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Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) 797–810

The 2nd International Geography Symposium GEOMED2010 Vertical climate zones in Biga peninsula: The impact of climate change and air pollution on forests

M. Do÷an Kantarcı*

Istanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, Bahcekoy, Istanbul

Abstract

Biga Peninsula is situated in between Marmara Sea and Aegean Sea. The peninsula consists of the hilly and mountainous mass between Biga and Çan on North, Kaz Mountains on South, and Koca Çay Basin lying in between those two masses. The northern oriented slopes of the peninsula are under the influence of “Marmara climate”, which originates from Black Sea region and is cool and humid. The western part of the peninsula is cooler due to the northern winds passing through the Dardanelles. The slopes oriented towards Aegean Sea are under the influence of Mediterranean climate which is warm and humid (arid in summers). These distinct climate characteristics combined with the changes in altitude at various areas lead to unique vertical climate zones in Biga Peninsula. The composition of forests in Biga Peninsula reflects the features of vertical climate zones. While the northern forests show more variation; olive, Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia) and Black Pine (Pinus nigra) dominate the southern species. Northern Biga Peninsula is under the direct impact of the air pollution by Istanbul and Marmara Region as well as countries situated on the north and west of Black Sea. Meanwhile, south of the peninsula is exposed to the pollution caused by the Soma thermal plant, and recently by the Çan thermal plant as well as the settlement areas (for heating purposes). Regardless of the source of the air pollution, the sulphur content on the needles of Calabrian Pines, black pines and fir trees (Abies equitrojani) were found to be above the toleration limit of chlorophyllous cells in the entirety of the peninsula. Such an impact results in premature defoliation of the old needles, diminished wood production and narrowing of the annual tree rings. As a result of the air pollution, increasing CO2 rate in the atmosphere has caused a tangible warming particularly increased during summer. Increased CO2 causes aridification. The data gathered from 4 meteorology stations within the vicinity of Biga Peninsula supports this notion and has been associated with a change in the limits of vertical climate zones. Upward migration of vertical climate zones ranges between 50 and 100 meters depending on the exposition and slope of the land and the season. While the industrialization in the areas surrounding the region dates back to late 19th century, it is not clear if there has been sufficient time for this migration to cause substantial impact on the growth and expansion characteristics of local plant species. Data from our previous work on animals such as “pine processionary caterpillar", on the other hand supports this hypothesis by a change in its breeding pattern on the Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia) zone instead of black pine (Pinus nigra) zone. This study aims to investigate the impact of the air pollution on needles of the coniferous trees in Biga Peninsula and the link to the migration of vertical climate zones.

©© 2011 PublishedPublished by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. Selection Selection and/or and/or peer-review peer-review under responsibilityunder responsibility of Recep of Efe The and 2nd Munir International Ozturk Geography Symposium-Mediterranean Environment

Keywords: Biga Peninsula, climate change, air pollution. forest

1. Introduction

Vertical climate zones in Biga Peninsula are the result of the mountainous structure as well as to the varying effects of Marmara Sea in the north, and Aegean Sea in the south. Polluted air (SO΍ in particular) coming from Black Sea and Thrace results in acid burns on the needles and leaves of the forest trees [1]. Due to the destruction of chlorophyllose cells, wood production has been reduced, and contractions have occurred in the annual circles of the trees. Tree death in forests in Biga Peninsula; fire trees (Abies equitrojani), in particular, draws attention. Climatic changes have caused aridity in summer months, and reduction in downfalls in winter months. Throughout the aridification period, air pollution

* Corresponding author. Tel.: 09-532-416-65-97; fax: +0-000-000-0000 . E-mail address: [email protected].

1877–0428 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of The 2nd International Geography Symposium- Mediterranean Environment doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.05.198 798 M. Dog˘an Kantarcı / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) 797–810

2. Land Structure And Vertical Climate Zones In Biga Peninsula

Biga Peninsula consists of the hilly and mountainous mass between Biga and Çan on North, Kaz Mountains on South, and Koca Çay Basin lying in between those two masses (Figure 1). Biga Peninsula is a steep-sloped mountainous region, with an elevation rising up to 1767 m at a short distance between Marmara and Aegean Seas. Significant climatic changes have developed due to elevation and exposure differences. These distinct climate characteristics combined with the changes in altitude at various areas lead to unique vertical climate zones in Biga Peninsula. By taking the bedrock and soil features into consideration, vertical climate zones could have been identified as different ecologic units [2,3,4]

3. Climate Features And Change Process In Biga Peninsula

Climate features of Biga Peninsula can be studied in two separate periods in time. First period is before the year 1970 (Tables 1.1 / 1.2 & Figure 2) and the second period is between 1970 and 2006. While this distinction can be made as such, closer evaluation of the climate changes suggests that there are several periods that are related to various global impacting events. Accordingly, the second period, which encompasses a time of warming and aridification between 1970 and 2006, should be divided into three sub-periods: (1) Transition Period of 1970 – 1981, (2) Volcanoes Period of 1982 – 1993, and (3) Main Warming Period of 1994 – 2006. During the volcanoes’ impact, atmospheric temperature of the Earth has been reduced by 1 °C due to the ashes and gases sprayed to the stratosphere from the eruption of 5 volcanoes (El Chikon and Nevada Delruiz in the year 1982, Augustino in the year 1986, and Unzen and Pinatubo in the year 1991). This exposure can be assessed by the measurements of Turkish meteorological stations [10,11,13,14]. It can be speculated that in the absence of these volcanic eruptions, warming throughout the period of 1982 – 1993 could have been higher contributing the observed increase between 1994 and 2006 [6,7,8] Actual warming period in Biga Peninsula can be monitored from 4 existing meteorological stations out of more than 30 stations from the pre-1970 period, most of which have been shut down. According to these measurements, increase in temperatures in the summer months of the actual warming and aridification period is by a significant rate of 0.7 – 1.6 °C. Rising temperatures increase evapo-transpiration. It is also noteworthy that, temperatures continue to rise even during the winter months when precipitation drops (especially in December and January) (Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, and Figures 2, 3, 4, 5). Winter warming leads to faster melting of snow covers, a loss of water by way of surface flows, or evaporation; avoiding water from penetrating into the depths of soil.

Figure 1. Cross section of Biga Peninsula –Ǥͳ͹͸͹ ϭϴϬϬ ĂŶͲLJďĞŬŒ͘Ͳ,ĂǀƌĂŶ<ĞƐŝƚŝƌŽƐƐƐĞĐƚŝŽŶEʹ z<DKhEd/Eʹ ,sZE    DĂƌŵĂƌĂĞŶŝnjŝͲĂďĂŒ͘ͲŐĞĞŶŝnjŝ<ĞƐŝƚŝƌŽƐƐƐĞĐƚŝŽŶDZDZ^ͲDKhEd/EͲ'^ ϭϳϬϬ G    ϭϲϬϬ

ϭϱϬϬ o –ǤͳͶ͵Ͷ ϭϰϬϬ

ϭϯϬϬ ‹—‹”ͷ ͳ͹ͷͲ ‹—•‹‰”ƒʹͷͲȂ ϭϮϬϬ

ϭϭϬϬ  ‹ŽŽǤͳͺͲͷ –ǤͳͲ͸Ͳ  ǦGG –ǤͳͲͳͲ

ϭϬϬϬ —‡” —• ‡””‹•Ϊ —‡” —•’‡–”‡ƒ ‹—‹”ͷ ͳ͹ͷͲ ‹—•‹‰”ƒ͸ͷͲȂ ;G;.–ǤͻͳͲ ͺͲͲ‹‹—•‹‰”ƒǡ ƒ‰—•‘”‹‡–ƒŽ‹•ƒ† ͺͲͲ‹—•‹‰”ƒƒ†—‡” —• ‡””‹•‹š‡† •‘—–Šƒ†™‡•–•‹†‡ ‹—•‹‰”ƒ’—”‡‘”‹—•‹‰”ƒƒ†—‡” —• ‡””‹•ǡ—‡” —•ˆ”ƒ‹‡––‘ǡ—‡” —•’‡–”‡ƒ‹š‡†ǡ ‘”†ƒ†‘”†Ǧ‡ƒ•–•‹†‡ ε δ ϵϬϬ „‹‡•‡“—‹–”‘Œƒ‹‹š‡†Ǥ –Ǥͳʹͻͺ „‹‡•‡“—‹–”‘Œƒ‹ǡ ƒ‰—•‘”‹‡–ƒŽ‹•ƒ† Ǥ ϴϬϬ ‹Ž˜ƒ–‹ ƒˆ‘”‡•–•ͺͲͲǦͳ͸ͷͲ ȋ‘”†ƒ†‘”†Ǧ‡ƒ•–•‹†‡Ȍ

ϳϬϬ „‹‡•ƒ† ƒ‰—•ˆ‘”‡•–•‹˜ƒŽŽ‡› 450 – 500 m “

ϲϬϬ —‡” —• ‡””‹•Ϊ ȋ—‡” —•ˆ”ƒ‹‡––‘Ȍ

Gf  ‹ŽŽǤ BøGA MOUNTAINS ƒ•–ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ–‹˜ƒ ϱϬϬ „‹‡•‡“—‹–”‘Œƒ‹ǡ ϰϬϬ ƒ‰—•‘”‹‡–ƒŽ‹•ƒ† ƒ‰—••‹Ž˜ƒ–‹ ƒ †‡”Ž‹‡ .   .  . Ǥ 

ϯϬϬ   

KAZ MOUNTAINS Ÿ ‹—•„”—–‹ƒͲȂ ͹ͲͲ —‡” —• ‡””‹• —‡” —•ˆ”ƒ‹‡––‘ —‡” —•‹ˆ‡ –‘”‹ƒ —‡” —•’—„‡• ‡• .G ϮϬϬ . —‡” —• ‘ ‹ˆ‡”ƒ Ÿ

—‡” —•˜ƒŽ‘‡ƒ fG ϭϬϬ G  . G

oof.ȋGȌ ƒŽ‹—”—••’‹ƒǦ Š”‹•–‹‹ KůĞĂ ĞƵƌŽƉĂĞĂ ‹—•„”—–‹ƒͲȂ ͶͲͲ

Ÿ  GG  KOCA RIVER BASIN Ž‡ƒ‡—”‘’ǤͲȂ ͵ͷͲ

ůƚŝƚƵĚĞ;ŵͿ Ÿ GG ‹•–ƒ ‹ƒ–‡”‡„‹–Š—• Ϭ Ÿ Ÿ Ϭ ϱ ϭϮ ϭϴ ϮϬ Ϯϱ Ϯϳ Ϯϴ ϯϬ ϯϯ ϯϱ ϯϳ ϰϰ ϰϳ ϱϭ ϱϮ ϱϱ ϱϴ ϲϬ ϲϮ ϲϱ ϳϬ ϳϮ ϳϯ ϳϴ ϴϮ ϴϰ ϴϳ ϵϭ ϵϱ ŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ;ŬŵͿ ϭϬϱ ϭϬϴ Ǥ;   M. Dog˘an Kantarcı / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) 797–810 799

Table 1. Mean temperature and precipitation measurements during 1929-70 period at meteorological stations in Biga Peninsula and periphery (Kantarcı, M. D. 1996)

EEh> EEh> ϱ^hDDZDKEd, :EhZz :EhZz ;sнs/нs//нs///н/yͿ DE DE 7^d͘ DdKZK>K'/> >d/dh WZ/W/dd/KE dDW͘ DEWZ/Wd͘ DEdDW͘ WZ/Wdd/KE dDW͘

