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Uhm Phd 9519465 R.Pdf INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from anytype of computer printer. The quality of this reprodncnon is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely' event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate th~ deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back: ofthe book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMl A Bell & Howell intormatron Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann A'bor. MI48106·j346 USA 313!761-47oo 800:521-0600 Taiwan's Transition From Authoritarian Rule with special Reference To South Korea A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AUGUST 1993 By Sai-hsin May Dissertation Committee: Dae-Sook Suh, chairperson Manfred Henningsen Belinda Aquino Stephen Uhalley, Jr. Alvin Y. So UMI Number: 9519465 OMI Microform 9519465 Copyright 1995, by OMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, HI 48103 ABSTRACT D~.'~ing the Kuomintang's 45-year rule of Taiwan, the most significant democratic reform perhaps was the creation of the opposition parties in 1986. Readers familiar with the political history of modern China know that the legalization of a real opposition party is not a simple matter. Yet the pace of Taiwan's democratization has been rather protracted since then, compared to Korea's abrupt process of the aftermath of the June 1987 transition. Based on the pluralist approaches--a combination of the modernization theory, elites-centered analysis, society-led perspective, and external environment's explanation, this study has addressed fundamental questions: under what conditions the KMT initiated economic and political reforms for democratization and what are the differences and similarities between Taiwan and South Korea, with respect to economic and political changes. In the economic realm, both countries under pressure of the u.S. undertook land reform programs and more liberal economic policies in order to strengthen the role of the private sector in economic development. However under the official doctrine of "bureaucratic capitalism," the state in Taiwan, unlike its counterpart in Korea, took a more active role in pushing its own resources into heavy, upstream, capital-intensive, and oligopolized sectors. iii Extensive state intervention in key industrial sectors enabled it not only to control Taiwan's private enterprises to some extent through its control of upstream sectors and other regulations, but to provide enormous resourCE::S for electoral support. Politically, since the early 19705 the democratization movements in both countries gradually gained momentum as a result of the de-legitimation problem. The KMT regime, with consi.stently comfortable electoral victories, felt little need to crack down on the resistance movernerrt; abruptly, while the military regime in Korea suffering the alarmingly declining electoral support had little alternative ~ut to seek to seal up political space through coercive means. Yet the harsh measures against the dissidents would be counterproductive, even causing more social unrest. The KMT's powerful organizational penetration into the society along with the long-standing imposition of martial law on the island are often consid~red to be two key determinants u~ cautious and incremental democratic transi t i o n in Taiwan. In contrast, none of these seem to have had counterparts in South Korea. Perhaps, for these reasons, Korea has moved faster on the track of democratization than Taiwan since the "June Democratic Movement" of 1987. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLES viii CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1 A. The Significance and Purpose of this study.... 1 B. Concepts and Definitions 8 C. Review of Democratization Theories 11 1. The Modernization Theory 11 2. The Elites-centered Perspectives 17 3. The Society-led Perspective 24 a. The Role of the Middle Class.•....•. 25 b. The Role of the Labor Movement ....•. 27 c. The Role of the Church•......•...... 29 d. The Role of a Coalition......•...... 29 4. The Outside Influence's Perspective 32 D. Comprehensive Theoretical Framework 34 E. Outline of the Study 45 Notes for Chapter I 49 CHAPTER II. FORMATION OF A "HARD" AUTHORITARIANISM .... 58 A. The Legacy of Confucianism 59 B. Japanese Colonial Rule 63 C. The United states' Aid 70 D. The Evolution of the KMT Party-state 74 E. The Relation Between the State and Society.... 