CEU eTD Collection BRIDGING THEDIVIDES-‘UNIFICATIONS’ BRIDGING In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Nationalism Studies Program Central European University European Central Advisor: Florian Advisor: Bieber OF MOSTAR Budapest, Hungary Jelena Mitrovic Jelena Master of Arts Master Submitted to Submitted 2008 By CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 55 ...... 51 CONCLUSION ‘UNIFICATIONS’ OF MOSTAR...... 34 3.- CHAPTER DIVIDESBRIDGING THE SYMBOLIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE – CHAPTER 2.- A DIVIDED CITY – (MULTI) ETHNIC MOSTAR: ...... 24 FROM 1994-2004 COSMOPOLITAN ...... 9 BOSNIA? OR (MULTIETHNIC) – MULTICULTURAL DIVERSITY 1.-DEALING WITH CHAPTER INTRODUCTION...... 1 ofContents Table 3.3. Effects of the ‘Unifications’ - Striving for Normalcy – Everyday Life in Mostar...... 45 3.2. The ‘Symbolic Unification’ of Mostar...... 38 3.1. Administrative unification of Mostar...... 35 ...... 27 2004 2.2. A Tale of the Divided City –Interim Statute and the Role of International Community 1994- 2.1. History of Mostar...... 25 1.2. Entrenching the Divide – Bosnia ...... 15 after Dayton 1.1. Solution for the conflict in Bosnia –debates on organizing ...... 11 the new state 3.2.1. The role of symbols in Mostar – From Old Bridge to Bruce Lee...... 39 1.2.1. Constituent peoples and minorities ...... 16 in Bosnia i CEU eTD Collection Herzegovina canbe Herzegovina created. examining these complexities new incentives andsolutions and for Mostar for Bosnia and in Bosniamulti-ethnicas well, andHerzegovina conditions By of particularly coexistence. in tobetterunderstand order thecomplexities ofeverydaylifein but inonly not Mostar town role ofbuildingsandsymbols inMostar, how the citizens do ofMostarsee the ofthe future all; where whichare themeetingpoints; identities are most salient andwhichwhat less, isthe where is its city whichMostar a unified for in citizens, way dothe at citizens communicate,if see to wanted, I different. became somewhat paper the for my city the objectives more about and the other, the ‘real’ one, jobless, andmany inmemories, hassides,youth, the of onepre-war them of poets two gardens,and divided, and without timea clear what future. first many the for understanding Asmaybe of I outsider, an wasthethan insider an as learningmore citizens differently, it at looking of Mostar told me, and myI started of progressing the research seven years,with for regularly past the Mostar that is thatto going was I Although Mostarcitizens. its ‘unifications’, its issymbolisms, its life, a everyday its city that for in Ibecame, especially interested morethe more Idiscovered The processes. and complexities its all mewith of front in itself revealing interesting, more and more became Mostar of story among other things the rebuilding of the Old Bridge. However, as I started digging deeper, the As fivehavefour oneof anoutsider change or for reasons years. I this thoughtthat was the startmindwriting was to change aboutthe happened that inatmosphere in in city the the past . I realized that itis important to research the processes of cooperation on various levels When I first started consideringmy theideaWhen started into Ifirst Mostar, came about writing that INTRODUCTION 1 CEU eTD Collection http://www.fzs.ba/Dem/Popis/Nacionalnost%20opcine%20Popis%201991.pdf Statistics, of Office Federal Herzegovina and of Bosnia Federation the see please Herzegovina and Bosnia in data census on details more For (cca2%). 35%); 43,037 Croats (cca 34%),23,846 Serbs(cca 19%), 12,768 Yugoslavs (ccacca 10%),and 3,000 Others 2 1 electoral which budget, electoral unique unique communal publicand unified sector was a and units, be six were to it. There by unifying thetown of organization change administrative the to was decision Representative High the a deadend street, to Mostar brought that municipalities interests of the conflicting the toresolve madeno effort local Since the authorities based on the report and recommendations of the CommissionPaddy Ashdown, High Representativeforfrom 2002Reform 2006,to to begin with the reform of Mostar,of Mostar, in 2003. eight years.next the for functioning on went Provisions town the how is This communication. postal and education, granted to the Office weredivided,all local However, structures healthcare such andother as public sanitation, of the High Representativelayout. apower-sharing governed through zone and acentral power, of equal distribution made possiblein 1996,strengthened further the division by in Mostar organizing six municipalities, with an for side. reached Croat the from Interim Statute resistance,The found especially Koschnik strong representative Hans EU the appointed the town,reintegrate wantedto theEU Although was putunderMostar administration the Union, lastedlastof until which European 1997. in Agreement wasformed, Bosnia Herzegovina Washington Federation the and of 1994 the signing cleansed.By war bothsides wereethnically Muslim-Croat the Herzegovina. During (Army the and large on RBiH) endedother, innumber from expulsion of of West Serbs (JNA) on andCroatian one side Defense Council (HVO) and Bosnia-Herzegovina Army Croat, with significant Serbian minority. Serbian significant with Croat, war the east side of theHerzegovina town was predominantly Muslim and the west side predominantly Sumantra Bose, Sumantra According tothe last officialcensus from population 1991,the ofcomprised Mostar of: Muslims 48,856 (cca Mostar, a town a Mostar, town by many asblueprint described or microcosm Bosnia of and 1 after the war ended up divided between Bosniaks and Croats. Evenbefore the Croats. and Bosniaks between up divided warended the after Contested Lands , Harvard University Press,Cambridge, 2007, pp.105-107. 2 The war started in 1992 between the Yugoslav army 2 CEU eTD Collection http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE1DB1130F933A25752C1A965958260&partner=rssnyt& 4 bridges. emc=rss 3 reconciliation. its ‘bridging true citizens’,idea backto asfirst ‘givingMostar step towards of thedivides’, the stressed especially have They town. the of unification symbolic the as media the including of new the Old Bridge was representedby politicians and the international community, reconstruction of bridgethe andofmost of OldCity the endedcore in 2004, and theopening UNESCO.The supervision the of under Bridge began, Since rebuildingOld of the 1999the conflict. the after soon very rebuilt were bridges Most symbolism. new and dimension new compared the destruction bridgethe of with Bosnian the society a as whole, giving the bridge todeath’,‘a of bridgea city’,betrayed’ battered ‘bridge attention after the destruction of the Old Bridge, describing its destruction as ‘killing the soul middle ofBulevar-Šanti frontline the of side west the the on Croats and side town. The town got divided byafrontline between twoethnicthe Muslims groups, being on eastthe divide betweenduring the warthe between two the identity. be town's the of representative the to considered JNA sidesand HVO and Armygot RBiH. was monument, century a 16th Bridge, Old the which of Neretva, river the bridges over itsIn the Bosniak-Croatworldwide war andthe Austro-Hungarian. headlines cultural from heritage various time periods and influences, of which biggestthe were Ottoman Theand main identifiers and symbols of themorebring cooperation and moreinto thus tolerance community.the town before the will unification this administrative idea wasthat The community. for such wara divided step huge were For example see: Chuck Sudetic, Chuck see: example For Mostar got its name from the word the from name its got Mostar ; or ; Mostar is a town full of symbols, from its churches, mosques, to the historical and historical the to mosques, churches, its from symbols, of full town is a Mostar Mostar's oldBridge Battered to Death mostari , the bridge keepers. In the urban area of the town there are nine are there town of the area urban In the keepers. bridge , the 3 4 and similar. Media all over the world 3 Eight bridges were destroyed ü , November 1993, New York Times, eva Street, cutting through the through cutting Street, eva CEU eTD Collection Main hypothesis isthat hypothesis Main basis. oneveryday in theseprocesses participate citizens themselves the still isdivide present, the though even that show to is goal main The level. cultural and social economic, political, elites of Mostar makeimposed by High Ashdown, to Paddy hadprimary the objective political representative cooperate,unification, administrative The itself. town the to normality of form some giving sites, andafter-war and pre-war similar or cultural a symbolic other taskof rebuilding the also but bridge, of normalizing Old the of rebuilding the only not understand I symbolic By symbolic. and administrative the functioning of the on the World heritagecity list, and on the touristmap. on the Oldthe including city was rebuilt, the OldBridge, by UNESCO, puttingonce again Mostar part of implemented largest and the being of after andstarted town structure newnew statute happeninginin and the particular 2004,after rebuilt. soon the2000, after Thechanges started be not to frontline old the for possible was it how and zone, central the and municipalities change. It was later thatEach I foundtime there out more was somethingabout fromto witness getting how its the divisionstown imagecomplete started its urban again. the political new built, division in Luck had itmany that from then on I started going to Mostar for several casestimes a year,of and I was able the illegally.town into sad, and asif in during stuck thecreated division the warandin entrenched six interim the period. But the Bulevar did felt town of the whole The atmosphere everywhere. its were traces years ago, seven almost not buildings with destroyed signs buildings may the that Although collapse. warendedthe everycorner, on were war the of side. remains The east me the take to to reluctant they were on the Croat side, what my hosts at that point showed me it,was except that of theCroats being on westthe west side andside the Bosniaks on the eastof side. Iwasthe staying town, and For the purpose of the paper I define two the 'unification' processes, definemain two of paperI purpose For the When I first came to Mostar in 2001, I did not know muchMostar divisionsnotknow in first within aboutthe Whencame to I 2001, Idid even stilladividedcity inmanythough Mostar aspects,is theso 4 CEU eTD Collection debates regarding arrangments of Bosnia which are using these concepts as part of as their part of concepts areusing these of which Bosnia arrangments regardingdebates among (especially and citizensMostar of firstthe inof two), present scholarly andpolitical usage their common the second and interdisciplinarity, is one their first The for this. reasons several are There . cosmopolitanism and multiculturalism(multiculturalism) of concepts the every willon in paperI conceptswerepresentthese corner, premise asitsthe underlying use my and alsoresearch becauseduring anthropological todoso, order political, level.to In but taking a more of an interdisciplinary approach, from philosophical, to historical and symbolism. For the purpose of this paper,presenting through its Mostar complexities also but mainly focusing identity on and I will build on some of their argumentscommunities, and etc.work, Various authors, for example, Robert M. Hayden and Emily Makaš, started educationchanged. Many andanthropologists have startedresearching urbanists its citizens,its Mostar, system, has few andmainly however,this In past toitsthe architecture, years OldBridge. the regards the town's with in particular past, multicultural and present multiethnic its city, of the stressing character differences,sports, religion etc.). the role (music, andcommunication be for cooperation fostered need to identities which cutting of symbols asacosmopolitan havecross- whereindividuals scheme, canbe alternative understood, andignoring ethnic it butinpushing identities. the component, aside favour of other This second urban sitesprograms which areon focused and other on the multiethnic character, the and in Mostar caseof Bosnia the character, the on the individual as member areprogramsthere emphasizing which are focusedon them diversities, multicultural and their of the society, not Theseby completely processes are built on various viewscoexistence among meetingpoints individuals. citizensofMostar,providingdifferent for of how the city should be arranged. and forcooperation createdincentives city have withinprocesses the called 'unification' On one hand There are many scholarly works written on Mostar, focusing mostly divided focusingmostly the on Mostar, on written works many scholarly There are 5 CEU eTD Collection approaches. These approaches can be divided into three parts. The analysisfirstis data parts. one of canbedivided intothree These approaches approaches. city,combinefordecidedof purpose the and paper,I methodological this to several movements etc. In order toincentives, get in form of morenon-governmental organizations,of variousa clearinterest associations, understandingnew increating engagethemselves to managed degree a certain have to themselves of these processes citizens the unifications, Because of these places. old symbolic newandrebuilding building within the andmeeting old points,both bureaucracy,through cultural sporting andevents, eventsetc, by new byproviding amongcitizens, its andcoexistence incentivesfor cooperation have created on everyday lifein and the Mostar, purpose showitof is that the ‘unifications’ to in Mostar mentioned above the for distinctions. reasons of I will simplicity use ethno-culturality, a frameinto of two the connect onecould in debate academic Although religion andsimilar. members identify themselves on basisthe cultural of some value, such language,as customs, as whose one society multicultural defining one, sense common is almost one, paper asimple concerning their meaning.and usage The context of multiculturality which will be used in this debates numerous are there and definitions various have terms similar and multiculturalism Multiculturality, forand example. acultural not one character, ethnic on the is based multiethnic society are rather clear terms, signifying asociety thatis diverse, but this diversity ittherefore is essential clarifyto how they inwill be understood paper.Multiethnicitythe and multiethnicity, cosmopolitanism and have many meanings, especially first one,andthe multicultural Bosnia acosmopolitan or ofmulticulturalityBosnia? concepts The and isWhatis: bestsolution for the light amultiethnic in Bosnia of the these debates, and/or study theunderlying asacasequestion thesis the of Relying Mostar debatesandusing the on multiethnicity, of in and cultural diversity, recognition these variousdiversities forms. multiculturality and of of concepts the using Bosnia are for programs the Many of rethoric. My recent research has only scratched the surface of the effects the ‘unifications’ had 6 CEU eTD Collection returnees and refugees. This Chapter can be seen as a form into canbeseen main aform the This Chapter as introduction returnees of and refugees. inBosnia and Herzegovina issue the of peoples,minorities,general, IDP’s, constituent for common is which problem as well as in Mostar, institutions international of role the will also 2004. Thisexamine Chapter periodfrom to 1993 Statute andthewar