DOCSLIB.ORG

Macmaster2016.Pdf (2.463Mb)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Macmaster2016.Pdf (2.463Mb) This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. The Transformative Impact of the Slave Trade on the Roman World, 580 - 720 Thomas J. MacMaster Thesis submitted for PhD The University of Edinburgh 2015 T. J. MacMaster, The Transformative Impact of the Slave Trade on the Roman World, 1 580-720 T. J. MacMaster, The Transformative Impact of the Slave Trade on the Roman World, 2 580-720 Declaration: This is to certify that that the work contained within has been composed by me and is entirely my own work. No part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Signed: T. J. MacMaster, The Transformative Impact of the Slave Trade on the Roman World, 3 580-720 T. J. MacMaster, The Transformative Impact of the Slave Trade on the Roman World, 4 580-720 Table of contents 4 List of Abbreviations 6 Introduction: Slave trading between antiquity and the middle ages 8 1. A world full of slaves 40 1.1. ‘What is a slave?’ Defining slavery in the post-Roman world 41 1.2. An encyclopaedia filled with slaves: Isidore’s Etymologiae 46 1.3. The ubiquity of slaves in seventh-century societies 58 1.4. Neither gang-labour nor sharecroppers: slaves in economic production 67 1.5. Cleaners, cooks, and concubines: slaves in the household 75 1.6. The cruelest cut: eunuchs and slavery 91 2. Maintaining an enslaved population 98 2.1. Natural growth and purchase 101 2.2. Demographics and the slave supply 108 2.3. From freedom into slavery 114 2.4. Slave recruitment and slave supply in peacetime 128 2.5. Becoming a slave in violent times 135 3. The slave trade in the post-Roman trading system 158 3.1. Humans as articles of trade 159 3.2. Merchants and traders 165 3.3. Ethnic merchants: Syrians, Egyptians, and Greeks 173 3.4. Jewish slave-traders in the post-Roman world? 177 3.5. The Mediterranean at the end of the sixth century 193 3.6. A Post-Roman System of Exchange 208 4. Islam, the slave trade, and the collapse of the post-Roman system 218 4.1. Before they were rich: slavery at the origin of Islam 219 4.2. ‘World crisis’ and the slave supply 229 4.3. Slavery and the conquest of Africa 237 4.4. The collapse of the post-Roman system 249 4.5. The Mediterranean in the early eighth century 258 Conclusions: Slave trading and the transformation of the Roman world 264 References: 272 I. Primary sources a. Latin 272 b. Greek 279 c. Arabic 282 d. Old English 285 e. Armenian, Coptic, and Syriac 285 II. Modern works 287 T. J. MacMaster, The Transformative Impact of the Slave Trade on the Roman World, 5 580-720 T. J. MacMaster, The Transformative Impact of the Slave Trade on the Roman World, 6 580-720 List of Abbreviations: AA Auctores Antiquissimi BICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies CCSL Corpus Christianorum Series Latina CSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum CJ Codex Justinianus CT Codex Theodosianus DLH Decem Libri Historiarum, DI Doctrina Iacobi nuper Baptizati DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers EHR English Historical Review EME Early Medieval Europe FI Forum Iudicum GT Gregory of Tours HE Historia Ecclesiastica JLA Journal of Late Antiquity JRS Journal of Roman Studies LÆ Laws of Æðelberht LB Lex Burgundionum (Lex Gundobada) LL Leges Liutprandi LR Lex Ripuaria MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica OED Oxford English Dictionary PG Patrologia Graeca PL Patrologia Latina PLS Pactus Legis Salicae PTA Poenitentiale Theodori Archiepiscopi RBPH Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire RE Gregorii magni registrum epistularum SRM Scriptorum Rerum Merovingicarum VDB Vita Domnae Balthildis T. J. MacMaster, The Transformative Impact of the Slave Trade on the Roman World, 7 580-720 T. J. MacMaster, The Transformative Impact of the Slave Trade on the Roman World, 8 580-720 Introduction: Slave trading between antiquity and the middle ages According to its first great historian, the story of the English Church began in a street market in Rome sometime around 580. There, Bede reported, a young cleric named Gregory joined a large crowd examining what newly arrived merchants had to sell: Dicunt, quia die quadam cum, aduenientibus nuper mercatoribus, multa uenalia in forum fuissent conlata, multi ad emendum confluxissent, et ipsum Gregorium inter alios aduenisse, ac uidisse inter alia pueros