EƵ͘ ^dd/KE^ ŵ ŵŵ Σ ŵŵ Σ ŵŵ Σ ϭ E<<> ϯ ϲϮϵ͕ϭ ϭϰ͕ϵ ϵϱ͕Ϭ Ϯϭ͕ϴ ϭϬϭ͕ϰ ϲ͕Ϭ Ϯ >W^<7;ϭͿ ϭϬ ϲϳϳ͕ϯ ϭϰ͕ϵ ϵϵ͕ϵ Ϯϭ͕ϴ ϭϬϬ͕ϱ ϲ͕Ϭ ϯ Z<;ϭͿ ϭϬ ϳϭϲ͕Ϯ ϭϰ͕ϵ ϭϲϭ͕ϵ Ϯϭ͕ϴ ϭϭϮ͕ϰ ϲ͕Ϭ ϰ d;ϱͿ ϱ ϲϬϳ͕ϭ ϭϰ͕ϴ ϳϲ͕ϭ Ϯϭ͕ϲ ϭϬϱ͕ϲ ϱ͕ϰ ϱ '>7K>h ϭϬ ϲϵϲ͕ϰ ϭϰ͕ϴ ϭϮϮ͕ϵ Ϯϭ͕ϲ ϵϵ͕ϳ ϱ͕ϰ ϲ K>z/Z ϭϬϬ ϱϱϴ͕Ϭ ϭϰ͕ϯ ϭϬϲ͕ϰ ϭϬϯ͕Ϭ ϳ DZDZ^/ ϭϬ ϴϯϱ͕ϯ ϭϱ͕ϱ ϭϯϮ͕ϳ ϮϮ͕Ϭ ϭϭϱ͕Ϭ ϲ͕Ϯ ϴ 'P< ϳϭ ϳϱϴ͕ϳ ϭϵ͕Ϭ ϵϴ͕ϰ Ϯϲ͕ϯ ϭϰϲ͕ϳ ϵ͕ϱ ϵ K ϭϬ ϲϴϭ͕ϱ ϭϱ͕ϳ ϭϬϳ͕ϰ Ϯϭ͕ϱ ϭϬϯ͕ϯ ϳ͕ϱ ϭϬ 7' ϱϬ ϳϲϱ͕ϴ ϭϰ͕Ϯ ϭϮϲ͕Ϯ ϮϬ͕ϵ ϭϬϳ͕ϴ ϰ͕ϵ ϭϭ 'PEE ϯϬ ϳϬϲ͕ϭ ϭϰ͕ϱ ϭϯϬ͕ϳ Ϯϭ͕Ϯ ϭϬϯ͕ϲ ϱ͕Ϭ ϭϮ <Z7';ϭϬͿ ϭϬ ϱϴϭ͕ϯ ϭϰ͕Ϯ ϭϭϭ͕ϵ ϮϬ͕ϵ ϴϲ͕Ϯ ϰ͕ϵ ϭϯ 'mDmbz;ϭϭͿ ϮϬ ϲϬϳ͕ϱ ϭϰ͕ϱ ϵϱ͕ϱ Ϯϭ͕Ϯ ϭϭϯ͕ϲ ϱ͕Ϭ ;7DdK<Ϳ ϭϰ h)z>/;ϭϭͿ ϯϬ ϲϱϯ͕Ϯ ϭϰ͕ϱ ϴϲ͕ϰ Ϯϭ͕Ϯ ϭϭϯ͕ϲ ϱ͕Ϭ ϭϱ ^Z//;ϭͿ ϮϱϬ ϴϯϭ͕ϭ ϭϯ͕ϲ ϭϳϴ͕ϱ ϮϬ͕ϱ ϭϮϵ͕ϱ ϰ͕ϳ ϭϵ 7EdW;ϭͿ ϮϬϬ ϳϯϴ͕ϴ ϭϯ͕ϵ ϭϮϭ͕ϱ ϮϬ͕ϴ ϭϮϬ͕ϲ ϱ͕Ϭ ;ZE7;ϭͿ ϰϬ ϱϲϱ͕ϯ ϭϰ͕ϳ ϱϵ͕ϱ Ϯϭ͕ϲ ϴϰ͕Ϭ ϱ͕ϴ Ϯϭ 7E;ϮϮͿ ϱϬ ϲϭϴ͕ϳ ϭϰ͕ϱ ϵϭ͕ϴ Ϯϭ͕ϰ ϭϭϰ͕ϰ ϱ͕Ϭ ϮϮ zZD7 ϳϬ ϲϱϱ͕Ϯ ϭϰ͕ϱ ϭϬϳ͕ϵ Ϯϭ͕ϰ ϵϳ͕ϯ ϱ͕Ϭ Ϯϯ s7>Z;ϮϮͿ ϯϬϬ ϴϵϮ͕ϲ ϭϯ͕ϯ ϭϲϭ͕ϯ ϮϬ͕Ϯ ϮϮϮ͕ϳ ϯ͕ϴ Ϯϰ d7>7;ϮϮͿ ϭϬϬ ϲϯϴ͕ϵ ϭϰ͕ϯ ϵϳ͕Ϭ Ϯϭ͕Ϯ ϳϰ͕ϱ ϰ͕ϴ Ϯϱ E;ϭϬͿ ϭϱϬ ϴϵϱ͕ϵ ϭϯ͕ϴ ϭϳϱ͕ϴ ϮϬ͕ϱ ϭϯϲ͕ϴ ϰ͕ϲ Ϯϲ 'm>W/EZ;ϯϱͿ ϳϬ ϲϬϴ͕ϱ ϭϲ͕ϭ ϳϮ͕ϭ Ϯϯ͕ϯ ϭϵϳ͕ϭ ϲ͕ϲ Ϯϳ zs/<;ϯϱͿ ϱϬϬ ϴϵϯ͕Ϯ ϭϰ͕ϲ ϵϴ͕ϭ Ϯϭ͕ϴ ϭϴϰ͕Ϭ ϱ͕ϳ Ϯϴ >d/EK>h<;ϯϱͿ ϭϬϬ ϴϯϮ͕ϭ ϭϲ͕Ϭ ϵϬ͕ϲ Ϯϯ͕ϯ ϭϲϱ͕Ϯ ϲ͕ϳ Ϯϵ zE7;ϮϮͿ ϯϬϬ ϵϭϵ͕ϲ ϭϯ͕ϯ ϭϳϬ͕Ϭ ϮϬ͕Ϯ ϭϰϲ͕ϰ ϯ͕ϴ ϯϬ ,D7z;ϮϮͿ ϯϬϬ ϴϳϯ͕ϲ ϭϯ͕ϯ ϭϱϵ͕ϳ ϮϬ͕Ϯ ϭϲϱ͕ϰ ϯ͕ϴ ϯϭ WZz;ϯϰͿ ϭϱϬ ϳϯϬ͕ϲ ϭϰ͕ϲ ϵϬ͕ϵ Ϯϭ͕ϵ ϭϮϲ͕ϳ ϰ͕ϵ ϯϯ 7sZ7E7;ϯϰͿ ϮϯϬ ϲϲϭ͕Ϭ ϭϯ͕ϴ ϵϱ͕ϰ Ϯϭ͕ϭ ϭϮϬ͕ϯ ϰ͕ϭ ϯϰ >/<^7Z ϭϰϳ ϲϬϵ͕Ϯ ϭϰ͕ϲ ϭϬϭ͕ϲ Ϯϭ͕ϵ ϵϵ͕ϯ ϰ͕ϵ ϯϱ ZD7d Ϯϭ ϳϯϴ͕ϲ ϭϲ͕ϰ ϲϵ͕ϯ Ϯϯ͕ϲ ϭϯϯ͕ϰ ϲ͕ϵ ϯϲ ,sZE;ϯϱͿ ϯϬ ϳϯϬ͕ϲ ϭϲ͕ϰ ϭϬϱ͕ϯ Ϯϯ͕ϲ ϭϯϲ͕Ϭ ϲ͕ϵ ϯϳ hZ,E7z;ϯϱͿ ϯϬ ϲϵϲ͕Ϭ ϭϲ͕ϰ ϴϯ͕ϲ Ϯϯ͕ϲ ϭϮϯ͕ϵ ϲ͕ϵ ϯϴ ZDhdKs;ϯϵͿ ϭϬ ϲϴϰ͕ϰ ϭϲ͕ϵ ϳϬ͕ϳ Ϯϯ͕ϳ ϭϭϵ͕ϰ ϴ͕Ϭ ϯϵ 'PD;zs>/<Ϳ ϰ ϲϰϬ͕ϳ ϭϲ͕ϵ ϰϱ͕Ϭ Ϯϯ͕ϳ ϭϮϱ͕ϳ ϴ͕Ϭ EKd͗;ͿŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĞƐƚĂƚŝŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͗ǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚďĂƐĞĚŽŶdƵƌŬŝƐŚ^ƚĂƚĞDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ͖ϭϵϳϰĚĂƚĂ D͘K)E<EdZ/ 800 M. Dog˘an Kantarcı / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) 797–810

Table 2. Variation of mean temperature and precipitation values on north and south side at Biga Peninsula in Kaz Mountains according to elevations (Kantarcı , M.D.1996) EEh> EEh> ϱ^hDDZDKEd,;sнs/нs//нs///н/yͿ :EhZz :EhZz >d/dh DEWZ/Wd͘ DEdDW͘ DEWZ/Wd͘ DEdDW͘ DEWZ/Wd͘ DEdDW͘ yWK^/d/KEŵŵŵΣŵŵΣŵŵΣ EKZd,^/ ϮϬϬ ϴϭϴ͕ϵ ϭϯ͕ϲ ϭϯϯ͕ϲ ϮϬ͕ϯ ϭϭϲ͕ϵ ϰ͕ϱ ϰϬϬ ϴϴϵ͕ϳ ϭϮ͕ϵ ϭϰϯ͕ϯ ϭϵ͕ϲ ϭϮϵ͕Ϭ ϰ͕Ϭ ϲϬϬ ϵϲϬ͕ϱ ϭϮ͕Ϯ ϭϱϯ͕ϯ ϭϴ͕ϵ ϭϰϭ͕Ϭ ϯ͕ϱ ϴϬϬ ϭϬϯϭ͕Ϯ ϭϭ͕ϱ ϭϲϯ͕Ϯ ϭϴ͕ϭ ϭϱϯ͕Ϯ ϯ͕Ϭ ϭϬϬϬ ϭϭϯϰ͕ϰ ϭϬ͕ϲ ϭϴϭ͕ϲ ϭϳ͕Ϯ ϭϲϵ͕Ϭ Ϯ͕ϯ ϭϮϬϬ ϭϮϯϳ͕ϲ ϵ͕ϳ ϭϵϵ͕Ϭ ϭϲ͕ϯ ϭϴϰ͕ϴ ϭ͕ϲ ϭϰϬϬ ϭϯϰϬ͕ϵ ϴ͕ϴ Ϯϭϴ͕ϴ ϭϱ͕ϯ ϮϬϬ͕ϱ Ϭ͕ϴ ϭϲϬϬ ϭϰϰϰ͕ϭ ϴ͕Ϭ Ϯϯϳ͕Ϯ ϭϰ͕ϰ Ϯϭϲ͕ϯ Ϭ͕ϭ ^Khd,^/ ϮϬϬ ϳϵϲ͕ϲ ϭϱ͕ϳ ϴϬ͕ϭ ϮϮ͕ϵ ϭϱϮ͕ϯ ϲ͕ϱ ϰϬϬ ϴϲϬ͕ϵ ϭϱ͕Ϭ ϵϮ͕ϭ ϮϮ͕Ϯ ϭϳϯ͕ϯ ϱ͕ϵ ϲϬϬ ϵϮϱ͕ϰ ϭϰ͕Ϯ ϭϬϰ͕ϭ Ϯϭ͕ϰ ϭϵϰ͕ϱ ϱ͕ϱ ϴϬϬ ϵϴϵ͕ϴ ϭϯ͕ϱ ϭϭϲ͕ϭ ϮϬ͕ϳ Ϯϭϱ͕ϱ ϰ͕ϵ ϭϬϬϬ ϭϬϱϰ͕Ϯ ϭϮ͕ϴ ϭϮϴ͕ϭ ϮϬ͕Ϭ Ϯϯϲ͕ϱ ϰ͕ϱ ϭϮϬϬ ϭϭϭϴ͕ϲ ϭϮ͕ϭ ϭϰϬ͕ϭ ϭϵ͕Ϯ Ϯϱϳ͕ϱ ϯ͕ϵ ϭϰϬϬ ϭϭϴϯ͕Ϭ ϭϭ͕ϰ ϭϱϮ͕ϭ ϭϴ͕ϱ Ϯϳϴ͕ϱ ϯ͕ϰ ϭϲϬϬ ϭϮϰϳ͕ϰ ϭϬ͕ϲ ϭϲϰ͕ϭ ϭϳ͕ϳ Ϯϵϵ͕ϱ Ϯ͕ϵ

D͘K)E<EdZ/ Figure 2. Variation of mean temperature and precipitation values on Biga Peninsula in Kaz Mountains and periphery during 1929-70 periode according to elevation and exposition VARIATION OF MEAN TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION VALUES IN BøGA PENINSULA-KAZ MOUNTAINS ϭϱϬϬ͕Ϭ AND PERIPHERY DURING 1929-70 PERIODE ACCORDING TO ELEVATION AND EXPOSITION

zm<^>d7z'PZKZ/E'dK>d/dh 'mEz>^ ϭϰϰϰ͕ϭ Ϯ͘^dd/KE^d/^>E^ ϭϯϬϬ͕Ϭ Ϯ͘>Z ϭϮϰϳ͕ϰ ϯ͘^dd/KE^K^dK& ϯ͘DZDZ ϭϯϰϬ͕ϵ DZDZ^ ϭϮϬϬ͕Ϭ ϭϭϴϯ͕Ϭ ϰ͘d/'Zhhϰ͘t^d^/^dd/KE^ ϭϭϭϴ͕ϲ