period Interim after- mainly immediate on history, andits willbeon Mostar focus the Chapter In thesecond years andafter andinfacedAgreement. signing of the society conflict the Peace Dayton providing a general ofBosnia overview andHerzegovina and problemsthe both that state the constitutionaldealing with diversity infrom divided societies, the theoretical dealingdiscussions with arrangementsChapter idea focusthe first In will beon the the of Bosniafacts regarding andHerzegovina. of the state to theoriesMostar. focusedmethods, mainly interviews participantthrough observation and non-structured with people of on diversityfind to be most in relevant general, understanding approach However, inBosniathe Mostar. better which I current events of and for conclusions thusfor media these used mostly I for research, time asthe well as I limited, is paper the space of draw from my research came from ethnographic participate in,participate such as avaz analysis of some of most read dailies in Mostar, such as in Mostar, dailies read most of of some analysis found.interviewsreports, transcripts be of also and usedcontentsessions Secondly can I parties’ political of analysis data on focused have I dimension websites, political internal the of overview City International When Crisis itGroup. comes political processesto which inMostar, an give of Mostar website, suchas suchcertain NGO’s, andOSCE,butalso OHR internationalpublic actors, as through Citygeneral degree available andwhichto reports aretoagreat documents available literature, Council website where many documents, ., and some of most popular internet forums where many young people from Mostar The structure The structure of including paperwill the historical begin theoretical with discussion, Bljesak.info , Vrisak.info 7 , Mostarskaraja Dnevni list and Pincom.info , Ve þ ernji list . Since the Since . , Dnevni CEU eTD Collection differences, focusing on current situation in Mostar. Mostar as will on once focus again FinalChapter citizens. then lifeMostar’s ineveryday of processes a blueprintwill be examined, byfocusing on levels the cooperation of of and the effects unification of Bosnia, Mostar of unification symbolic and administrative the Here introduction. of the part first the byin asthey of explained processes focusedthe one were ‘unification’ Chapter the on the thesis, giving an analysis of commonalities, as well as 8 CEU eTD Collection 6 Democracy 5 making of one institutional the for keydemocratization.design the tools diversity, various either policies through directed individuals. groups or at identity inclusion idea andissues dealing with exclusion, and of of of possible ways the and ameans of political of forexpression all parts society.the step should Thenext analyze cooperation, programsintegral models.and aretocreate of these consociation The objectives through years,has been approach democratization most successful In cooperation. the recent between the sidesconflicted and their elites, by political incentivesproviding for such constitutionalbe solution. has defined to Theconstitution create cooperation insuch a way to political elitesfuture incentives conflictspreventcreate and for to cooperation, also first level on the of and primarily as subsequentlyin to such beorganized, order conflict? a state whichprinciplesshould On of history with in those recent particular societies, fordivided deeply asolution Is there on the level of society as a whole? The first step is a consolidation. and transition the including change regime of asaprocess seen is democratization Since then sustainability not merely democraticof institutionsand and their establishment operation. of criteria by the complemented system, was electoral democratic the ofaccepting process system Whatmultiparty defined as only wasonce institutions,etc. system, electoral as liberal be defined as a process of transition from one political system to democratic principles, such drafted to solve them peacefully. One such program is consociational democracy, is consociational such program One solvepeacefully. them drafted to David Chandler, KatherineBelmont, Scott Mainwaring & Andrew Reynolds, CHAPTER 1.-DEALINGWITHDIVERSITY –MULTICULTURAL On the political level the institutions are a key for functioning of a liberal democracy liberal a of functioning for key a are institutions the level political the On Many of the transition states were faced with violent conflicts, and programs were , The Architecture of Democracy, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002, p.1 (MULTIETHNIC) OR COSMOPOLITAN BOSNIA? ORCOSMOPOLITAN (MULTIETHNIC) 6 Bosnia,Faking Democracy after Dayton 9 , 2nd ed., Pluto Press, London, 2000, p.44 Institutional Design, Conflict Menagement and 5 Democratization can Democratization CEU eTD Collection Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies 10 International Peacekeeping, Vol.11, No.2, 2004, p.336 9 8 Haven, 1977,p.49 7 manage conflict. mechanism to as major elites the individual equality; than treatment of is proportional groups equal with democracy the more concernedor with consociational note that important to is it also However, representation. proportional and autonomy segmental veto, mutual coalition, grand of elements basic its through for promising achieving method both democracy and aconsiderable degreeof political unity, topreserveorder pluralism situations.and avoid conflict in state, the when toorganizing itaccount comes into be taken needto cleavages andthese as itsa society 'segmental by divided such interest cleavages', partiesas political groups, or theoretically developed by Arendt Lijphart. He claims that every plural society can be defined assume that motives for conflict reduction already exist among the leaders of leaders of groups. among existthe the already motives reduction conflict for assume that policies. andimmigrant states communist within aconcern tothe with Union European regards the post- of accession for the condition anecessary became minority policies andin form of the distinctiveness group of basis the on rights of condition the years recent the In distinctiveness. this of basis the on rights certain them granting and etc.) customs language, (religion, identity distinctive their to according groups defining pluralism, liberal or multiculturalism on language, Many orcultural membersdifferent of groups. religious policies arebased these of condition of groups accommodatingvariousthrough these for policies designed respecting the included 1990sin the indemocratization process countries the post-communist particular, when it designingcomes to policies for accommodating membersminority Sinceof groups. Roberto Belloni, Ibid. Arendt Lijphart, Arendt Donald Horowitz, The second level is naturally interconnected with the political level, particularly level, political the with interconnected naturally is level second The Democracy Plural in Societies: AComparativeExploration Peacebuilding andConsociational ElectoralEngeneering inBosniaand Herzegovina Ethnic Conflict Menagement Policymakers for 8 its approach is group-based, focused on cooperation isbetween itspolitical focused approach oncooperation group-based, , Lexington, Toronto, 1990, p.116 10 9 Moreover, consociational theories tend to tend theories consociational Moreover, , in Joseph V. Montville (ed.), Montville V. Joseph in , 7 Consociational democracy offers a offers democracy Consociational , Yale University Press, New Press, University , Yale Conflict and 10 , CEU eTD Collection military forces, butit also gave theinternational community a possibility putto into practice a Agreement signed wasfinally by itinternational warringthe parties, established control over When Peace Dayton the support. international someon form of were weakanddependent deal ofsuffering Bosnia and forcitizens the Herzegovina. warringof In 1995 all sides three signed by representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Croatia. War brought agreat Agreementwas 1995, when Dayton the Peace from lastedconflict1992 to war. Violent April of markedthebeginning 6,1992.Therecognition the andHerzegovinaon Bosnia of Republic recognized as 1992, anditwas March3, proclaimed on officially Herzegovina was by Although referendum many the independencewas boycotted of and Serbs, the Bosnia independence. for of voted be percentage madeby citizens and asignificant a referendum Community left door the for open Bosnia and apply Herzegovina to for it. The decision was to of Bosnia's The recognition weakened. Croatia Slovenia position by was and then European out, broke Croatiain war the ethnic theother group(s).When toward and discrimination becamebecause of prejudices processof hatreds, difficult introduced existing democratization faced prejudices, andwere ofhatred, with issues societies the discrimination divided etc, and states emerged newly endedthe conflicts After the Macedonia andKosovo. Herzegovina, to republics and alsowas keyforthe continuous violence, from Croatia, Bosnia and some for recognition of question the bore side one on minorities of question The minorities. and majorities became now 'brothers' Once play. into minorities new brought also Yugoslavia against each violently,other upon calling 'repressed' national The sentiments. dissolution of of principle the on after dissolutionthe Yugoslavia.of The republics Yugoslav whichhadbeen brought together 1.1. Solution for theconflictin Bosnia –debates onorganizing thenewstate In Europe, the In Europe, problem organizingof deeplydivided the societies camefocusinto 'Brotherhood andUnity ' the Second WorldWar rising now after were 11 CEU eTD Collection University of Michigan Press, Michigan, 2000, pp.99-100 13 12 11 new agenda for long-term peace-building and democratization. consolidation. required and establishing trust protection minoritiesof and concepts of transition and process the requirement, necessary asa elections the Beside changed. itself democratization of process the for democracy anddecades the requirements system. the past However, during electoral isademocratic democracy for prerequisite important most the that state always and EC efforts for solving the conflict in Bosnia were connected at the London conference in London atthe conference were connected in Bosnia conflict forthe solving andEC efforts UN The plan. Owen-Stoltenberg and plan Vance-Owen the as such war, the during designed incorporated in sides. and TheHerzegovinawerebeing peaceplans the for Bosnia plans involved three for all answers satisfactory peaceandprovide negotiate to actors international division of andBosnia Herzegovinaalong ethnic lines. words on the paper. Theviolations second constant provisionthe and parties conflicting the of distrust The conventions. of international commonin stated these to mostrights of the plansmadeof the was plansthe the hadprovisionsterritorial common elements,by the international actors, namely United Nation (UN) and European Community (EC). Mostofsuch equalityas the referencesplans, madeinternal by in actors the Bosnia andHerzegovina plansdraftedand and proposed and to protectionprotection of internal intobehuman divided planscan These created. were andHerzegovina arranging Bosnia rightsseem as only to issuedCommission regardingfor Yugoslav theopinions new former plans republics, be Badinter the after and inevitable became dissolution the Once plan. Carrington’s Lord for such as Yugoslavia, confederacy solution loose atemporary as calledfor arrangements the immediately it after will not wasobvious last Yugoslaviathat much longer, although some of RoberM. Hayden, Ibid. David Chandler, As mentioned earlier the debates on the future arrangement of started of Bosnia future arrangement onthe debates the earlier As mentioned 12 Faking democracy After Dayton Blueprints for aHouse Divided: The Constitutional Logic ofthe Yugoslav Conflicts , p.1 12 13 After the war started it was up to the 11 The studies of democracy , The CEU eTD Collection pp.106-107 16 15 London1994., pp.260-261 14 accommodate BosnianSerbs anditwas designedto objections. hadin confirmed plan later similarobjectives, referendum. Owen-Stoltenberg The a popular Miloševi Slobodan by endorsed being was plan the it outsidefailed gain TheSerbian of AssemblySarajevo, it, support. to even rejected though plan was accepted by all groups. by all three Sarajevo of control nationality, with threefor each three cantons, sides. However, atten into divideBosnia wasto plan Vance-Owen The a ECrepresentative. the Owen was meeting of Bosnian Serbsand by David followed Stoltenberg, later Thorvald UNSecretary General, the represented held at Pale, bring thenegotiating 1992. TheVance objectivesidesto warring wasto table. Cyrus the basis to a joint Bosniak-Croat entity. Negotiations for ending the war injointforentity. endingbasis Bosnia theand Bosniak-Croat aNegotiations war to on 18 March Washington 1994 creating a‘Federation of andHerzegovina’,giving Bosnia firstcome newfor solutions and wasnegotiated Bosnia. upwith one signedin The Herzegovina. arrangementwhich would solid for provide true democratization grounds Bosnia of and constitutional on focusing not and lines ethno-national along division territorial the to primacy giving was plans these all of commonality Main failed. as marked eventually was and time, without any authority governtrue to it. The plan was beingnegotiated for alonger period of assigned ‘Constituent the republics’ to not unionand itself,to the creating aunion thus state peoples.other encompassingpeoples: as constituent three theMuslims, well Serbsand of Croats as a group Republics become of and composed Constituent a“Union of three Republics”, the Robert M. Hayden, Ibid.p.262 Robert J. Donia & John V.A. Pine Jr., After the failures of Vance-Owen and Owen-Stoltenberg plans, US was the one to 16 The downside of this plan was the fact that most of the power would be Blueprints foraHouse Divided: The Constitutional Logic oftheYugoslav Conflicts Bosniaand Herzegovina,Tradition A Betrayed 13 ü . The decision of rejecting the plan was plan the rejecting of decision The . 