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Visiting Scholars' Working Papers Spain and the Republic of China Visiting Scholars’ Working Papers Spain and the Republic of China (Taiwan): the “Sentinels of the West and the East” (1953-1973) Miguel A. del Río Morillas Center for the Study of Francoist and Democratic Eras- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain Submitted 2017 Papers included in the CCS Visiting Scholars’ Working Papers are preliminary works or works in progress. Without being formally reviewed or formatted, they are intended to encourage feedback and further discussion. Please do not quote or cite without authors’ permission. Spain and the Republic of China (Taiwan): the “sentinels of the West and the East” (1953-1973) Miguel A. del Río Morillas Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences (National Tsing Hua University) Taiwan Fellowship Program (2016) This research project was made possible by the support and cooperation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan) through the Taiwan Fellowship Program and the support of National Tsing Hua University, the Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences and the Center for Chinese Studies (National Central Library). ii Table of Contents Abstract ii Abbreviations and Acronyms iii Notes of Chinese Romanization v I. Introduction 1 II. The first steps towards mutual acknowledgement 2 III. The anti-communist brotherhood between Franco and Chiang Kai-shek is born 5 IV. The Francoist diplomacy in Taipei: Julio de Larracoechea 9 V. Organisations of the masses, supervision and indoctrination: interactions between the GMD and FET-JONS 11 VI. Academic and cultural exchanges between Spain’s Franco and Nationalist China 15 VII. The endpoint between Franco and Chiang Kai-shek (1973) 18 VIII. Conclusions: Spain and Taiwan, beyond the dictatorship 19 Notes 21 Appendix: images and photographs 31 Research Sources and Bibliography 33 i Abstract This article aims to approach two far-right regimes united by a common value as was anti-communism in the global context of the Cold War, as well as the relations that were established between them from 1953 to 1973. These two dictatorial regimes were the Spain of Francisco Franco (1939-1978) and the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan (1945/1949- 1986/1996). They were very different in terms of history, culture, religion and geography and were so physically far away from each other but they would establish a cooperation full of ideological camaraderie, this being a field that has not been very researched by current eastern and western historiography. Thus, we aim to contribute to the studies of the relations between Spain and Taiwan, specifically around a topic as under-researched as the specific connections between Franco and Chiang Kai-shek (CKS) and their respective regimes, with new data that allows us to go beyond the global and historical relations between Spain and China, as it has usually been done by Spanish, Taiwanese and Chinese historiography. This article will examine the preambles to the official establishment of the diplomatic relations between the two regimes and will subsequently focus on the connections and the exchanges on a politico-diplomatic, military and cultural level between them until the end of said relations in 1973. It will do so through a comparative analysis that examines the singularities of the cases in a transnational comparative history framework that respects their differences but also finds their points in common, if there are any. It will also do so without resorting to the orientalism that is often present in western (and especially in Spanish) historiography in its attempts to analyse the East. Keywords: Anti-communism / Chiang Kai-shek / Franco / Republic of China / Spain ii Abbreviations and Acronyms ACNP National Catholic Action of Propagandists (Acción Católica Nacional de Propagandistas) CAF Chinese Air Force CCOO Workers’ Commission (Comisiones Obreras) CCP Chinese Communist Party CFL Chinese Federation of Labour CNA Central News Agency CONS National-Syndicalist Workers Central (Central Obrera Nacional- Sindicalista) CYAL The Chinese Youth Anti-Communist League DAF Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeifront) EEC European Economic Community FET-JONS Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional- Sindicalista FFJJ Youth Front (Frente de Juventudes) FISU International Federation of University Sports (Fédération Internationale du Sport Universitaire) GMD Chinese Nationalist Party (Zhongguo Guomindang) JCRR Chinese-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NO-DO News and Documentaries (Noticiario y Documentales) OFAUC Apostolic Formation Programme of Chinese University Students (Obra de Formación Apostólica de Universitarios Chinos) OSE Trade Union Organization (Organización Sindical Española) iii PCE Spanish Communist Party (Partido Comunista de España) PCI Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano) PRC People’s Republic of China ROC Republic of China RTVE Spanish Radio and Television Corporation (Radiotelevisión Española) SEU Spanish University Syndicate (Sindicato Español Universitario) SF Female Section of FET-JONS (Sección Femenina de FET-JONS) TPFL Taiwan Provincial Federation of Labour UN United Nations USA United States of America iv Notes of Chinese Romanization In this article, we will use the Romanization system of the Chinese language known as pinyin. However, some exceptions will be made with well-known names such as Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi), Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian), Chiang Ching-kuo (Jiang Jingguo), Mayling Soong (Song Meiling), Yen Chia-kan (Yan Jiagan), for example. Also for cities, countries or universities names such as Taibei (Taipei), Hsinchu (Xinzhu), Kaoshiung (Gaoxiong), Manchukuo (Manzhouguo), Tamkang (Danjiang), Fu Jen (Furen), for example. v I. Introduction This article aims to approach two far-right regimes united by a common value as was anti-communism in the global context of the Cold War, as well as the relations that were established between them from 1953 to 1973. These two dictatorial regimes were the Spain of Francisco Franco (1939-1978) and the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan (1945/1949- 1986/1996). They were very different in terms of history, culture, religion and geography and were so physically far away from each other but they would establish a cooperation full of ideological camaraderie, this being a field that has not been very researched by current eastern and western historiography. Thus, we aim to contribute to the studies of the relations between Spain and Taiwan, specifically around a topic as under-researched as the specific connections between Franco and Chiang Kai-shek (CKS) and their respective regimes, with new data that allows us to go beyond the global and historical relations between Spain and China, as it has usually been done by Spanish, Taiwanese and Chinese historiography.1 In the case that concerns us, both regimes show many similarities especially between the political figures of CKS and Franco (both called generalissimo) but also between the features and the establishment of their roles, both as military leaders, messianic and mystical “saviours of the homeland” and controllers of everything concerning the State and the Party.2 In turn, as we have mentioned above, one of the most notable features of both generalissimos’ regimes was the fact that they became prominent representatives of the global anti-communist movement, one in the Far East and the other in Southern Europe.3 Moreover, both regimes were ruled by two notable military chiefs who obtained their power in their respective civil wars (the Spanish, 1936-1939 and the Chinese, 1946-1949) and had only one true political party: the Zhongguo Guomindang (Chinese Nationalist Party) or Guomindang (GMD) for the ROC (in Taiwan) and the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional- Sindicalista (FET-JONS / National Movement) in the case of Spain.4 In addition, they had in common the combination of social policies in search of the social consensus (building public education, health care, welfare and social infrastructures or strengthening the economy by means of a mixed economic system, among others) and the repression of any type of political dissidence, particularly communism. This article will examine the preambles to the official establishment of the diplomatic relations between the two regimes and will subsequently focus on the connections and the -1- exchanges on a politico-diplomatic, military and cultural level between them until the end of said relations in 1973. It will do so through a comparative analysis that examines the singularities of the cases in a transnational comparative history framework that respects their differences but also finds their points in common, if there are any. It will also do so without resorting to the orientalism that is often present in western (and especially in Spanish) historiography in its attempts to analyse the East.5 II. The first steps towards mutual acknowledgement The relations between Franco’s Spain and the ROC were officially established on 19th February 1953 with the signing of the Treaty of Friendship and were determined by several international factors of the Cold War and by the consequences of the World War II.6 The preambles to the establishment of the diplomatic relations between them went through a set of phases with the first stepping stone taking place in the middle of the Spanish Civil War (1936- 1939), specifically on 2nd December 1937.7 On that date, Franco’s regime, which was clearly aligned
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