ϭϮϯϳ͕ϲ ϱ͘^dd/KE^d^/E ϭϭϬϬ͕Ϭ ϱ͘7<^7D ϭϬϱϰ͕Ϯ K&

ϭϭϯϰ͕ϰ ϲ͘K)h'Zhhϲ͘^d^/^dd/KE^ ϵϴϵ͕ϴ ϭϬϬϬ͕Ϭ ϳ͘'mEz'Zhhϳ͘^Khd,^/^dd/KE ϵϮϱ͕ϰ

ϭϬϯϭ͕Ϯ KZ/E'dK>d/dh ϵϬϬ͕Ϭ zm<^>d7z'PZ

ϴϲϬ͕ϵ dEKZd,^/ ϵϲϬ͕ϱ

ϴϬϬ͕Ϭ ϴϴϵ͕ϳ ϴϭϴ͕ϵ ϳϬϬ͕Ϭ

ϲϬϬ͕Ϭ EEh>DEWZ/W/dd/KE^ŵŵ ϱϬϬ͕Ϭ ϳ͕Ϭ ϴ͕Ϭ ϵ͕Ϭ ϭϬ͕Ϭ ϭϭ͕Ϭ ϭϮ͕Ϭ ϭϯ͕Ϭ ϭϰ͕Ϭ ϭϱ͕Ϭ ϭϲ͕Ϭ ϭϳ͕Ϭ ϭϴ͕Ϭ ϭϵ͕Ϭ ϮϬ͕Ϭ EEh>DEdDWZdhZƒ D͘K)E<EdZ/ M. Dog˘an Kantarcı / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) 797–810 801

Table 4.1. Periodical variation of monthly and yearly Table 3.1. Periodical variation of monthly and yearly EEh EEh mean temperature at Edremit D͘K)E<EdZ/ > mean temperature at Çanakkale D͘K)E<EdZ/ > WZ/K / // /// /s s s/ s// s/// /y y y/ y// ƒ WZ/K / // /// /s s s/ s// s/// /y y y/ y// Σ ϭϵϯϳͲϭϵϳϬ ϲ͕ϵ ϴ͕ϭ ϵ͕ϳ ϭϰ͕Ϯ ϭϵ͕ϱ Ϯϯ͕ϵ Ϯϲ͕ϰ Ϯϲ͕ϭ ϮϮ͕Ϯ ϭϳ͕Ϯ ϭϯ͕ϭ ϵ͕ϲ ϭϲ͕ϰ ϭϵϮϵͲϭϵϳϬ ϲ͕Ϭ ϲ͕ϲ ϳ͕ϵ ϭϮ͕ϯ ϭϳ͕Ϯ Ϯϭ͕ϴ Ϯϰ͕ϳ Ϯϰ͕ϲ ϮϬ͕ϳ ϭϲ͕Ϭ ϭϮ͕ϭ ϴ͕ϰ ϭϰ͕ϵ ϭϵϳϬͲϭϵϴϭ ϲ͕ϵ ϴ͕ϭ ϭϬ͕ϯ ϭϰ͕ϭ ϭϵ͕Ϯ Ϯϰ͕Ϭ Ϯϲ͕ϭ Ϯϱ͕ϰ Ϯϭ͕ϴ ϭϲ͕ϳ ϭϭ͕ϵ ϴ͕ϳ ϭϲ͕ϭ ϭϵϳϬͲϭϵϴϭ ϱ͕ϲ ϲ͕ϵ ϴ͕ϲ ϭϮ͕ϲ ϭϳ͕Ϯ ϮϮ͕ϭ Ϯϰ͕ϱ Ϯϯ͕ϴ ϮϬ͕Ϯ ϭϱ͕ϴ ϭϭ͕ϰ ϴ͕Ϯ ϭϰ͕ϴ ϭϵϴϮͲϭϵϵϯ ϳ͕Ϯ ϲ͕ϵ ϵ͕ϱ ϭϰ͕ϱ ϭϵ͕ϭ Ϯϯ͕ϲ Ϯϲ͕ϰ Ϯϲ͕Ϯ ϮϮ͕ϯ ϭϲ͕ϵ ϭϭ͕ϱ ϴ͕ϰ ϭϲ͕Ϭ ϭϵϴϮͲϭϵϵϯ ϲ͕ϰ ϱ͕ϴ ϳ͕ϴ ϭϮ͕ϲ ϭϳ͕Ϭ Ϯϭ͕ϵ Ϯϰ͕ϲ Ϯϰ͕ϲ ϮϬ͕ϵ ϭϱ͕ϵ ϭϭ͕Ϭ ϳ͕ϴ ϭϰ͕ϳ ϭϵϵϰͲϮϬϬϲ ϳ͕ϳ ϴ͕Ϭ ϭϬ͕ϭ ϭϰ͕ϲ ϮϬ͕ϰ Ϯϱ͕Ϯ Ϯϴ͕Ϭ Ϯϳ͕ϭ ϮϮ͕ϲ ϭϳ͕ϱ ϭϮ͕Ϯ ϵ͕ϯ ϭϲ͕ϵ ϭϵϵϰͲϮϬϬϲ ϲ͕ϰ ϲ͕ϳ ϴ͕ϰ ϭϮ͕ϲ ϭϳ͕ϵ ϮϮ͕ϵ Ϯϱ͕ϴ Ϯϱ͕ϱ Ϯϭ͕ϯ ϭϲ͕ϰ ϭϭ͕ϳ ϴ͕Ϯ ϭϱ͕ϯ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞΣ Ϭ͕ϴ ͲϬ͕ϭ Ϭ͕ϰ Ϭ͕ϰ Ϭ͕ϵ ϭ͕ϯ ϭ͕ϲ ϭ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕ϰ Ϭ͕ϯ ͲϬ͕ϵ ͲϬ͕ϯ Ϭ͕ϱ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐЃ Ϭ͕ϰ Ϭ͕ϭ Ϭ͕ϱ Ϭ͕ϯ Ϭ͕ϳ ϭ͕ϭ ϭ͕ϭ Ϭ͕ϵ Ϭ͕ϲ Ϭ͕ϰ Ϭ͕ϰ Ϭ͕Ϯ Ϭ͕ϰ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͗ǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚďĂƐĞĚŽŶdƵƌŬŝƐŚ^ƚĂƚĞDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ͖ϭϵϳϰĚĂƚĂ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͗ǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚďĂƐĞĚŽŶdƵƌŬŝƐŚ^ƚĂƚĞDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ͖ϭϵϳϰĚĂƚĂ

Figure 3.1. Periodical variation of monthly mean temperature at Çanakkale Figure 4.1. Periodical variation of monthly mean temperature at Edremit

WZ/K/>sZ/d/KEK&DKEd,>zDEdDWZdhZdE<<> WZ/K/>sZ/d/KEK&DKEd,>zDEdDWZdhZdZD7d Ϯϴ͕Ϭ ϯϬ͕Ϭ ϭϵϮϵͲ Ϯϵ͕Ϭ ϭϵϯϳͲ Ϯϳ͕ϭ

Ϯϳ͕Ϭ Ϯϴ͕Ϭ Ϯϱ͕ϱ Ϯϲ͕Ϭ Ϯϱ͕ϴ ϭϵϳϬ Ϯϴ͕Ϭ ϭϵϳϬ Ϯϳ͕Ϭ ϭϵϵϰͲ ϭϵϵϰͲ Ϯϱ͕Ϯ Ϯϱ͕Ϭ Ϯϲ͕Ϭ

ϮϮ͕ϵ ϮϬϬϲ Ϯϰ͕Ϭ ϮϬϬϲ Ϯϱ͕Ϭ Ϯϯ͕Ϭ &Z<ΣŝĨĨ͘ƒ ϮϮ͕ϲ &Z<Σƒ Ϯϰ͕Ϭ Ϯϲ͕ϰ

Ϯϭ͕ϯ ŝĨĨ͘ Ϯϲ͕ϭ Ϯϰ͕ϳ ϮϮ͕Ϭ Ϯϰ͕ϲ Ϯϯ͕Ϭ Ϯϭ͕Ϭ ϮϮ͕Ϭ ϮϬ͕ϰ ϮϬ͕Ϭ Ϯϭ͕Ϭ Ϯϯ͕ϵ Ϯϭ͕ϴ ϭϵ͕Ϭ ϭϳ͕ϵ ϮϬ͕Ϭ ϮϮ͕Ϯ ϮϬ͕ϳ

ϭϴ͕Ϭ ϭϵ͕Ϭ ϭϳ͕ϱ ϭϳ͕Ϭ ϭϲ͕ϰ ϭϴ͕Ϭ

ϭϲ͕Ϭ ϭϳ͕Ϭ ϭϵ͕ϱ

ϭϲ͕Ϭ ϭϰ͕ϲ

ϭϱ͕Ϭ ϭϳ͕Ϯ ϭϱ͕Ϭ ϭϳ͕Ϯ

ϭϰ͕Ϭ ϭϮ͕ϲ ϭϲ͕Ϭ ϭϰ͕Ϭ ϭϮ͕Ϯ ϭϯ͕Ϭ ϭϭ͕ϳ ϭϯ͕Ϭ ϭϮ͕Ϭ ϭϮ͕Ϭ ϭϰ͕Ϯ ϭϭ͕Ϭ ϭϭ͕Ϭ ϭϬ͕ϭ ϵ͕ϯ ϭϮ͕ϯ

ϭϬ͕Ϭ ϭϯ͕ϭ ϭϮ͕ϭ

ϴ͕ϰ ϭϬ͕Ϭ ϴ͕Ϯ ϴ͕Ϭ

ϵ͕Ϭ ϵ͕Ϭ ϳ͕ϳ ƒ ϲ͕ϳ ϴ͕Ϭ ƒ ϴ͕Ϭ ϵ͕ϳ ϲ͕ϰ ϵ͕ϲ ϳ͕Ϭ  ϳ͕Ϭ ϴ͕ϰ ϴ͕ϭ ϲ͕Ϭ ϳ͕ϵ ϲ͕Ϭ

ϱ͕Ϭ ϲ͕ϵ

ϱ͕Ϭ ϲ͕ϲ

ϰ͕Ϭ ϲ͕Ϭ ϰ͕Ϭ ϯ͕Ϭ ϯ͕Ϭ ϭ͕ϲ Ϭ͕ϵ ϭ͕ϯ ϭ͕Ϭ Ϯ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕ϳ ϭ͕ϭ ϭ͕ϭ Ϭ͕ϵ Ϯ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕ϴ Ϭ͕ϰ Ϭ͕ϰ Ϭ͕ϰ Ϭ͕ϯ Ϭ͕ϰ Ϭ͕ϱ Ϭ͕ϯ Ϭ͕ϲ Ϭ͕ϰ ϭ͕Ϭ ͲϬ͕ϭ ͲϬ͕ϯ ϭ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕ϭ ͲϬ͕ϰ ͲϬ͕Ϯ ͲϬ͕ϵ Ϭ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕Ϭ Ͳϭ͕Ϭ Ͳϭ͕Ϭ ͲϮ͕Ϭ / // /// /s s s/ s// s/// /y y y/ y//

DEdDWZdhZ / // /// /s s s/ s// s/// /y y y/ y// ͲϮ͕Ϭ DEdDWZdhZ DKEd,^ Ͳϯ͕Ϭ D͘K)E<EdZ/ DKEd,^ D͘K)E<EdZ/