uenales positos candidi corporis, ac uenusti uultus, capillorum quoque forma egregia. Quos cum aspiceret, interrogauit, ut aiunt, de qua regione uel terra essent adlati. Dictumque est, quia de Brittania insula, cuius incolae talis essent aspectus.1 The conversation continued as Gregory quizzed them regarding their religion and homeland, including the part usually summarized as “non Angli, sed Angeli!” The slaves were from Deira and their king was named Ælla; Gregory made further puns on these. Afterward, he went to the Bishop of Rome, begging to be sent as a missionary to the English. Though the Pope was willing to send him, the Roman people would not allow Gregory to leave the city. Eventually, Gregory himself became Pope and dispatched Augustine and his companions to fulfil his ambition. Gregory’s encounter with the angelic slaves has long been one of the most familiar stock-images of English history even though, in the principal source,2 Bede himself warns that he cannot testify to its veracity as he only knows the story from 1 Bede, HE, 2.1 (“Some merchants who had just arrived in Rome displayed many items for sale in the crowded marketplace. A large number of people came to buy, including Gregory himself. Among 2 A somewhat different account is found in the late seventh or early eighth-century Whitby Life of Gregory (Vita Sancti Gregorii I Papae, 9). T. J. MacMaster, The Transformative Impact of the Slave Trade on the Roman World, 9 580-720 oral accounts.3 However, the very strength of an oral tradition makes it seem likely that the idea of English slaves being sold in Rome did not surprise Bede or his audience while, as Pope, Gregory himself wrote instructing his representatives in Marseille to purchase English slaves there.4 Other written evidence demonstrates that, at the end of the sixth century, there was a movement of slaves from the Anglo- Saxon kingdoms southwards to Gaul as well as a further movement of slaves from Gaul into the Mediterranean world. Whether or not Gregory ever actually had the reported conversation, it was widely seen as likely that slaves from Britain would be offered for sale in Rome. This slave trade across Gaul, as well as a second route along the Atlantic coasts of western Europe, brought a steady supply of goods from the developed economies of the eastern and southern Mediterranean to these western lands while, in return, the peoples of those regions exported both raw materials and other humans. At the time of Gregory’s papacy, this system of exchange linked all the parts of the former Roman Empire. Within little more than a century, however, it had all but disappeared. That trade within the former boundaries of the Roman Empire and its disappearance in the period between the time of Gregory’s visit to the market (roughly 580) and Bede’s recording of it (sometime before 731) is the subject of this thesis. Investigating the slave trade in the long seventh century in the post-Roman world will involve investigations into both slavery and commerce in a period in which neither was static. Instead, the seventh century was an era of rapid and profound change in many things, not least of which were transformations within the slave trade itself. Yet, the slave trade, as argued in this thesis, can be seen as providing a critical framework for understanding the economic and cultural 3 Bede, HE, 2.1. 4 RE, 6.10. T. J. MacMaster, The Transformative Impact of the Slave Trade on the Roman World, 10 580-720 developments of the entire period. The slave trade and its fluctuations may even have been a driving force in some of the enormous social changes of the time that continue to shape the present world. Four principal theses will be advanced and supported through the combination of a reading of the written sources (primarily, though not exclusively, those in Arabic, Greek, and Latin), an examination of relevant archaeological data, and the use of analogous evidence from other periods. These four propositions may be seen as the basis of the overall argument demonstrating 1) that slaves were numerous and that they played a crucial role in the societies of the post-Roman world, 2) that the continuing function of these societies required a greater supply of slaves than could be provided internally, 3) that this resulted in a long-distance slave trade that was a key force in the post-Roman system of exchange in the Mediterranean world, 4) and that the breakdown of this system of trade and of many contacts across the Mediterranean during the seventh century was caused primarily by alterations in the sources of the slave supply of the most developed economies.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Story of the Byzantine Empire
