characterizes mineral industry taxation along the lines recom¬ government enterprises." Most importantly, it was mended will greatly facilitate maximum development recommended that the executive head of the Corpora¬ of mineral resources and encourage the participation tion should possess some technical knowledge and of private enterprise therein. In Burma, where the wide business experience. Unless these recommenda¬ potential is so great and so underdeveloped, maximum tions are implemented achievement of the Corpora¬ economic development of her mineral resources tion's objectives will be greatly prejudiced. cannot be achieved during any short period of years On a par with these basicaUy important require¬ unless private enterprise is not only afforded fair ments for successful operation is the necessity for opportunity to participate but actively encouraged employing at the earliest date competent foreign to do so by the extension of adequate guarantees. CHAPTER XXII MANUFACTURING

A. REVIEW OF EXISTING NATIONAL INDUSTRY Only in rice milling, saw milling and a few other 1. PRESENT NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL PLANT industries is the existing capacity able to supply the entire needs of the nation. Portiand cement manu¬ Burma's national industrial plant has never facturing capacity is now below current demands. developed beyond an elementary stage. Existing industry comprises principally the finishing or con¬ 3. CAPACITY IN RELATION TO PROJECTED version of agricultural products. The limited variety CONSUMPTION of the commodities manufactured and their low total As in general the existing national industries are value, the relatively limited amount of capital unable to meet current demands for their products, invested, the small number of people employed in it is evident that they are completely unable to supply industry, and the large imports of basic commodities any increase in demand. The normal increase in evidence this lack of development. population alone wiU provide a growing market for No complete list exists covering the extent or all commodities consumed or used in Burma. The variety of the existing industries of Burma or of execution of the Econonuc and Industrial Develop¬ their current production. The Labor Directorate ment Program will create tremendous demands for {Burma Labor Gazette, September 1951) lists 882 all basic construction materials. The additional rice mills, 110 sesamum and groundnut oil extraction employment and payrolls created by the construction, plants, 80 flour mills, 3 sugar extraction and refining operation, and maintenance of the new projects, will plants, 16 beverage plants, 194 saw mUls, 67 cotton develop an additional demand for many commodities ginning and spinning mills, 3 match factories, that cannot be met by the existing national industrial I cement plant, and some tobacco, rope, printing, plant, yet in many cases these demands can be met and engineering plants. There are also a starch plant, economicaUy by domestic production. a soap factory, two small glassware plants, one or To remedy this situation definite recommendations more rubber products plants, and other small are made in Section D of this chapter. industries. About 43,000 permanent employees out of a labor B. A SURVEY OF INDUSTRIAL POSSIBILITIES force in excess of 8,000,000 are said to be employed FOR BURMA in the manufacturing plants reporting to the Labor Directorate. Even if the total number of industrial An exhaustive inventory has been made of all of employees exceeded the above by 200 or 300%, the the known material resources of the Union of Burma, ratio employed in manufacturing industry would and of the products that are used in commercial stiU be smaU. quantities in this country, or that could be manu¬ factured in Burma. In addition, careful market 2. CAPACITY IN RELATION TO CURRENT surveys were made covering the past and present CONSUMPTION consumption of aU important commodities, and the Some of the industrial plants are so small that they future requirements were estimated. From this three- may be classed as cottage industries. Many are way check, a comprehensive list was made of obsolete, inefficient, and high cost producers. industrial projects for investigation. Practically none supply the entire requirements of Burma for any single commodity. Inadequate facilities 1. INDUSTRIAL USES OF THE PRINCIPAL RAW MATERIALS OF BURMA exist for supplying many of the common basic commodities such as clay roofing tUe, clay floor tile, In preparing the accompanying survey, there has lime, asbestos cement roofing and siding and sheets, been taken into account all that could be learned of steel products, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, paints and the availability, location and physical properties of varnishes, paper, jute bags, insecticides, chemicals, materials discussed. The compilation indicates