Table 3.2. Periodical variation of monthly and yearly EEh Table 4.2. Periodical variation of monthly and yearly EEh mean precipitation at Çanakkale > mean precipitation at Edremit > WZ/K           WZ/K          ŵŵ ϭϵϮϵͲϭϵϳϬ ͳͲͳǡͶ ͹͹ǡͻ ͸͸ǡͶ ͵ͻǡͺ ʹͺǡͲ ʹ͵ǡ͸ ͻǡͳ ͹ǡͶ ʹ͸ǡͻ Ͷͻǡ͵ ͺʹǡ͹ ͳͳ͸ǡ͸ ͸ʹͻǡͳ ϭϵϯϳͲϭϵϳϬ ͳ͵͵ǡͶ ͻͻǡͺ ͹͸ǡ͸ Ͷͷǡ͸ ͵ͳǡͻ ͳͳǡͶ ͵ǡͻ ͷǡ͵ ͳ͸ǡͺ ͷʹǡͳ ͳͳͷǡ͸ ͳͶ͸ǡʹ ͹͵ͺǡ͸ ϭϵϳϬͲϭϵϴϭ ͺͺǡͶ ͹ͳǡ͵ ͸͸ǡ͸ ͶͶǡͷ Ͷ͵ǡʹ ʹʹǡͺ ʹͳǡʹ ͻǡ͸ ʹ͵ǡͷ Ͷͷǡͷ ͳͲͺǡ͸ ͹ͻǡʹ ͸ʹͶǡ͵ ϭϵϳϬͲϭϵϴϭ ͻͻǡͷ ͻͷǡ͵ ͺʹǡʹ ͷ͸ǡͻ ͵ͻǡ͵ ͳ͹ǡͷ ͹ǡͷ ʹǡͻ ʹͲǡ͵ Ͷͺǡͳ ͳͳͶǡ͸ ͳʹͷǡͷ ͹Ͳͻǡͷ ϭϵϴϮͲϭϵϵϯ ͹ͺǡ͵ Ͷͷǡͷ ͷͶǡͺ ͷʹǡͺ ʹͶǡ͵ ʹͷǡͻ ͳͲǡͳ ͵ǡͳ ͳͲǡͲ Ͷ͵ǡͶ ͹ͶǡͲ ͻ͹ǡͺ ͷʹͲǡͲ ϭϵϴϮͲϭϵϵϯ ͺͳǡ͸ ͸ͳǡ͹ ͷ͹ǡ͸ ͷ͵ǡʹ ͶͲǡ͸ ʹͶǡͺ ͹ǡ͹ ͳǡͷ ͷǡ͸ ͵ͻǡͺ ͳʹʹǡͻ ͳͳͶǡ͹ ͸ͳͳǡ͹ ϭϵϵϰͲϮϬϬϲ ͺ͵ǡͶ ͺͶǡ͵ ͹ͷǡ͸ Ͷ͸ǡʹ ͵͸ǡͺ ͳͳǡͺ ͳͳǡͲ ʹǡʹ ʹ͵ǡͻ Ͷ͸ǡʹ ͻͷǡʹ ͳʹͲǡͶ ͸͵͸ǡͻ ϭϵϵϰͲϮϬϬϲ ͺͶǡͺ ͻͻǡͻ ͸͸ǡͲ ͷͻǡͺ ʹͻǡ͸ ͺǡͶ ͷǡʹ ͸ǡͶ ͵͵ǡ͹ ͷ͸ǡͷ ͳͲͺǡͺ ͳͲͻǡ͵ ͸͸ͳǡͻ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ͳͺǡͲ ͸ǡͶ ͻǡʹ ͸ǡͶ ͺǡͺ Ǧͳͳǡͺ ͳǡͻ Ǧͷǡʹ Ǧ͵ǡͲ Ǧ͵ǡͳ ͳʹǡͷ ͵ǡͺ ͹ǡͺ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ Ͳϰϴ͕ϲ Ϭ͕ϭ ͲϭϬ͕ϲ ϭϰ͕Ϯ ͲϮ͕ϯ Ͳϯ͕Ϭ ϭ͕ϯ ϭ͕ϭ ϭϲ͕ϵ ϰ͕ϰ Ͳϲ͕ϴ Ͳϯϲ͕ϵ Ͳϳϲ͕ϳ ŵŵ ŵŵ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͗ǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚďĂƐĞĚŽŶdƵƌŬŝƐŚ^ƚĂƚĞDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ͖ϭϵϳϰĚĂƚĂ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͗ǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚďĂƐĞĚŽŶdƵƌŬŝƐŚ^ƚĂƚĞDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ͖ϭϵϳϰĚĂƚĂ

Figure 3.2. Periodical variation of monthly mean precipitation at Çanakkale Figure 4.2. Periodical variation of monthly mean precipitation at Edremit

WZ/K/>sZ/d/KEK&DKEd,>zDEWZ/W/dd/KEdE<<> WZ/K/>sZ/d/KEK&DKEd,>zDEWZ/W/dd/KEdZD7d ϭϯϬ͕Ϭ ϭϲϬ͕Ϭ ϭϵϮϵͲϭϵϳϬ ϭϵϵϰͲϮϬϬϲ &Z<ŵŵ7&&ZE ϭϮϬ͕ϰ ϭϱϬ͕Ϭ ϭϰϲ͕Ϯ ϭϮϬ͕Ϭ ϭϵϯϳͲϭϵϳϬ ϭϵϵϰͲϮϬϬϲ &Z<ŵŵ7&&ZE ϭϰϬ͕Ϭ ϭϭϬ͕Ϭ ϭϯϬ͕Ϭ ϭϭϱ͕ϲ ϭϬϭ͕ϰ ϭϬϬ͕Ϭ ϭϭϲ͕ϲ ϭϮϬ͕Ϭ

ϭϭϬ͕Ϭ ϭϯϯ͕ϰ ϵϱ͕Ϯ ϵϵ͕ϴ ϵϬ͕Ϭ ϴϰ͕ϯ ϭϬϴ͕ϴ ϭϬϵ͕ϯ ϭϬϬ͕Ϭ ϵϵ͕ϵ ϳϱ͕ϲ ϴϬ͕Ϭ ϵϬ͕Ϭ

ϴϯ͕ϰ ϳϲ͕ϲ ϳϬ͕Ϭ ϴϬ͕Ϭ ϴϮ͕ϳ ϴϰ͕ϴ

ϳϳ͕ϵ ϳϬ͕Ϭ ϲϬ͕Ϭ ϲϲ͕Ϭ ϱϵ͕ϴ ϱϲ͕ϱ

ϰϵ͕ϯ ϲϬ͕Ϭ

ϲϲ͕ϰ ϰϲ͕Ϯ ϱϬ͕Ϭ ϱϬ͕Ϭ ϯϲ͕ϴ ϯϯ͕ϳ ϯϭ͕ϵ ϰϬ͕Ϭ ϰϲ͕Ϯ ϰϬ͕Ϭ ϱϮ͕ϭ ϰϱ͕ϲ

Ϯϲ͕ϵ ϯϬ͕Ϭ

ϯϬ͕Ϭ Ϯϯ͕ϲ Ϯϵ͕ϲ ϯϵ͕ϴ ϭϭ͕ϰ

DEWZ/W/dd/KEŵŵ ϮϬ͕Ϭ ϭϲ͕ϴ DEWZ/W/dd/KEŵŵ ϱ͕ϯ ϮϬ͕Ϭ ϭϬ͕Ϭ ϯ͕ϵ Ϯϴ͕Ϭ

ϵ͕ϭ Ϯϯ͕ϵ ϲ͕ϰ ϵ͕Ϯ ϲ͕ϰ ϳ͕ϰ ϴ͕ϰ ϭϬ͕Ϭ ϯ͕ϴ Ϭ͕Ϭ ϭϭ͕ϴ ϭϭ͕Ϭ ϭϮ͕ϱ ϱ͕Ϯ ϲ͕ϰ ϴ͕ϴ Ϯ͕Ϯ ͲϭϬ͕Ϭ / // /// /s s s/ s// s/// /y y y/ y// Ϭ͕Ϭ Ͳϯ͕Ϭ ϭ͕ϵ Ͳϯ͕ϭ ͲϮϬ͕Ϭ / // /// /s s s/ s// s///Ͳϱ͕Ϯ /y y y/ y// ͲϭϬ͕Ϭ ͲϯϬ͕Ϭ Ͳϭϭ͕ϴ ͲϮϬ͕Ϭ ͲϰϬ͕Ϭ Ͳϭϴ͕Ϭ DKEd,^ ͲϱϬ͕Ϭ ͲϯϬ͕Ϭ D͘K)E<EdZ/ DKEd,^ D͘K)E<EdZ/

802 M. Dog˘an Kantarcı / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) 797–810

Table 5.1. Periodical variation of monthly and yearly EEh Table 6.1. Periodical variation of monthly and yearly EEh > > mean temperature at Gönen D͘K)E<EdZ/ mean temperature at Balıkesir D͘K)E<EdZ/ WZ/K I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII ƒ WZ/K / // /// /s s s/ s// s/// /y y y/ y// ƒ ϭϵϯϳͲϭϵϳϬ ͷǡͲ ͸ǡ͹ ͺǡʹ ͳ͵ǡͲ ͳ͹ǡͶ ʹͳǡͺ ʹ͵ǡͺ ʹ͵ǡʹ ͳͻǡͺ ͳͷǡͶ ͳͳǡ͸ ͺǡ͸ ͳͶǡͷ ϭϵϯϳͲϭϵϳϬ Ͷǡͻ ͸ǡͲ ͹ǡͺ ͳʹǡͺ ͳ͹ǡͺ ʹʹǡͳ ʹͶǡ͸ ʹͶǡͷ ʹͲǡͷ ͳͷǡ͹ ͳͳǡͳ ͹ǡͳ ͳͶǡ͸ ϭϵϳϬͲϭϵϴϭ ϰ͕ϵ ϲ͕ϱ ϴ͕ϭ ϭϮ͕Ϯ ϭϲ͕ϲ Ϯϭ͕ϯ Ϯϯ͕Ϯ ϮϮ͕ϲ ϭϵ͕Ϭ ϭϰ͕ϵ ϭϬ͕ϰ ϲ͕ϴ ϭϯ͕ϵ ϭϵϳϬͲϭϵϴϭ ϰ͕ϳ ϲ͕ϯ ϴ͕ϳ ϭϯ͕ϯ ϭϳ͕ϳ ϮϮ͕ϲ Ϯϰ͕ϰ Ϯϯ͕ϲ ϮϬ͕ϭ ϭϱ͕ϲ ϭϬ͕ϰ ϲ͕ϯ ϭϰ͕ϱ ϭϵϴϮͲϭϵϵϯ ϱ͕ϭ ϰ͕ϳ ϳ͕Ϯ ϭϮ͕ϭ ϭϲ͕Ϯ ϮϬ͕ϵ Ϯϯ͕Ϭ Ϯϯ͕Ϭ ϭϵ͕Ϯ ϭϰ͕ϲ ϵ͕ϲ ϲ͕ϲ ϭϯ͕ϱ ϭϵϴϮͲϭϵϵϯ ϰ͕ϴ ϰ͕ϵ ϳ͕ϵ ϭϯ͕ϰ ϭϳ͕ϰ ϮϮ͕ϯ Ϯϰ͕ϭ Ϯϰ͕Ϯ ϮϬ͕ϴ ϭϱ͕ϱ ϵ͕ϵ ϲ͕ϯ ϭϰ͕ϯ ϭϵϵϰͲϮϬϬϲ ϱ͕ϱ ϲ͕Ϭ ϴ͕Ϭ ϭϮ͕ϰ ϭϳ͕ϱ ϮϮ͕Ϯ Ϯϰ͕ϲ Ϯϰ͕Ϭ ϭϵ͕ϴ ϭϱ͕ϯ ϭϬ͕ϯ ϳ͕ϰ ϭϰ͕ϰ ϭϵϵϰͲϮϬϬϲ ϱ͕Ϭ ϱ͕ϵ ϴ͕ϭ ϭϯ͕ϭ ϭϴ͕ϯ Ϯϯ͕Ϭ Ϯϱ͕ϲ Ϯϱ͕ϭ Ϯϭ͕Ϭ ϭϱ͕ϵ ϭϬ͕Ϭ ϲ͕ϲ ϭϰ͕ϴ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ Ϭ͕ϱ Ϭ͕ϳ Ϭ͕Ϯ Ϭ͕ϲ Ϭ͕ϭ Ϭ͕ϰ Ϭ͕ϴ Ϭ͕ϴ Ϭ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕ϭ ϭ͕ϯ ϭ͕Ϯ Ϭ͕ϭ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ Ͳǡͳ Ͳǡͳ Ͳǡ͵ Ͳǡ͵ Ͳǡͷ Ͳǡͻ ͳǡͲ Ͳǡ͸ Ͳǡͷ Ͳǡʹ ͳǡͳ Ͳǡͷ Ͳǡʹ Σ ƒ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͗ǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚďĂƐĞĚŽŶdƵƌŬŝƐŚ^ƚĂƚĞDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ͖ϭϵϳϰĚĂƚĂ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͗ǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚďĂƐĞĚŽŶdƵƌŬŝƐŚ^ƚĂƚĞDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ͖ϭϵϳϰĚĂƚĂ