15 By this plan Bosnia was to , Hurst and Company, and Hurst , 14 At first the CEU eTD Collection http://www.ohr.int/ohr-info/gen-infor see: please Representative Special Union European and Council Implementation 19 18 of of dispute,the giving to his interpretation and ultimately recommendations. in case the and andauthorities, state entity the to makingto recommendations also extended hisRepresentativenow own interpret which hasthepossibility and powers, authorities to High the that stated conference at the Theconclusions structures. its Bosnia and on Agreementandhis powersevenmore atBonn strengthened in PIC Meeting 1997 December Council. Implementation by appointed Peace Office the HighRepresentative, of the overseenby implementation its Herzegovina, Annex 4,providingof for AgreementConstitution and Dayton the the Bosnia Peace was a 20 17 system. electoral proportional and powers, veto administration, which group guaranteed representation on all levels of governmentandin state-wide public protection minorities’ of interests through consociational suchasethnicelements quotas andpreservation of unified andHerzegovina, Bosnia power, decentralization of political Bosnia reconstruction multi-ethnic of by peace,and Herzegovina the preserving andcompromises. accommodations inter-ethnicself-government, of aswellpromotion grouprights to protection issuesof of from national group, each of representation thepolitical model should guarantee theory, this and Herzegovina. of arrangementBosnia areabasefor post-war andits annexes Dayton the Peace Agreement is as byall Theagreement known finally parties. accepted three was Bosnia and Herzegovina’ for Agreement Framework ‘General the place Ohiowhere in Dayton, took Herzegovina For more information on the role of the High Representative, the Office of the High Representative, The Peace The Representative, High the of Office the Representative, High of the role onthe information more For See Belloni, p.336 and Chandler,43-51 Chandler, p.53 Roberto Belloni, The model fixed for can be chosen Bosnia orconsociationalism.defined asrigid In Peacebuilding and Consociational Electoral Engeneering in Bosnia and Herzegovina and http://www.eusrbih.eu/ 17 The ultimate goal of the Agreement was the 19 14 His mandate is set out in the Annex 10 of the 18 The most important aspect important Themost 20 p.336 CEU eTD Collection Herzegovina 25 24 23 22 Kosovu i u Makedoniji, 21 groups. inTo putitgroups. theinstitutionalization words, other inin or Bosnia multiethnic societies that seems it and identity,markedin of that everything onlyby one BosniaHerzegovina ethnic and became identities conflicted of reality the in formations identity wider construct can issuesin relatedtoidentity. obstacles in normalizing ethnic andrelations, caused the have be lifepolitical ‘imprisoned’ to 1.2.Entrenching the Divide –Bosnia afterDayton entrenching of ethnic divides in such cases seems unavoidable. even byexcluding lesssignificant groups from decision-makingthe process. inoperate sufficienta cohesiveway, without power the dividing cooperation,cross-group or communities. major all of eyes the in legitimacy necessary the societies divided in deeply governments the giving by exclusion, isin seen important government most often mechanism as the for overcoming thegroup pursue their agendas, securing own primary ethnicity the identity. as to process electoral the used have systematically parties but nationalist the accommodation, engineering. International community topromote moderationwanted inter-ethnicand all three basis on the institutions wereorganized of an to guaranteed representation key which ethnic sides. One of the most important arenas of confrontation was the electoral contributed to the legitimization of the social order which arose from war. from the which arose order social the of legitimization tothe contributed usedthe facilitated thevictory electoral system of mainnationalistthe parties has and thus Ibid. Bieber, pp. 4-5 Belloni, 337 Florian Bieber, Florian Christophe Solioz Post-war arrangements came under heavy criticism, mainly because they are seen as seen are they because mainly criticism, heavy under came arrangements Post-war In order to protect the interests of the three dominant groups, the central state , Nomos,, Baden-Baden, 2004, p.25 Institucionaliziranje etni & Tobias K. Vogel (eds.), Forum Bosnae, Sarajevo, 2004, p.13 25 The democratic identity also depends on whether the societies the depends onwhether also identity Thedemocratic 23 þ nosti: postignu However, the problem if failsoccurs governmentthe to Dayton and Beyond: Perspectives on the Future of Bosnia and 15 ü a i neuspjesi nakon ratova u Bosni iHerzegovini,na 21 It can even be said that be said even can It 22 Participation 24 Then the CEU eTD Collection 28 European Challenge outside Yugoslavia such as Italians, Hungarians, Jews, etc. were defined as weredefined Jews, Italians, Hungarians, outside etc. as such Yugoslavia and Herzegovina Unity of policy the of extensivepropagation by werecovered the with. issues The dealt of leadership, sinceWar thetraumas World Second of mistakes the werenot Yugoslav From perspective fascistbeother groups. present to the oneof this isconsidered gravest the and in Warform Ustashas, Chetniks, of World present Second the greatly during groups, stop any among ethnic antagonism nation nationality.of objectivepossibility wasto The or andforwork fight Yugoslavia together regardless in itsmembership and peoples, a of their fascists; evil whodefeated brave fighters forenemies, example movies, through TVshows and where textbooks they were portrayed as internal the and occupiers foreign the both expelled who saviors and victors the as movement narodnosti 27 26 andpeoples was not of innewYugoslavia,nationalities a that Yugoslav nation. This concept as categorized terminologically 1.2.1. Constituent peoples and minorities in Bosnia the centerof andbecomes a political struggle. regarding the boundaries community.of the Then verynaturethe of institutions is disputed within when havegroups becomes astate greater opposing opinions different radically group toensurein rights, and and order boundaries. promote group Theproblem create in generalusedtheidea of protecting in the individual federal rights and consociational states Ibid.p.529 Monika Palmberger, Monika Belloni, p. 336 . 28 Yugoslavia was constituted Yugoslavia wasconstituted theirpeoplesof and six republics, constituent were The first aim of this policy was strengthento the common identity beto shared by all . After the Second World War the communist ideology portrayed Partisan , in M. Bufon, A. Gosar, S. Nurkovi , Library, Annales Majora, Koper 2006, pp.528-529 Making and Breaking Boundaries: MemoryDiscourses and MemoryPolitics in Bosnia nations or 27 emphasizing their 'Yugoslav' identity, their will to will their identity, 'Yugoslav' their emphasizing narodi ü & A.L. Sanguin (eds.), 26 16 , while the peoples who had a nation nation state whohad a , while peoples the The Western Balkans – A Brotherhood and nationalities or CEU eTD Collection Serbs, while Croat Democratic Union (Hrvatska Demokratska Zajednica to -HDZ)appealed Demokratska Democratic(Hrvatska Union Serbs, whileCroat predominantly to Muslims,elections: Serb Democratic the won inand Herzegovina Bosnianations dominant three the to appealed programs whose Party (SrpskaParty Demokratska Yugoslavother andBosniarepublics, wasnodifferent andHerzegovina The threeparties, of Stranka Democratic - SDS)to continued trend The won. parties nationalist predominantly where andCroatia, Slovenia to independentfirst political followed parties emerged, soon multiparty byfirst in elections Action influenced Yugoslavpolitical destabilization system.This endof Inthe 1980's the politics. of (Stranka Demokratske Akcije - SDA) appealed other nations ( other andmembers Croats, of and is'Muslims,Bosnia Serbs arepublicof that andHerzegovina letter 'm'). decision This included was also intheBiH from Constitution 1974 whichstated with capital'M' partiallyaccommodated in by as 1968 recognitions gaining bewere They recognized to asBosniaks. demanded War, politicians WorldSecond Muslim the after However, identity. Yugoslav the other the on and identity Bosnian called so the side minority. 30 Herzegovina ( nationality 29 people ( republic wasformedpeoples livinginit. andnationalities of constituent Tobe a constituent same notdenyingtime thenational identity peoples in of republicsthe Each themselves. nationsof in focusingYugoslavia, on providing asupranational identity common and atthe itnew was nowbeing one,but strengthened Slavicupon bycalling common the origins South Ibid. ICGBalkan Report, No.128, narod During with waswideeconomic dissatisfaction the 1980sthere then and present 29 , 2002,p.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina became a center of this common identity building, on one on building, identity common this of center a became Herzegovina and Bosnia narodnost naroda ) meant being 'state-building people and to not being a national minority or minority national a being not to and people 'state-building being meant ) , while people practicing Islamic faith were defined as faith , whilewere defined practicing people Islamic ) and nationalities ( ), regardless of whether the people in question isnumerical peopleinquestion a the whether regardless of ), Implementing Equality: „The Constituent Peoples“ Decision in Bosnia and narodnosti 17 ) that live in it'. live ) that Muslim bynationality 30 muslims (or (or Muslim with small CEU eTD Collection Reconstructing Multiethnic Societies: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Reconstructing Multiethnic Societies: TheCase ofBosnia andHerzegovina 33 32 New York, 2005, Brotherhood and Unity proclaimed decisionsthe Croatian ofBiH Government. InNovember 1991HDZin Western Herzegovina CommunitySerb Autonomous Areas, its leader stating that it does not consider their constituents bound by of Herzeg-Bosna,which building anidentity was of Bosnians and Yugoslavs. InMay 1991 the SDSsetupa with West Mostar as its capital. The 31 entity wasestablished only the level in power-sharing Herzegovina, Bosnia and Federation established between the three constituent ordominant nations, Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats. On leveltheirinnerAt werestate the different. dynamics completely was power-sharing levels, entity and state on existed model power-sharing established the though even However, finance states'. and with other issuing external cooperation and relations passports, of government. Each entity had to'establish its own constitution and power over defense, police, self- of having powers side, other ranging each wide Bosnia andHerzegovina on the divided the country between twoentities, Republika Srpskaonone side and Federation and annexes its TheDayton Peace Agreement cantons. linesintoten divided ethnic along sub- Federation the andwas Herzegovina, Bosniaof Federation the Bosniaks, establishing blocking in reform anypolicy or Bosnia. parties, respective their within taking over started soon elements more extreme the states, neighboring the from influences the of because especially and Serbia, and Croatia in events pluralism. degree of some represented 1990, wherethementioned formedfirst parties model. acoalition Aton they a power-sharing The multiparty Croats. first inBosniaplaceelections andHerzegovinatook in December Ibid, p.24 Florian Bieber, Florian Fionuuala Ni Aolain, Fionuuala When the Washington Agreement was signed by the representatives of Croats and p.20-23 Post-war Bosnia:ethnicity, inequality and publicsector governance doctrine fell apart. The Fractured Soul of the Dayton Peace Agreement: A Legal Analysis, in 31 However, because of the events on federal level, the level, federal on events the of because However, 32 The growing nationalism did not escape the state escape the not did nationalism Thegrowing 18 Ashgate, Aldershot, 2001, p.73 , in Sokolovi in , , Palgrave Macmillan, Palgrave , ü & Bieber, & 33 CEU eTD Collection ke.pdf http://www.kfunigraz.ac.at/suedosteuropa/verfassung/Bosna%20i%20Hercegovina/Ustav%20Republike%20Srps 36 35 34 approval. entities' the laws without formulate cannot that legislature responsibilities, limited extremely army, no police force, did not raise taxes, did not control its own borders, had judiciarya with all provide security groups. ethnic to aim fornationalism regional and wastodecentralize andstability. Its political to power model. multi-ethnic The governmentemerged from model this was seen as vital against between Bosniaks while and Croats, Srpska didadopt Republika not power-sharing the level, thus giving the entities the possibility theentitiesactas giving level, the possibility thus to Similarly, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina stated that: stated Herzegovina and Bosnia of Federation the Similarly, Srpska stated following:the same preambles were not part of the entity constitutions. The Constitution of Republika level, peoples areconstituenton state the Although they happened. a conflicting situation levels, entity on constitutions existing already the with consideration into Taken Constitution. Bosniaks and 'Others',and citizens of Bosnia Herzegovina aspeoplesand who determine the http://www.ads.gov.ba/javniispit/doc/ustav_federacije_bosne_i_hercegovine.pdf 37 Constitutionof Republika Srpska, Ibid. Chandler, pp.66-68 Constitution of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and of Bosnia of Federation Constitution (in Serbian) (in Herzegovina...reform the international establishment of the Federation territories...“ and Bosnia of theFederation of territory the from Bosnia andHerzegovina „Bosniaks and Croats as constituent peoples, together didinAtconstitutethis Republika time Bosniaksnot and Croats point the Srpska. with 'Others' and citizens„Republika Srpska shall be the State of Serb people and of ofall its citizens“ The Preamble of Annex 4 establishes three constituent nations, Serbs, Croats and Croats nations, Serbs, constituent establishes three Annex 4 of The Preamble 35 All these provision were determined, and some still are determined on entity the on andsome Allweredetermined, still provision are determined these 34 This multi-ethnic government at that point had 'no had point that at government multi-ethnic This 19 de facto states within the central state. (in Bosnian/Croatian) 36 37 CEU eTD Collection http://www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol11num3/constitutionwatch/bosnia.html USSR, East European Constitutional Review,Vol.11, No.3, 2002, 38 adopted by adopted upperhouse,in the protectorder to the vital interests of all groups. ethnic three This inSerbs, Bosniaksand hasbe Croats. meantthatalllegislation Republika Srpska to creation of an upper house in SrpskathatRepublika would becomposed of equal numberof ingroups central the and institutions. entity Oneof mostthe significantaspects was the constituent forintroduced inboth peoples proportional all entities, representation ethnic provisionsby HighRepresentative.the recognized Its and Croats Bosniaks, Serbsas March Agreementwasrejected 2002. The by entity the parliaments and imposed eventually in reached was Agreement Sarajevo negotiations lengthy After entities. both from parties of both entities. As a result, the High Representative Wolfgang Petritsch gathered representatives amendentities ensure in to their to constitutions order theequality peoples in constituentof majority. In ConstitutionalJuly 2000,the of BiHCourt made aruling requiring thetwo tobeapolitical where they in minority are considered state the were a They Herzegovina. clear whether inBosniaks Croats Republikahave and Srpska was not did rights. It notgranted any even they would and and Herzegovina inFederation Bosnia of since Serbs inreality and Herzegovina, Bosnia be acknowledged everyday became rights human individual of violation and discrimination where situation as fromothers one entity orto haveonlywas mentionno of TheseSerbs. clearly provisions give notdid room for constituentequalpeoples statusas citizens within the other entity.of Bosnia This created and a paradox, and a which are not among the three dominant nations treated. When one reads the Preamble of Preamble the reads one When treated. nations dominant three the among not are which majority, but it does have dominant nations. The question arises however, how are the nations minorities in a state, and should also be mentioned here. Bosnia does not have a clear Constitutional Watch, A country-by-country onupdate constitutional politics in eastern Europe and ex-the At the time of At timethe of drafting theFederation Constitution of andHerzgovinaBosnia there One important aspect of the process of