    THE STO RY O F T HE NATIO NS L LU T T E E R VO L . I z M o I S A . P , R D , T H E E AR L I E R VO L UM E S A R E f I N E F R E E B P o AS A . SO T H STO R Y O G E C . y r . I . HARR R F R E B TH U ILM A N T HE STO Y O O M . y A R R G EW B P f A K O S E R F T HE S . o S . M T HE ST O Y O J y r . J . H R B Z N R O F DE . A R A coz I T HE ST O Y C HA L A . y . — R F E R N . B S B ING O U L THE ST O Y O G MA Y y . AR G D F N W B P f H B YE S E N o . H . O T HE ST O R Y O O R A Y . y r N E n E B . E . a d S SA H T HE ST O R Y O F SP A I . y U N AL N B P R of. A . VAM B Y T HE STO R Y O F H U GA R Y . y r E ST R O F E B P of L E TH E O Y C A RT H A G .
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the D
    The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marion Woodrow Kruse, III Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Anthony Kaldellis, Advisor; Benjamin Acosta-Hughes; Nathan Rosenstein Copyright by Marion Woodrow Kruse, III 2015 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the use of Roman historical memory from the late fifth century through the middle of the sixth century AD. The collapse of Roman government in the western Roman empire in the late fifth century inspired a crisis of identity and political messaging in the eastern Roman empire of the same period. I argue that the Romans of the eastern empire, in particular those who lived in Constantinople and worked in or around the imperial administration, responded to the challenge posed by the loss of Rome by rewriting the history of the Roman empire. The new historical narratives that arose during this period were initially concerned with Roman identity and fixated on urban space (in particular the cities of Rome and Constantinople) and Roman mythistory. By the sixth century, however, the debate over Roman history had begun to infuse all levels of Roman political discourse and became a major component of the emperor Justinian’s imperial messaging and propaganda, especially in his Novels. The imperial history proposed by the Novels was aggressivley challenged by other writers of the period, creating a clear historical and political conflict over the role and import of Roman history as a model or justification for Roman politics in the sixth century.
    [Show full text]
  • International Law and Contemporary Forms of Slavery: an Economic and Social Rights-Based Approach A
    Penn State International Law Review Volume 23 Article 15 Number 4 Penn State International Law Review 5-1-2005 International Law and Contemporary Forms of Slavery: An Economic and Social Rights-Based Approach A. Yasmine Rassam Follow this and additional works at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr Recommended Citation Rassam, A. Yasmine (2005) "International Law and Contemporary Forms of Slavery: An Economic and Social Rights-Based Approach," Penn State International Law Review: Vol. 23: No. 4, Article 15. Available at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol23/iss4/15 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Penn State Law eLibrary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Penn State International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Penn State Law eLibrary. For more information, please contact [email protected]. I Articles I International Law and Contemporary Forms of Slavery: An Economic and Social Rights-Based Approach A. Yasmine Rassam* I. Introduction The prohibition of slavery is non-derogable under comprehensive international and regional human rights treaties, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights'; the International Covenant on Civil and * J.S.D. Candidate, Columbia University School of Law. LL.M. 1998, Columbia University School of Law; J.D., magna cum laude, 1994, Indiana University, Bloomington; B.A. 1988, University of Virginia. I would like to thank the Columbia Law School for their financial support. I would also like to thank Mark Barenberg, Lori Damrosch, Alice Miller, and Peter Rosenblum for their comments and guidance on earlier drafts of this article. I am grateful for the editorial support of Clara Schlesinger.
