Artificial Snow and Its Impacts in a Ski Resort and Its Mountain Hydrosystem. Example of Avoriaz Resort L'enneigement Artifici

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Artificial Snow and Its Impacts in a Ski Resort and Its Mountain Hydrosystem. Example of Avoriaz Resort L'enneigement Artifici International Snow Science Workshop Grenoble – Chamonix Mont-Blanc - 2013 Artificial snow and its impacts in a ski resort and its mountain hydrosystem. Example of Avoriaz resort L’enneigement artificiel et ses impacts au sein d’une station de ski et de son hydrosystème de montagne. Le cas de la station d’Avoriaz Elodie Magnier1,* 1 Institute of geography, University of Lausanne (Switzerland), and Institute of geography, University of Paris IV Sorbonne, France. ABSTRACT: The practice of artificial snowmaking is recent (1950 in the United States) and since 1990, French resorts, including Avoriaz, as well as their Swiss, German, Austrian and Italian counterparts began to equip themselves. At the beginning, this technique was used to compensate the lack of snow in certain years and certain areas. But, very rapidly, it became an economic tool in the competition between resorts. Snowmaking requires large quantities of water, which are pumped from drinking water reserves in the Avoriaz resort. This activity takes place in the winter season (from December to April) when streams reach their lowest level, and water needs for drinking water production are high due to the high seasonal population. This paper aims to analyze the reasons of snow production and evaluate positive and negative impacts of artificial snow in the station (Morzine- Avoriaz, France) and in the catchment area (The Dranse de Sous Saix in Morzine-Avoriaz). This activity is necessary for the resorts to maintain and develop the economic activities. However, there is important impact on water resource. The mobilization of a large volume of water over a very short period can generate risk situations. So it is important to manage the water resource properly in the years to come, so as avoiding the creation of conflicting interests. The impacts affect the hydrosystem functioning, especially in small mountain catchment area. KEYWORDS: Artificial snow, water resource, mountain area, catchment area, hydrosystem. RESUME : La pratique de l’enneigement mécanique est récente (1950 aux Etats-Unis) et, depuis 1990, les stations françaises dont Avoriaz, tout comme leurs homologues suisses, allemandes, autrichiennes et italiennes commencent à s’équiper. Au début cette technique est utilisée pour compenser le manque de neige certaines années dans certains secteurs. Mais très rapidement elle est devenue un outil économique pour la concurrence entre les domaines. Les canons à neige nécessitent de grandes quantités d’eau pompées dans les réserves d’eau potable à Avoriaz. Cette activité se déroule en saison d’hiver (de décembre à avril), en période d’étiage des cours d’eau et lorsque les besoins en eau potable sont importants du fait de la hausse de la fréquentation touristique. Cet article à pour but d’analyser les raisons de la production de neige et d’évaluer les impacts autant positifs que négatifs de la neige artificielle sur la station de Morzine-Avoriaz et sur le basin versant de la Dranse de Sous-Saix. Cette activité est nécessaire pour maintenir et développer l’économie d’une station. Cependant, les impacts sur la ressource en eau sont importants. La mobilisation d'un grand volume d'eau sur une très courte période peut générer des situations de risque. Les impacts concernent également le fonctionnement de l’hydrosystème, et plus particulièrement dans les petits bassins versants de montagne. Il est donc important de bien gérer la ressource en eau dans les années à venir afin d'éviter la création de conflits d'intérêts. MOTS-CLEF : Neige artificielle, ressource en eau, espace de montagne, bassin versant, hydrosystème. ______________________ Corresponding author address: Elodie Magnier, Institute of geography, University of Lausanne, Switzerland and Institute of geography, University of Paris IV Sorbonne, France; email: [email protected] 1163 International Snow Science Workshop Grenoble – Chamonix Mont-Blanc - 2013 Pour les besoins de l’étude, le bassin versant choisi est celui de la Dranse de Sous-Saix qui 1 LE BASSIN VERSANT DE LA draine une superficie de 33.5 km2. Il s’agit d’un DRANSE DE SOUS-SAIX, LIMITES ET sous-bassin du bassin versant de la Dranse de DESCRIPTION Morzine, qui se jette dans le lac Léman. La Dranse de Sous-Saix est un petit cours d’eau Le secteur de recherche est celui de la de montagne caractérisé par un régime naturel station d’Avoriaz, située dans les Alpes du pluvio-nival, avec des débits quasi nuls en Nord, dans le massif du Chablais (figure 1). hiver, et une forte hausse du débit au Cette station appartient au plus grand domaine printemps lors de la fonte des neiges et en été