democratization process is the treatment of treatment isthe process of democratization process aspect of the important One 20 38 CEU eTD Collection called nationalities (or nationalities called themselves to be Bosniaksdeclarenot whodo whenitincludedall those state, from former the was takenover (then Muslim), 'Others'.terminology This category of is the mentioned Serbs of categories One the Constitution. or Croats. ThereforeBosnia andis HerzegovinaConstitution, there astatementpeoplesabout determining the it comprised then so step was the adoption of wastheadoption step Another entities. both in 'others', and peoples constituent both of representation, fair for called dealtwith until 2002, when they mentioned in were SarajevoAgreement. This Agreement been hasnot 'Others' orthe minorities national of position The invisible. practically minorities solethe made issueof of constitutiveness ethnic dominantthree theproblems groups of considerBosnia not did the issuesandproblems minority Because of groups. of focusthe on in elites political the and community international the both that fact the is Bosnia in problem their national interests.Bosniaks. Each group has the power of veto onlegislations which are consideredThis to be against provision nations.is essential The House when of Peoplesit institution, such as House of Peoples included anequal number of constituentcomes three the comprises to power-sharing, of 15 Delegates, but five the Croats, five Serbs, and five the Others. On the a practical peopleslevel andminorities constituent inBosniathe and in‘other council the ministers, 10members,of for three each peopleconstituent andonefor one have to provision is a there now but Presidency for run cannot 'Others' the of member A better. for the has changed least politically situation,at the but arestilllimited, rights Their non-discrimination. of principle the on stressed is importance The inclusion. minimum constitutionsentity two the of amendments The minorities. also for media the of establishment include as well provisions for promotes and usethe protects ofminority languages in both public spheres, and private as the representation of 'Others', which grants them a Under the constitutional arrangements of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a leading state leading a and Herzegovina, ofBosnia arrangements Under constitutional the narodnosti Law Law on theProtection oftheRights National Minorities ), such as Jews, Italians, Ukranians, Roma etc. 21 . The law CEU eTD Collection right direction, the entirequestion territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Even though this can be considered as a step in the of segregated tobenewappointed by for usedinthe gavepermission HighRepresentative textbooks the schools and universitiesremovingforms allpresentsegregation. in Finally forof Committee Revision 2003the still remain of importance the in 2000,whostressed Representative Office High the of the incentive to some of the an gave This community. international bythe discriminatory considered time that were at events. werewritten Mostof by textbooks the andneighboring produced the and countries, peoples used theirnarratives, own nationalist using certain their own approaches to historic was Allthree nocontrol before being taught. constituent was and over what 2003,there majority segregated, were no with in areas significant especially most schools, 2003 Before in The biggest battles, area the however,occur increases. of segregation education. only andbe translated,the haveto officialdocuments situationswhereall grotesque creates in use of Croatian sphere, whichsometimes languages and Serbian) (Bosnian, public all three 39 affirmation'. 'national for calls were These multiculturalism. with one education or language, of own one recognition for strives these However, politics. nationalist own history, for new became battlefields as education such identity, for common areas of possibilities is alonglines,divided ethnic some of important mostthe characteristics such language,as and had where everything littlea state In absurdled to situations. dominance this Insome occasions factors. to do with they are a in where places particularly face discrimination, people also the idea livingdiscrimination, poor standards,citizenship problems with and employment. Constituent of 'politicsfrom suffering of parts other like Europe, inmany Roma, whoare in caseof the especially basis, everyday on discrimination of reality cruel with faced still are Herzegovina of difference' or Florian Bieber, Florian The constitutional arrangement was based on explicit domination of the national the of domination explicit on based was arrangement constitutional The Post-war Bosnia: ethnicity, inequality and public sector governance 22 39 The present consensus is the consensus Thepresent de facto , p.90 minority. CEU eTD Collection examined on the case of caseof the Mostar. on examined accommodatinginand support Bosnian society, importance base allof and them of on their rhetoric ethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina,and with regional or economic divisions.All threeideas have their place cultural of andminorities.rights peoples idea Thethirdconstituent is theoneof would decentralized diversity. defined andbetter layout, better power-sharing butwith entities, quowith to of regards status How plausibleidea be Theother some isthe Herzegovina, basedon form ethnic entities. would which three their from Bosnia, differentstand three Thepoints. first one is idea multiethnic of the Bosnia and arguments basis,disputed everyday new on for andthese argumentsarecalling again arrangement of are will be Bosnian society. segregated areality of still remains howeverfactbeing into Croatian, of Bosniak the segregated orSerbian universities schools or approved by the Commission and they may have excluded the discriminatory texts from them, pressing issues of and Bosnia Herzegovina's education system. textbooksmay The be How BosniaHow finally be a finished story.will being isnot arranged entities The are 23 CEU eTD Collection programs of unified Mostar were also different, on one side to promote its pre-war image, but image, its pre-war promote sideone on to alsodifferent, were Mostar of unified programs The division. the for for keeping andinto unification those those can bedifferentiated point that at Mostar for plans The levels. communication everyday to political from levels, all on divided, literally was Thetown for Mostar. plans different were there as astate, Bosnia for made plans numerous were as there Just Croats. and sides, Bosniaks thetwo between remained unclear, just as the future of the state itself. Thelives will looktown like next. was divided and contestedtheir what fear of a great handwith on other butthe it was over, that feltrelieved They here. inthey Mostar me sadness aboutthe told felt,how the things wonderingthey willgofrom grew up, played with, and went to school with. In my conversations with some of the people friendships,families, andmost of trustintheir all fellow destroyed citizens with whom they homes, destroyed Thepeopleand with conflicts leftdestroyed a destroyedcity Croats. Army RBiH against the HVO and between during conflict one the sieges, and two conflicts, faced two war was with JNA and VRS, and the otherwhere identities the diversity of and cultures andwas cherished a image,as town’s during the between former allies,blueprintfor arranging the state itself.A town, known as a multicultural centre of Yugoslavia,Bosniaks and help urban the areas restore their normal functioning. and elites, political and citizens the between the cooperation foster andthen initiate were to those with no significantmajorities had tobe arranged according some to specific rules which CHAPTER 2.- ADIVIDEDCITY–(MULTI) FROM CHAPTER 2.- ETHNICMOSTAR: The signing of the Washington The Agreementsigning of peace brought Washington the butMostar’s future Mostar became a symbol of the war in Bosnia, and after the conflict somewhat of a Similarly to the state level and the entity level, urban areas of Bosnia, especially 1994-2004 24 CEU eTD Collection bridges, streets, hotels and other, causing the town to start developing rapidly. were built,from churches, both Serbian Orthodox and Catholic, a to gymnasium, theatre, new urban identity. This was the time when some of the most beautiful buildings and parts of town century, the city fell 19 In late the town. the of symbol becameitunder a few centuries next the and over architecture, the direct control of Austro-Hungary, giving it new cultural and especially foritsknown 16 became vibranta merchant center on the road between Dubrovnik and Sarajevo. It became name theregion to Herzegovina (land -duke).During of it herzeg the theOttoman period became known as a home of Herzeg Stjepan Vuk Stjepan ahomeHerzeg known as of became came name keepersof it century, buildersand from the Mostar, bridgeinmid the when 15th 15 late From Yugoslavia. of second periodthe of Austro-Hungarianrule the period, the period and Ottoman the andits development, for Mostar important most are periods Three andcustoms. 40 Islamic, Christian,Austro-Hungarian and Mediterranean influences, History2.1. of Mostar had their sayin Mostar adividedkeeping city. community international butalso the where political elites, the statute years interim the the of and during andconflict developments istopresent the the of chapter purpose processes this The inBosnia by whichweregiven Dayton agencies the Peace Agreement. competencies international the and Union European the both actors, international by externally, and again internally of the among and town Bosnia andHerzegovina, the political elites state, the Federation to becomelobbying capital the of Mostar for onthe other state, in acentralized Amir Paši th to late 19 Mostar is a town of rich history and many influences, pre-Ottoman, to Ottoman- to pre-Ottoman, influences, many and history rich of town a is Mostar ü , The Old Bridge inMostar th century Mostar was, like most of Bosnia, under the Ottoman rule. The rule. Ottoman the Bosnia, under of likemost was, Mostar century th century bridge, considered to be a masterpiece of of Ottoman masterpiece be a to considered bridge, century , Grin,, Gra þ anica, 2006, pp.2-5 25 þLü Kosa þ a, whose title of a, whose 40 in both in both architecture the herzeg gave the gave th CEU eTD Collection January2007, p.132 History of Architecture and Urbanism, Department of Architecture, Cornell University, PhD Dissertation , 41 Tito’s bridge through Šanti bridge through Tito’s damaged, especially Oldcity the center and line, areaof the frontthe going from destroyed wasdestroyed entire or city the Almost centre in Bosnia. damaged war the during cities most conflicts,anditthe was oneof separate to two wasduring warsubject the Mostar formaleventually into Army Republika of Srpska (Vojska Republike Srpske –VRS). Bosnia localthe supported paramilitary Serb andeven units organized andtrained them Republika Srpskawasproclaimed, JNA the and units located still on entirethe territory of Asindependence.its a requestfor result submitted same the BosniaandHerzegovina time, At Croatia. from withdraw JNAto the requiring agreement aceasefire negotiate managed to from all Yugoslavia. over over the years became a popular spot for cultural events and meeting point for young people western part of Mostar Itsdemographicsetc.). changed,various the (bauxite, aluminum,plant factories to tobacco started building and power from hydroelectric the of and industry, becametourism center also a population. It developing. It became knownbecameits multicultural Mostar a for diversity, true mixed center, culturally and a true urban centre, becauseYugoslavia, industrialization migrationslarge of from and parts of all Yugoslavia, and second During Croatia (NDH). of State of period Independent aspartthe asashort well in Mostar. Thesecondin war began Bosniak-Croat of the Mostar. conflict, inMay 1993 with support the stationed were weaponry and troops whose JNA, the from support the with and VRS, the and Emily GunburgerMakas, In the beginning of the 1990s the war raged in Croatia. With joint efforts EC and UN The importantthirdperiod for Mostar was during the firstand second Yugoslavia, as The first conflict beganin April 1992, and the city was by surrounded Bosnian Serbs http://emilymakas.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=5&Itemid=29 Representing Competing Identities: Building andRebuilding Postwar in Mostar ü eva Street across Bulevar and through Mahala. Bulevar across through and eva Street 26 41 , CEU eTD Collection Peacekeeping, Vol.12, No.3, 2005, p.422 cantons. joined into one entity, named Federation Bosnia andof Herzegovina, which is divided into ten According to the Agreement the territories controlled by the HVO and Army RBiH were tobe named County of Herzeg-Bosna, later proclaimed unconstitutional). For more on cantons see Federation of Federation website, see Statistics of Office cantons on Federal more Herzegovina For and Bosnia unconstitutional). proclaimed later Herzeg-Bosna, of County named Canton, Central Bosnia Canton, Herzegovina-Neretva Canton, SarajevoCantonand Canton 10 Grani Mate Minister Foreign gave the European in mandate overaperiodUnion gave of istime, European the Mostar until an there Understanding of Memorandum Thesigned of Mostar. decidefuture the to with objective the Community 1994-2004 A 2.2. Tale of the Divided City –Interim Statute and the Role of International city. Bosniak-Croat asajoint Canton, Neretva 45 44 http://www.usip.org/library/pa/bosnia/washagree_03011994_toc.html 43 42 Mostar. cameto Bosnia central at same However, from the of Herzegovinaand tens fleeingpeople of thousands time, eastern country. asrefugees their or Thousands killed foundoutside displaced, themselves or Army fightingRBiH started back, and city the soon itself found in itself a stand-off position. the However hills. surrounding the from city the shelling began forces HVO The city. the expelling the Muslims and the remaining Serbs, either out of the town or to the eastern part of of Mostar, part western the HVO cleansed the theconflict of fewmonths first the In Praljak. Slobodan General of command the under were forces HVO The state. and Army Croatian representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina – Bosnian Prime Minister Haris Silajdži Haris Minister Prime –Bosnian Herzegovina and Bosnia of representative signingthe inAgreement of Washington the March Agreementwassignedby 1994. The the Florian Bieber, Florian Una are: These Fordetails please see the United States Institute of Peace website withfull Washington Agreement text at Ibid.p.136 44 After the signing of Agreement Washington the meetingthe in tookplaceGeneva According to the Agreement Mostar was defined as a capital of Herzegovina- Local institutional Engineering: A Tale of Two Cities,Mostar and Br -Sana Canton,Posavina Canton, Tuzla Canton,Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnian Podrinje ü 42 , and the Bosnian Croat representative Krešimir Zubak. Krešimir representative Croat Bosnian the , and The conflict between the Bosniaks and Croats ended with 27 45 http://www.fzs.ba/Podaci/ustroj11.htm þ ko , International ü , Croatian (previusly 43 CEU eTD Collection Progress, minimum. a For to more detailsreduced be to please it see:wanted HDZ the ICG Balkanwhile report No.90, centre, city