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Slavery and Its Definition In
    Contemporary Slavery 2 and Its Definition in Law Jean Allain Had Olaudah Equiano, Abraham Lincoln, or William Wilberforce been able to look into the future to the twenty-first century, what they may have been most struck by was not how far we had come in ending slav- ery and suppressing human exploitation but, rather, that we had yet to agree on what in fact the term “slavery” means. This is a rather intrigu- ing puzzle, as a consensus has existed for more than eighty-five years among states as to the legal definition of slavery. Yet, this definition has failed to take hold among the general public or to “speak” to those in- stitutions interested in the ending of slavery. At first blush, this is not so hard to understand since the definition, drafted in the mid-1920s by legal experts, is rather opaque and seems to hark back to a bygone era. The definition found in the 1926 Slavery Convention reads: “Slavery is the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership is exercised.”1 At first sight, the definition really does not convey much to the reader, but for the fact that it appears to require that a person own another. As the ownership of one person by another has been legislated out of existence – again – it appears that this definition would have no traction in the contemporary world. Yet, this is not so since the legal definition of slavery established in 1926 has been confirmed twice: first, by being included in substance in the 1956 Supplementary Convention Contemporary Slavery
    [Show full text]
  • "Two Hagiographic Notes St. Simon – Apostle of Cimmerian Bosporus
    Andrey Yu. Vinogradov TWO HAGIOGRAPHIC NOTES ST. SIMON – APOSTLE OF CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS BASIC RESEARCH PROGRAM WORKING PAPERS SERIES: HUMANITIES WP BRP 127/HUM/2016 This Working Paper is an output of a research project implemented at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE). Any opinions or claims contained in this Working Paper do not necessarily reflect the views of HSE Andrey Yu. Vinogradov1 TWO HAGIOGRAPHIC NOTES ST. SIMON – APOSTLE OF CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS? The article is dedicated to two topics. One is the legend about Apostle Simon, who preached on Cymmerian Bosporus according a 4th-c. tradition later forgotten and replaced by the legend about Apostle Andrew, where Simon was only one of his companions. The second part is concerning future critical edition of the Martyrium of St. Marina including classification of its manuscripts. Keywords: hagiography, Byzantium, Apostle Simon, St. Marina, Bosporos, Caucasus, Crimea, manuscripts, critical edition JEL Classification: Z. 1 National Research University Higher School of Economics. School of history, Associate Professor; Email: [email protected]. A Byzantine hagiographer Epiphanios the Monk, who visited in 815–820 southern, eastern and northern shores of the Black Sea searching for the relics of saints2, describes in his ‘Life of Apostle Andrew’, somewhat unexpectedly, two tombs of apostle Simon found by him: “The Bosporans... showed to us... a shrine with the inscription of ‘Simon the Apostle’, immured in the basement of a very large church of Holy Apostles, with the relics, and gave from them to us; there is also another tomb in Nikopsis of Zikhia, with the inscription of ‘Simon the Cananite’, and it has also the relics”3.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and Violence in Gregory of Tours' 'Decem Libri Historiarum'
    GENDER AND VIOLENCE IN GREGORY OF TOURS' DECEM LIBRI HISTORIARUM Jennifer McRobbie A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2012 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3151 This item is protected by original copyright Gender and Violence in Gregory of Tours’ Decem Libri Historiarum Jennifer McRobbie This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews Date of Submission 19th August 2011 ii Declaration I, Jennifer McRobbie, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 76,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2004 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in August 2011; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St. Andrews between 2004 and 2011. Date…………..signature of candidate I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St. Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. In submitting this thesis to the University of St. Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby.