Figure 5.1. Periodical variation of monthly mean temperature at Gönen Figure 6.1. Periodical variation of monthly mean temperature at Balıkesir WZ/K/>sZ/d/KEK&DKEd,>z WZ//>sZ/d/KEK&DKEd,>z Ϯϲ͕Ϭ ϭϵϯϳͲ Ϯϳ͕Ϭ ϭϵϯϳͲ Ϯϱ͕ϲ DEdDWZdhZd'PEE Ϯϰ͕ϲ DEdDWZdhZd>/<^7Z Ϯϱ͕ϭ Ϯϱ͕Ϭ Ϯϰ͕Ϭ ϭϵϳϬ Ϯϲ͕Ϭ ϭϵϳϬ Ϯϰ͕Ϭ ϭϵϵϰͲ Ϯϱ͕Ϭ ϭϵϵϰͲ ϮϮ͕Ϯ Ϯϯ͕Ϭ ϮϬϬϲ Ϯϰ͕Ϭ Ϯϯ͕Ϭ ϮϬϬϲ ϮϮ͕Ϭ &Z<Σ Ϯϯ͕Ϭ Ϯϯ͕ϴ ŝĨĨ͘ƒ &Z<Σ Ϯϰ͕ϲ ƒ Ϯϰ͕ϱ ŝĨĨ͘ Ϯϭ͕Ϭ Ϯϯ͕Ϯ

Ϯϭ͕Ϭ ϭϵ͕ϴ ϮϮ͕Ϭ ϮϬ͕Ϭ Ϯϭ͕Ϭ Ϯϭ͕ϴ

ϭϵ͕Ϭ ϮϬ͕Ϭ ϮϮ͕ϭ ϭϳ͕ϱ ϭϴ͕Ϭ ϭϵ͕Ϭ ϭϴ͕ϯ ϭϵ͕ϴ ϭϳ͕Ϭ ϭϴ͕Ϭ ϮϬ͕ϱ ϭϱ͕ϯ ϭϲ͕Ϭ ϭϳ͕Ϭ ϭϱ͕ϵ

ϭϳ͕ϰ ϭϲ͕Ϭ

ϭϱ͕Ϭ ϭϳ͕ϴ ϭϱ͕Ϭ ϭϰ͕Ϭ ϭϮ͕ϰ ϭϯ͕ϭ

ϭϱ͕ϰ ϭϰ͕Ϭ

ϭϯ͕Ϭ ϭϱ͕ϳ ϭϮ͕Ϭ ϭϯ͕Ϭ ϭϭ͕Ϭ ϭϬ͕ϯ ϭϮ͕Ϭ ϭϬ͕Ϭ ϭϯ͕Ϭ ϭϭ͕Ϭ ϭϬ͕Ϭ ϭϮ͕ϴ ϭϬ͕Ϭ ƒ ƒ ϵ͕Ϭ ϴ͕Ϭ ϴ͕ϭ ϳ͕ϰ

ϭϭ͕ϲ ϵ͕Ϭ ϴ͕Ϭ ϭϭ͕ϭ ϲ͕Ϭ ϴ͕Ϭ ϳ͕Ϭ ϲ͕ϲ ϴ͕Ϯ ϱ͕ϵ ϱ͕ϱ ϳ͕Ϭ ϲ͕Ϭ ϴ͕ϲ ϱ͕Ϭ ϲ͕Ϭ ϳ͕ϴ

ϱ͕Ϭ ϳ͕ϭ ϲ͕ϳ ϱ͕Ϭ ϰ͕Ϭ ϰ͕Ϭ ϲ͕Ϭ ϱ͕Ϭ

ϯ͕Ϭ ϰ͕ϵ ϭ͕ϯ ϭ͕Ϯ ϯ͕Ϭ Ϯ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕ϱ Ϭ͕ϳ Ϭ͕ϲ Ϭ͕ϴ Ϭ͕ϴ Ϯ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕ϵ ϭ͕Ϭ ϭ͕ϭ Ϭ͕Ϯ Ϭ͕ϭ Ϭ͕ϰ DEdDWZdhZ Ϭ͕ϯ Ϭ͕ϱ Ϭ͕ϲ Ϭ͕ϱ Ϭ͕ϱ ϭ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕ϭ ϭ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕ϭ Ϭ͕ϭ Ϭ͕ϯ Ϭ͕Ϯ DEdDWZdhZ Ϭ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕Ϭ DKEd,^ / // /// /s s s/ s// s/// /y y y/ y// DKEd,^ / // /// /s s s/ s// s/// /y y y/ y// D͘K)E<EdZ/ D͘K)E<EdZ/

Table 5.2. Periodical variation of monthly and yearly EEh Table 6.2. Periodical variation of monthly and yearly EEh mean precipitation at Gönen > mean precipitation at Balıkesir > WZ/K / // /// /s s s/ s// s/// /y y y/ y// ŵŵ WZ/K / // /// /s s s/ s// s/// /y y y/ y// ŵŵ ϭϵϯϳͲϭϵϳϬ ϭϬϯ͕ϲ ϳϰ͕Ϯ ϳϰ͕ϲ ϱϭ͕Ϯ ϯϮ͕ϵ Ϯϵ͕Ϯ ϭϱ͕ϴ ϭϯ͕Ϭ ϯϵ͕ϴ ϲϱ͕Ϯ ϳϰ͕ϱ ϭϯϮ͕Ϯ ϳϬϲ͕ϭ ϭϵϯϳͲϭϵϳϬ ϵϵ͕ϯ ϴϬ͕Ϭ ϲϮ͕ϯ ϰϴ͕ϭ ϯϵ͕Ϯ Ϯϲ͕ϱ ϵ͕ϵ ϳ͕ϳ ϭϴ͕ϯ ϰϮ͕Ϯ ϳϮ͕Ϭ ϭϬϯ͕ϵ ϲϬϵ͕Ϯ ϭϵϳϬͲϭϵϴϭ ϭϬϮ͕ϲ ϳϳ͕Ϯ ϳϭ͕ϱ ϱϱ͕ϰ ϱϭ͕ϯ Ϯϯ͕ϯ ϭϯ͕ϴ ϭϵ͕ϲ ϰϲ͕ϳ ϳϲ͕ϲ ϴϰ͕ϭ ϵϵ͕ϴ ϳϮϭ͕ϴ ϭϵϳϬͲϭϵϴϭ ϴϬ͕ϲ ϲϰ͕ϳ ϱϱ͕ϰ ϱϮ͕ϭ ϱϱ͕Ϯ ϭϳ͕ϵ ϳ͕Ϯ ϭϬ͕ϲ Ϯϳ͕ϲ ϰϰ͕ϯ ϴϰ͕ϵ ϵϲ͕ϳ ϱϵϳ͕Ϭ ϭϵϴϮͲϭϵϵϯ ϳϱ͕ϭ ϱϳ͕ϴ ϰϲ͕ϯ ϱϵ͕ϱ ϯϴ͕ϭ ϯϭ͕ϴ ϭϰ͕Ϭ ϴ͕ϲ ϭϬ͕ϰ ϰϱ͕ϳ ϭϬϳ͕ϲ ϵϳ͕ϲ ϱϵϮ͕ϰ ϭϵϴϮͲϭϵϵϯ ϱϱ͕ϵ ϰϱ͕ϰ ϰϯ͕ϰ ϱϬ͕Ϭ ϯϵ͕ϴ ϭϳ͕ϵ ϭϯ͕Ϯ ϭ͕ϭ ϴ͕ϳ ϯϲ͕Ϭ ϴϯ͕Ϯ ϴϯ͕ϯ ϰϳϳ͕ϵ ϭϵϵϰͲϮϬϬϲ ϴϭ͕ϱ ϵϭ͕ϯ ϳϳ͕ϰ ϱϰ͕ϴ ϯϯ͕ϱ ϭϲ͕ϳ ϴ͕ϳ ϭϳ͕ϱ ϯϲ͕ϴ ϲϰ͕ϲ ϴϳ͕ϵ ϭϬϯ͕Ϭ ϲϳϯ͕ϴ ϭϵϵϰͲϮϬϬϲ ϲϰ͕Ϯ ϳϱ͕ϭ ϲϵ͕ϰ ϱϯ͕Ϯ ϯϯ͕ϱ ϭϵ͕ϲ ϲ͕ϴ ϱ͕Ϯ Ϯϲ͕ϯ ϰϱ͕Ϯ ϴϬ͕ϲ ϴϭ͕ϯ ϱϲϬ͕ϱ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐ ͲϮϮ͕ϭ ϭϳ͕ϭ Ϯ͕ϴ ϯ͕ϲ Ϭ͕ϲ ͲϭϮ͕ϱ Ͳϳ͕ϭ ϰ͕ϱ Ͳϯ͕Ϭ ͲϬ͕ϲ ϭϯ͕ϰ ͲϮϵ͕Ϯ ͲϯϮ͕ϯ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ Ͳϯϱ͕ϭ Ͳϰ͕ϵ ϳ͕ϭ ϱ͕ϭ Ͳϱ͕ϳ Ͳϲ͕ϵ Ͳϯ͕ϭ ͲϮ͕ϱ ϴ͕Ϭ ϯ͕Ϭ ϴ͕ϲ ͲϮϮ͕ϳ Ͳϰϴ͕ϴ Ğŵŵ ŵŵ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͗ǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚďĂƐĞĚŽŶdƵƌŬŝƐŚ^ƚĂƚĞDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ͖ϭϵϳϰĚĂƚĂ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͗ǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚďĂƐĞĚŽŶdƵƌŬŝƐŚ^ƚĂƚĞDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ͖ϭϵϳϰĚĂƚĂ Figure 5.2. Periodical varıatıon of monthly mean precipitation at Gönen Figure 6.2.Periodical variation of monthly mean precipitation at Balıkesir WZ/K/>sZ/d/KEK&DKEd,>zDEWZ/W/dd/KEd'PEE WZ/K/>sZ/d/KEK&DKEd,>zWZ/W/dd/KEd>/<^7Z ϭϱϬ͕Ϭ ϭϮϬ͕Ϭ ϭϵϯϳͲϭϵϳϬ ϭϵϵϰͲϮϬϬϲ &Z<ŵŵŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ϭϵϯϳͲϭϵϳϬ ϭϵϵϰͲϮϬϬϲ &Z<ŵŵŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ϭϰϬ͕Ϭ ϭϭϬ͕Ϭ ϭϯϬ͕Ϭ ϭϬϬ͕Ϭ ϭϮϬ͕Ϭ ϭϬϯ͕ϵ ϭϯϮ͕Ϯ ϵϬ͕Ϭ ϵϵ͕ϯ ϴϬ͕Ϭ ϭϭϬ͕Ϭ ϭϬϯ͕ϲ ϴϬ͕ϲ ϴϬ͕Ϭ ϭϬϬ͕Ϭ ϵϭ͕ϯ ϲϵ͕ϰ ϴϭ͕ϯ ϭϬϯ͕Ϭ ϳϬ͕Ϭ ϵϬ͕Ϭ ϴϳ͕ϵ ϳϱ͕ϭ ϳϳ͕ϰ ϱϯ͕Ϯ ϲϬ͕Ϭ ϳϮ͕Ϭ ϴϬ͕Ϭ ϲϰ͕Ϯ ϴϭ͕ϱ ϰϱ͕Ϯ ϳϬ͕Ϭ ϲϰ͕ϲ ϱϬ͕Ϭ ϲϮ͕ϯ ϯϵ͕Ϯ ϳϰ͕ϲ ϳϰ͕ϱ ϲϬ͕Ϭ ϳϰ͕Ϯ ϰϬ͕Ϭ ϱϰ͕ϴ ϰϴ͕ϭ Ϯϲ͕ϯ Ϯϲ͕ϱ ϲϱ͕Ϯ ϱϬ͕Ϭ ϯϬ͕Ϭ ϰϮ͕Ϯ ϯϵ͕ϴ ϯϯ͕ϱ ϰϬ͕Ϭ ϯϯ͕ϱ ϮϬ͕Ϭ ϱϭ͕Ϯ Ϯϵ͕Ϯ ϵ͕ϵ

