Suppletion in morphology pdf

Continue In linguistics and etymology, elasticity is traditionally understood as the use of one word as an inflectional form of another word when the two words are not co-ordained. For those who study the language, flexible forms will be considered as irregular or even very irregular. The term superiority implies that the gap in the paradigm was filled by a form supplied by a different paradigm. Cases of elasticity are overwhelmingly limited to the most commonly used lexical elements in the language. The irregular and elasticity of the Irregular Paradigm is a paradigm in which the derivative forms of the word cannot be derived from simple rules from the basic form. For example, someone who knows only a little English may conclude that the plurality of girls are girls, but cannot conclude that the plurality of men are men. Language learners are often the most aware of irregular , but any with inflections can be irregular. For most synchronous purposes - research on the acquisition of the first language, psycholinguistics, theory of language teaching - it is enough to note that these forms are irregular. However, historical linguistics seeks to explain how they came to be so and distinguishes different types of disturbances depending on their origin. Most irregular paradigms (e.g. man: men) can be explained by phonological events that have influenced one form of the word, but not the other (in this case, the German umlaut). In such cases, the historical forerunners of the present forms once represented a conventional paradigm. Historical linguistics uses the term elasticity to distinguish between disorders such as human: humans or cows: cattle, which cannot be explained so because parts of the paradigm did not develop from the same form. Herman Osthoff coined the term superiority in German in 1899 to study this phenomenon in Indo-European languages. is available in many languages around the world. These languages come from different language families: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Arabic, Romanesque-, --, -, etc. Similarly, in modern Standard Arabic, the jāʾ (comes) typically uses the form of taʿāl for its imperative, and the plural marʾah (woman) nisāʾ. However, some of the most archaic Indo-European languages are particularly known for being flexible. Ancient Greek, for example, has about twenty verbs with flexible paradigms, many of which have three separate roots. (See ancient Greek verbs and suppletive verbs.) An example of the word Hang Out in English, the past time of the verb to go went, which comes from the last time of the verb Wend, archaic in this sense. Wend is wended.) See Go (verb). Romance languages have different flexible forms in the conjugation of the verb to go, as these first-person singular forms illustrate: Infinitive language Future Preterite French aller 3 vais 1 irai 2 allai 3 Italian andare 3 vado 1 Andre 3 andai 3 Occitan (Languedocien) anar 3 vau 1 anarai 3 an're3 Catalan anar 3 vaig 1 anire 3 ane 3 Spanish ir 2 voy 1 yr 2 4 Portuguese ir 2 vou 1 irei 2 fui 4 Sources of these forms, moderated in the table , four different verbs: vadere (go, continue), anger (go) ambulare (walk), or perhaps ambitare (walk), itself a probable source for Spanish and Portuguese andar (walk); fui suppletive perfective esse (to be). (Preterites be and go identical in Spanish and Portuguese. Compare the English design you've been to In France?, which doesn't have a simple current form.) Many of the Romanesque languages use forms from different verbs in the present tense; for example, the French has je vais (I go) from vadere, but nous allons (we go) from ambulare. Galicia-Portuguese has a similar example: imos from anger (go) and vamos from vadere (we go); the first somewhat disused in modern Portuguese but very much alive in modern Galicia. Even ides, from him the second person of plural plural anger, is the only form for you (multiple) to go in both Galician and Portuguese (Spanish vais, from vadere). Similarly, the Welsh verb mynd (go) has various flexible forms such as af (I'll go) and euthum (we went). The Irish t'igh (go) also has flexible shapes: dul (go) and rachaidh (go). In Estonian, the overbending forms of the verb minna (go) were originally forms of a verb bent with the Finnish l'hte (leave). Good and bad In German, romance (except Romanian), Celtic, Slavic and Indo-Iranian comparative and excellent good is flexible; In many of these languages the adjective bad is also flexible. Language Adjective Etymology Comparative Excellent Etymology English Good Proto-German (: skunk, OHG guot, Old Dutch guot and ON g'r), 9 cognate on Sanskrit: gadhya what one clings to is better than the best proto-German batise of which the old English: betera, cognate to old English: b't medium and Sanskrit: bhadra lucky Danish god bedre bedst German gut besser besten faroez gur betri bestur Icelandic g'ur betri bestur Dutch goed beter best Norwegian god bedre best Swedish god b'ttre b'st French bon Latin: bonus, from OL duenos, cognate to Sanskrit: duva veneration meilleur Latin: melior, cognate to multus a lot, Greek: q, romanized: mala very Portuguese bom melhor Spanish bueno mejor Catalan bo millor Italian buono migliore Scottish Gaelic mathematician Proto-2l; Celtic , mature) fearr Proto-Celtic zrros zolth; PIE zers- (peak) Irish Do u̯ el-no-1 ; u̯ or-gous-on2 Good stucco nailepshi PIE (-lep-/zlep- (behouf, boot, good) Czech good lepe naylep Slovak good dole nailep Ukrainian, Good, probably from proto-Slavic xorb (xorb), luchshe (), (nai)luchshiy Old-Russian, neut., Old-Slavic more suitable, suitable (Croatian dobar proto-Slavic ibr-bolji nags naj naibolji beh - Excellent beh- 'good' in ancient Persian is beh-ist, which has evolved ,ﺑﻪ beh-tar'n if cognat e Germanic better (see above) - Poetic ,ﺑِﻬْﺘَﺮﻳﻦ x'b-tar'n or ,ﺧﻮﺑﺘﺮﯾﻦ 'beh-tar'b ,ﺑِﻬْﺘَﺮ x'b-tar or ,ﺧﻮﺑﺘﺮ xʊb Not satisfactory etymology for beh; but see comparative and excellent shapes compared to German ﺧﻮب protoslav zbolj (more) Slovenian Doberich 1e persian ;behe't paradise in modern Persian. - cf. Pers behist and English better comparison good is also flexible in Finnish : khive → parempi. bad, worse, worst Language Adjective Etymology Comparative/superlative Etymology English bad Uncertain, possibly from OE bæddel (effeminate man, hermaphrodite, pederast), related to OE bædan (to defile) < ,ﺑﻬﺸﺖ to Proto-Germanic *baidijaną (constrain, cause to stay)In OE yfel was more common, cf Proto-Germanic *ubilaz, Gothic ubils (bad), German übel (evil / bad) Eng evil worse / worst OE wyrsa, cognate to OHG wirsiro Old NorseIcelandicFaroeseNorwegianSwedish (illr, vándr)(illur, vondur, slæmur)(illur, óndur, ringur)(ond, vond)(dålig, ond) verri / verstrverri / versturverri / verstur verre / verst(e)sämre, värre / sämst, värst FrenchPortugueseSpanishCatalanItalian mal†maumalomal*male† Latin malus pirepiorpeorpitjorpeggiore Latin peior, cognate to Sanskrit padyate he falls Scottish GaelicIrishWelsh drochdrochdrwg Proto-Celtic *drukos (bad) < (possibly) PIE *dʰrewgʰ- (to deceive) miosameasagwaeth/gwaethaf Proto-Celtic *missos < PIE *mey- (to change)Proto-Celtic *waxtisamos (worst) Polish Czech SlovakUkrainianSerbo-Croatian złyzlý (špatný)zlýarchaic злийzao Proto-Slavic *zel gorszy / najgorszy horší / nejhorší horší / najhoršíгірший/ найгіршийgori / najgori cf. Polish gorszy(to disgust , scandal) Russian (bad), probably proto-Slavic polks (10) (worse, (naya) worst) Old Slavic Church, Protoslavian (bad, small) † It's form (bad); The Italian adjective itself is flexible (cattivo, from the same root as the captive, respectively), while the French mauvais is a compound (Latin malus-fatum). Mal used in Catalan before форма после существительных (долент) также эластична (< -латинская доленте болезненная). Как и в случае с итальянским, отмеченным выше, английская наречие хорошо - это несвязанное слово хорошо, от старого английского wel, cognate до wyllan пожелание. Great