    [Show full text]
  • On Body, Soul, and Popular Culture: a Study of the Perception of Plague by Muslim and Coptic Communities in Mamluk Egypt
    The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences On Body, Soul, and Popular Culture: A Study of the Perception of Plague by Muslim and Coptic Communities in Mamluk Egypt A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Arab and Islamic Civilizations In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts By Mohamed S. Maslouh Under the supervision of Dr. Amina Elbendary September / 2013 The American University in Cairo On Body, Soul, and Popular Culture: A Study of the Perception of Plague by Muslim and Coptic Communities in Mamluk Egypt A Thesis Submitted by Mohamed S. Maslouh To the Department of Arab and Islamic Civilizations September /2013 In partial fulfillment of the requirements for The degree of Master of Arts Has been approved by Dr. Amina Elbendary Thesis Committee Advisor____________________________________________ Assistant Professor, Arab and Islamic Civilizations Department. American University in Cairo. Dr. Nelly Hanna Thesis Committee Reader____________________________________________ Distinguished University Professor, Arab and Islamic Civilizations Department. American University in Cairo. Dr. Adam Talib Thesis Committee Reader____________________________________________ Assistant Professor, Arab and Islamic Civilizations Department. American University in Cairo. _________________ __________ __________________ ____________ Dept. Chair Date Dean of HUSS Date ii Abstract The American University in Cairo On Body, Soul, and Popular Culture: A Study of the Perception of Plague by Muslim and Coptic Communities in Mamluk Egypt By: Mohamed S. Maslouh Supervisor: Dr. Amina Elbendary This thesis studies the Muslim and Coptic medical, theological, and philosophical perceptions of plague in Mamluk Egypt (1250-1517). It also details the responses to mass death caused by plagues in both popular culture and mainstream scholarly works.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rights of War and Peace Book I
    the rights of war and peace book i natural law and enlightenment classics Knud Haakonssen General Editor Hugo Grotius uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu ii ii ii iinatural law and iienlightenment classics ii ii ii ii ii iiThe Rights of ii iiWar and Peace ii iibook i ii ii iiHugo Grotius ii ii ii iiEdited and with an Introduction by iiRichard Tuck ii iiFrom the edition by Jean Barbeyrac ii ii iiMajor Legal and Political Works of Hugo Grotius ii ii ii ii ii ii iiliberty fund ii iiIndianapolis ii uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu This book is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a foundation established to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. The cuneiform inscription that serves as our logo and as the design motif for our endpapers is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 b.c. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash. ᭧ 2005 Liberty Fund, Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 06 05 c 54321 09 08 07 06 05 p 54321 Frontispiece: Portrait of Hugo de Groot by Michiel van Mierevelt, 1608; oil on panel; collection of Historical Museum Rotterdam, on loan from the Van der Mandele Stichting. Reproduced by permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grotius, Hugo, 1583–1645. [De jure belli ac pacis libri tres. English] The rights of war and peace/Hugo Grotius; edited and with an introduction by Richard Tuck. p. cm.—(Natural law and enlightenment classics) “Major legal and political works of Hugo Grotius”—T.p., v.
    [Show full text]
  • Africans: the HISTORY of a CONTINENT, Second Edition
    P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 This page intentionally left blank ii P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 africans, second edition Inavast and all-embracing study of Africa, from the origins of mankind to the AIDS epidemic, John Iliffe refocuses its history on the peopling of an environmentally hostilecontinent.Africanshavebeenpioneersstrugglingagainstdiseaseandnature, and their social, economic, and political institutions have been designed to ensure their survival. In the context of medical progress and other twentieth-century innovations, however, the same institutions have bred the most rapid population growth the world has ever seen. The history of the continent is thus a single story binding living Africans to their earliest human ancestors. John Iliffe was Professor of African History at the University of Cambridge and is a Fellow of St. John’s College. He is the author of several books on Africa, including Amodern history of Tanganyika and The African poor: A history,which was awarded the Herskovits Prize of the African Studies Association of the United States. Both books were published by Cambridge University Press. i P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 ii P1: RNK 0521864381pre CUNY780B-African 978 0 521 68297 8 May 15, 2007 19:34 african studies The African Studies Series,founded in 1968 in collaboration with the African Studies Centre of the University of Cambridge, is a prestigious series of monographs and general studies on Africa covering history, anthropology, economics, sociology, and political science.