integral the included zone central the that proposed SDA 49 48 47 46 administration, unified city multi-ethnic, established 2000,p. i. himself. from beginning, very the mainly by HDZ,resultingthe evenin physical attacks on Koschnik obstructed were its representative as Koschnik Hans and EUAM the However, andsimilar. reconstruction,maintenanceinfrastructure, also provide regarding of public assistance order of and human and Theof EUAM return rights refugees the persons. would securing displaced form freedom city incentivesnormalization to protection the by of formovement, of creating some bring to elites, political local of help the with was, (EUAM) Mostar in Administration responded by calling for anemergency in conference Rome. On 18 February 1996 theRome presidency EU The staying. he was where hotel the of in front car in the Koschnik Hans havetrapped demonstrators The Union. European the with relations off the wasbreaking side Croat the that announced HDZ mildone. a not side was Croat the from especially reaction, by of unification Mostar administration. unified creating should have,typeadministrative structure establishing main the of Mostar asthe objective what of principles main out pointing Understanding; of Memorandum the of implementation Madrid signedneedAgreement, full is forfuture. in1995,established there a that was to include the centre parts, Bosniakthree majority andthreeCroat municipalities with a neutral central zone, which of Mostar, includingadministrative plan for Mostar,the with an outline of geographicalformer division of Mostar into seven frontline and the Old city. The central zone at this Ibid. point was a compromise Ibid., pp.4-6 solution between SDA and HDZ proposals for ICGBalkan report No.90, Mostar. The 47 The KoschnikEUAM representative Hans inFebruary issued adecree 1996 stating http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=1521 However, efforts were made tonegotiate some form of progress regarding Mostar’s Reunifying Mostar,Opportunities for Progress 28 46 48 The task of of Union TheEuropean the task Reunifying Mostar, Opportunities for , Sarajevo/Washington/Brussels, 49 The CEU eTD Collection http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=2374&l=1 52 51 50 proclaimed. Agreement was signed, and two days later the Interim Statute for the City of Mostar was characterized by the obstructions of by of characterized unification. obstructions any the made biggest The step the towards generallyin Mostar The separatistin rhetoric startedchanged. gettinglessMostar support. After the political change in Croatia the climate towards the Croat politics in Herzegovina and itwas finally quo Thepolitical disbanded. status continued welluntil endof the 1990s. the manageditsurvive but immediately actors to until 1997when by condemned international the Municipalities’ calling for joint administration of West Mostar. The announcement was side.Croat In June 1996HDZannounced formingthe of single ‘Union Croat of from obstructions model, becausethe mainly became afailurecontinuous of power-sharing of division made which for ofMostar tocooperate politicalwas elites towards aunified city divided onethnic lines,more working as paralleltwo then units one as cooperative body. The would bring more cooperation. However this was not the case, their administrations were also mayor aftermayor deputy and wouldone year, rotate with ideathatsuchpower-sharingthe as well as the mayor of Mostar division.’ ethnic the and the Governor of the control of communities,the while same atthe time recognizing, institutionalizing, and thereby Herzegovina-Neretva territorial the counteract to sought Canton. which mechanisms, power-reaching with city decentralized The be by governed a mixedcity government. Croat majority and three with Bosniak majority, and with a neutral central zone which was to Florian Bieber, Florian ICGReport No.150, Ibid., pp.9-11 The whole time of the European Union Administration control over Mostar was The Interim statute of Mostar divided the town intosix city-municipalities, three with 50 Local institutional Engineering: A Tale of Two Cities,Mostar and Br Building bridges in Mostar 52 The mayor and the deputy mayor had to be of different ethnic identity; ethnic different be of to had mayor deputy the and mayor The , Sarajevo/Brussels, 2003, p.2 51 29 The statute established Mostar as a ‘highly þ ko , p.422 CEU eTD Collection still a step forward. Unfortunately these positive steps were diminished because of increased of because werediminished steps positive these Unfortunately forward. still a step the normalization this speakingabout sides werenow alsofor two but SDA. Eventhough the actors, international was far from happening. city’. normal as However ‘Mostar of a slogan motto his as theemphasizing Mostar, of mayor became change representative HDZ in HDZs position was Peter Siani-Davies (ed.), Siani-Davies Peter http://www.bhdani.com/arhiva/155/fokus155.htm#f10 October2000, 55 54 2003. 2000 brought more moderationin in Croatia change climate Thepolitical inMostar. most responses of Croat in dictated Croatia local and regional HDZ in Mostar from support especiallybecausethe important, very in werealso Croatia with government the as well. Neven Tomi by the Dayton Peace Agreement, the role of Croatia and the relations of Croat political elites details see: Sumantra Bose, Sumantra see: details For more agencies. civilian coordinating and startegy formulating for (OHR) Representative High the of Office and (SFOR) Force Stabilization returns; persons displaced and refigee promoting for (RRTF) Force Task Return grassrooots and elections conducting democratization rules, initiatives); electoral United nations– framing HighCommissioner (OSCE Europe forin Refugees (UNHCR)Cooperation andReconstruction and and Security for 53 Mostar. of citizens the for same the measureprovided entities, this state the two between communication intensifyAlthough introduction the primary licenseplates. of unique was to traffic goal mostthe were introductionthe monetary unique of system (Konvertibilna Marka–KM) and a wholegreat hasbrought change in reducing divisions. some measures The two whichhelped Mostar. of reintegration and reconstruction for mission the over took Agreement Peace Dayton the of annexes by the out set were which competencies organizations, international beginning1997, the of endedinthe mandate telephone services, schools and hospitals, but again ethnically separate ones. After the EUAM reconstruction of city.the managed money This torestorewater supply, electricity, gas, the for (DEM) marks German million 300 around of aid assistance its is in EUAM of success BiH Dani, Ibid., pp.70-71 These organizations are: International Police Task Force (IPTF – police monitoring, training); Organization training); monitoring, police – (IPTF Force Task Police International are: organizations These 54 Li Besides the role of the international actors whose competencies were established were whosecompetencies actors international the of role the Besides http://www.vjesnik.com/pdf/2000%5C10%5C19%5C06A6.PDF þ nost u fokusu: Neven Tomi 55 This sudden change in HDZ politics came as a surprise, not only for notonly sudden change the cameasasurprise, Thispolitics inHDZ International Intervention in the Balkans since 1995, ACritical Evaluation Mostar: International Intervention in a Divided Bosnian Town, 1994-2001 ü , No.155, 2000, 53 The role of the High representative in Bosnia Therole as of High the representative ; see also Vjesnik, Mostar-Velika ideja za budu 30 , Routledge, ü nost, 19 ; p. 69, in ü , CEU eTD Collection them fleeing from one part to the other, chased away from from chasedtheir homes. away fleeingfrom parttothe other, one them from Croat side by expelling Muslimsduring Austro-Hungarian rule. The ethnic continued cleansing during second the conflict too, to the east built Church Orthodox side Serbian the including of destroyed, themonuments religious town,and cultural and dramatically,numbersSerbia decreased their to Srpska or proper, of Republika parts fled the either to from making almost 19% of town’s population barsand concerts, other. includingtheatres, sports, activities weredivided, to hardlydifferent centers in town, one on the Croat side, and one 3%,on the Bosniak side. Most of socialwith contrary;the frontline in theold asmuchpossible,concentratingpeople avoided two all their the ’other’ part of town. The central zone didnotfunction as the planned unifier. Itwas rather memories, the fear of being attacked and condemned forced the citizens of Mostar to avoid Town known forits diversity became unrecognizable forits citizens. Because of the fresh war all levels, political, social; burdened with hate, many of them without their homes, orfamilies. but on only itsnot divided physically were mostcitizens, really suffered who ones the Mostar entity. separate for in entity, resulting demonstrations separate for campaign open into and bank, Herzegovina of offices entered SFOR the when conflict Bosnia, thus rejecting the newly elected Federal government. Federal elected newly the rejecting thus Bosnia, updates/default.asp?content_id=6178 56 (Hrvatski Narodni Sabor – HNS) inelectoral Nationalsystem.reacted Assembly Croats 2001when March Croat the The and its president Anto Jelavi in after the changes started community, international HDZandthe the between tensions For more details see: OHR Progress Review No 14, During the war the Serb population of the town was ethnically cleansed, and they Throughoutin warperiod the the andduring institutionalization the of divides http://www.ohr.int/ohr-dept/hr-rol/thedept/sup-ohr-inst/hr- 31 56 The crisis turned intoan open turned Thecrisis ü declared Croat Self-Rule in vice versa vice , many of CEU eTD Collection 58 57 Bosnia who have been dispossessed of their property to have the right beenproperty their thehave conflict, during Bosnia dispossessed of who rigidto the implementation law, astrategy thatall property which of citizens ensured of proportionately higher than intensification previousthe year. The isof return the mostly due Nevesinje inRepublika Srpska. Around 1,500BosniaksMostar,west toalongreturned with 962 Serbs from nearby the ininhundred 2001increaseddramatically. bewell 2000, a under used The numbersto that after 2001. in Mostar intensifying only 2000and after started andrefugees displaced persons both in of Bosnia, The of number returnees totake. many wereafraid that long timeastep division. territorial seal the to HDZ regional and local of efforts conscious of because particularly smaller, even numerically was town the of side east the to Croats the of return The Mostar. west leave severalhundred.only to forced 1997theywereagain period of 1996 and During the Before 2000thenumber of Bosniaks returningof parts tothe Mostar controlled is by Croats now making easier the crossing to other parts of the town. bridges whichwere Mostar’s someof by the side, other rebuilding cross tothe and easier to communication only started 1998,firstafter when the license making plates were changed, it ‘their’ side, completely ignoring the possibility of united administration. Some municipalities only on werefocused Croat besides thethree andespecially afailure.to Both intocooperation by dividing municipalities town six the andaneutral zone turnedcentral out and communication for incentives create more to statute theInterim through EUAM, the to function each on their side, completely divided in everyday communication. The attempt of infeartown and constant block,psychological side, especially forcing Croat the citizens the Ibid., pp.72-73 Sumantra Bose, Sumantra Between 1994 and 2000 the return of wasveryslow. anddisplacedof return refugees Between and persons 2000the 1994 In years immediately after the conflict the political elites were rigidly keeping the Mostar: International Intervention in a Divided BosnianTown, 1994-2001 57 Return in the conditions of fear and continuous discrimination was for a 58 The return to the east Mostar was lesser but still 32 ; p. 72 CEU eTD Collection the Divided City of Mostar, 59 administrativeafter unification in 2004. moreincreased beeven which would sides, two between the communication creating more it. repossess ; Ibid.; See also: Larissa Vetters, 59 The intensified minority return also brought new dynamics in the town, the in dynamics new brought also return minority intensified The Ethnopolitics, Vol.6, No.2, 2007, pp.187-209 The Power ofAdministrative Categories: Emerging Notions of Citizenship in 33 CEU eTD Collection cultural and religious groups, and most of all immigrant groups. immigrant of all most and groups, religious and cultural 60 focused only on one aspect of this diversity,not taking into account the diverse individual’s unification. Perhaps one could arguethat the diversity policies madewere toorigid and and cooperation divisions, of instead even greater to aregrave, bringing arrangements in all aspects of life. However, as it has also been shown,speaking, perfect blueprints for amulticulturalist view,wherediversity is beingincorporated the downsides of such policies and chapter showed most of institutionalthe arrangements for Bosnia were,philosophically identity, as isa divided Theprevious Mostar ethnicone. one group arranged the on town basedgroup arrangements. memberstates, as well as United States, and which are concerned with group based rights and debates andpolicy European social concerning asits arrangements along with Union a whole, institutional of dichotomy the present to was idea The arrangements chapters. two first in the out pointed been have them for Bosnia. This dichotomy can also city. of be visions connectedtheir about to the presentin and identities layersof several about in Mostar, ‘other’ the about Mostar, of ‘unifications’ the about in Mostar, past the about thoughts and experiences daily their discourses, etc.Nowfound my listen I to, changed, myselfmoreof perspective and observant citizens’ was aware of daily routines,town’s of thedynamics most popular and processes, spotslittle the about knew Iactually however,I realizedhow for this researchingpaper, started for especiallyyoung people, the politicalof the music ones. they During the past seven years I The policies in question are mainly concerned with the issues of minorities, including national minorities, CHAPTER 3. - BRIDGING THE DIVIDES – ADMINISTRATIVE AND CHAPTER 3.