and small Celtic languages: small, smaller, smallest Language Adjective Comparative / superlative Irish beag (Old Irish bec < Proto-Celtic *bikkos) níos lú / is lú (< Old Irish laigiu < Proto-Celtic *lagyūs < PIE *h₁lengʷʰ- (lightweight)) Welsh bach (< Brythonic *bɨx < Proto-Celtic *bikkos) llai / lleiaf (< PIE *h₁lengʷʰ- (lightweight)) great, greater, greatest Language Adjective Comparative / superlative Irish mór (< Proto-Celtic *māros < PIE *moh₁ros) mó < Proto-Celtic *māyos < PIE *meh₁-) Welsh mawr (< Proto-Celtic *māros < PIE *moh₁ros) mwy / mwyaf < Proto-Celtic *māyos < PIE *meh₁-) In many Slavic languages, great and small are suppletive: small, smaller, smallest Language Adjective Comparative / superlative Polish mały mniejszy / najmniejszy Czech malý menší / nejmenší Slovak malý menší / najmenší Ukrainian малий , маленький менший / найменший Russian маленький (malen'kiy) меньший / наименьший (men'she / naimen'shiy) great, greater, greatest Language Adjective Comparative / superlative Polish duży większy / największy Czech velký větší / největší Slovak veľký väčší / najväčší Ukrainian великий більший / найбільший Examples in languages Albanian In Albanian there are 14 irregular verbs divided into suppletive and non-suppletive : Verb Смысл настоящее Претерит Несовершенный qenе быть варенье qesh' isha pasur иметь кам пата киша ngr'nе есть ха h'ngra haja ardhur прийти vij erdha vija dh'nе дать jap dhash' jepja паре, чтобы увидеть шох паше shihja рен падать, забастовка bie сыпь биджа prurе довести bie prura bija ndenjur остаться rri ndenja rrija Древнегреческая Главная статья: Древнегреческие глаголыУгодный греческий было большое количество гибких глаголов. Несколько примеров, перечисленных основными частями: erkhomai, e'mi/eleusomai, Ильтон, Элалута, —, — иди, иди. лего, эра (эре) / лекса, эйпон / элекса, эйрака, эйрамай / лелегмай, элехтхон / эрхетхон скажи, говори. хораи, опсомай, эйдон, хеорака / хеарака, херамай / Иммай, Афтан см. феро, ойсэ, «негка» / «Негкон», энаноха, энегмай, «нести» нехтхон. Пелео, аподасомай, апедомин, пепрака, пепрамай, эпрётан «продай». Болгарский по-болгарски слово человек, человек) является гибким. Строгая форма множественного числа, човец, используется только в библейском контексте. В современном использовании он был заменен греческим кредитом Хора. Столешная форма (специальная форма для мужских существительных, используемая после цифр) также эластична: on the first syllable). For example, zenith, Dema, Trima soul (two, three people); this form doesn't have much either. (A relative but different - plural, soul, soul (soul), both with an emphasis on the last syllable.) English in English, a complex irregular verb will have forms of several different roots: to be, be, being-from-old English beon (to be, become), from proto-German beun (to exist, to become, to become), from proto-Indo-European zbhucht (grow, become, come on, appear), from the root of zbhuh- (to become. am, there are, are-of-average English mornings, et, eat, are, are, from the old English eam, e, is, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, ear, , from proto-German zikmi, zikmi, citation, zarun, all forms of the verb wesan (to be; live), from the proto-Indo-European x₁smi (I, I exist), from the root of the h₁es- (to be). was, were- from the old English w's, wǣre, from the proto-German zwaz, from the proto-Indo-European root of the x2ve- (live, live) This verb is flexible in most Indo-European languages, as well as in some non-Indo-European languages such as Finnish. Incomplete elasticity in English exists with multiple number of people (from a Latin person). The regular plurality of people occurs mainly in legal use. A special number of unrelated (from Latin populus) is more commonly used instead of plural; for example, two people lived on the salary of one person (note the plural verb). In its original sense of ethnic group, humans themselves is the only noun with a regular plurality of peoples. Irish several