Word List-2 (Sep 01, 2020)

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 01, 2020) H 1. quantum (noun) – measure, unit, amount, portion.

2. solace (noun) – comfort, consolation, support. 3. quantum of solace (phrase) - it relates to the idea that two people in a relationship have to be able to give a minimum of solace

(consolation) to each other when the situation requires it; if they don't, there is no respect left and the relationship is over; the

smallest/minimum amount of compassion that two people can have. 4. contempt (noun) – it refers to the offence of showing disrespect to the dignity or authority of a court (& its officers).

5. criminal contempt (noun) – it includes any act or publication which: (i) ‘scandalises’ the court, or (ii) prejudices any judicial proceeding, or (iii) interferes with the administration of justice in any other manner. 6. civil contempt (noun) – it refers to the wilful disobedience of an order of any court. 7. sentence (noun) – judgement, verdict. 8. stature (noun) – reputation, status, position, standing. 9. expose (verb) – reveal, uncover, lay bare. 10. intolerant (adjective) – hypersensitive; inflexible, dogmatic, uncompromising, unforgiving, unsympathetic. 11. import (noun) – meaning, message, point, substance. 12. grave (adjective) – terrible, awful, alarming, gloomy. 13. nominal (adjective) – minimal, small, insignificant. 14. in the event of something (phrase) – if something happens. 15. default (noun) – non-payment, failure to pay. 16. serve (verb) - to spend a period in prison. 17. debar (verb) – exclude, ban/bar, disqualify, disallow. 18. bare (verb) – uncover, lay bare, unveil, unmask. 19. predecessor (noun) – previous holder of the property; forerunner, precursor, antecedent. 20. upstanding (adjective) - honest, honourable, high-minded, respectable, high-principled. 21. insinuation (noun) – implication, hint/indication, suggestion (of something bad). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested. 23. unpalatable (adjective) – disagreeable, unpleasant, distressing.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 01, 2020) H 24. paint oneself into a corner (phrase) - to put oneself in a situation that

is difficult to escape. 25. look for (phrasal verb) – search for, try to find, seek. 26. way out (phrase) - solution, way of escape.

27. seek (verb) – ask for, demand, request. 28. apology (noun) – expression of regret.

29. quietus (noun) – (something that has a peaceful) conclusion/end/dissolution. 30. oblige (verb) – help, assist, do someone a service, do someone a

favour. 31. place something above (phrase) - consider something more important than another. 32. bona fides (noun) - rationality, logic, justifiability, defensibility, authenticity, correctness. 33. conscience (noun) – moral sense, inner voice; values/principles. 34. face-saving (adjective) – something is done in order to preserve reputation/dignity. 35. heed (verb) – pay attention to, take notice of, listen to, notice. 36. Attorney General (noun) – The chief legal advisor/officer of a nation (state). 37. wise (adjective) – sensible, prudent, rational/logical, well advised, well thought out. 38. counsel (noun) - advice, guidance, direction, instruction (given formally). 39. magnanimity (noun) – big-heartedness, generosity, humanity, kindness. 40. bona fide (adjective) – legitimate, legal, genuine, real, authentic. 41. guilty (adjective) – culpable, at fault, responsible for misconduct, responsible, accountable. 42. set store by (phrase) - to consider that something is very important; to think that something is valuable. 43. standing (noun) – position, good reputation, status, stature. 44. in the eyes of (phrase) - in the view of; in the opinion of. 45. sustenance (noun) – means of support, support, maintenance. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM46. majesty (noun) – dignity, nobleness, magnificence, grandeur, grandness. 47. dignity (noun) – nobleness, majesty, augustness, lordliness.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 01, 2020) H 48. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually.

49. at stake (phrase) – at risk, at issue, in question. 50. far more (phrase) – a lot more, much more. 51. take up (phrasal verb) – become involved in, engage in, take part

in; accept, say yes to, agree to. 52. on its own motion (phrase) - suo motu (Latin legal term); In law, it

describes an act of authority taken without formal prompting from another party. 53. for instance (phrase) – as an example.