-BRIDGINGTHEDIVIDES–ADMINISTRATIVE In the introduction the main of In have beenoutlined, arguments some introduction the of the paper andthis When I array provideme a good observations. with inMostar of My experiences SYMBOLIC ‘UNIFICATIONS’ OF SYMBOLIC MOSTAR 60 In this chapter this dichotomy will be addressed in more details. in more be addressed will dichotomy this chapter In this 34 CEU eTD Collection political political change. and the only way outof stalematethe position which irresolvable,seemed wasbyimposing deteriorated in situation Mostar The political actors. international with the andconflict open back,One by unsuitable became two-steps stepforward endingin Croats. the demonstrations unraveling, but was at one point halted because of new electoral system which was considered quostarted which hadyearsThe support structures. inCroatian forstatus they governing the getting stopped they since silent, more became divisions of continuation for calling whichyear were After 2000the actors in administration. its calling for town’s unification Many agreements and plans for Mostar have been negotiated during the interim period, communal services. or such astelephone, services, sanitation, everyday and to healthcare from divided, was life of aspect Every ‘normality’. new town’s became division The effectively. compromise cooperate and to wereunable which elites, political the of because 3.1. Administrative unificationofMostar Mostar functionality as a town. . structures, giving thus city by thedivided OldBridge, administrativethe unifying one and significant symbols,from mosques, churches, tobridges, emphasizing therebuilding of the most town’s rebuilding by one symbolic the life, urban normal and identity Mostar’s restoring symbolic. Both of ‘unifications’the werebeing planned ending sincethe andfor of conflict continuing one. The levels on which thisagendas instead of workingchapter for normal functioning of the town. will values.focus The of workingrigidness of led type this power-sharing to for party personal or on are the administrative and Mostar for a number of years functioned as ethnically divided town, in largest part town, divided forasethnically years anumberfunctioned Mostar of a is still process that and levels, various on happened Mostar of ‘unifications’ The 35 CEU eTD Collection 64 63 62 Reforming the City of Mostar, compromises regarding the new structure of thecity.more For informations please see: Commissionfor mayor. Although this commissiongathered great amount of informattion, its memebrs were unable to reach 61 http://www.ohr.int/archive/report-mostar/pdf/Reforming%20Mostar-Report%20(EN).pdf five experts. to up and Chairman a parties, political of representatives six members, twelve of composed theCommission Mostar, In September for 2003he City the Reforming of appointed peoples. decision of equality the constituent regarding Court influenced by Constitutional the needthe of andstrengthening city unifying administration. This central decision was also whowere supporting the planof one city,six municipalities. which be would comprised one municipality.Howeverof this plan by was debated SDA the were again showing the negotiations have.The differing thecity will future structures to madeas been have parties political views. Now the HDZ month theperiod Commission thenew anddrafted plansforMostar, several by proposals plan for Mostar was a unifiednoticehelpbut idea that the individual. overthe of two- hadprecedence the During collective city, the same time the promotion individualof fundamental rights of citizens is present one cannot on ethnicthe by division, ‘ensuring of collective rights constituentthe peoples’.Although at focused be more once to Mostar, of city unified future the of is expected what of formulation standards’. European in of fundamental andpromotes peoples the with rights constituentcitizens, all accordance of the rights collective ensuresthe citizens, to services of efficiencyinthe delivery promotes function ‘enable thecity as aEuropeancity,to asaunified in city,a waythat organized the new statute, proposing also amendments to federal and cantonal constitutions. system and newelectoral the new structure, the recommended Commission negotiations the Ibid., pp.16-22 Ibid., p.60 Ibid., p.10 There were actually two commissions, one established in April 2003, appointed by the mayorand the deputy The call for change came from the High Representative Paddy Ashdown, who stated who Ashdown, Paddy Representative High the from came change for call The 61 Theobjective by institutions wasunifiedMostar, establishing whichwould 62 This commitment signed by the party representatives has very clear very has representatives party the by signed commitment This Recommandationsthe Commission of 36 63 After three months , December2003, 64 CEU eTD Collection impositionof the Statute: Media Round-up from29January February 25 Februaryto 2004,and on 3 HDZ SDAwhenboth refused and the 66 http://www.mostar.ba/statut.htm 65 own administrations, their own finances, and their own staff. The new system, apart from apart system, new The staff. own their and finances, own their administrations, own remember sixinas One the hastothat deal. municipalities theinterim a done hadtheir period be understood cannot however unification become administrative city.was to The afunctional if needed it it was apushMostar but were high, administration newMostar’s for expectations The implementation. its to came it when choice much have not did in Mostar politicians structure. Council because City the of latter HDZ and SDA considered it be to discriminatory, the first because of the electoral system, the list. from city and the theirareas chose area electoral in such a way that the central system electoral organizes the discriminator as parties by some political which wasdescribed city area chooses only provision The list). (City unit one electoral area as in thecity arechosen representatives from the City list, whilethe the main other city six and units electoral in six area. place take Council City the for elections The Each members. council five unit chooses threemunicipalities. interim-period six the of lines representatives for working with and a single unified budget. Itis dividedintothe six electoral areas, following the Council. The remaining2004. Its provisions was AshdowninJanuary by electoral New within city.declared The units the Paddy Statute stateChairman to make recommendations, these mainly beingfields of electoral system andthat Mostarsome parts on iswhich a Therewere thefor Mostar. new andunified decisions reach cooperate hadto members Commission the Commission couldcity, not reach with the compromise,unified so it wascity up to theadministration, Formore onthe proclamatioanof the statute and the reactions of local politicians please see OHR website website: Mostar of City the see please languages) (inCroatian/Bosnian Statute ofthe text entire the For The imposition of wasThe imposition welcomed statute not in both by of Mostar, the elites political The work of the Commission lasted for three months, and in the course of its work, its of course in the and months, three for lasted Commission the of work The http://www.ohr.int/ohr-dept/presso/bh-media-rep/round-ups/2004.asp 65 37 The new city Council was formed with thirty- with formed was Council city new The 66 However the decision was there and the CEU eTD Collection individualism.symbolsMost canbe in Mostar representingthose dividedinto of of one the and particularism) (including pluralism or cosmopolitanism, and multiculturalism of lens the normalcybringing city the everyday functioning. its andto Ianalyzethisunification through using space urban space (including and the placeswithin for buildings that and monuments) dominant ethnic identities. symbolic venuesinto of rebuilding the Mostar rebuilding of the dividedsides, turning among two contested the ofwas one, political to a similarly space, particularurban zone, central a and municipalities six into group,dysfunctional.After the conflict ended, and because of the administrative division andof the town consequently inmany making was dividedtown and cases urban space unrecognizable the andcontested the damaged; severely or destroyed completely either were intosymbols pre-war its and buildings a competitionits was heritage war, the large during destroyed partof andmosques.churches this The of the twoChurch with thecemetery, PartisanAustro-Hungarian buildings, cemetery, bridges and style Poetry Šanti Nights- Poetry into Neretva River, themonuments etc. Mostar before the poetwar was famous forits Old Bridge and annual divesAleksa from it Šanti town’sis memories,citizens. It triggeritsalsofor the with buildings, popular spots, The3.2. ‘Symbolic of Unification’ Mostar town. the of normalization some taken lightly,by whichwas is process It the be established. to new Mostar for incentives but andcreate office which new the with inobtaining authority political thebuild administrations, symbolic past the of remaining resolve unification of having of thetask normalizing thecity into Mostar afunctioningand turn the urbanspace, had to city is working towards For thepurposeFor of this paperunderstand I symbolic the unification as aprocessof Although sometimes for the urban granted, spaceisimportanttaken fordaily lives of ü eve Ve eve þ eri Poezije), its diverse cultural heritage, such Orthodox as the such heritage, its cultural diverse eri Poezije), ü and summer festival of poetry (so called Šanti 38 ü CEU eTD Collection participated in the creation of the urban space urban of the creation in the participated 69 was present in these parts fora very long time, and are often inconflict with the Bishop of Mostar. 68 67 in Mostar. identities group of creation in and city the of functioning in monuments and buildings of role the inMostar, symbolism role of the on focusing Mostar, on research extensive conducted 3.2.1. The role of symbols in Mostar – From Old Bridge to Bruce Lee monument toBruceLee. as the such identities, of cross-cutting representative formeanings differentgroups, such as the whichbeOld Bridge,andthose are considered to dominant for ethnic groups, example and churches intohaving mosques; those various 2000, and by rebuilding the Bell tower of Fransiscan Church of St. Peterand 2000, andby first Church Paul.Fransiscan theof BellSt. rebuilding of The tower in Hum hill on Cross a Jubilee building by space, urban the of image the changed completely have Thesymbols individual-basedby projects. builtand rebuiltBosniak)Croats or war. in urban churchesthe space, through andmosques, which were greatly duringdestroyed the wererepresented all groups three Mostar In with Islam. and Bosniaks Serbs with Orthodoxy Catholicism, with identified are Croats Therefore believers. practicing not are they if even tradition, religious itself identifiescertain with nation each in dominant nations, sensethat the Religion in in Bosnia general is consideredto be themain defining factor of dominant short. in be explained to has also religion of role the Mostar in symbols of majority of understand individuals.the role the to look beyond To connect which and thegroups-specific into individerepresentingthose Mostar thesymbols community, and only the symbols one I anddividers. unifiers as inMostar symbols I understand in my research in Mostar, identities It is important to note that apart from the three constituent peoples inMostar, The Jewishcommunity also CatholicismMostar in (and herzegovina ingeneral) is mainly identified withthe Fransiscanorder which Emily Gunburger Makas, 69 In this part of the chapter I will build on Emily Gunzburger Makaš work who has The rebuilding process either andcan be (Croat The rebuildinginto process group-basedprojects divided 67 Similarly to Makaš’s idea that the symbols have their role in group have symbols Makaš’screating their the role that idea Similarly to Representing Competing Identities: Building and Rebuilding in Postwar Mostar . 39 , 68 CEU eTD Collection 72 71 269 only sixteen. only restoration. Mostar after the conflict had thirty eight mosques, while before the war there were destroyed during thewarrebuilt, butalso those whose remainsfound were during the were that mosques werethe Notonly character. Islamic a predominantly it get did city area, buildmonumentsAlthough rebuildside didnot which eastor the the entire would dominate them offensive, since many find side east the from especially feel Mostar, of thecitizens many of and town, of the all parts their purpose is to state the from becan seen they spaceinMostar, aredominating urban the Croats Croat of Catholic symbols dominance over the city. previous size, the eastfor tensions create to symbol side second The town. the shelled HVO and VRS both which from of Mostar is thewas seen as provocation on the east side of Mostar, especiallyFranciscan since itis built on the hill Hum, remindernothing sothat similar happensagainin However, Mostar. the building cross the of bell tower; Church asbeingrepresentatives defended its installation the symbol peace, and of a as after it was rebuilt it was twice its 70 thousand anniversary birth of of Jesus as a symbol values’.universal of one is a 33 meter high ‘white steel and concrete monument built as monument for two other the symbol ofBruceLee. symbol the other of The bewouldrepresentative firstthe the OldBridge and its with variousmeanings the (multicultural) character of the town or on the individual as a member of citizens of Mostar. and symbols areother pre there which post-war either werefocused pluralistic more on the specific identity, in this case the ethnic and the of more areas divisions. even creating religious, is the most salient one. However Ibid., p.294 Ibid., pp.261-268. Emily Gunzburger Makas, The group-specific symbols in Mostar will The long group- inMostar symbols areality remain group-specific as asthe 72 71 Bothsides iswere claimingtheother trying dominate to the urban space, thus again creating resentment among Mostar’s non-Catholic population. The two The population. non-Catholic Mostar’s among resentment creating again Representing Competing Identities: Building and Rebuilding in Postwar Mostar 40 70 The Catholic The ,p. CEU eTD Collection 74 Program, Cornell University,March 2001,p. 3; Urbanism and Architecture of History Architecture, ofSouth-Slavic Con/De/Recon-struction conference Multinational Bosnian Identity: The Bridge Metaphor andMostar's Stari Most emerged during the conflict, and its destruction was seen as ‘an attack on Bosnian its ‘anattack emerged anddestructionwasseen pluralistic as the during conflict, of Bosnian heritage, with which most Croats from Mostar do not associate with. This meaning meaning of OldBridgethe isthe group-specificof one,aspart Ottomanthe and that tradition Thesecond Bosnia. multicultural rebuilding of asasymbol and Bosniaks, Croats between in inwas portrayed speechesand as media Representative the High a restoring connection the also taken over by the international community after the conflict. The rebuilding of the Bridge meaningwas latter This Bosnia. multicultural destroying image of symbolic as death’, the to battered ‘bridge betrayed’, asa‘bridge metaphor, inwith this lines wasdescribed destruction Bosnia, 73 recent wargaveitbetween link connector, newthe asthe dividedpeoples. the meanings, the However Islam Christianity. and West, between and the East between the connection the Ivo Andri Ivo Bridge.the The ‘bridge metaphor’in general is used for promoting multicultural sinceBosnia, multicultural Mostar. Along with Makaš,Old Bridge obtained newmeaning, thatof being asymbol multicultural of Bosnia, of Robert M. Hayden elaborates on the symbolismforandromantic spot aspot taking in itsAfter strolls summerthe destruction evenings. the of symbolism. Before the war it was known as a meeting point, especially foryoung people, as a Old the of Bridge symbolism The Mostar. of citizens individual and minorities, to Bosniaks, and Croats can be but its forfora symbol symbolismfrom both groups, every isdifferent dominantthe group, separatedsymbol of and presenter image.town’s TheOld has Bridgein Mostar various meanings and is intomonument, a wonderful witnessthe of Ottoman heritage in Mostar, for centuriespre-war the town’s main symbolism and the war and post-war Makaš, pp.4-5 See: M.Hayden, Robert Moral Vision and Impaired Insight: The Imagining of Peoples'Other Communities