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Book Reference Book La ville-martyre: guerre, tourisme et mémoire en ex-Yougoslavie NAEF, Patrick James Abstract Cet ouvrage se place à la croisée de l'anthropologie et de la géographie sociale, analysant le patrimoine culturel et le secteur touristique dans un contexte postconflit. Le cadre d'étude se limite à deux villes, célèbres pour le siège qu'elles ont vécu durant les guerres qui ont meurtri l'ex-Yougoslavie dans les années 1990 : Vukovar, une ville secondaire de Slavonie, en Croatie orientale, et Sarajevo, la capitale de la Bosnie-Herzégovine. Vingt ans après la fin des conflits, des sites sont toujours en ruines, et certains lieux de mémoire sont devenus des symboles incontournables de la guerre, au niveau local comme au niveau international. Si les immeubles détruits, les mines antipersonnel et les impacts de mortiers disparaissent progressivement du paysage, certaines traces sont encore présentes, conservées volontairement ou laissées à l'abandon. En outre, des pratiques – muséales, touristiques, artistiques – participent également à la patrimonialisation de ces conflits, à travers la mobilisation d'objets contemporains de ces événements (la muséification d'un site guerrier) ou par la [...] Reference NAEF, Patrick James. La ville-martyre: guerre, tourisme et mémoire en ex-Yougoslavie . Genève : Slatkine, 2016, 368 p. Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:85084 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 tus_27_couv_broche_tus_13_couv 03.05.16 08:04 Page1 Patrick Naef Patrick Naef LA VILLE MARTYRE Cet ouvrage se place à la croisée de l’anthropologie et de la géographie sociale, analysant le patrimoine culturel et le secteur touristique dans un contexte postconflit. Le cadre d’étude se limite à deux villes, célèbres pour le siège qu’elles ont vécu durant les guerres qui ont meurtri l’ex-Yougoslavie LA VILLE MARTYRE dans les années 1990 : Vukovar, une ville secondaire de Slavonie, en Croatie orientale, et Sarajevo, la capitale de la Bosnie-Herzégovine. Vingt ans après la fin des conflits, des sites sont toujours en ruines, et certains lieux de mémoire GUERRE, TOURISME ET MÉMOIRE sont devenus des symboles incontournables de la guerre, au niveau local comme au niveau international. Si les immeubles détruits, les mines EN EX-YOUGOSLAVIE antipersonnel et les impacts de mortiers disparaissent progressivement du paysage, certaines traces sont encore présentes, conservées volontairement ou laissées à l’abandon. En outre, des pratiques – muséales, touristiques, artistiques – participent également à la patrimonialisation de ces conflits, à travers la mobilisation d’objets contemporains de ces événements (la muséification d’un site guerrier) ou par la création d’éléments a posteriori (la construction d’un mémorial). Par une intense mise en mémoire de la guerre, certaines villes en ex-Yougoslavie tendent ainsi à acquérir un statut de martyr, une construction symbolique qui répond à des agendas politiques autant que socio-économiques et qui alimente les conflits de mémoire dans la région. LA VILLE MARTYRE Patrick Naef – ISBN 978-2-05-102764-9 Éditions Slatkine 9:HSMAPB=UW\[Y^: Genève Travaux des universités suisses N°27 2016 tus_27_titres_tus_13_titres 03.03.16 08:33 Page1 tus_27_titres_tus_13_titres 03.03.16 08:33 Page2 tus_27_titres_tus_13_titres 03.03.16 08:33 Page3 LA VILLE MARTYRE tus_27_titres_tus_13_titres 03.03.16 08:33 Page4 tus_27_titres_tus_13_titres 03.03.16 08:33 Page5 Patrick Naef LA VILLE MARTYRE GUERRE, TOURISME ET MÉMOIRE EN EX-YOUGOSLAVIE Éditions Slatkine GENÈVE 2016 tus_27_titres_tus_13_titres 03.03.16 08:33 Page6 Publié avec l’appui du Fond national suisse de la recherche scientifique, du Fond Rappard, et de la Faculté des sciences de la société de l’Université de Genève © 2016. Éditions Slatkine, Genève. www.slatkine.com Reproduction et traduction, même partielles, interdites. Tous droits réservés pour tous les pays. ISBN 978-2-05-102764-9 TUS_27_sarajevo_naef.qxp_MB_base_155x235 02.05.16 21:19 Page7 Sommaire Liste des figures . 9 remerciements . 11 Données cartographiques . 13 acronymes . 19 introduction . 21 Chapitre 1: Guerre, tourisme et mémoire . 27 Chapitre 2: ville martyre, balkanisme et réconciliation . 61 Chapitre 3: Des villes et des mémoires divisées . 101 Chapitre 4: Le patrimoine socialiste dans le palimpseste yougoslave . 155 Chapitre 5: La décomposition yougoslave au musée . 177 Chapitre 6: «Wedon’tdobeaches» . 215 Chapitre 7: Construire la ville martyre . 245 Chapitre 8: vivre la ville martyre . 273 Conclusion . 329 références bibliographiques . 343 index . 359 TUS_27_sarajevo_naef.qxp_MB_base_155x235 02.05.16 21:19 Page8 TUS_27_sarajevo_naef.qxp_MB_base_155x235 02.05.16 21:19 Page9 LiSte deS figureS Carte des lieux de mémoire de vukovar . 