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Colonialism As an Engineering Project Presentation

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Colonialism As an Engineering Project Presentation “Colonialism as an engineering project” Tiago Saraiva and Kathryn Denning and You • Our assignment: consider “colonialism and the sorts of environmental/ecological engineering projects that it has involved”… • What’s on Tiago’s mind? • What’s on your minds? • What the heck is engineering? What are its key characteristics? How have these characteristics changed over the centuries? {Engineer I know says: “systematic method of implementing ideas. It should be boring.”} Otherwise, some ideas we might think with: • Osborne’s “Acclimatizing the World” or Huxley’s Prolegomena to Evolution and Ethics • the original colonization of the New World and human ecological impact – John Beatty’s suggestion, and since I like megafauna... – different versions • the story of Abraham Ulrikab and his family… a different lens on the colonial project of ethnographic exhibits in the Jardin D’Acclimatation, Hagenbeck Tierpark, etc. How does this illuminate the colonial engineering project of acclimatization? Osborne, “Acclimatizing the World: A History of the Paradigmatic Colonial Science”, Osiris 2001 vol 15, 135. Osborne, “Acclimatizing the World: A History of the Paradigmatic Colonial Science”, Osiris 2001 vol 15, 137. “Acclimatization”… Osborne, “Acclimatizing the World: A History of the Paradigmatic Colonial Science”, Osiris 2001 vol 15, 139. Osborne, “Acclimatizing the World: A History of the Paradigmatic Colonial Science”, Osiris 2001 vol 15, 143 Osborne, “Acclimatizing the World: A History of the Paradigmatic Colonial Science”, Osiris 2001 vol 15, 144 Osborne, “Acclimatizing the World: A History of the Paradigmatic Colonial Science”, Osiris 2001 vol 15, 151 Conclusion…. T.H. Huxley's "Evolution and Ethics -- Prolegomena" (1894) "The process of colonization presents analogies to the formation of a garden which are highly instructive. Suppose a shipload of English colonists sent to form a settlement, in such a country as Tasmania was in the middle of the last century. On landing, they find themselves in the midst of a state of nature, widely different from that left behind them in everything but the most general physical conditions. The common plants, the common birds and quadrupeds, are as totally distinct as the men from anything to be seen on the side of the globe from which they come. The colonists proceed to put an end to this state of things over as large an area as they desire to occupy. They clear away the native vegetation, extirpate or drive out the animal population, so far as may be necessary, and take measures to defend themselves from the reimmigration of either. In their place, they introduce English grain and fruit trees; English dogs, sheep, cattle, horses; and English men; in fact, they set up a new Flora and Fauna and a new variety of mankind, within the old state of nature. Their farms and pastures represent a garden on a great scale, and themselves the gardeners who have to keep it up, in watchful antagonism to the old regime. Considered as a whole, the colony is a composite unit introduced into the old state of nature; and, thenceforward, a competitor in the struggle for existence, to conquer or be vanquished. Under the conditions supposed, there is no doubt of the result, if the work of the colonists be carried out energetically and with intelligent combination of all their forces. On the other hand, if they are slothful, stupid, and careless; or if they waste their energies in contests with one another, the chances are that the old state of nature will have the best of it. The native savage will destroy the immigrant civilized man; of the English animals and plants some will be extirpated by their indigenous rivals, others will pass into the feral state and themselves become components of the state of nature. In a few decades, all other traces of the settlement will have vanished." Abraham, Ulrike, family and friends… or “Acclimatization failure” • The one extant account by an ethnographic show ‘exhibit’ – The Diary of Abraham Ulrikab. 8 Inuit from Labrador were recruited by Johan Adrian Jacobsen for Hagenbeck’s shows. Starting Sept 1880 they were exhibited at Tierpark Hamburg, in Berlin, Prague, Frankfurt… and then the Jardin d'Acclimatation in Paris. Mock hunts, made crafts, paddled a kayak… “savages” in a “natural state”. • The Inuit all died, one by one, between 14 Dec 1880 and 16 Jan 1881 – the last five died in Paris after performing there for five days. Jacobsen had forgotten to vaccinate them against smallpox. • The translated text of Abraham’s diary was rediscovered in 1980 in Moravian church archives. The original in Inuktitut has not been found. • Their skeletal remains ended up in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle where they were finally relocated in about 2010. Repatriation discussions are underway. • Others in “ethnographic exhibits” died, but the Hagenbeck company persisted until 1932. • If “acclimatization” was essentially large-scale, multi-domain colonial engineering … and if some people were essentially classed as “nature”, “wild” and “specimens” (for