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Sarajevo Redux: Socio-Spatial Outcomes and the Perpetuation of Fragility in a Post- Conflict City

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Sarajevo Redux: Socio-Spatial Outcomes and the Perpetuation of Fragility in a Post- Conflict City Sarajevo Redux: Socio-Spatial Outcomes and the Perpetuation of Fragility in a Post- Conflict City James Schmitt Supervisor: Prof. Günter Meinert Supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Philipp Misselwitz Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Urban Management at Technische Universität Berlin Berlin, 1st of February 2019 Statement of authenticity of material This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any institution and to the best of my knowledge and belief, the research contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text of the thesis. James D. Schmitt Berlin, 1 February 2019 Abstract In an increasingly urbanized world, new constructs concerning urban fragility, the changed nature and increasing urbanization of armed conflict and emerging conceptual frameworks for urban post-conflict interventions present new discourses for urban planners and post-conflict first responders to consider. Cities with the highest level of fragility tend to be in states destabilized by ongoing intrastate conflict and yet even after negotiated peace settlements recovering cities appear particularly vulnerable to the accumulation of urban risks and tensions associated with higher levels of urban fragility. Working as part of an international post-conflict intervention recovery effort, how can urban planners contribute to achieving better long-term outcomes of peace and stability in the urban post-conflict setting? By conducting a macro and meso level case study analysis of Sarajevo's international post- conflict intervention through the lens of the social contract, liberal peace, and collective memory theoretical frameworks, this thesis seeks to identify strategic approaches and outcomes of Sarajevo's post-conflict intervention process and the related long-term impacts of these outcomes at the municipal and neighborhood scale. More than two decades after the end of armed conflict, the greater Sarajevo metropolitan area remains peaceful, yet partitioned; social, yet segregated; and, functional, yet fragile. Though limited by the contextualized nature of urban post-conflict settings, this analysis might be useful for other urban post-conflict situations. Drawing from the results of the case study analysis, as well as from other relevant literature sources and related professional field experiences, this thesis hypothesizes that the early integration of urban planners with initial humanitarian and stabilization first responders as part of international post-conflict intervention recovery efforts can result in better long-term outcomes of peace and stability. Keywords: Urban Post-Conflict Recovery, Urban Planning, Urban Peacebuilding, Collective Memory, Social Contract, Urban Post-Conflict Intervention, Fragile City i Acknowledgements Above all, thank you to the residents of East Sarajevo and Sarajevo who shared their personal experiences, perspectives and neighborhoods with me. I will not forget. Thank you to the many people of Berlin, Bonn, East Sarajevo, Sarajevo and Washington, D.C. who supported me in this effort. It could not have happened without you. Thank you to Velma, Armin and the many other dedicated staff of the Post Conflict Research Center in Sarajevo. Your work for recovery and reconciliation shines a light for all of us. Thank you to the technical professionals at the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), who were always unsparing in time and effort to speak with me. Thank you to my supervisors, Prof. Günter Meinert and Prof. Dr.-Ing. Philipp Misselwitz, whose professional knowledge and guidance was all that I could have hoped for. To my wife, Rebecca, whose commitment to justice and human rights inspires me today and every day. ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................................ i 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Problem Statement and Hypothesis ................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Motivation and Background ........................................................................................................................... 8 2 Theoretical Frameworks, Literature Review and Urban Concepts ................................................................. 9 2.1 Theoretical Frameworks ................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Framing Urban Fragility and Contextualizing the Post-Conflict Setting .................................................... 10 2.3 Framing the Changed Nature of Armed Conflict ......................................................................................... 16 2.4 Framing the Changing Nature of Urban Post-Conflict Response ................................................................ 22 2.5 The Literature Gap ....................................................................................................................................... 30 3 Research Objectives, Design and Methodology .................................................................................................. 31 3.1 Research Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 31 3.2 Research Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 32 3.3 Significance of Research .............................................................................................................................. 32 3.4 Research Design ........................................................................................................................................... 33 3.5 Data Collection Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 34 4 The Sarajevo Situation ........................................................................................................................................ 40 4.1 A Diverse City .............................................................................................................................................. 40 4.2 A City Under Attack: The 1992 – 1996 Siege of Sarajevo .......................................................................... 41 4.3 A Post-Conflict City ..................................................................................................................................... 43 5 Key Findings and Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 45 5.1 Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... 46 5.2 Macro Analysis: Approaches and Outcomes of Sarajevo’s Post-Conflict Recovery .................................. 49 5.3 Meso Analysis: Municipal Scale (City of East Sarajevo and City of Sarajevo) ......................................... 59 5.4 Meso Analysis: Neighborhood Scale: Lukavica (City of East Sarajevo) and Dobrinja (City of Sarajevo) 5.5 Urban Imagery Relevant to Current Socio-Spatial Context in Sarajevo and East Sarajevo ....................... 73 6 Conclusions and Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 81 6.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................................... 81 6.2 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................................... 85 References ................................................................................................................................................................................. 87 Annexes ........................................................................................................................................................................... 95 Annex A: Distribution of Ethnonational Identity Groups in the Greater Sarajevo Metropolitan Areas (2013 National Census) ......................................................................................................................................................... 95 Annex B: List of Case Study Interviewees (East Sarajevo and Sarajevo) ................................................................. 96 Annex C: Local Resident Individual Questions ......................................................................................................... 97 Annex D: Reponses to Case Study Structured Interviews ........................................................................................... 98 Survey Questions 1 – 5 ............................................................................................................................................. 98 Survey Questions 6 – 10 ............................................................................................................................................
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