d’Europe, celui des Portes du Soleil. Il s’agit durant les épisodes orageux. La Dranse de d’un domaine transfrontalier partagé entre 8 Sous-Saix est alimentée par une multitude de stations françaises et 4 stations suisses. Le petits cours d’eau dont la plupart sont domaine d’Avoriaz se localise au centre des intermittents. La particularité de ce bassin Portes du Soleil, à une altitude comprise entre versant est la partie amont du bassin (du col 1800 et 2460m. Il s’agit donc d’un site très du Fornet à la pointe de Chavanette) qui fréquenté par les skieurs transitant entre les transite par le lac d’Avoriaz avant de rejoindre différents domaines et stations. en aval la Dranse de Sous-Saix. Figure 1. Limites de l’étude : la station d’Avoriaz (domaine des Portes du Soleil) et le bassin versant de la Dranse de Sous-Saix. Aujourd’hui, ce bassin versant a été restants, non captés, s’écoulent naturellement fortement anthropisé et artificialisé (Figure 2). en direction du lac d’Avoriaz. Ce lac à l’origine Tout un système de réseaux d’alimentation en naturel, a été modifié et se compose de 3 eau de la station est venu modifier les bassins, un premier bassin de décantation écoulements naturels. Une partie des pour retenir les sédiments, un second bassin écoulements souterrains et de surface dans le dans lequel sont effectués les pompages et un secteur Fornet-Chavanette est captée et dernier bassin qui sert de trop-plein. En effet, directement envoyée par un réseau de durant la saison d’hiver, la station prélève dans canalisations vers l’usine de filtration pour la le second bassin l’eau nécessaire à la production d’eau potable. Les écoulements production d’eau potable mais également l’eau 1164 International Snow Science Workshop Grenoble – Chamonix Mont-Blanc - 2013 utilisée pour la production de neige. Le trop- L’artificialisation du bassin versant est plein du troisième bassin, situé à une hauteur renforcée par la présence de nombreuses de 12,24 m, est particulièrement important canalisations souterraines pour l’alimentation puisqu’il conditionne les écoulements dans la en eau potable et pour l’enneigement artificiel. Dranse de Sous-Saix située à l’aval du lac. Il faut également ajouter les câbles d’électricité Lorsque le niveau du lac est supérieur à et les usines qui renvoient l’eau et l’air sous 12.24 m l’eau se déverse vers l’aval. pression aux canons. Tous ces éléments sont invisibles en surface mais contribuent à modifier considérablement le fonctionnement naturel du bassin. Enfin sont implantés dans l’espace les divers canons, qu’ils soient mobiles ou permanents. Le lac d’Avoriaz a lui aussi été fortement modifié pour les besoins de l’enneigement, installation de micro-barrages (pour les particules), de bâches qui recouvrent le fond du bassin et de canalisations qui parcourent son fond (bullage1 et alimentation des canons). Figure 2. Le bassin versant de la Dranse de Sous-Saix et les aménagements anthropiques pour les prélèvements d’eau. 1 Le bullage est un procédé qui contribue au remous permanent de l’eau de fond de bassin par injection d’air. Ce remous maintien l’eau à une température de 2 à 3°C et permet d’éviter le gel en profondeur, tandis que la surface de ce lac artificiel est englacée. 1165 International Snow Science Workshop Grenoble – Chamonix Mont-Blanc - 2013 d’altitude. Cela peut poser problème pour 2 LE SYSTEME DE PRODUCTION DE l’enneigement car même NEIGE SUR LA STATION D’AVORIAZ si le domaine de la station d’Avoriaz est situé entre 1800 et 2460 m d’altitude et semble donc C’est la station la plus élevée du domaine ainsi à l’abri, les liaisons Morzine-Avoriaz, (1180 à 2466 m), c’est aussi une station dite Morzine-Châtel qui permettent d’accéder à ce « skis aux pieds ». La circulation se fait domaine se localisent à des altitudes plus uniquement à ski, en traîneaux ou par le biais basses, environ 1200-1500 m. Le tableau des remontées mécaniques. La production de présentant les probabilités d’enneigement de neige y est indispensable pour faciliter la la station d’Avoriaz sur une période de 1965 à circulation des skieurs au centre de la station. 2000 définit 2 périodes à risques pour les Il s’agit également du centre de toutes liaisons stations (Figure 2). En effet, la probabilité entre les diverses stations du domaine skiable. d’avoir une hauteur de neige damée d’environ De ce fait, la production de neige a démarré 40 cm (condition nécessaire pour l’ouverture très rapidement, dès les années 1990. du domaine) est de 50% le 25 décembre, et de Aujourd’hui on estime que 20% du domaine 65% le 25 avril. Il semble donc nécessaire est enneigé mécaniquement soit 57.5 hectares pour ces stations de recourir à l’enneigement (132 enneigeurs pour 100 km de pistes). Les artificiel en début et fin de saison pour garantir canons à neige sont répartis sur l’ensemble du l’ouverture du domaine aux touristes.
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