ϭϵ͕ϲ ϳ͕ϳ ϴ͕ϲ ϯϬ͕Ϭ ϯϲ͕ϴ ϳ͕ϭ ϭϴ͕ϯ ϭϳ͕ϭ ϭϳ͕ϱ ϭϬ͕Ϭ ϱ͕ϭ ϭϱ͕ϴ DEWZ/W/dd/KEŵŵϮϬ͕Ϭ DEWZ/W/dd/KEŵŵ Ͳϰ͕ϵ Ͳϱ͕ϳ ϲ͕ϴ ϱ͕Ϯ ϯϮ͕ϵ ϴ͕Ϭ ϭϯ͕ϰ Ϭ͕Ϭ Ͳϲ͕ϵ ϭϬ͕Ϭ ϯ͕ϲ ϭϲ͕ϳ ͲϮ͕ϱ ϯ͕Ϭ Ϯ͕ϴ ϭϯ͕Ϭ Ͳϯ͕ϭ Ϭ͕ϲ ϴ͕ϳ Ͳϯ͕Ϭ ͲϬ͕ϲ ͲϭϬ͕Ϭ / // /// /s s s/ s// s/// /y y y/ y// Ϭ͕Ϭ ϰ͕ϱ Ͳϳ͕ϭ ͲϮϬ͕Ϭ ͲϭϬ͕Ϭ / // /// /s s s/ s// s/// /y y y/ y// ͲϮϮ͕ϳ ͲϮϬ͕Ϭ ͲϭϮ͕ϱ ͲϯϬ͕Ϭ ͲϯϬ͕Ϭ ͲϮϮ͕ϭ ͲϰϬ͕Ϭ Ͳϯϱ͕ϭ ͲϮϵ͕Ϯ ͲϰϬ͕Ϭ ͲϱϬ͕Ϭ DKEd,^ DKEd,^ D͘K)E<EdZ/ D͘K)E<EdZ/

M. Dog˘an Kantarcı / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) 797–810 803

Table 7. Sulphur content Pinus brutia needles (1, 2, 3, year-old), Quercus cerris and Arbutus andrachnea leaves at Çan, Atatürk Çeúmesi, Kalkım, Lapseki/Dumanlı Mountain- A÷ı Mountain, Çal Mountain in Biga Peninsula-Turkey

DKEd, >Kd/KEE E>^ͬ>s^ zZ^ ^h>W,hZ ;^Ϳ ƉƉŵ ^DW>/E'W>Kd^ >d/dh yWKͲ dZ EĞĞĚůĞ ϭϵϵϲ ϭϵϵϲ ϭϵϵϳ ϭϵϵϳ ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϵ ϭϵϵϵ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ŵ ^/d/KE ' ĂŐĞ sͲs/ y sͲs/ y s/Ͳs// y sͲs/ y WŝŶƵƐďƌƵƚŝĂ;,ĂƌĚƉŝŶĞͿ

E ϭϰϬ <Ͳ< ϴϬͲϭϮϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϲ ϰϰϬϬ P͘<ĂƌĂƂnjͲϭϵϵϳ

ddmZ<bD^7 ϮϯϬ < ϴϬͲϭϮϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϲ ϯϴϬϬ ΗΗΗ

Ϯͬϭϵϵϱ ϯϵϬϬ ΗΗΗ ϯͬϭϵϵϰ ϰϮϬϬ ΗΗΗ

<>

Ϯͬϭϵϵϱ ϮϲϯϬ ΗΗΗ

ϯͬϭϵϵϰ ϮϲϱϬ ΗΗΗ EKZd,ŽĨZD7d ϲϬϬ ' ϴϬͲϭϮϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϲ ϱϱϬ ΗΗΗ

Ϯͬϭϵϵϱ ϭϵϳϬ ΗΗΗ ϯͬϭϵϵϰ ϮϴϬϬ ΗΗΗ >W^<7Ͳ ϰϬϬ < ϴϬͲϭϮϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϲ ϭϵϰϬ ΗΗΗ

hDE>/DKhd/E Ϯͬϭϵϵϱ ϮϭϬϱ ΗΗΗ

W^^ŽĨ)/DKhEd/E ϰϱϬ < ϭͬϭϵϵϴ ϰϰϱϳ D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ ;ĞƚǁĞĞŶ<ĂƌĂŬƂLJͲ Ϯͬϭϵϵϳ ϰϱϲϭ ΗΗΗ <ĂŶůŦŽďĂͿ ϯͬϭϵϵϲ ϱϬϱϳ ΗΗΗ

;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĞƚĂů͘ͲϮϬϬϬͿ

>DKhEd/E ϭͬϭϵϵϵ ϰϮϰϰ ϰϯϭϰ D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ

hƉƉĞƌƉĂƌƚŽĨĂůůŦĞƔŵĞ ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϴ ϰϭϲϳ ϰϯϰϮ ϰϳϭϲ ϰϳϲϭ ΗΗΗ ϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϳ ϰϱϲϰ ϰϳϬϯ ϰϴϮϰ ϰϵϭϰ ΗΗΗ ϯͬϭϵϵϲ ϱϬϭϰ ϱϭϭϯ ΗΗΗ

;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĞƚĂů͘ͲϮϬϬϬͿ

YƵĞƌĐƵƐĐĞƌƌŝƐ;ƵƉƉĞĚKĂŬͿ

>DKhEd/E ϰϱϬ < ϭ ϰϴϰϰ D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ

hƉƉĞƌƉĂƌƚŽĨĂůůŦĞƔŵĞ ;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĞƚĂů͘ͲϮϬϬϬͿ

ƌďƵƚƵƐĂŶĚƌĂĐŚŶĞĂ;^ƚƌĂǁďĞƌƌLJƚƌĞĞͿ

>DKhEd/E ϰϱϬ < ϭͬϭϵϵϵ ϰϵϬϰ ϰϱϴϮ D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ

hƉƉĞƌƉĂƌƚŽĨĂůůŦĞƔŵĞ Ϯͬϭϵϵϴ ϱϰϲϰ ϱϬϭϰ ΗΗΗ

D͘͘<EdZ/

804 M. Dog˘an Kantarcı / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) 797–810

Table 8. Sulphur content (ppm) Pinus nigra needles (1, 2, 3, year-old) at Lapseki and Çan- E÷rikabaa÷aç Mountain - Susuz Mountain cross section in Biga Peninsula-Turkey

^ƵůƉŚƵƌ ^ >Kd/KEE ƉƉŵ ƉƉŵ ^DW>/E'W>Kd^ >d7dh yWK^7d7KE dZ' E>' ϭϵϵϲ ϭϵϵϲ ϭϵϵϳ ϭϵϵϳ E>' ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϵ ϭϵϵϵ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ

ŵ sͲs/ y sͲs/ y s/Ͳs// y sͲs/ y

ĂƐƚŽĨĨ>W^<7 ϱϵϬ < ϴϬͲϭϮϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϲ ϮϳϬϳ <ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ

hDE>/ Ϯͬϭϵϵϱ Ϯϴϲϲ ΗΗΗ ΗΗΗ ΗΗΗ

DKhEd/E ϯͬϭϵϵϰ ϯϯϬϬ ΗΗΗ ΗΗΗ ΗΗΗ

;<ĂƌĂƂnjͲϭϵϵϳͿ )Z7<) ϰϯϬ < ϴϬͲϭϮϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϵ ϰϳϱϭ ϰϯϲϭ <ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ DKhEd/E ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϴ ϱϰϱϯ ϰϲϴϰ ϱϰϲϰ ϰϳϱϲ ΗΗΗ ;ƂŒĞŶĐŝůĞƌƺnjƺͿ ϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϳ ϱϳϱϴ ϱϭϲϭ ϱϴϭϲ ϰϵϲϭ ΗΗΗ ϭͬϭϵϵϲ ϮϮϬϬ ϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϲ ϲϬϭϳ ϱϮϳϰ ϲϮϰϰ ϱϭϭϲ ΗΗΗ

Ϯͬϭϵϵϱ ϮϰϮϬ ΗΗΗ ϰͬϭϵϵϱ ϱϱϰϵ ΗΗΗ ϯͬϭϵϵϰ ϯϱϬϬ ΗΗΗ ΗΗΗ ;<ĂƌĂƂnjͲϭϵϵϳͿ ;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĞƚĂůͲϮϬϬϬͿ

)Z7<) ϳϬϬ < ϯϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϴ ϰϳϰϵ <ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ DKhEd/E Ϯͬϭϵϵϳ ϰϴϱϭ ΗΗΗ ;<ƵƌƵĨŦŶĚŦŬͿ ϭͬϭϵϵϲ ϯϬϬϬ ϯͬϭϵϵϲ ϱϭϱϳ ΗΗΗ Ϯͬϭϵϵϱ ϯϴϬϬ ΗΗΗ ϯͬϭϵϵϰ ϰϮϬϬ ΗΗΗ ;<ĂƌĂƂnjͲϭϵϵϳͿ ;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĞƚĂůͲϮϬϬϬͿ

)Z7<) ϴϱϬ < ϯϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϵ ϰϳϰϳ ϰϰϭϯ <ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ DKhEd/E ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϴ ϰϱϰϳ ϱϭϲϭ ϰϲϭϳ ΗΗΗ ϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϳ ϱϰϳϭ ϱϲϭϰ ϱϭϰϳ ΗΗΗ ϭͬϭϵϵϲ ϯϳϬϬ ϰͬϭϵϵϲ ϲϮϯϰ ΗΗΗ Ϯͬϭϵϵϱ ϰϭϬϬ ΗΗΗ ΗΗΗ ϯͬϭϵϵϰ ϰϱϬϬ ΗΗΗ ΗΗΗ ;<ĂƌĂƂnjͲϭϵϵϳͿ ;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĞƚĂůͲϮϬϬϬͿ

ĞƚǁĞĞŶ ϳϱϬͲϴϬϬ < ϭͬϭϵϵϵ ϭͬϭϵϵϵ ϰϵϭϯ <ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ )Z7<) ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϴ ΗΗΗ ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϴ ϱϳϲϭ ϱϳϳϰ ϱϲϭϱ ΗΗΗ DKhEd/EĂŶĚ ϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϳ ΗΗΗ ϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϳ ϲϬϬϳ ϱϵϭϲ ϱϴϭϳ ΗΗΗ ^h^hDKhEd/E ϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϲ ϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϲ ϲϰϲϲ ϲϭϰϰ ϲϬϰϭ ΗΗΗ <sh7 ;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĞƚĂůͲϮϬϬϬͿ ΗΗΗ

^h^hDKhEd/E ϳϱϬ < ϭϬϬͲϭϮϬ ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϴ ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϴ ϰϴϳϭ ϰϴϲϭ <ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ

ĞƚǁĞĞŶ ϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϳ ΗΗΗ ϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϳ ϱϭϭϲ ϰϵϳϰ ΗΗΗ <^dE'7)7 ϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϲ ΗΗΗ ϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϲ ϱϯϲϭ ϱϭϲϮ ΗΗΗ

z<z/Z/ ϰͬϭϵϵϱ ϰͬϭϵϵϱ ϱϰϳϳ ΗΗΗ

YƵĞƌĐƵƐĐĞƌƌŝƐ ϳϱϬ < ϮϱϬͲϮϲϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϴ ϭͬϭϵϵϴ ϰϵϴϭ ͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ ;ƵƉƉĞĚŽĂŬͿ ;<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĞƚĂůͲϮϬϬϬͿ

M. DOöAN KANTARCI

4. Effect of Air Pollution on Forest Trees

Northern Biga Peninsula is under the direct impact of the air pollution by Istanbul and Marmara Region as well as countries situated on the north and west of Black Sea. Meanwhile, south of the peninsula is exposed to the pollution caused by the Soma thermal plant and settlement areas (for heating purposes). Impact could be recently increased by Çan thermal plant. In this study, our results present data from pre-Çan thermal plant [9,17,1819,]. Effect of air pollution in Biga Peninsula on the forest trees has been examined from the sulfur accumulation in the leaves and needles, microscopic sections taken from needles, and from the widths of the annual circles developed in the trees. The novelty of this work is the use of “unwashed” needles for analysis of sulphur accumulation. Since this strategy provides direct and unbiased basis for assessment, the results presented in Tables and M. Dog˘an Kantarcı / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) 797–810 805

dĂďůĞϵ͘^ƵůƉŚƵƌĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŝŶWŝŶƵƐŶŝŐƌĂŶĞĞĚůĞƐ;ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯũĞĂƌͲŽůĚͿŽŶŶŽƌƚŚĂŶĚƐŽƵƚŚĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞƐ ŽĨ<ĂnjDŽƵŶƚĂŝŶĞŽƐŝŶŝŐĂWĞŶŝŶƐƵůĂĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽĞůĞǀĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚƐĞĂƐŽŶƐ

>Kd/KEE ^ƵůƉŚƵƌ ;ƉƉŵͿ ^DW>/E'W>Kd^ >d7dh yWK^7d7KE dZ' E>' ϭϵϵϲ ϭϵϵϲ ϭϵϵϳ ϭϵϵϳ ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϵ ϭϵϵϵ ;ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐͿ ŵ sͲs/ y sͲs/ y s/Ͳs// y sͲs/ y >/h/,EͿ ;K͘^ĞǀŐŝϭϵϵϳͿ ϲϴϲ ϳϰϰϲ ϲϳϮϰ ΗΗΗ ;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĞƚĂů͘ͲϮϬϬϬͿ /,EͿ ;K͘^ĞǀŐŝϭϵϵϳͿ ϭϭϬϬ ΗΗΗ ;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĂƚĂů͘ͲϮϬϬϬͿ ,/P>mZE ϭϬϱϬ < ϴϬͲϭϮϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϵ ϱϬϭϱ ϰϴϭϳD͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϴ ϰϳϰϭ ϰϲϳϭ ϱϱϲϳ ϱϭϳϭ ΗΗΗ ϭͲϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϳ ϯϮϳϯ Ϯϯϰϭ ϱϭϱϲ ϰϵϭϲ ϲϭϵϯ ϱϱϭϲ ΗΗΗ ϭͲϮͲϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϲ ϭϱϱϬ Ϯϵϴϭ ϯϴϲϰ ϯϮϲϭ ϲϭϲϳ ϱϴϭϳ ϲϱϭϮ ϲϮϯϬ ΗΗΗ ϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϱ ϭϳϴϬ ϯϱϭϲ ϰϱϲϭ ϯϳϱϲ ΗΗΗ ϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϰ ϮϮϬϬ ϰϬϮϰ ϱϭϰϳ ΗΗΗ ϰͬϭϵϵϯ ϮϯϱϬ ϰϱϱϰ ΗΗΗ ;<ĂƌĂƂnjͲϭϵϵϳͿ ;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĞƚĂů͘ͲϮϬϬϬͿ WĂƌŵĂůŝĂĨƵƌĨƵƌĂĐĞĂ;>/,EͿ ;K͘^ĞǀŐŝϭϵϵϳͿ ϭϰϵϳ D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ hhEK>h< ϭϮϱϬ < ϰϬͲϲϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϵ ϰϳϱϭ ϰϱϭϰD͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϴ ϰϳϭϰ ϰϰϰϳ ϱϬϲϰ ϱϬϬϰ ΗΗΗ ϭͲϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϳ ϮϲϬϭ Ϯϱϰϳ ϰϴϳϭ ϰϱϲϭ ϱϴϭϲ ϰϵϵϭ ΗΗΗ ϭͲϮͲϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϲ ϭϬϳϭ ϮϮϱϰ Ϯϳϳϴ Ϯϴϱϰ ϱϱϲϭ ϰϴϳϴ ϲϮϰϰ ϱϵϭϮ ΗΗΗ ϮͲϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϱ ϭϱϬϬ Ϯϳϰϭ ϯϭϴϱ ϯϮϰϲ ϱϴϲϰ ϱϯϳϰ ΗΗΗ ϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϰ ϭϱϳϬ ϯϭϬϰ ϰϯϲϭ ϲϬϳϰ ΗΗΗ ϰͬϭϵϵϯ ϭϴϲϵ ϯϴϲϳ ΗΗΗ ;<ĂƌĂƂnjͲϭϵϵϳͿ ;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĞƚĂů͘ͲϮϬϬϬͿ WĂƌŵĂůŝĂĨƵƌĨƵƌĂĐĞĂ;>/,EͿ ϭϵϳϵ;K͘^ĞǀŐŝϭϵϵϳͿ D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ Z/b/ ϭϯϴϬ < ϮϬͲϯϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϵ ϰϯϰϬ ϰϰϳϭD͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ DKhEd/E ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϴ ϰϱϲϭ ϰϱϰϰ ϰϴϱϭ ϰϵϭϲ ΗΗΗ ϭͲϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϳ ϮϮϬϴ ϮϭϬϰ ϰϳϱϰ ϱϭϭϳ ϱϯϭϲ ϱϳϳϱ ΗΗΗ ϭͲϮͲϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϲ ϭϮϬϬ ϭϵϴϰ Ϯϱϱϲ ϮϳϬϭ ϰϴϲϯ ϱϲϴϯ ϲϬϭϰ ϲϯϰϳ ΗΗΗ ϮͲϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϱ ϭϯϬϬ Ϯϯϰϳ Ϯϴϲϰ ϯϭϬϴ ϰϵϵϮ ϲϱϰϮ ΗΗΗ ϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϰ ϭϰϱϬ Ϯϳϲϱ ϯϴϰϲ ϱϱϲϰ ΗΗΗ ϰͬϭϵϵϯ ϭϱϲϬ ϯϳϲϴ ΗΗΗ WĂƌŵĂůŝĂĨƵƌĨƵƌĂĐĞĂ;>/,EͿ ;K͘^ĞǀŐŝϭϵϵϳͿ ϮϬϵϬ ϲϱϰϳ D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ ;<ĂƌĂƂnjͲϭϵϵϳͿ ;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĞƚĂů͘ͲϮϬϬϬͿ ,7ZͲ ϳϱϬ ' ϱϬͲϲϬ ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϲ ϮϮϵϬ Ϯϯϰϵ D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ 7ͲZD7dͿ ;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĞƚĂů͘ͲϮϬϬϬͿ <ZE>/<Z ϭϰϮϬ < ϴϬͲϭϮϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϲ ϭϮϬϬ P͘<ĂƌĂƂnjͲϭϵϵϳ Ϯͬϭϵϵϱ ϭϯϰϬ ΗΗΗ ϯͬϭϵϵϰ ϭϳϬϬ ΗΗΗ ϰͬϭϵϵϯ ϭϲϱϬ ΗΗΗ ) ϭϱϰϬ < ϴϬͲϭϮϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϲ ϭϯϮϬ P͘<ĂƌĂƂnjͲϭϵϵϳ Ϯͬϭϵϵϱ ϭϲϯϱ ΗΗΗ ϯͬϭϵϵϰ ϭϵϴϬ ΗΗΗ ^Z/7 ϰϬϬ < ϴϬͲϭϮϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϲ ϮϮϬϬ P͘<ĂƌĂƂnjͲϭϵϵϳ ;ĞƚǁĞĞŶ Ϯͬϭϵϵϱ ϮϱϬϬ ΗΗΗ <>7 ϳϬϬ < ϴϬͲϭϮϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϲ ϮϭϬϬ P͘<ĂƌĂƂnjͲϭϵϵϳ ;ĞƚǁĞĞŶ Ϯͬϭϵϵϱ ϮϮϬϬ ΗΗΗ <>

Table 10. Sulphur content (ppm) Pinus nigra needles (1, 2, 3, year-old) at Deli Mountain, Kumludüz and Dede Mountain in Biga Peninsula-Turkey

E>^ͬ>s^ ^h>W,hZ ;^Ϳ ƉƉŵ >Kd/KEE ^DW>/E'W>Kd^ >d/dh yWK^/d/KE dZ 'ĂŶĚ ϭϵϵϲ ϭϵϵϲ ϭϵϵϳ ϭϵϵϳ ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϵ ϭϵϵϵ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ŵ ' zZ^ sͲs/ y sͲs/ y s/Ͳs// y sͲs/ y

>7DKhEd/E ϰϬϬ < ϱϬͲϲϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϵ ϰϴϰϲ ϰϵϭϮ D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ

EKZd,^/ ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϴ ϰϱϰϵ ϱϬϭϰ ϰϵϳϭ ϱϭϭϲ ΗΗΗ

;ZKŽĨ ϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϳ ϱϭϲϰ ϱϮϰϲ ϱϭϬϳ ϱϮϰϭ ΗΗΗ

hmͿ ϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϲ ϲϭϰϲ ϱϳϲϭ ϱϱϭϲ ϱϯϳϰ ΗΗΗ

;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĂƚĂů͘ͲϮϬϬϬͿ

>7DKhEd/E ϰϱϬ ' ϱϬͲϲϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϵ ϰϵϵϮ ϰϭϴϬ D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ

^Khd,^/ ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϴ ϰϴϭϰ ϰϭϮϰ ϱϰϵϮ ϱϬϭϮ ΗΗΗ

;ZKŽĨ ϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϳ ϱϬϮϱ ϰϯϭϲ ϱϵϴϳ ϱϯϬϴ ΗΗΗ

hmͿ ϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϲ ϱϮϭϰ ϰϲϳϰ ϲϮϭϴ ϱϱϲϬ ΗΗΗ

ϰͬϭϵϵϱ ϱϯϭϲ ϰϵϰϮ ΗΗΗ

;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĞƚĂů͘ͲϮϬϬϬͿ

hm ϱϱϬ m ϯϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϵ ϱϮϭϲ ϰϴϭϳ D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ

ZK^^ŽĨ ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϴ ϰϳϵϭ ϰϯϬϳ ϱϳϴϰ ϰϵϭϯ ΗΗΗ

hmĂŶĚ ϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϳ ϰϵϲϭ ϰϱϭϲ ϲϭϭϬ ϱϭϮϰ ΗΗΗ

&/ZZK^ ϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϲ ϱϰϱϳ ϰϵϳϯ ϲϯϮϰ ϱϱϲϮ ΗΗΗ

ϰͬϭϵϵϱ ϱϳϴϰ ϱϮϱϰ ΗΗΗ

;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĞƚĂů͘ͲϮϬϬϬͿ

DKhEd/E ϲϬϬ < ϲϬͲϴϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϵ ϰϯϳϰ ϰϰϭϯ D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ

EKZd,^/ ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϴ ϰϭϰϳ ϰϯϭϰ ΗΗΗ

ϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϳ ΗΗΗ

ϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϲ ΗΗΗ

ϰͬϭϵϵϱ ΗΗΗ

;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĂƚĂů͘ͲϮϬϬϬͿ

DKhEd/E ϲϬϬ ' ϲϬͲϴϬ ϭͬϭϵϵϵ ϰϵϵϮ ϰϭϴϬ D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦͲϮϬϬϬ

^Khd,^/ ϭͲϮͬϭϵϵϴ ϰϴϭϰ ϰϭϮϰ ϱϰϵϮ ϱϬϭϮ ΗΗΗ

ϮͲϯͬϭϵϵϳ ϱϬϮϱ ϰϯϭϲ ϱϵϴϳ ϱϯϬϴ ΗΗΗ

ϯͲϰͬϭϵϵϲ ϱϮϭϰ ϰϲϳϰ ϲϮϭϴ ϱϱϲϬ ΗΗΗ

;D͘͘<ĂŶƚĂƌĐŦĂƚĂů͘ͲϮϬϬϬͿ D͘K)E<EdZ/

M. Dog˘an Kantarcı / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) 797–810 807

Figure 7. Changes of sulphur contents on Pinus nigra needles (Age 1,2,3,4) Figure 8. Changes of sulphur contents of Abies equitrojani needles (1-9 jear old) in Uzunoluk and Ardıçbaúı Mountain to season and years in E÷rikabaa÷aç and Ardıçbaúı Mountain to season and years