zoos and museums) … then where does this case lead us in thinking about engineering of populations and life? • Thode-Arora 2002, doi: 10.1525/jsae.2002.2.2.2 , and The Diary of Abraham Ulrikab (Lutz, 2005), In the Footsteps of Abraham Ulrikab (Rivet, 2014), and documentary Trapped in a Human Zoo (2016). The original human invasion of the New World… environmental / ecological impacts, and the stories we tell…. • What happened to the Pleistocene megafauna? [They’re gone, but why?] • Overkill? Climate change? [Hyperdisease? Asteroid impact?] The debate goes on… data resolution is a tough problem. • Implications? If overkill: humans are naturally awful at managing ecosystems. If climate change: ok, so the disappearance of the giant sloth wasn’t our fault, but…. • Expansion in analytical methods and strategies → some answers more within reach…. But … how sure can we be? • Why does the answer matter? What does it tell us about ourselves, and about what to do next? • Note about the way the archaeological past is frequently invoked as a source of wisdom for our future… but its utility is certainly variable. [Buy me a drink.] Surovell et al 2016:Test of Martin’s overkill hypothesis using radiocarbon dates on extinct megafauna https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504020112 • “Coincident with the human colonization of the Western Hemisphere, dozens of genera of Pleistocene megafauna were lost to extinction. Following Martin, we argue that declines in the record of radiocarbon dates of extinct genera may be used as an independent means of detecting the first presence of humans in the New World. Our results, based on analyses of radiocarbon dates from Eastern Beringia, the contiguous United States, and South America, suggest north to south, time, and space transgressive declines in megafaunal populations as predicted by the overkill hypothesis. This finding is difficult to reconcile with other extinction hypotheses. However, it remains to be determined whether these findings will hold with larger samples of radiocarbon dates from all regions.” Megafauna and ecosystem function from the Pleistocene to the Anthropocene Malhi et al , 2016. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502540113 “Outside of these core hominid regions, the timing of megafaunal loss coincides closely with the global expansion of H. sapiens (2, 14, 16): Australia ∼45 kya (37), Europe over 50– 7 kya, Japan (∼30 kya), North America over 15–10 kya, South America over 13–7 kya (38), the Caribbean (∼6 kya), the Pacific islands (1–3 kya), Madagascar (∼2 kya), and New Zealand (∼700 y) (2). The overall global pattern has been rapid loss in regions experiencing sudden arrival of H. sapiens (14, 38), with no overall correlation with climatic variation. Approximately 1 billion individual large animals were lost from the Earth’s land surface (39). Although still much discussed, there is increasingly strong evidence for a causal link between megafaunal extinction and the arrival of H. sapiens (2, 14, 38, 40).” Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change. Sandom et al 2014. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3254 “The late Quaternary megafauna extinction was a severe global-scale event. Two factors, climate change and modern humans, have received broad support as the primary drivers, but their absolute and relative importance remains controversial. To date, focus has been on the extinction chronology of individual or small groups of species, specific geographical regions or macroscale studies at very coarse geographical and taxonomic resolution, limiting the possibility of adequately testing the proposed hypotheses. We present, to our knowledge, the first global analysis of this extinction based on comprehensive country- level data on the geographical distribution of all large mammal species (more than or equal to 10 kg) that have gone globally or continentally extinct between the beginning of the Last Interglacial at 132 000 years BP and the late Holocene 1000 years BP, testing the relative roles played by glacial–interglacial climate change and humans. We show that the severity of extinction is strongly tied to hominin palaeobiogeography, with at most a weak, Eurasia-specific link to climate change. This first species-level macroscale analysis at relatively high geographical resolution provides strong support for modern humans as the primary driver of the worldwide megafauna losses during the late Quaternary.” Abrupt warming events drove Late Pleistocene Holarctic megafaunal turnover. Cooper et al 2015. Science. DOI: 10.1126/science.aac4315 “The mechanisms of Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions remain fiercely contested, with human impact or climate change cited as principal drivers. We compared ancient DNA and radiocarbon data from 31 detailed time series of regional megafaunal extinctions and replacements over the past 56,000 years with standard and new combined records of Northern Hemisphere climate in the Late Pleistocene. Unexpectedly, rapid climate changes associated with interstadial warming events are strongly associated with the regional replacement or extinction of major genetic clades or species of megafauna.
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