irregular Irish verbs are flexible: abair (say): derived from old Irish as'beir, from the proto-Indo-European roots of chh₁eǵhs- (out) and Bher- (bear, carry). However, the r e comes from the old Irish r'd, ultimately from the proto-Indo-European srekh2dh- (perform successfully). b' (to be): derivatives from the proto-Indo-European Yubhuh- (grow, become, appear). However, the current tense form of ts comes from the Old Irish at't, from the proto-Celtic For ad-tity, ultimately, from the proto-Indo-European steh- (stand). beir (catch): derivatives from the proto-Indo-European ubcher- (bear, carry). However, the past tense form of the rug comes from the old Irish rouic, which is from the proto-Celtic No ɸro-znkeo- ultimately from the proto-Indo-European roots of Pro-(forward, forward) and Ch2 neḱ-(reach). fake (see): derived from Old Irish aicci, from proto-Indo-European kwei- (observe). However, the past tense form of chonaic comes from the old Irish ad'condairc, ultimately from the proto-Indo-European derḱ 2 - (see). t'igh (go): derived from the old Irish from the proto-Indo-European Stiegeti- (being walking to be climbing). However, the future form of rachaidh comes from the old Irish regae, regae, from the proto-Indo-European x₁r̥ gh- (go, move), while the verbal noun of Choh₁ludhette (arrival). There are some flexible comparative and excellent forms in the Irish language; In addition to the above, there is: fada, long; comparative n'os faide or n'os sia - fada from an old Irish photo, from the proto-Indo-European Eusdos (long, wide); compare Latin v'stus (wide), while sia from Old Irish saera (long, long), from proto-Celtic Oros (long); Compare The Welsh/Breton hire. Latin main : Latin conjugation Latin has several flexible verbs. A few examples listed are the main parts: sum, essay, foie, futurus - to be. fero, ferre, tule or tetuula, lutus - carry, bear. f, fier, factus sum (flexible and semi-responder) - to become, to be made, to happen toll, tollere, sustul, subl'tus - to raise, to raise, to raise. Polish In some Slavic languages, several verbs have imperfect and perfect forms arising from different roots. For example, in Polish: Verb Imperfective Perfective take a nus wzi' say muvic powiedzie' see widzie' zobaczy' look ogl'da'da'obejrze to put kshach po'o'y to find znajdowaznale' go in/ get out (on foot) wchodzi wychodzi's wej', wyj's ride in/ride out (by car) wje'd'a, wyje'd'a' wjecha, wyjecha' Note that z-, przy-, w-, and wy - are prefixes and are not part of the root in Polish, the multiple form of rock (year) is a brass similar elasticity found in Russian. The Romanian verb a fi (to be) is flexible and irregular, with an infinitive coming from Latin fieri, but conjuged forms of Latin sum. For example, eu sunt (I), tu eshti (you), eu am fost (I was), eu eram (I once), eu fusei/fui (I was); while subjunctive, also used to shape the future in o'fiu (I'll be/ I will) is associated with an infinitive. In Russian the word man, man is flexible. The strict plural form, Heloveki, is used only in the context of the Orthodox Church. Perhaps initially it was non-atetal yen, yelovets. In any case, in modern use it was replaced by lyudi, the special form of which is known in Russian language only as a component of complex words (e.g., zenith, commoner). This superiority also exists in Polish (chobek zgt; luji), Czech (Lovek's lead), Serbian-Croatian (ovek zgt; ljudi) and Slovenian (catcher zgt; ljudje). Generalizations Strictly speaking, elasticity occurs when various inflections of lexema (i.e. with the same lexical category) have etymologically unrelated stems. The term is also used in feelings, albeit less formally. The semantic relationship of the term elasticity is also used in a weaker sense when there is a semantic connection between words but not etymological; unlike strict infrared meaning, they can be in various lexical categories, such as noun/verb. English nouns/adjective pairs, such as father/father or cow/bull, are also