ϳϬϬϬ hhEK>h<;zZD7Ϳ NEEDLES Eͬ)Z7<)DKhEd/E AGE ϳϬϬϬ ϲϱϬϬ NEEDLES 4 ϲϵϬϬ E>^ AGE ϲϴϬϬ ϲϬϬϬ ϲϳϬϬ E>^ 'ϵ 3 ' ϱϱϬϬ 3 ϲϲϬϬ NEEDLES 2 2 ϲϱϬϬ ϴ ϱϬϬϬ AGE ϲϰϬϬ ϴ ϲϯϬϬ ϰϱϬϬ 1 ϲϮϬϬ ϳ 2 ϰϬϬϬ 1 ϲϭϬϬ ϲ ϲϬϬϬ ϱ ϯϱϬϬ NEEDLES 2 ϱϵϬϬ ϳ ϱϴϬϬ AGE ϲ ϯϬϬϬ ϱϳϬϬ ϰ 2 ϮϱϬϬ ϱϲϬϬ ϱ 1 ϱϱϬϬ ϮϬϬϬ ϱϰϬϬ ϯ ^h>W,hZŝŶE>^ƉƉŵ 1 ϱϯϬϬ ϰ ϭϱϬϬ 1 ϱϮϬϬ Ϯ ϱϭϬϬ ϯ ϭϬϬϬ 1 ϱϬϬϬ ϭ 1 ϰϵϬϬ Ϯ ϱϬϬ ^h>W,hZŝŶE>^ƉƉŵ ϰϴϬϬ ϭ Ϭ ϰϳϬϬ ϰϲϬϬ DKEd,^ sͲs/ y sͲs/ y s/Ͳs// y sͲs/ y ϰϱϬϬ sͲs/ y sͲs/ y zZ^ ϭϵϵϲ ϭϵϵϲ ϭϵϵϳ ϭϵϵϳ ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϵ ϭϵϵϵ DKEd,^ ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϵ ϭϵϵϵ zZ^ Z/b/DKhEd7E;zZD7Ϳ ϳϬϬϬ NEEDLES Z/b/ DKhEd/E AGE ϳϭϬϬ ϲϱϬϬ ϳϬϬϬ NEEDLES 4 ϲϵϬϬ AGE 9 ϲϬϬϬ ϲϴϬϬ NEEDLES ϲϳϬϬ AGE ϲϲϬϬ 8 ϱϱϬϬ 3 ϲϱϬϬ ϲϰϬϬ NEEDLES 3 2 ϱϬϬϬ ϲϯϬϬ AGE 7 NEEDLES 2 ϲϮϬϬ ϰϱϬϬ AGE ϲϭϬϬ 1 1 ϲϬϬϬ 9 6 ϱϵϬϬ ϰϬϬϬ 2 ϱϴϬϬ ϱϳϬϬ 8 ϱϲϬϬ ϯϱϬϬ ϱϱϬϬ 7 5 2 ϱϰϬϬ 6 4 ϯϬϬϬ NEEDLES ϱϯϬϬ AGE 2 ϱϮϬϬ 5 ϮϱϬϬ ϱϭϬϬ 3 ϱϬϬϬ ^h>W,hZŝŶE>^ƉƉŵ 1 ^h>W,hZŝŶE>^ƉƉŵ ϰϵϬϬ 4 2 ϮϬϬϬ ϰϴϬϬ 1 ϰϳϬϬ ϭϱϬϬ ϰϲϬϬ 3 1 1 ϰϱϬϬ 1 ϰϰϬϬ 2 ϭϬϬϬ 1 ϰϯϬϬ 1 ϰϮϬϬ ϱϬϬ ϰϭϬϬ ϰϬϬϬ Ϭ sͲs/ y sͲs/ y DKEd,^ DKEd,^ sͲs/ y sͲs/ y s/Ͳs// y sͲs/ y ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϵ ϭϵϵϵ zZ^ zZ^ ϭϵϵϲ ϭϵϵϲ ϭϵϵϳ ϭϵϵϳ ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϵ ϭϵϵϵ M. DOöAN KANTARCI M. DOöAN KANTARCI M.DOöAN KANTARCI

Figure 9a: Effects of air pollution (SO2) over needles of Pinus nighra on Kazmountains.

808 M. Dog˘an Kantarcı / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) 797–810

Figure 9b: Effects of air pollution (SO2) over needles of Pinus nighra on Kazmountains.

Age 1 Age 6

Age 9

Age 5

Figure 10: Effects of air pollution (SO2) over needles of Pinus nighra on Kazmountains M. Dog˘an Kantarcı / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) 797–810 809

Figures reflect a more direct representation of the “real” impact of air pollution on forest trees in the region. Having been classified, and assessed together with the results of other researches, they are shown in Tables 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and in Figures 6, 7,8, 9, 10.

5. Conclusions

(1) Mountainous land of Biga Peninsula has led to the formation of unique climatic features, significantly affecting the lives of living things. Structure, balance, and interaction of natural and human eco-systems may not be examined without knowing the interrelations between the land forms and climates. (2) Warming and aridification process in parallel with the increases in CO΍ rate in the atmosphere, can be ascertained from the average temperature and downfall calculations for the period of 1970 – 2006, conducted by the 4 meteorological stations nearby Biga Peninsula. (3) While the warming process in the summer months leads to a significant aridification effect, decrease of downfalls, and increase of temperatures in the winter months are also noteworthy developments. (4) Air pollution (especially SO΍ in gaseous form) has led to significant damages in the leaves and needles of the trees, and to sulphur accumulation. (5) Needles and leaves of the trees convert SO΍ gas into H΍SOΎ, and further into H΍SOΏ through oxidation of the SO΍ gas. H΍SOΏ damages chlorophyllose cells. (6) Damage of chlorophyllose cells in the needles and leaves leads to a decrease in the annual increase in the tree rings (narrow annual circle formation), insufficiency of carbohydrate production necessary for the respiration of trees. Tree death especially observed in fire trees (Abies equitrojani), is a process resulting from the SO΍, warming and aridification (Ecological sensitivity). (7) Increases in temperatures in the summer months escalate water losses from the soils by way of evaporation, and from the leaves and needles by way transpiration (Increase in evapo-transpiration). Death among the forest trees, especially among those in the growing environments with soils of shallow and medium depths, or infestation depends on the aridity. (8) Recent SO΍ among the gases emitted to the atmosphere by Çan Thermal Power Station, not only harms the leaves and needles of trees, it is also at a level to affect the pollination of female flowers, and fruit and seed crops. For the burning of brown coal with high level of combustible sulphur at fluidized-bed burning systems, Ca/S (Calcium/Sulphur) ratio is of great importance. It is hard to attain this ratio, and Ca/S balance in the coals from Çan. (9) Effect of warming and aridification process on the species composition of forests and on other natural plant communities has not been clarified yet. It has been suggested that, vertical climate zones have ascended up to 50 – 100 m. Warming and aridification process has affected both the types and amounts of the evaporative resin compositions in the needles of Black Pines (Pinus nigra), particularly those in the slopes with southern and western exposures. Such ascension has been associated to the infestation of Thaumetopoea pityocampa caterpillar in Mediterranean Basin. (Our research studies are included in the References). In conclusion, forests of Biga Peninsula and rich species diversity are under the consistent negative effects of air pollution and warming and aridification process. At a time of escalating ecological sensitivity, unbalancing natural eco- systems will cause irreparable outcomes and damages.

References

[1] Bayçu, G. 1997, Effects of Acidic Precipitation on the Coniferous Species of Kaz Mountains in Biga Peninsula. Air Quality Management at Urban, Regional and Global Scales. Environmental Research Forum Vols. 7-8,(525-529). Edit. S.øncecik, E.Ekinci, F.Yardım, A.Bayram. Trans tech Publications Switzerland [2] Kantarcı, M.D. 1997: Biga Yarımadasındaki Ekolojik Faktörler ile A÷aç Türlerinin Yayılıúı Arasındaki øliúkiler, Yerleúim ve Çevre Sorunları Çanakkale øli 9-13 Eylül 1996 [3] Çanakkale, (Yayınlayan: Filibeli, A.), øzmir Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Basımevi, (28), øzmir. [4] Kantarcı, M.D.- Sevgi, O. 1998, Biga Yarımadası’nda yetiúme ortamı bölgesel özellikleri ile a÷aç ve çalı türlerinin yayılıúı arasındaki iliúkiler. ø.Ü.Araútırma Fonu tarafından desteklenmiú 881/090896 nu’lı Araútırma Projesi. [5] Kantarcı, M.D., Karaöz, M.Ö. (1998), Biga Yarımadası ve Çevresinde Hava Kirlili÷inin Orman A÷açları ve Biyolojik Çeúitlili÷e Etkisi Üzerine Araútırmalar Kasnak Meúesi ve Türkiye Florası Sempozyumu, 21-23 Eylül 1998, Bahçeköy, (499-520), øst. Üni. Orman Fakültesi Orman Botani÷i Abd. yayını. Çantay Kitabevi-østanbul. [6] Kantarcı, M.D. Karaöz, Ö., (1999), Air Pollution Impacts on Forests In Turkey, 10th International Symposium on Environmental pollution and its impact on life in the Mediterranean region (MESAEP), 26 October, Alicante- Spain. [7] Kantarcı, M.D., Kayaöz, B., Tecimen, H.B., Sevgi, O., Tokgöz, N.,(2000), Çan Çevresindeki Da÷lık Arazide Orman A÷açlarına ve Topraklara Hava Kirlili÷inin Etkisinin Mevsimlik De÷iúimi Üzerine Araútırmalar. ø.Ü. Araútırma Fonu tarafından desteklenmiú 1065 / 031297 nu.lı Araútırma Projesi. [8] Kantarcı, M.D. 2000, Biga Yarımadası’nda Hava Kirlili÷inin Ormanlara Etkisi, 1. Ulusal Çevre Kirlili÷i ve Kontrolü Sempozyumu Kitabı, (174- 183), ODTÜ Çevre Mühendisli÷i Bölümü, Ekim 2000,Ankara. 810 M. Dog˘an Kantarcı / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) 797–810

[9] Kantarcı, M. D., Kayaöz, B., Tecimen, H. B, Sevgi, O., Tokgöz, N., (2000), The Effect Air Pollution on Forest in Biga Peninsula. 3rd Internationa Conference of Balkan Environmental Association (B.EN.A) “Transboundary Pollution” Abstracts (53-54) (23- 26. November. 2000, Bükreú - Romanya. [10] Kantarcı, M.D. (2001, The Effect of Air Pollution on Forests in Biga Peninsula, Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology (JEPE), ISSN 1311-5065, Vol. 4, No.2, (806-818), Sofya-Bulgaristan. [11] Kantarcı, M.D. 2007, øklim de÷iúikli÷i sürecinde Çatalca ve Kocaeli yarımadalarındaki sıcaklık artıúının øzmit øúletmesi ormanlarında çam kese böce÷i zararları ile iliúkisi üzerine araútırmalar. (Researches on the Relation of the Harms of the Thaumetopoea pityocampa in the Forests of øzm enterprise and the Increase of the Temperature in Çatalca and Kocaeli Peninsula in the Climate Change Process) [12] Kantarcı, M. D. 2009, a review of the previous studies (1983-2009) based on the effects of so2, one of the local or transboundary pollutants on th forests of Turkey T.C.østanbul Kültür Üniversitesi yayın. nu. 99 ISBN-978-605-4233-02-1 (21-38)-Golden Medya Matbaacılık ve Ticaret A.ù.- østanbul [13] Kantarcı, M.D. 2011,øklim de÷iúimi ve kuraklaúma sürecinde Ergene Havzası’nda su ihtiyacının artıúı ile su kaynaklarının korunması, konusunda de÷erlendirmeler. 5th Atmospheric Science Symposium - ATMOS 2011-Istanbul Technical University – SDKM-27-29,.4.2011 [14] Karaöz, M.Ö. 1997, Kazda÷ı ormanlarındaki a÷aç türlerinde görülen kurumalar ile yapraklardaki kükürt miktarları arasındaki iliúkiler. Yerleúim v Çevre Sorunları Çanakkale øl’i Sempozyumu kitabı).9-12.9.1996, Edit. A.Filibeli, Dokuz Eylül Üni. Müh. Fak. Basımevi-øzmir. [15] Karaöz, M.Ö.1997, Sulphur concentrations of Forest Tree Leaves on Mountainous Area of Biga Peninsula in Turkey. Air Quality Management a Urban, Regional and Global Scales Environmental Research Forum vol.7-8 (530-535). Edit. S.øncecik, E.Ekinci, F.Yardım, A. Bayram. Trans Tech Publications Switzerland. [16] Sevgi, O. 1997, Sulphur amounts of Epiphytic Lichen (Parmalia furfuracea L./Ach.) on high Mountains Area in Biga Peninsula. Air Quality Management at Urban, Regional and Global Scales Environmetal Research Forum vol. 7-8 (522-524). Edit. S.øncecik, E.Ekinci, F.Yardım, A. Bayram. Trans Tech Publication Switzerland. [17] Sevgi,O. 2001, Sulphur amounts of some Eriphytic Lichens on Kazda÷ı Mountain. Proceedings of Second International Symposium on Air Quali Management at Urban, Regional and Global Scales, 25-28 September 2001 ISBN 975 561 193 2 (112-117), Istanbul-Turkey. [18] ùahin, Ö. - Kantarcı, M. D. 2010; Ankara iklimindeki ısınma / kuraklaúma sürecinde ODTÜ- Atatürk Ormanındaki a÷açların ibrelerinde ve ökse otlarının yapraklarında kükürt miktarları ile entomolojik zararlılar ve a÷açların sa÷lık durumları/geliúmeleri arasında iliúkiler. [19] Tokgöz, N. 2010, Numerical Analysis of Worldwide CO2 Emissions and Effects on Atmospheric Warming in Turkey. Energy Sources, Part A, 3 (769–783) Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, ISSN: 1556-7036. print