in Current Anthropology Much has been written about the Old Bridge in Mostar. It is a 16 ü ’s novel ’s Bridge overDrina Bridge , Vol.48, No.1, 2007, p. 108; See also: Emily Gunzburger Makaš, Gunzburger Emily also: See 108; p. 2007, No.1, Vol.48, , , 73 but also because Bosnia asbeing of descriptions of 41 , paper presented at the Representing th century 74 Its CEU eTD Collection p.220 77 76 p.200 Mostar and that it has more symbolism for the Bosniaks of Mostar. When I asked her if she her I asked When Mostar. of Bosniaks the for symbolism more ithas that and Mostar in legacy Ottoman of be monument awonderful to only theBridge she considers me that woman told Croat One Bridge. as theNewOld to years, referred four after is still, it was that individualsgroups forof even noticedpeople, Thefirst andthingdifferent themselves. that I what I did find was that the symbolism of the Bridge However, has becomeMostarians. most for a complex meaning pre-war one the to for similar differentis Bridge the of symbolism it still consideredfind its way intodiscourse of the Mostar’s didcitizens, it its regain pre-war symbolism,and is to becitizens of Mostar now, four yearsa after its reopening, didsymbol the rhetoric ofmulticultural symbol of Mostar identity. Bosnia. pluralistic I mostly expected processits asbeing‘synonymous reopening greater of with the rebuilding apeaceful, to find that the made in knitting together communities sorecentlytornapart ‘ Bridge Old the that community historyon whichwas BiH’s based’ Europe’ the ideaof victory of important dignitaries from all over the world. At that point the Bridge was presented as is still a hope for building of new buildingofnew Europeanfuture’ for is still ahope connecting thebanks of Neretva river, is theOldBridge sending amessage thatperhaps there divided’. literally Old as Bridge former they becameparticularly a symbol unity people’s powerful once were of 78 ups/default.asp?content_id=33009 75 tradition’. OHR MediaRound-ups from 25 July 2004: Ibid., p.216 Emily Gunzburger Makas, Emily Gunzburger Makas, As part of my research I wanted to find out what the Old Bridge represents to the 75 Even though the Bridge and the river were not at the very separation point, ‘the point, separation very the at not were river the and Bridge the though Even 76 78 The Old Bridge was opened for publicin end the of July 2004,with many symbolizes the extraordinary progress Bosnia and Herzegovinahas progress Bosnia extraordinary symbolizes the Representing Competing Identities: Building and Rebuilding in Postwar Mostar Representing Competing Identities: Building and Rebuilding in Postwar Mostar ; as http://www.ohr.int/ohr-dept/presso/bh-media-rep/round- ‘victory of BiHasamultiethnic andmulticultural 42 ; High Representative Paddy Ashdown Ashdown stated Paddy Representative ; High . 77 The media from all over the world saw ’, Chris Patten stated that ‘ ‘the , , By CEU eTD Collection particular identities; it is acceptable to all generations and to all political or religious options. religious or all political to and all generations to acceptable is it identities; particular nothingdowith to war andideology.’ have values livesand will thatthe of peoples big show part statue generations…The different into public the ‘intervene in spaceby symbol astrong placing means that something to Mostar was the installation of the Bruce Lee statue in Mostar. Leestatue oftheBruce installation wasthe Mostar citizens, basing theirmeaning in individual.the initiatives One of first the for such in symbols sense, there are symbols in Mostar which are supposed theolderreferred to Old Bridge. to be representatives of especially discourse, inthe again but older the is metaphor generations, this used when of all Mostar symbol the foundof peace andmulticulturalism.that thebridgeI metaphordid part become citizens who have taken on the discourse of the international community, of the bridge being representatives Veselin Gatalo andRaspudi Nino Gatalo Veselin representatives monument to Bruce Lee came from the NGO Urban Movement Mostar, and its two has become indivisible of the city and city the of indivisible become has bridge this of image the because is this and in Mostar, places symbolic other all of meanings which symbolic has probably summerseason. OldBridgesite most isthe inMostar The bars mainlythe during there open because clubsand goingthe the Oldcity of started to their view of the Old Bridge. The ones I talked to told me that in the past few years they the bridgethe andback through Adem the Bu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1zgqq_-2SY 80 Mihal79 and stroll Bosniaks, from oldthrough the strolling venue, Fei Croats both knows, most she people me that told She people. full of is beautiful, itbecause goes old to the town and shevisit does she Bridgethe me she told thatduring does, summer, Ibid. Ozren by documentary the see please Mostar bein to came Leestatue Bruce why the and onhow more For þLü , Enter the Dragon, 2006, some of the parts can also be found on You Tube portal: Apart from Apartfrom symbolsthe which whetherare group-based, in pluralist or a particularist 80 The symbol of Bruce Lee is in its non-affiliation to vice versa ü a street. Ialsoa street. tosome talked young people about 43 . I also wanted to see whether there are ü . The intention of the project was to project the intention of . The ü Street, through Street, Old city,across 79 Theidea of putting upa CEU eTD Collection nationalist in 20 the sentiments beginningthe of was of mainly because duringorigin andhis replacedMostar andavoided, Serb conflict the monuments were gradually in put their spots,withoutcausing pre-war much of stir. Otherpre-war school from museums books. returning city, to started tothe image gradually then then bridges, culture,the the multiethnic the andthe by poems Šanti about Mostar, several people Šanti Aleksa toldof me that for them the first association is the river Neretva, Mostar ( Mostar many media,andarewhatwould as international people from truly the inMostar define of by mentioned rarely are symbols Few in Mostar. citizens by differently seen and understood was for people to start asking themselves who their heroes are. nationality etc. Finally, as stated in one For was knownday, for something Mostar the destruction, else butthe division, ethnicity, documentary the main reason for making leadersmain reached. projectthe was the of However, for objective waiting possible return. this project was vandalized thefirst night, and soon it was knocked over. From then on itis not exhibited, from Sarajevo, Zagreb, Belgrade, Berlin, Washington etc. Washington Berlin, Zagreb,Belgrade, from Sarajevo, in north, made the are major the decisions becauseall place facing north, it to they decided find it offensive or have the notion as if one side is defending against the other side. In the end not sidewould ‘other’ the face,sothat will statue pay the in hadattention direction which to 81 in adefensivefacing position, As thenorth. stated by leader projectthe Raspudi Zrinjevac,as andwas not planned on square.Spanish Themonumentitself shows BruceLee yearsget movementIt took the place thepermission in two to to thestatue city the park Ibid.; see also Makaš, pp.306-312 pravo mostarsko) There are many symbols in Mostar, symbols that made headlines and those which are which those and headlines made that symbols Mostar, in symbols many are There ü and river Neretva. When asked about what image associations they have they associations image what about asked When Neretva. river and , perhaps peoples’ formerknown only to of Yugoslavia, symbol the 44 th century. However, slowly, after the war, his 81 The statue did not last for long, it long, for last not did statue The ü . Šanti ü as a symbol asasymbol of ü , they , they even CEU eTD Collection administration I talked to Miroslav Landeka, in charge of city’s Miroslavadministration for in relations, Landeka, office public the charge I talked to with new reality and newproblems. problems Aboutthe and realities faced by new city the faced place. which take sides were not Both did of newstatute, were callingforthe rejection community,international the by whichimposition the with faced again themselves found elites oncepolitical more raised passions within the local elites.providingnew urban space and consequently new meeting points. Both HDZ and by communication, for incentives additional didprocesses create two the that showed SDA at all meet, if assist this communication andinwhich way, where andfinally, the two unification processes way didthesymbols create incentives forcommunication;didtheadministrative unification which in used foreverydaycommunication, symbolic ones,are sites, apartfromtheapparent andcitizens elites between thepolitical themselves, diditbringcooperationamong the citizens and becausethe unification; of elites haveindeedstarted cooperatingandinwhichwhat areas; interactions emerged kindsof Inmy in findfor Mostar. everyday communication I wantedto research incentivesis areproviding unificationstherefore The main processes thatthetwo argument level. everyday on communication to comes it when definitely but progress, of scale overall an on not maybe changes, make positive to are starting processes unification the believe I However, ‘theirs’. be to town of the part one only consider who people and universities, many ways, in is Mostar adividedtown still Mostar. lifein oneveryday hadeffects certain paper have it still continues toMostar have separateEffects3.3. of the ‘Unifications’ -StrivingforNormalcy –EverydayLifein education system, two bus stations, two The administrative unification was set clearly by the new statute, and the local and by the statute, new the setclearly was unification The administrative in this understood as processes unification symbolic the and administrative the Both . I did not manage to get all the answers I set out to find, however, my research . On the other hand I also wanted to explore 45 whether thepolitical which CEU eTD Collection out in the future. in the out work will these options of any beseen whether remains to It square. in Spanish intersection for solution the other the and Center Islamic new the being one buildings, symbolic new these inurban knownfor architects Mostar, his on work Oldthe Bridge has hisoffered for solutions new infrastructure infrastructure newnewto possible buildings. symbolic AmirPaši isbeingprogress madeby space publicorganizing debates its solutions,regarding urban from slowly transformed intoa common area of all peoples in Mostar, maybe not yet in practice but isbeing in general zone Alsocentral former the more year attendance. gets whichevery zone, central in former the Square, Spanish Eveonthe New Year’s of thecelebration organizing was Mostar of citizens among communication for incentives in forward creating steps first form of cultural organizing concerts, sportingevents, young eventsof One people, etc. of the toreally place. for theeffects take of time has one problems, is tobeawarethat this process andit one, aslow will alonger period take numerous still are there although that and in Mostar, life of normalization for done been have many place, years, things four unification took in sincethe out that past the Landeka pointed conversation more In Mr. movement. freeour space regularly, usecreating sides to thus that 82 isinŠanti which place, in one administration in increasing daily communication among citizens. The merefact of having the city play much does unification see of administrative process the that I wassurprisedto However, of unification. the of effects the picture more pessimistic a expected month, I past for the Reading backMostar. local forbringingthe media to citizens normalcy the incentives the and among communication for created was intheincentives interest Mymain material. and video whoby enough help mevaluableinformation waskind me to somegiving and written even Miroslav Landeka, City of Mostar Office for Public Relations, Interview by author, 21 April 2008 April 21 by author, Interview Relations, Public for Office ofMostar City Landeka, Miroslav 82 For example, the city gives many incentives in the incentives many gives city the example, For 46 ü eva Street has forced the citizens from both from citizens forced the has Street eva ü , one of famousmost of , one the CEU eTD Collection 83 several meanings giving them the character of multivalent sites. multivalent of character the them giving meanings several on citizen, oriented have sense. they Whether they individualasa the all aregroup-specific or in play a chapter. urban, and The symbolscultural, inMostar great role political economic events in the town, providing even more incentives for regular communication between for providing in regularevents incentives communication the evenmore town, the parents. the becomingmore although present, in many cases thefactofinter-ethnic dating from is hidden is dating even and sides, both from friends have do they that same the replied them of Most creating newfriendships, relationships and similar, from with otherside.persons the with situation is the what routes, daily their are what out, go they where life, everyday their toseveralclubs young which used byboth andsides. Ispoke askedthem are people, about night andseveral shops, bet places, coffee bars, restaurants, from ingeneral, establishments istheservice factor first other the one, tothe youngfor Connected point people. venueshavebecome ameeting these of placesinMostar, popular most barsandcoffee the includesome also most places of these more Since created communication. andsupermarkets malls shopping of building The istrade. in places these connectors main of the one seen that Zrinjevac, the Musala square and the nearby department stores, a new night club etc. It can be at city Rondo, thenewly park renovated surroundingcenter newshopping the Bridge, the Old such bars cafesand as like thisinMostar, the places space.areseveral urban the There theredefining of or of space, incentives urban the newusage for the have created unification of processes the Therefore Mostar. of for citizens meeting points new are becoming built near which symbols, and thenewlyrebuiltor unification because of administrative the created space, urban the occupying places new are from there symbols Apart the further. Makaš, Representing Competing Identities: Building and Rebuilding in Postwar Mostar The symbolic unification has for the most part already been explained earlier in earlier been explained part already most for the has The symbolic unification The meeting point of twounificationthe can processes be foundin numerous cultural 47 83 My argument goes a bitgoes Myargument ,preliminary pages ,preliminary CEU eTD Collection http://www.dnevni-list.ba/?mdls=1&mdls_tip=2&nid=21269 ahead of it, and it is still in many ways a divided town, however with right policies and policies right with however town, a divided ways many in still is it and it, of ahead still has for be asstrivingnormalcy. It along road can described processes of unifications development.” of vision the has it that is showing Mostar way this In because after the rebuilding of all of theits signing of the contract forbridges, building the bridge Sutina “is abig eventfor the city of Mostar,we are now building a completelyissue Mostar’sof traffic and parking problems.As stated by newthe Mostar’s Mayor Ljubo Bešli one. bridge newconstruction rising Sutina,settle which andbuildingof the woulda completely for signed contract suchasthenewly bynewincentives, and other sites the on pre-war especially by thebuilding with regards to one theurban siderebuilding within space, on the made, being are andnewincentives new decisions somethere problemsthe though are even However, basis. daily the deal on with Mostar of administration the and citizens the that unemployment, grey theseproblems drugaddiction problems,economy,are all etc., rising heritage of the Old of cultural inthe preservation the little new investments of very city. are the There all parts town; many buildings warandthe much interim the within arevery illegal building problems The of present period. on thefrom unresolved still former them of some citizens, and politicians local among division strong frontis still line are still not rebuilt; the and anewswimmingpool etc. first one being then theMostar’s Airport, center possiblethe and courses, a newsports golf The for boosting inMostar. whichbeing tourism the considered are There aresome projects 84 from organized tours Me inMostar coming large to most of are numbers, them comingfew for thereonly hours with a are tourists the Although tourism. – processes unification two the from benefited also Mostar two sidesfrom Apart oneof Mostar. industries of cultural events, possiblefuture the in Mayorof Mostar Ljubo Bešli All of these factors combined make normalization in Mostar a real possibility. There areal possibility. in Mostar normalization combinedmake factors All of these ÿ ü in astatement for the press, please see: Dnevni List, 27 may 2008, ugorje notspending andDubrovnik, alotmoney of in Mostar. 