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Topic 3 Chart--Fascism-1 Topic 3: The Rise and Rule of Single-Party States NAME AND AUTHOR OF THE PACKET READING: Donald Kagan, “Great Issues in Western Civilization” and “Germans into Nazis” Peter Fritzche. Major Theme: Origins and Nature of Authoritarian and Single-Party States Conditions That Produced Single-Party States Treaty of Versailles: Hitler uses to rally and anger the people, saying that Article 231 is slander. Inflation: middle class hurt even more than any others (Hitler uses their anger). Use Jews as a scapegoat for the inflation. WWI shaped resentment towards west, so imposing a Western democracy was doomed (Stern) Emergence of Leaders: Aims, Ideology, Support Jan 1933 Hitler takes office as Chancellor of Germany Enabling Act, March 1933=gives Hitler dictatorial powers. Hitler joins the German Workers’ Party in 1919 (its small enough that he can exert his own influence and be a big player, wouldn’t be possible in a bigger party) 1920 put in charge of Party propaganda and announces its 25 point program. Hitler learns how to use the masses for political gain, knows how to play with their heart (Mein Kampf explains very well) Speaking style: crazy, would work self into a frenzy. By 1938 has removed last checks on his dictatorial powers. Uses Jews as a scapegoat to generate own support and strengthen militaristic feeling. Adolf Hitler in photograph from August 1914-helps strengthen his image as a man of the people and as very nationalistic. Totalitarianism: the Aim and the Extent to Which it was Achieved Historiography Peter Fritzsche: view that Hitler first found wider meaning in his life through the first World War. View that 1914 is the crucial date for which Nazis rise to power becomes possible. View that people became Nazis because the Nazis spoke well to their interests. Says that people agreed with the Nazis because they were “ideological innovators” and identified with ethnic nationalism. Alan Bullock: view that Nazism only possible through Hitler’s demagogue and political skills. Hitler learns how to hold an audiences attention, gets practical political practice on the streets. practice on the streets. “No other man played a role in the Nazi revolution or in the history of the Third Reich remotely comparable with that of Adolf Hitler.” Says that Hitler’s only true ideology was to extend his own power. Louis Snyder: Attributes the rise of Nazism to the militaristic and war spirit present throughout all of Germany’s history. Houston Stewart Chamberlain: view that other races ruining Europe, that “only Teutons sit on the thrones of Europe.” (historian of the time) Fritz Stern: Believes that the fall of the Weimar Republic was inevitable, but Hitler’s rise to power was not. Views the two as separate, but intersecting (in 1928) incidents. Says that the way Hitler implemented power allowed for a sense of normality to continue, felt less like a huge change to the people. Views the creation of Imperial Germany (Bismark) as the beginning of where to look for how the Nazis rose to power. Ernst Fraenkel: believed that the fall of the Weimar was due to historical hostility for parliamentary institutions in Germany. Major Theme: Establishment of Authoritarian and Single-Party States Methods: Force Formation of the S.A., Hitler uses Captain Rohm to help influence army. Allows to exert force and intimidation. Methods: Legal Hitler legally comes to office (13 million voted for him), legally passes the Enabling Act, but the role of intimidation by the S.A. not very legal. Form of Government, (Left & Right Wing) Ideology Nature, extent and Treatment of Opposition Historiography Major Theme: Domestic Policies and Impact Structure and Organization of Government and Administration Fuehrer (Hitler) at top of party. He nominates leaders for other spheres of work. (different offices and levels of power) Comparison to a four-story building. Hitler IS the state. Political Policies Economic Policies Social Policies In some areas, Hitler immediately seized complete control, but in some left things as they were: gave the sense that everything was still normal and orderly. Religious Policies Role of Education Engrain war sentiment into children with pro-war songs and compositions. Role of the Arts Role of Media, Propaganda Status of Women Treatment of Religious Groups and Minorities Anti-Semitism HUGE. Believed Jews to be a lesser race, ruining Germany and Europe for the Aryans. Historiography.
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