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Comparative Case Study on Institutionalizaiton of Ruling Parties Under Military Authoritarianism: Democratic Republican Party Un

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Comparative Case Study on Institutionalizaiton of Ruling Parties Under Military Authoritarianism: Democratic Republican Party Un The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 6(08): 5580-5589, 2019 DOI: 10.18535/ijsshi/v6i8.06 ICV 2015: 45.28 ISSN: 2349-2031 © 2019, THEIJSSHI Case Study Comparative Case Study on Institutionalizaiton of Ruling Parties under Military Authoritarianism: Democratic Republican Party under Park Chung-Hee Regime in South Korea (1961-1979) and Golkar under Suharto Regime in Indonesia (1966-1998) Sungdeuk Lee Department of Political Science, University of Indonesia, Jakarta 16424, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Abstract: Abstract: South Korea and Indonesia have experienced similar military political interventions and coups which brought a long military authoritarian regime. Strong military authoritarian regime with their own ruling parties could last for 18 years in South Korea and 32 years in Indonesia. In South Korea, Park Chung-hee Regime ended in 1979 when he was murdered by his subordinates, which was followed by the dissolution of the ruling party, Democratic Republican Party. Whereas in Indonesia, the reform movement with socio-political instability by the economic crisis in 1997 resulted the collapse of Suharto's hegemony and authoritarian regime in 1998 while the ruling party, Golkar still exists today. This study aims to find answers to why there have been differences in the end of both parties, related with the political party institutionalization. And this study would like to show that the Democratic Republican Party failed to be institutionalized while the Golkar Party could survive and win the election again. Thus, this study would like to say that the level of institutionalization must be different in the Democratic Republican Party and the Golkar Party. Keywords: Institutionalization of political party, Democratic Republican Party, GOLKAR, Military Authoritarian Regime, Ruling Party, South Korea, Indonesia. Introduction a. Background General Park Chung-hee ruled for 18 years and General 2 After World War II, a common phenomenon found in many Suharto ruled for 32 years. newly independent Asian countries was military political b. Research Problem intervention such as a coup. Due to a lack of democratic Even if military political intervention in political parties in two political experience and social instability, almost all newly countries looked very similar, each ruling party finally had a independent countries in Asia have experienced direct political big difference at the end. When there was a new military coup intervention and enormous political influence by the military, after the death of Park Chung-hee in South Korea in 1979, the and military political dominance has continued in several Democratic Republican Party was dismissed by a new military countries so far.1 elite group.3 However, in Indonesia, President Suharto was South Korea in Northeast Asia and Indonesia in Southeast Asia able to hand over his presidency to Vice President Habibie in have very different environments such as language, religion 1998 without collisions between elite groups in the military or and race, but both countries have very similar historical massive bloodshed on the streets. Indeed, Golkar could return backgrounds. In addition to similar experiences in economic to normal political party and has survived so far. development and democratization, these two countries have experienced similar military interventions and military coups c. Research Question that have brought long authoritarian regime. From the background and the problems that have been President Park Chung-hee carried out a military coup in 1961 presented, the research question is why the military needed in South Korea and was elected as the 2nd president in 1963. President Suharto, Indonesia's 2nd president, took supreme 2 political power in 1966 by Supersemar (Eleventh March Order: Angel Rabasa & John Haseman, The Military and Democracy Sequence Eleventh March), and became president of Indonesia in Indonesia, Rand Institute, 2002, p. 7. 3 in 1968. The time gap between the two regimes was about five See Jongseok Woo, Security Challenges and Military Politics years apart from the start, but there was homogeneity which in East Asia. From State Building to Post Democratization led to a long authoritarian regime with a strong military (New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group, background. Through their direct or indirect military coup, 2011); Jian-Chuan Kwok, Explaining Civil-Military Relations in Southeast Asia, as a Thesis for getting Master Degree in Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1 Howard Handelman, The Challenge of Third World (September 2010); Patterns of Civilian Control of the Military Development (Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, in East Asia’s New Democracies (Journal of East Asian 1996), p. 186. Studies, 1/2009). 5580 The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, vol. 6, Issue 08, August, 2019 Sungdeuk Lee / Comparative Case Study on Institutionalizaiton of Ruling Parties under Military Authoritarianism: Democratic Republican Party under Park Chung-Hee Regime in South Korea (1961-1979) and Golkar under Suharto Regime in Indonesia (1966-1998) political parties after taking power, and how did they factionalism into social institutionalize Democratic Republicans in South Korea and forces. Golkar in Indonesia? And when facing the crisis of the regime, * Polarization is a signal and how did the political party institutionalization affect ends of the starting point of party the Democratic Republic Party in South Korea and Golkar in politics. Indonesia? Step Enhancement * Formed political parties 3 attract popularity and public d. Research purposes support through effective This study aims to study differences in political party party composition. institutionalization under military authoritarian regime in South * Strong political motivation Korea and Indonesia and will examine in more detail how including regime control and these differences in institutionalization affected the reorganization of the social sustainability of each political party. The reason for choosing order. two countries is the military authoritarian regime which began * Expand political with the same historical background, causing the two ruling participation through political parties, Democratic Republican Parties in South Korea internal political struggles. 4 and GOLKAR in Indonesia. * In a typical pattern of party Theoretical Review development in the West, small faction groups Huntington saw the party system develops in four stages. The developed into larger first step is stage of factionalism, the second one is the stage of factions and attracted new the polarization, the expansion phase is the third stage, and the supporters into politics. fourth stage is political institutionalization with acquiring the * Expand the formation of 5 value and stability of the party organization. political parties and political Step Stage Characteristics participation directly Step Factionalism * Political participation and through new strength and 1 institutionalization is very support competitions. low. Step Institutionalization * Building a growing party * The absence of detailed 4 system. modern political * Formation and completion organizations. of political party systems: * Lack of homogeneity, very These are divided into three low bonding, lack of types: the dominant system permanence. of one party, the two-party * a small number of people system, and the multi-party in organizations compete. system. * Is a group interest at the * From the dominant system level of family or relatives. of one party, it develops into Step Polarization * Political participation a multi-party system that can 2 begins to develop. bring together alternatives * Polarization with existing and control the system. This factions because of the can replace government emergence of new socio- policy and private leadership political forces, and from the dominant one party polarization in new forces as system. well. * Do not rely on personal * Formation of political leadership by certain leaders parties, which means the but have several generation conversion of traditional replacement candidates in various organizations. * Political stability and 4 Marcus Mietzner, The Political Resurgence of the Military in political vitality can be Southeast Asia Conflict and leadership, New York: Routledge, secured for a long time. 2011, p. 12. 5 Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, Huntington defines institutionalization as the process by which (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), p. 217. organizations and procedures acquire value and stability. 5581 The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, vol. 6, Issue 08, August, 2019 Sungdeuk Lee / Comparative Case Study on Institutionalizaiton of Ruling Parties under Military Authoritarianism: Democratic Republican Party under Park Chung-Hee Regime in South Korea (1961-1979) and Golkar under Suharto Regime in Indonesia (1966-1998) Institutionalization is necessary for political parties to acquire political forces. verification steps and sustain value and stability. Huntington argues that the and candidates for degree of institutionalization of all political systems can be new political judged by adaptability, complexity, autonomy, coherence of its powers. organizations and procedures. If these elements were identified Coherence- * Not integrated * Integrated and and measured, the political system could be described as Disunity and fragmented.
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