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Geology, Correlations, and Geodynamic Evolution of the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey) Laurent Beccaletto

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Geology, Correlations, and Geodynamic Evolution of the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey) Laurent Beccaletto Geology, correlations, and geodynamic evolution of the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey) Laurent Beccaletto To cite this version: Laurent Beccaletto. Geology, correlations, and geodynamic evolution of the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey). Géologie appliquée. Université de Lausanne, 2003. Français. tel-00011751 HAL Id: tel-00011751 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011751 Submitted on 3 Mar 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. FACULTE DES SCIENCES Institut de Géologie et Paléontologie Geology, correlations, and geodynamic evolution of the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey) Thèse de doctorat présentée à la Faculté des Sciences de lʼUniversité de Lausanne par tel-00011751, version 1 - 3 Mar 2006 Laurent Beccaletto Diplômé en Géologie Université de Montpellier (France) Jury Prof. Gervais Chapuis, Président Prof. Gérard M. Stampfli, Directeur de thèse Prof. Aral I. Okay, Expert Prof. Laurent Jolivet, Expert Dr. Olivier Monod, Expert Prof. Jean Hernandez, Expert tel-00011751, version 1 - 3 Mar 2006 A Marie et Auriane A ma mère tel-00011751, version 1 - 3 Mar 2006 Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS - Remerciements (aknowledgements) - i - Abstract - iii - Résumé - v - Résumé grand public - vii - Foreword - ix - List of figures and tables - xi - CHAPTER 1 - THE GEOLOGY OF TURKEY AND AEGEAN DOMAIN IN THE FRAMEWORK OF TETHYAN GEOLOGY 1 1.1. The Tethyan realm 1 1.2. Geology of the eastern Mediterranean domain/Aegean region 2 1.2.1. Outline of the history of geology in Turkey and Greece 3 1.2.1.1 Geology of Turkey 3 1.2.1.2 Geology of Greece 4 1.2.2. Sutures, associated oceanic domain and terranes of the Aegean region 6 1.2.2.1. Laurasian margin 6 1.2.2.2 Oceanic sutures of the Aegean domain 11 1.2.2.3. Gondwana margin-Cimmerian continents 16 tel-00011751, version 1 - 3 Mar 2006 1.3. Geology of the Biga Peninsula and main issues of the thesis 18 - CHAPTER 2 - THE ÇETMI MÉLANGE: GEOLOGY AND CORRELATIONS 21 2.1. The concept of mélange in geology 21 2.1.1. Definition and classification of mélanges 21 2.1.2. The study of mélanges: methods and techniques 23 2.1.2.1. Mélange as structural objects 23 2.1.2.2. Paleotectonic evolution inferred from the study of mélanges 23 2.2. The Çetmi mélange: location and structural frame 2.2.1. Outline on the geology of Çetmi mélange 25 Table of contents 2.2.2. Structural observations, mode of emplacement 29 2.3. The blocks and the matrix of the Çetmi mélange 31 2.3.1. The blocks 31 2.3.1.1. Han Bulog limestone 31 2.3.1.2. Late Triassic limestone blocks 33 2.3.1.3. Radiolarite and radiolarite/red mudstone alternations 38 2.3.1.4. Magmatic rocks 42 2.3.1.5. Elliayak eclogite 50 1.3.1.6. Blocks made of detritic material 51 2.3.1.7. Serpentinite/listvenite 52 2.3.2. The matrix 53 2.3.2.1. Petrography of the greywackes 53 2.3.2.2. Age of the matrix 54 2.3.2.3. Whole-rock geochemistry of the greywacke-shale matrix 55 2.3.2.4. Conclusion 60 2.4. Interpretation and correlations of the Çetmi mélange 61 2.4.1. Summary of the data 61 2.4.2. End of the activity of the Çetmi mélange 63 2.4.3.1. Stratigraphic comparison with the IEAS and IPS mélanges 67 2.4.3.2. Evidences from eastern Rhodope 70 2.4.3.3. Structural position of the Çetmi mélange 71 2.4.3.4. Conclusion 72 - CHAPTER 3 - tel-00011751, version 1 - 3 Mar 2006 GEOLOGY AND CORRELATIONS OF THE EZINE GROUP AND DENIZGÖREN OPHIOLITE 73 3.1. The Ezine Group 74 3.1.1. Geyikli Formation 74 3.1.2. Karadağ Formation 76 3.1.3. The Çamkoÿ Formation 79 3.1.4. The Ezine Group as a Permian –Triassic syn-rift sequence 83 3.1.5. The low-grade metamorphism of the Ezine Group 85 3.2. The Denizgören ophiolite and its metamorphic sole 86 3.2.1. The Denizgören ophiolite 86 3.2.2. The metamorphic sole 87 3.3. Correlation of the Ezine Group and Denizgören ophiolite 90 Table of contents - CHAPTER 4 - TERTIARY EXHUMATION IN THE BIGA PENINSULA: FOCUS ON THE KAZDAG MASSIF 94 4.1. Southern flank of the Kazdağ Massif 94 4.1.1. The Küçükkuyu Formation 94 4.1.2. Şelale detachment fault 105 4.1.3. Step-like normal faults 106 4.2. Northern flank of the Kazdağ Massif: the Alakeçi mylonite zone 107 4.3. Discussion on the role of the Şelale and Alakeçi detachment faults during the exhumation of the Kazdağ Massif 109 - CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION, GEODYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF THE BIGA PENINSULA AND ADJACENT AREAS 112 5.1. The plate tectonic model 112 5.2. Geodynamic evolution 112 - References - 123 Appendix 1 Sample processing for microfossil extraction Appendix 2 Whole-rock geochemistry of the magmatic rocks from tel-00011751, version 1 - 3 Mar 2006 the Çetmi mélange Appendix 3 Whole-rock geochemistry of the Elliayak eclogite Appendix 4 Whole-rock geochemistry of the greeywacke-shale matrix Appendix 5 Whole-rock geochemistry of the metamorphic sole of the Denizgören ophiolite, Ezine area Appendix 6 40Ar/39Ar analytical data for the amphibolites from the metamorphic sole of the Denizgören ophiolite, Ezine area Appendix 7 U-Th-Pb microprobe analytical data for the Şelale granodiorite Plate 1 Lower-middle Triassic conodonts from the Çetmi mélange Plate 2A-2D Upper Triassic foraminifers from the Çetmi mélange Plate 3A-3B Middle Jurassic-lower Cretaceous radiolarians from the Çetmi mélange Plate 4A-4B Palynomorph assemblage from the matrix of the Çetmi mélange Table of contents Plate 5A Uppermost Albian-lower Cenomanian foraminifers belonging to an unconformable sequence overlying the Çetmi mélange Plate 5B Upper Cretaceous foraminifers from a couche-rouge block from the Abant Complex Plate 6 Middle-upper Permian foraminifers from the Ezine Group Plate 7A Field pictures from the Çetmi mélange Plate 7B Field pictures from the Ezine area Plate 7C Field pictures from the Küçükkuyu Fm, the Şelale Detachment Fault, the Alakeçi Mylonitic Zone and the Kasdağ Massif Plate 8 Geological map of the Çetmi mélange, northern area Plate 9A Geological map of the Çetmi mélange, southern area (1) Plate 9B Geological map of the Çetmi mélange, southern area (2) Plate 10 Geological map of the Ezine area tel-00011751, version 1 - 3 Mar 2006 Remerciements (aknowledgements) - REMERCIEMENTS (AKNOWLEDGEMENTS) - Je tiens tout d'abord à remercier chaleureusement mon directeur de thèse le professeur Gérard Stampfli, de l'Institut de Géologie et de Paléontologie de l'Université de Lausanne. Je lui sais gré de m'avoir permis de continuer dans la voie de la recherche en géologie, en me faisant confiance pour mener à bien ce travail de thèse. J'ai tout autant apprécié son approche globale (i.e. geodynamique) des problèmes géologiques, que profité de ses vastes connaissances de la géologie téthysienne. J'exprime toute ma gratitude envers le Professeur Aral. I. Okay de l'Université Technique d'Istanbul, qui a été mon contact en Turquie lors de mes missions de terrain successives; je le remercie pour son aide et sa disponibilité, ainsi que pour la mise à disposition de son matériel géologique. Il est de plus le découvreur du mélange de Çetmi, sujet central de cette thèse; son travail de pionnier sur la géologie de la Péninsule de Biga a servi de base à l'ensemble de mon travail de recherche. Je remercie le Professeur Laurent Jolivet de l'Université Paris VI d'avoir accepté de juger ce travail, ainsi que d'avoir pu me recevoir lors de mes trop rares visites à Paris VI. C'est en partie à la suite d'une de ses missions en Grèce, à laquelle j'ai pu me joindre, que j'ai décidé de développer le chapitre sur l'extension Tertiaire. Je remercie le Docteur Olivier Monod, chargé de recherche au C.N.R.S. à l'Université d'Orléans, et grand spécialiste de la géologie turque, d'avoir accepté de faire partie de ce jury de thèse. Je sais gré au Professeur Jean Hernandez de l'Institut de Minéralogie et de Géochimie de l'Université de Lausanne d'avoir accepté de juger ce travail; son expérience pétrographique et géochimique dont j’ai pu largement bénéficier m’a été fort utile. tel-00011751, version 1 - 3 Mar 2006 Les travaux micro-paléontologiques ont été réalisés par le Docteur A-C Bartolini (Université Paris VI, radiolaires), le Professeur L. Zaninetti et le Docteur R. Martini (Université de Genève, foraminifères du Trias), le Docteur H. Kozur (Budapest, conodontes du Trias), le Docteur C. Jenny (Université de Lausanne, foraminifères du Permien), le professeur M. Caron (Université de Fribourg, foraminifères du Crétacé), le Docteur P. Hochuli (ETH Zürich, palynologie). Je remercie vivement toutes ces personnes pour leur indispensable travail de détermination. Le séjour au laboratoire du Docteur Nicolai Bonev, de l’Université de Sofia, a été déterminant quant aux corrélations de la Péninsule de Biga avec le Massif du Rhodope; je le remercie vivement pour son aide. Jean-Claude Lavanchy et Laurent Nicod ont effectué respectivement l’ensemble de mes analyses géochimiques et l’ensemble de mes lames minces; Philippe Thélin et Liliane Du- fresne ont déterminé par RX l’illite; à tous les quatre j’adresse mes remerciements sincères.
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