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Making, Remaking, and Unmaking of Collective Identities and Democratization: Democratic, Labour, and Women’S Movements in South Korea and Taiwan

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Making, Remaking, and Unmaking of Collective Identities and Democratization: Democratic, Labour, and Women’S Movements in South Korea and Taiwan Making, Remaking, and Unmaking of Collective Identities and Democratization: Democratic, Labour, and Women’s Movements in South Korea and Taiwan by Chong Su Kim B.A., Hanyang University, Seoul, 2002 M.A., University of Victoria, Canada, 2011 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Political Science ã Chong Su Kim, 2018 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Making, Remaking, and Unmaking of Collective Identities and Democratization: Democratic, Labour, and Women’s Movements in South Korea and Taiwan by Chong Su Kim B.A., Hanyang University, Seoul, 2002 M.A., University of Victoria, Canada, 2011 Supervisory Committee Dr. Matt James, Supervisor Department of Political Science Dr. Feng Xu, Departmental Member Department of Political Science Dr. Guoguang Wu, Departmental Member Department of Political Science Dr. William K. Carroll, Outside Member Department of Sociology iii Abstract The present dissertation focuses on the role of collective identities of Taiwanese and South Korean social movements in democratic processes. Taiwan and South Korea took similar paths of rapid industrial development and democratic processes. Yet, democratization and democracy is understood as and linked closely with national- sovereignty in Taiwan but popular-sovereignty in South Korea. This study asks how differences in understanding democracy and in democratic practices are engendered and reproduced and what the role of collective identities of social movements in democratic processes is. I answer these questions by exploring making, remaking, and unmaking of collective identities of Taiwanese and South Korean democratic, women's, and labour movements, and their role in democratization. I thereby show how Taiwanese and South Korean social movements differently contextualized the generalized and universal idea of democracy in democratization. First, I explore Taiwanese and South Korean developmental regimes as an ensemble of a form of political domination and socio- economic developmental alliances to show how they shaped identity fields or provided the potential for different collective identity construction. Secondly, I analyze how Taiwanese and South Korean democratic movements developed ethno-national Taiwanese identity and popular-class identity through repeatedly revising identity narratives based on collective memories along the pre- transitional, transitional, and stabilizing democratic processes. iv Thirdly, by tracing the construction of the collective identities of women’s and labour movements and their interactions with democratic movements throughout the democratic processes, my discussion answers the question of how Taiwanese and South Korean women’s and labour movements attained similar achievements in women’s and labour rights despite different surrounding conditions. Women’s and labour movements’ interactions with democratic movements expanded democratization centred on political citizenship to social citizenship, but simultaneously revealed the limit of this contextualized democratic process through challenges from groups at the margin with different identities. Fourthly, alignment, realignment, and de-alignment of collective identities are investigated in this study through comparing multiple social movements. The analysis of collective identities between social movements shows how they aligned and realigned their identities with those of other movements along the democratic processes while the within-movement analysis reveals how marginalized groups de-aligned their identities from those of mainstream movements. With this multi-level, cross-movement, and longitudinal comparision the present study makes a significant contribution to the studies on social movements, collective identity, democratization, and comparative studies on Taiwan and South Korea. v Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... ix Notes on Translations and Romanization .......................................................................... xi Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. xii Dedication ........................................................................................................................ xiv Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 9 Methodology, Data, and Periods ................................................................................... 19 Plan of The Dissertation ................................................................................................ 28 Chapter 2 Democratization, Social Movements, and Collective Identities ................ 32 Comparative Studies on Taiwan and South Korea ....................................................... 34 State, Civil Society, and Liberal Democracy ............................................................ 34 Comparative Studies on Taiwanese and South Korean Social Movements ............. 39 Democratization, Social Movements, and Collective Identities ................................... 45 Democratization as Multiple Processes and Actors .................................................. 46 Democratization and Social Movements .................................................................. 51 Social Movements and Collective Identities ............................................................. 58 Collective Identities as an Ensemble ............................................................................ 62 Chapter 3 Taiwanese and South Korean Developmental Regimes ............................ 73 Two Collective Identities and Developmental Regimes ............................................... 76 Two Collective Identities of Democratic Movements .............................................. 76 Developmental Regimes and Preconditions ............................................................. 78 Two Domination Forms of Developmental Regimes ................................................... 81 Taiwanese Unipartism: The Party-state .................................................................... 82 South Korean Antipartism: Military Regime ............................................................ 89 The Nexus of Domination Form with Collective Identities ...................................... 97 Developmental Alliances in Taiwan and South Korea ............................................... 101 Taiwanese Two dual structures: Interdependent Domination ................................ 103 South Korean Military-Chaebol Alliance: Independent Domination ..................... 113 The Nexus of Developmental Alliances with Collective Identities ........................ 118 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 122 Chapter 4 Collective Identities and Democratic Transition ..................................... 126 Xiangtu and Minjok Literatures as a Prelude .............................................................. 129 vi Taiwanese Spatial Xiangtu Literature and Returning to the Reality ....................... 130 South Korean Temporal Minjok Literature and Engagement in the Reality .......... 133 Opposition Movements and Triggering Events of Identity-Building ......................... 137 Taiwanese Dangwai Movement and Kaohsiung Incident ...................................... 138 South Korean Chaeya and Kwangju Uprising ........................................................ 145 Collective Memories, Identities, and Democratic Transition ..................................... 152 Collective Memories before Transition: Origin Myth ............................................ 156 Democratic Transition and Formative Memories ................................................... 161 Post-transition: Reshaping Identities through Modification of Memories ............. 171 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 180 Chapter 5 Women’s Movements in South Korea and Taiwan ................................. 185 Women’s and Feminist Movements, and Collective Identity ..................................... 188 The Rise of Taiwanese and South Korean Women’s Movements ............................. 191 The Rise of Taiwanese Women’s Movement: New Feminism .............................. 193 The Rise of South Korean Women’s Movement: Women as Workers .................. 198 Women’s Movements before Transition ...................................................................
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