the biologicals, wall board, plywood, naval stores, glass major industrial uses of each of these materials. products, canned food products, soya milk, frozen The existence in Burma does not, of course, mean food products, and many others. that such resources can support any or all of the R.B. 11—13 685 686 ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF BURMA industrial possibilities indicated. The quantity avail¬ Agricultural Raw Materials Principal Manufactured Products able may not be sufficient for commercial extraction. (contd.) The quality may be poor. The location may be such Fruits, miscellaneous, edible, Canned, quick-frozen and dried fresh fruits; juices; squashes; confec¬ that extraction is too costiy. Other associated raw tions; jams and jellies; flavour¬ materials, necessary to turn out a given industrial ings. product, may not be avaUable. The manufacturing Goats Hides; fibers; bone products; glue; dairy products. process may be too complex, or it may depend for Groundnut Edible oil; meal; cake; oleo¬ its efficiency on the services of other industries which margarine; tinned grounds. cannot be developed in Burma. Cheap transportation Hemp Fibers. Hogs Hides; hair; bone products; glue; or power or other factors of efficient production may lard; tallow. not be available where needed. Burma may be too far Horses Hides; hair; bone products; glue; from the world market. Only combined economic vaccines. Indigo Dyes. and engineering analysis in each case can give the Jute Sacks; cordage; burlap yard goods; answer as to whether industrial exploitation would upholstery stripping; linen-like be practical. textiles for clotliing and other purposes. Any list of raw materials available in Burma is Millet Millet rice substitute. subject to change. New mineral deposits may be Mulberries Silk; high-grade paper; wood products. discovered. New agricultural or forest crops may be Palms, coconut Saponifiable oil; edible oil; soap; introduced. A material now existing may be found to fiber products; cosmetics; confec¬ have been omitted. Moreover, the industrial signific¬ tions; copra. Palms, dhani Roofing; beverage; alcohol. ance of any given raw material may change. New Palms, toddy Jaggery; beverage; alcohol; fiber impregnation techniques may convert so-caUed non¬ products. durable hardwoods into durables. Experimentation Pigs (see hogs) Plantains Dried, powdered, tinned bananas; may develop new jute-based fabrics suitable for oils; alcohol; pulp and paper. clothing. Increase in the level of income in Burma Potatoes Dehydrated potatoes, flour; starch; may create a future market where none is now glucose; alcohol. Poultry Dressed fresh poultry; cured immediately forsccable. It is important, therefore, to poultry; dried eggs; albumin; consider the industrial possibilities of Burma's raw feather products. materials, not as static and final, but as something Rape Oil; meal; cake. Rice and rice straw Milled rice; parboiled rice; rice always emerging and developing. bran; rice bran oil; oil cake; wall- board; rope and other straw TABLE XXII - 1 products; rice flour; noodles; con¬ fections; wine. INDUSTRIAL USES OF THE PRINCIPAL Rubber Rubber products; paints; rubber cement. RAW MATERIALS OF BURMA Sesamum Edible oil; meal; cake, oleo¬ Agricultural Raw Materials Possible Manufactured Products margarine. Sheep Hides, fibers; bone products; Bamboo sprouts Canned sprouts glue; gut. Bananas (see plantains) Soy beans Edible oil; meal; cake; oleo¬ Barley Pressed and pearled barley; bran; margarine; milk substitutes; curd; beer; flour. sauce; paste. Beans, not elsewhere classified Dried beans; canned beans; con¬ Sugarcane Sugar; syrup; wallboard. fections and cakes. Sunflowers Oil; meal; cake. Bees Honey; wax. Tea Tea; tea concentrates. Betel nuts Possibly medicines or manufac¬ Tobacco Cigarettes; cigars; cheroots; snuff; tured chewing "gum." chewing tobacco; smoking to¬ Cattle Packaged meat; milk (boiled, bacco; insecticides. pasteurized, evaporated, con¬ Tung Drying oil; paints. densed, dried); cheese; butter; Vegetables, miscellaneous, Canned, frozen and dried vege¬ cream; skim milk; casein and fresh tables; oils; pickles; dyes. other glues; gelatin; hides; bone Wheat Bread; bakery products; flour; meal; other bone products; vac¬ monosodium glutamate; bran. cines; other medicinals. Chillies Spices. Coffee ColTee beverage concentrates. Fishery and Related Corn Starch; syrup; edible oil; tinned Raw Materials Principal Manufactured Products corn; frozen com; alcohol; cos¬ Fish, fresh and salt-water (in¬ Canned fish; dried and cured fish; metics; cornmeal; paper; wall- cluding fish farming in ponds edible powdered dried fish; fish board. and paddy fields) liver oil; fish meal fertiUzer. Cotton Textiles; paper; other fiber pro¬ Crustacea and moUusks Canned prawns and other Crus¬ ducts; oil; meal; cake. tacea; buttons. Flowers Perfumes Seaweed Fertilizer.