15 Figure 1: mémorial dédié aux soldats croates tombés durant la guerre . 55 Figure 2: Piste de bobsleigh détruite et abandonnée à Sarajevo . 57 Figure 3: Panneau aux abords de Nustar dans la région de vukovar . 58 Figure 4: Touristes et jeux d’enfants sur le mémorial aux juifs assassinés d’europe . 96 Figure 5: Un graffiti au centre de Sarajevo . 116 Figure 6: Panneau routier à l’entrée de la FBH . 125 Figure 7: Panneau routier à l’entrée de la rS . 126 Figure 8: Soldat autrichien (et touriste?) sur les hauteurs de Sarajevo . 149 Figure 9: Un buste de Franjo Tudjman . 158 Figure 10: représentations du maréchal Tito dans une boutique de souvenirs du centre de mostar . 161 Figure 11: Statue abandonnée et vandalisée de Josep Tito . 165 Figure 12: Une exposition informelle à Baščaršija . 178 TUS_27_sarajevo_naef.qxp_MB_base_155x235 02.05.16 21:19 Page10 10 La viLLe marTyre Figure 13: Construction d’un amphithéâtre dans le cadre du développement du Centre mémoriel de Kovači . 179 Figure 14: musée d’histoire de Sarajevo. reconstitution d’une cuisine durant le siège . 181 Figure 15: musée du tunnel . 190 Figure 16: entrée de l’ex-base de la ForProNU à côté de Srebrenica . 196 Figure 17: Une exposition de photos dans le centre mémoriel de Srebrenica-Potočari . 198 Figure 18: inscription haineuse laissée par un soldat de la DUTCHBaT . 201 Figure 19: Œuvre d’art basée sur cette inscription . 202 Figure 20: exposition d’objets personnels des victimes du massacre dans le Centre mémoriel d’ovčara . 206 Figure 21: Le mémorial réalisé par Slavomir Drinković . 207 Figure 22: L’entrepôt de velepromet . 209 Figure 23: Lieu de mémoire. L’hôpital de vukovar 1991 . 211 Figure 24: représentation de mladić . 255 Figure 25: Le château d’eau de vukovar . 263 Figure 26: Plaque mémorielle sur la bibliothèque de Sarajevo . 282 Figure 27: affiche exposée en 2011 au cimetière de Srebrenica . 288 Figure 28: vente de DvD dans le «marché des moudjahidines » . 310 TUS_27_sarajevo_naef.qxp_MB_base_155x235 02.05.16 21:19 Page11 remerciementS Je tiens à remercier Jean-François Staszak, roderick Lawrence, Brigitte Sion, maria Gravari-Barbas et andré Ducret pour leur soutien et leurs conseils avisés tout au long de la réalisation de cet ouvrage. il convient aussi de remercier chaleureusement tous les acteurs sur le terrain qui ont accepté de m’accorder du temps et surtout de revenir sur des événements souvent traumatisants de leur existence. C’est avec émotion que je repense à mes séjours sur place entre 2006 et 2012, et je ne peux qu’exprimer mon grand respect pour l’optimisme et le courage exprimés par certains dans un tel contexte de crise. Finalement il me faut exprimer ma profonde gratitude à mes parents, ann et andré Naef, pour leur relecture, ainsi qu’à ma compagne, Jenna iodice, qui m’a inconditionnellement soutenu tout au long de ce processus. TUS_27_sarajevo_naef.qxp_MB_base_155x235 02.05.16 21:19 Page12 TUS_27_sarajevo_naef.qxp_MB_base_155x235 02.05.16 21:19 Page13 donnéeS cartographiqueS TUS_27_sarajevo_naef.qxp_MB_base_155x235 02.05.16 21:19 Page14 TUS_27_sarajevo_naef.qxp_MB_base_155x235 02.05.1621:19Page15 carte deS Lieux de mémoire de VukoVar (naef, 2014) 1 mémorial au club de football 9 vieux cimetière allemand NKRadnickiVukovar 10 Buste de Tudjman 2 mémorial de Dudik 11 Hôpital vukovar 1991 3 Cimetière des défenseurs 12 vieux cimetière juif 4 Centre mémoriel d’ovčara 13 Hangars Velepromet 5 musée de la Guerre patriotique (projet de mémorial) 6 vieux cimetière orthodoxe 14 Château d’eau 7 vieux cimetière catholique 15 Cimetière des tanks 8 Cimetière bulgare 16 Croix sur le Danube 15 TUS_27_sarajevo_naef.qxp_MB_base_155x235 02.05.16 21:19 Page16 TUS_27_sarajevo_naef.qxp_MB_base_155x235 02.05.1621:19Page17 carte deS Lieux de mémoire de SarajeVo (naef, 2014) 17 musée du tunnel 30 Cimetière juif 18 Sniper alley 31 Cimetière Lav 19 musée d’histoire 32 Cimetière principal 20 musée national 33 Tombe d’izetbegović 21 musée izetbegović 34 mémorial du marché de makale 22 musée Sarajevo 1878-1918 35 Pont des premières victimes 23 musée du siège (projet) 36 Brasserie 24 Holiday inn 37 Hall olympique Zetla 25 mémorial pour les enfants assassinés 38 mémorial partisan de vraca 26 mémorial antifasciste – Flamme éternelle 39 Piste de bobsleigh 27 Bibliothèque vijećnica 40 mosquée du roi Fahd et «marché des moudjahidines» 28 Cimetière des martyrs de Kovači 41 arrivée du téléphérique 29 Cimetière alifakovać 17 42 Pont latin (ancien pont Gavrilo Princip) TUS_27_sarajevo_naef.qxp_MB_base_155x235 02.05.16 21:19 Page18 TUS_27_sarajevo_naef.qxp_MB_base_155x235 02.05.16 21:19 Page19 acronymeS atBh association touristique de Bosnie-Herzégovine atfBh association touristique de la Fédération de Bosnie- Herzégovine atnuSo administration transitoire des Nations unies
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