referred to as accompanying . In this sense of the term, the father/fatherhood is non-suppletive. Fatherhood comes from the father, while father/paternal is flexible. Similarly, the cow/cow is not flexible, while the cow/bull is flexible. In these cases, the father/pater- and cow/bov-sing through proto-Indo-European, but fatherly and bullish borrowings into English (via old French and Latin). Couples are remotely etymologically related, but the words are not from one modern English stem. Weak elasticity Term weak elasticity is sometimes used in modern synchronous morphology for sets of stems (or affixes), the alternation of which cannot be taken into account by the current phonological rules. For example, stems in the word vapor oblige/ oblige are bound by meaning, but the stem-final alternation is not associated with any synchronous phonological process. This makes the pair seem flexible, except that they are related etymologically. In historical linguistics, elasticity is sometimes limited to reference to etymologically unrelated stems. The current use of the term weak elasticity in synchronous morphology is not fixed. See also the Collateral adjective-denominational adjectives based on the elastic root, such as the hand - the brachy irregular verb Links - elasticity. Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford University Press. (Requires a subscription or membership in a UK public library.) Osthoff, Herman (1900). Vom Suppletivwesen der indogermanischen Sprachen : erweiterte akademische Rede ; akademische Rede zur Feier des Geburtsfestes des höchstseligen Grossherzogs Karl Friedrich am 22. November 1899 (in German). Heidelberg: Wolf. Bobaldjik, Jonathan David (2012-10-05). Universals in comparative morphology: suppration, excellent and the structure of words. MIT Press. page 27. ISBN 9780262304597. Received on December 5, 2017. Anatoly Lieberman (January 9, 2013). Why the past to go is gone?. Oxford etymologist. Oxford University Press. Received on December 5, 2017. Greville G, Corbett (2009). Suppletion: Typology, visibility, complexity. Berlin: At an inflection. Trends in Linguistics: Research and Monographs, Berlin, Muton de Gruiter. 25-40. Andrew Hippisley, Marina Chumakina, Greville G. Corbett and Dunstan Brown. Suppletion: frequency, categories and Stems. University of Surrey. Vader is associated with the English Wade (the root of PIE weh2dh-). The late lat. zambitare is a frequent form of classical ambio (go a b Wiktionary, Protogerman root zgedaz - b d Max Vasmer, Russisches Etymologisches W'rterbuch - eDIL - Dictionary of the Irish Language. www.dil.ie. - Comparative forms. nualeargais.ie. - Sweat Focus sia. Sweat Focus. Ionnrachtay, Seosami Mack (June 2, 2015). Impreasin on Gaeilge I - W: (Fuaim na Gaeilge). Written by Home. ISBN 9781496984203 - via Google Books. Cordic, Snezana (2005). Grammar category brooch ( category) (PDF). In Tatarina Milovan: zbornik Stanislava Marijanovia: povodom sedamdesetogodi'njice sivota i setrdesetpetogodi'njice znanstvenoga rad (in Serbian-Croatian). ISBN 953-6456-54-0. OCLC 68777865. SSRN 3438755. CROSBY 426600. Archive from the original on August 24, 2012. Received on September 22, 2019. Paul Georg Meyer (1997) Know: Research in Lexical Semantics and Pragmatics of Academic English, p. 130: Although many linguists referred to the accompanying adjectives (fatherly, spring) as flexible adjectives in relation to their basic noun (father, spring), nature ... - Aspects of morphology theory, Igor Melchuk, page 461 External Links Look Up App: English irregular adjectives in Wiktionary, free dictionary. Look up Category:Suppletions by language in Wiktionary, Free Dictionary. Look at the elasticity in Wiktionary, a free dictionary. Surrey Supley supple database - examples of elasticity in different languages extracted from suppletion in morphology pdf. examples of suppletion in morphology. exceptions and suppletion in morphology

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