    [Show full text]
  • Apartheid, Liberalism and Romance a Critical Investigation of the Writing of Joy Packer
    UNIVERSITY OF UMEÅ DISSERTATION ISSN 0345-0155 ISBN 91-7191-140-5 From the Department of English, Faculty of Humanities, Umeå University, Sweden Apartheid, Liberalism and Romance A Critical Investigation of the Writing of Joy Packer AN ACADEMIC DISSERTATION which will, on the proper authority of the Chancellor’s Office of Umeå University for passing the doctoral examination, be publicly defended in hörsal F, Humanisthuset, on Friday, 23rd February 1996, at 3.15 p.m. John A Stotesbury Umeå University Umeå 1996 Abstract This is the first full-length study of the writing of the South African Joy Packer (1905-1977), whose 17 works of autobiography and romantic fiction were primarily popular. Packer’s writing, which appeared mainly between 1945 and 1977, blends popular narrative with contemporary social and political discourses. Her first main works, three volumes of memoirs published between 1945 and 1953, cover her experience of a wide area of the world before, during and after the Second World War: South Africa, Britain, the Mediterranean and the Balkans, and China. In the early 1950s she also toured extensive areas of colonial "Darkest Africa." When Packer retired to the Cape with her British husband, Admiral Sir Herbert Packer, after an absence of more than 25 years, she adopted fiction as an alternative literary mode. Her subsequent production, ten popular romantic novels and a further three volumes of memoirs, is notable for the density of its sociopolitical commentary on contemporary South Africa. This thesis takes as its starting-point the dilemma, formulated by the South African critic Dorothy Driver, of the white woman writing within a colonial environment which compels her to adopt contradictory, ambivalent and oblique discursive stances and strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Right to Asylum Between Islamic Shari'ah And
    The Right to Asylum between Islamic Shari’ah and International Refugee Law A Comparative Study Prof. Ahmed Abou-El-Wafa Produced and Printed by Printing Press of Naif Arab University for Security Sciences Riyadh - 2009 (1430 H.) The Right to Asylum between Islamic Shari’ah and International Refugee Law A Comparative Study Prof. Ahmed Abou-El-Wafa Riyadh - 2009 (1430 H.) “Those who believed and emigrated, and strove in the cause of GOD, as well as those who hosted them and gave them refuge, and supported them, these are the true believers. They have deserved forgiveness and a generous recompense.” (Quranic Surat al-Anfal, "The Spoils of War" [Chapter 8 verse 74]) “Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.” (Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 14) "Every man shall have the right, within the framework of the Shari'ah... if persecuted, is entitled to seek asylum in another country. The country of refugee shall be obliged to provide protection to the asylum seeker until his safety has been attained, unless asylum is motivated by committing an act regarded by the Shari'ah as a crime". (Article 12 of the Declaration on Human Rights in Islam) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Regional Office in the Regional Office in the Arab Republic of Egypt GCC Countries E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Arabic Website: English Website: www.unhcr.org.eg www.unhcr.org First Edition 2009 This book is written, on behalf of UNHCR by Prof. Dr. Ahmed Abou-El-Wafa, Chief of the Department of Public International Law, Faculty of Law, Cairo University.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced firom the microfilm master. UMT films the text directly fi’om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter 6ce, while others may be fi’om any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing fi’om left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Ifowell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARABIC RHETORICAL THEORY. 500 C £.-1400 CE. DISSERTATION Presented m Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Khaiid Alhelwah, M.A.
    [Show full text]