48 84 Mostar through the through Mostar ü CEU eTD Collection providing acommonality for theindividualsby the giving urban community new‘other’. the is thus vs. discourse, the individuals. slowly with debate rural entering urban This the latter meaning,research the first combined meaningwith often was used in conversations the ‘uncultured’,the ‘nationalist’ arrivals city,the into usually portrayed as‘peasants’.my During vs.meaning Mostarians onemakingthedifference between the ‘multicultural’ ‘cultured’, the that of the origin from Mostar. The third meaning, which is also to acertain extent the pre-war level,it signifies the meaningalready The described with war pretext. second level would be first the On levels. several has Mostarian the of identity The in Mostar. discourse everyday taking is started urbanidentity back the slowly into place, processes common the getting city. the in war the of part some or war, entire the spent who importantly most and party guilty the is the context of war and the debates on who did what in the town, who defended the town, who whoit duringwouldusually translatingto Mostar’, inMostar for stayed the doanything war, still designated their belonging to the city, by declaring that the ‘true Mostarian is the one who sides Both changed. identity urban the war the After Mostar. from origin is by who person a identity meaningethnic religious one. thuspre-warMostar signified the and of urban the The the entrenched and emphasized only it contrary the on help not identity; did urban the of Mostar restoring in the in divides the of institutionalization The identity. religious and ethnic the citizens of Mostar, however in theimmediate war and after-war period it was pushed aside by identity of a Mostarian ( communication can be seen in the emergence of one wishpre-war for. identity – theinvestments itmight develop into athriving most inter-cultural city of the people inMostar common urban In the past few andsymbolic unifications In andsince theadministrative pastthe years, Iargue One of One of indirectthe consequences of twounificationsthe and the increasing everyday Mostarac ). This identity was always present in the discourse of the in discourse the present was always identity This ). 49 CEU eTD Collection Emerging Notions of Citizenship in the Divided City of Mostar, p.196 85 stayed. who people and city the betrayed they if as seen are them of Most homes. pre-war their to returning arerefugees neither and ‘true Mostarians’, beof members considered to are not immediatelybelonging. Thepeople whohave duringfound war, the after or inMostar refuge same, that true Mostarians are more tolerant, more ‘cultured’, and docare not about the ethnic the Many of repeated them inMostar. nonewere arrivals them of coincidentally Mostar, onethnic lines.understand Ihave everything tootherpeople conversations hadsimilar in provoking, creating incidentsand because tensions they were driven away and they ones they are the andthat hatred, full of they are that little after, warand the during came that refugees and new arrivals these and normal, completely and areacting provoke, not of true Mostarians want to forgetethnic groups. Iasked himthe explainto tome the urbanwar identity of Mostar. He toldand me that most are acting tolerant example,For Italkedwhoa Croat to, hasfriends both from sides andof Mostar various from towards everyone, they do in Mostar. new is meeting points proving be to another positive in step normalizationthe of lifeeveryday and by increased communication the been supported has membersspace of urban beingthe identity of common religious lines. The or ethnic the to according sole division replacing the For more on the citizens' identity in Mostar see: Larissa Vetters, The Power of Administrative Categories: of Administrative Power The Vetters, Larissa see: Mostar in identity citizens' onthe more For 85 It can It be urban thatthe concluded iscitizenship inMostar evolving,is andit slowly 50 CEU eTD Collection Bosnia. However, during my research in Mostar I realized that my from hasshifted interest Irealized in that Mostar my Bosnia.research during However, for blueprintmicrocosm city Mostar, or as described is the to question usually which I turned this to answer the find To cosmopolitanism. and (multiethnicity) multiculturalism of basis the best solution for Bosnia in the lights of various programs and arrangements itdesigned for on is the what was, question main The Herzegovina. and Bosnia and Mostar both of processes be thepresentneedbelieved answeredand to past, possible understandingthe the for future political inand social discourse Bosnia. (or cantons) based on regional and economic conditions. All three options have their place in decentralization Bosnia,of butby existing the abolishing andby entities establishing counties protection identities.individual forof and group-specific Thethirdoption also calls andentities,andFederation Republika Srpska Bosnia butproviding better Herzegovina, the Bosnia. The second option wouldbe the remaining of entity in Croat for creation the organized requestingthird, the of of signing petition the Serb andgroups. In Croat endthe beginningMarch andthe April of of was 2008, there especially in Bosnia, rhetoric nationalist the left never option This entities. based ethnically main firstonecalling arethree for the There Yugoslavia. based on Bosnia three options, The programsis What for solution interests. againin once Bosnia? best focus the the and social political of offered are arrangements its constitutional about is are in debates the such that climate Bosnia political more or less The ‘others’. aswellthe recent peoples, constituent three which includesall layoutsharing similarusingbut thuscreating 1991census the apower- ethnic establishedthe data, division, on to those startingarranging Bosnia? The system withchange, broughtabout in newthe statute 2004, was from the dissolution of In thebeginning of paperthis Ihaveraised several questions which andarguments I Can Mostar and the experiences from asblueprintsfrom andCan forMostar be understood experiences Mostar the CONCLUSION 51 status quo by established the keeping CEU eTD Collection City, from wallets to earrings, postcards, DVD-s, etc. It is a site with various meanings, both meanings, various with Itisasite etc. DVD-s, postcards, earrings, to from wallets City, Mostar is the main symbol of the town, its image can be both group-specific individual, and found suchas casethe with Oldthe Bridge. Theold Bridge in on all tourist souvenirs in old dominance over Mostar. Some of the symbolsconsidered in Mostar may have several meanings, byethnic such group, as Crossonhill Jubilee the Hum and the Franciscan bell which tower, are and thebe non-Catholicswhose meaningis group-specific, usually representing the religious tradition of a specific as a developing newmeanings of these symbols. Thesymbols can in beMostar divided into those threat to thefirstcooperation, of all by thedestroyedrestoring urban space, andalsoby and giving other groups and communication for incentives symbols hascreated andpost-war pre-war of rebuilding or and as building the is that Mostar in space symbols urban the of idea My identities. the in creating role of their especially symbols, its Croat of functionality the through space urban the analyzing Mostar, in research extensive done has who Makaš, Gunzberger Emily by works on built I unification of communication. development on basiseveryday are providing being newmeetingthus the points further established, public use citizens the usage that space.Once the normal of space becomes urban and present imposition institutionsadministrativeandof establishingsides, both unification, making on the by actors international the by imposed was this first At space. urban the changing by incentives giving is unification administrative the where is level second The eventually. cooperating start do politicalelites it, have madesothatthe incentives been the of ahead forcing the political elites to cooperate. Although the administration itself has a long road institutions, bedescribed administrative unification can of imposition asthe best unified administrative The processes. unification symbolic and administrative as define I what through inMostar, ontothe everyday communications mereinstitutional the arrangements Similar was doneby the symbolic unification. Theargumentation about the symbolic 52 CEU eTD Collection in Mostar, these processes are far from being over. Mostar is still very much a divided city, it city, much very a divided is Mostar still over. farbeingfrom are processes these in Mostar, cooperation among citizens. will withprovide Mostar moreeven incentives fordeveloping further communication and identity strengthening The idea common urban of the multicultural,etc. tolerant, respectful within the community, while theidentity ‘true Mostarians’of the isbeing described as feelings of andnationalistic thewar.They tensions after asinstigators are usually perceived internally displacedand who arepersons, seen as betrayers of Mostar and its peoples.but The other beingwho also the refugeeshave or relation differentto ‘others’, one being the from refugees who started comingMostar back, come to Mostar duringunification two isin pre-warcitizen identity,processes re-emergenceofthe the understood the war or immediatelyinitiatives, public debates, concerts, cultural events etc. One of the indirect consequence of the of pre-war local heroes, such as the poet Aleksa suchas local poet Šanti heroes, the of pre-war incentives for cooperation, such as the case of monument toBruce Lee, but also re-emergence urban space for emphasizing common the values and cross-cutting in give identities to order the into whichbuilt placed or were inMostar aresymbols Finally there new points. meeting merefactit, the its forcreating of replica spacewith occupying the isproviding possibilities Although they mostly referyouth. and to itNeretva, as cold the into a Newdives Oldbravery, Bridge venues, romantic of site a as and meanings, do not have such emotional ties to their meaning in symbol. Old the the isBridge However, of its also understood pre-war of the Bridge, they see it imagery notto this on hand, feelCroats other connected era.do the legacy to the Ottoman of more as simply a monument,be not of to considered also only a piecebutheritage, symbol Mostar, of connected the their and usually do not considergroup-specific and individually-specific. the For BosniaksOld inMostar, Bridgeis it to be Although aremany there effectspositive administrative andsymbolic of unifications The synergic effect of the two unifications can be seen in organizing various citizens’ various in be seen can unifications organizing the effectof two The synergic 53 ü . CEU eTD Collection before the true reconciliation actually place. takes actually reconciliation true before the is alongbut is process going totake it probably this andbe generations time, emerging, will Mostar pre-war the ways some In town. the in normalcy and functioning complete restoring in time hard a find will citizens its and town the emphasized being are divisions the as long As education, busstill hasetc. hospitals, telephone stations, two segregated two companies, two 54 CEU eTD Collection Horowitz, DonaldHorowitz, forin Policymakers, L.,Ethnic ConflictManagement JosephV.Montville Hayden, Robert M. Journal, Law Duke Process, Constitution-Making in the Mechanisms and Forces Jon, Elster, Donia, Robert J. & John V.A. Pine Jr., Chandler, David, Bose, Sumantra Bose, Sumantra, Contested lands, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2007 Sumantra, Bose, Florian, Bieber, Bieber, Florian, Local institutional Engineering: A Tale of Two Cities, Mostar and Br Bieber, Florian, The Challenge of Democracy in Divided Societies: Lessons from from Bosnia Lessons in– Democracy Divided Challengeof Societies: Bieber, Florian, The Bieber, Florian, Institucionaliziranje etni Institucionaliziranje Florian, Bieber, Allcock, John B., BIBLIOGRAPHY Belmont, Katherine, Scott Mainwaring Andrew& Reynolds, Lexington, 1990,pp. 115-130 (eds), Conflictand Peacemakingin Multiethnic Societies, Lexington Books, Vol.45,No.2, 1995,pp.364-396 and Company, London 1994 Conflicts 2000 Critical Evaluation (ed.), Siani-Davies in Peter Hurst, London,Hurst, 2002 Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005 International Peacekeeping International The Case of 2001 The CaseAshgate, Aldershot, of Bosnia andHerzegovina, Challenges for Kosovo, in Sokolovi Herzegovini, naKosovu i u Makedoniji, Forum Bosnae, Sarajevo,2004 Baden, 2004 andHerzegovina ofBosnia Perspectives ontheFuture Beyond: Oxford, 2002 Menagement andDemocracy , The University of Michigan Press, Michigan Mostar: International Intervention inaDivided Bosnian Town, 1994-2001 Bosnia after Dayton: nationalist partitionandinternational intervention Post-war Bosnia:ethnicity, inequality andpublicsector governance Bosnia: Faking DemocracyBosnia: Dayton after Come Back Dayton: All IsForgiven!Dayton: All Come Back Blueprints aHousefor Divided: TheConstitutional Logic of theYugoslav , Routledge, 2003. , Vol.12, No.3, 2005,, Vol.12, pp.420-433 , The , The Architecture of Democracy, OxfordUniversity Press, International Intervention intheBalkanssince 1995,A Bosnia andHerzegovina,Tradition Betrayed A þ nosti: postignu nosti: ü & Bieber, Reconstructing Multiethnic Societies: 55 ü a i neuspjesi nakon ratova u Bosni i Bosni u ratova nakon i neuspjesi a , in Solioz &Vogel, in Solioz , , 2nd ed., Pluto Press,London,, 2nded., Institutional Design, Conflict , Nomos, Baden- Dayton and þ ko, , Hurst , ; , , CEU eTD Collection Articles Solioz, Christophe and K. 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