87 Notes for Chapter lI 155 CHAPTER III. STATE, WORLD SYSTEM, AND PRIVATE SECTOR IN ECONOMI C REFORM 163 A. The Land Reform 171 v B. The Private v.s. the Public Sector 190 1. American Intervention and Its Effects l94 2. The Reasons for the KMT to Make Economic Reform 204 3. The Public v.s, the Private sector 208 4. The Ccnsequences 225 C. Differences and Similarities 231 Notes for Chapter 111 ........•...................•.... 273 CHAPTER IV. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES, AND THE CONSEQUENCES 282 A. Economic and Political Challenges and the KMT's Responses ...................••................ 283 B. The Rise and Fall of Tangwai Movement 307 C. Differences and Similarities•................. 323 Notes for Chapter IV .•................................ 342 CHAPTER V. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE LIBERALIZATION OF THE REGIME.....•..... 346 A. The Emergence of a civil Society.•............ 348 1. Political Demonstrations.•...........•... 353 2. Environmental Protection Movements 355 3. Labor Protests 358 4. Consumer Movements 361 B. Comparison of Taiwan and Korea's Anti-government Activity 366 C. The Reemergence of the Tangwai Movement, International Factors, and Political Opening.. 398 D. Differences and Similarities 426 Notes for Chapter V 443 CHAPTER VI. THE ~ffiJOR FACTORS OF DEMOCRATIZATION ..... 447 A. Socio-Economic Factors 448 1. The Working Class 466 2. The Middle Class 483 B. The Leading Actors in the Transition to Democracy 496 vi C. The Nature of Democratic Transition 524 D. The Prospects 535 Notes for Chapter VI 545 BIBLIOGHAPHY 553 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1.1 Matrix of Correlation of National level of Development, and Measures of communication, Urbanization, Education, and Employment in Agriculture e ••••••••••••••••••••••• e , • • • • •• 12 2.1 Co~position of Taiwanese in the Central standing Committee in the 1950s and 1960s 90 2.2 composition of Taiwanese in the Cabinet in the 1950s and 1960s 90 3.1 Distribution of KMT strength in the Rural County Magistrates / city Mayors Elections, 1950-60 175 3.2 Taiwan's Income Comparison Between Farm and Non-Farm Sector, 1954-1979 179 3.3 Comparison of Tenancy Conditions Before and After the Implementation of the Land-to-the-Tiller between Taiwan and South Korea 186 3.4 Output and Investment Shares of Public Enterprises 217 3.5 The Frequency of Labor Disputes in Korea, 1972-1979 235 3.6 Labor Conflicts in Korea, 1963-1971 236 3.7 Comparison of Income Distribution, Taiwan & Korea, 1960-1980 249 4.1 Numbers of Taiwanese in the Central standing of the KMT, 1972-1988 297 4.2 Numbers of Taiwanese in the Cabinet, 1972-1988 ... 298 5.1 Public Protest Activities in Taiwan, 1983-1987 ... 353 6.1 comparison of Taiwan's and Korea's Economic Growth Rate and Per capita GNP, 1960-1986 449 viii 6.2 Educational Progress in Taiwan and Korea, 1960 and 1980 450 6.3 Press censorship on Taiwan, 1980-1987 455 6.4 The Control of Printing Media Growth, in Korea ... 459 6.5 Change in the structure of Social Classes, Taiwan & Korea 464 6.6 The Number of Labor Unions & Disputes in Korea, 1982-1987 479 6.7 The Number of Demonstrations & Protests in r:orea, 1981-1987 490 ix CHAPTER I THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. The Significance and Purpose of This study Perhaps the most encouraging political development, since the mid-197Gs, has been the regional or global trend moving toward democratization in most parts of the Third World as well as in socialist countries. The democratic breakthrough has begun to witness the collapse of Southern Europe's last three dictatorships in Greece, Portugal, and Spain since the mid-197Gs. It has swept most of Latin American countries like Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Mexico, and even to some extent Chile. Since the early 1980s, the wind of democratization has been blowing in Asia as well, such countries as Philippines, South Korea, Parkistan, and Taiwan. Most recently, it has made major headways in Eastern Europe; the countries like Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bolaria, Romania, Albania, and even the former soviet Union. Yet despite the evident importance of these transitions, most studies have maj.nly focused on the cases in Latin America and Southern Europe, paying little attention to other countries' experiences. In general, the East Asian experiences have been largely ignored. This leaves much room for theoretical and 1 historical contributions. Here I select.
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