54. defence (noun) – vindication, support, justification, explanation. 55. characterise (verb) – represent, describe, outline, depict, portray. 56. aggravate (verb) – increase, worsen, exacerbate; annoy, irritate. 57. reasoning (noun) – (logical & sensible) thinking, thought, contemplation, pondering. 58. conduct (noun) – behaviour, way of behaving, performance. 59. marshal (verb) – arrange, organize, mobilize; lead, guide. 60. embroil (verb) – involve, entangle, mix up. 61. proceedings (noun) – legal action, prosecution, lawsuit. 62. fate (verb) - be destined, be predestined, be preordained. 63. shine a light (phrase) – to examine something more precisely in order to make it more clear. 64. rather than (phrase) – instead of. 65. contemnor (noun) - a person who shows contempt on someone/something. 66. purge (verb) – clear out, remove, get rid of, dismiss, absolve. 67. come across (phrasal verb) – seem, appear, look; be perceived, be understood, be comprehended. 68. inevitable (adjective) – unavoidable, unpreventable. 69. apologise (verb) – say sorry, express regret, make an apology, ask WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMforgiveness, beg pardon. Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 01, 2020)

1. unlock (verb) – free (from restrictions); undo. 2. call for (phrasal verb) – require, publicly ask/necessitate, demand. 3. vigilance (noun) – careful observation,

surveillance, alertness/carefulness. 4. health surveillance (noun) – a system of ongoing health checks.

5. all but (phrase) – all expect. 6. measure (noun) – action, step, procedure. 7. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit.

8. deep (adjective) – intense, heavy, serious. 9. distress (noun) – hardship, adversity, misfortune, difficulty, trouble. 10. resort to (verb) – use, utilize, turn to, have recourse to. 11. rigorous (adjective) – strict, stern, stringent. 12. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 13. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 14. liberalise (verb) – to make something less strict; to provide more freedom in systems. 15. in excess of (phrase) – more than, over, above. 16. at a time (phrase) - during. 17. scale (verb) - go up, go over, ascend, climb up, reach. 18. resumption (noun) – restarting, reopening, recommencement. 19. ease (verb) – reduce, lessen, decrease. 20. precipitous (adjective) – sudden, unexpected, swift, abrupt. 21. accompany (verb) – occur with, be present with, coincide with, coexist with. 22. penalty (noun) - disadvantage, difficulty, drawback, downside. 23. lie ahead (phrasal verb) – be going to happen; to be in the future. 24. enable (verb) - allow, permit, authorize. 25. regime (noun) – system, arrangement, apparatus, mechanism. 26. quarantine (noun) – a process of separating out people, animals and things (such as plants) from others for a period of time in order to WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcontrol/restrict the spread of a contagious disease; Quarantine is imposed to separate and restrict the movement of persons, who may have been exposed to infectious disease, but not yet known to be ill.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 01, 2020)

27. unfold (verb) – occur, happen, take place. 28. wildfire spread/spread like wildfire (phrase) – spread with great speed (like a large destructive fire which breaks out in forest).

29. overwhelm (verb) – engulf, swamp, overrun, overpower/inundate; overburden, beset.

30. lopsided (adjective) – uneven, asymmetrical, unbalanced, one-sided. 31. meagre (adjective) – small, little, paltry, inadequate/deficient. 32. urban-centric (adjective) - having urban as a center of something (here it

is intensive care). 33. transmissibility (noun) – the quality/characteristic/trait of a disease being able to spread from one person to another. 34. resume (verb) – restart, recommence, begin again, start again. 35. meanwhile (adverb) – for now, for the present, meantime. 36. despondent (adjective) – disheartened, discouraged, hopeless. 37. experimental (adjective) - trial and error. 38. lockdown-weary (adjective) - tired of lockdown. 39. disregard (verb) – ignore, take no account of, pay no attention to; dismiss. 40. backdrop (noun) – situation, scenario, context. 41. implication (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 42. voice (verb) – express, make public, announce. 43. take into account (phrase) – consider, note, pay regard to, bear in mind. 44. antibody (noun) – it is also called ‘immunoglobulin’; a protective protein produced mainly by plasma (blood) cells in the immune system in response to the presence of antigens (disease causing organisms (bacteria & viruses) and other harmful/toxic foreign substances like insect venom). 45. tally (noun) – total, count, sum. 46. deceleration (noun) – deceleration is the rate at which something slows down; it is the opposite of acceleration. 47. positivity rate (noun) – the proportion of positives to total tests done for a disease; the percentage of tests that are turning out to be positive for a disease. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM48. far more (phrase) - a lot more, much more.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 01, 2020)

49. significantly (adverb) – notably, importantly, seriously, crucially. 50. insight (noun) – perception, understanding, revelation, realization/recognition.

51. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote. 52. tenuous (adjective) – weak, fragile, shaky; insubstantial, unspecific,

indefinite. 53. vigil (noun) – surveillance, close watch, monitoring. 54. irrationality (noun) - the quality of being unreasonable.

55. exuberance (noun) – high spirits, enthusiasm, vigour, energy. 56. Irrational exuberance (noun) - a state of mania; illogical enthusiastic. 57. possible (adjective) - likely, potential, probable. 58. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. 59. impending (adjective) – imminent, close at hand, about to happen, approaching, nearing/coming. 60. scenario (noun) – situation. 61. underscore (verb) – underline, emphasize, highlight. 62. the new normal (phrase) – an earlier unusual situation that becomes a standard now. 63. prioritise (verb) – make a point of, highlight, call attention to (something as very important). 64. actively (adverb) - vigorously, strongly. 65. mobility (noun) – transportability. 66. green mobility (noun) - Green mobility is sustainable transportation (e.g. walking/cycling) that allows the basic access needs of individuals and societies to be met safely and in a manner consistent with human and eco-system health, and with equity within and between generations. Green mobility is affordable, operating efficiently, offering choice of transport mode, and supporting a vibrant economy. 67. in parallel (phrase) – happening at the same time. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM68. scale up (phrasal verb) – increase (in size or number). Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 01, 2020)

1. bargain (noun) – agreement, arrangement, understanding, deal. 2. compensation (noun) – payment, repayment, settlement (for

loss/damage). 3. GST compensation (noun) – Under the GST law (In India), state

governments are guaranteed full compensation for any revenue loss for the first five years after the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) in July 2017. The compensation is a gap between actual

revenue collected and projected revenue. 4. strengthen (verb) – increase, intensify, heighten.

5. necessity (noun) – (essential) requirement, prerequisite, indispensable thing. 6. sovereign entity (noun) – central government. 7. sub-sovereign entity (noun) - state/regional government. 8. strike (verb) – reach, arrive at; agree on, come to an agreement on, settle on. 9. result in (verb) - cause, bring on, bring about, give rise to. 10. give up (phrasal verb) – abandon, forgo, renounce, relinquish. 11. sundry (adjective) – several, various, diverse. 12. frictionless (noun) - smooth, steady, uninterrupted. 13. commerce (noun) – business, trade. 14. buoyant (adjective) – optimistic, confident, hopeful; lively, high- spirited. 15. leakproof (adjective) - closely sealed. 16. tax compliance (noun) – the degree to which a taxpayer complies (or fails to comply) with the tax rules of his or her country, for example by declaring income, filing a return, and paying the tax due in a timely manner. It simply refers to taxpayers’ decision to comply with tax laws and regulations by paying tax timely and accurately. 17. cascade (noun) – a large number of things happening at the same time. 18. painstaking (adjective) – careful, thorough, meticulous. 19. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM20. inter alia (adverb) – Latin for “among other things”. 21. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out.

Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 01, 2020)

22. apprehension (noun) – worry, concern, misgiving, disquiet. 23. abdication (noun) – disowning, rejection, refusal/avoidance,

abandonment. 24. consent (noun) – agreement, assent, permission/approval. 25. secure (verb) – obtain, acquire, gain, get.

26. reimburse (verb) – compensate, repay, refund, settle up with. 27. shortfall (noun) – deficit, inadequacy, deficiency, shortage.

28. reimbursement (noun) – money paid back/compensated for the money spent/lost. 29. year on year (adjective) - year over year (for comparison).

30. generous (adjective) – kind, good-natured, soft-hearted. 31. generous to a fault (phrase) - to be extremely/overly generous. 32. aggregate (noun) – total, sum, whole amount. 33. design (noun) – intention, aim, purpose, objective, plan, proposal. 34. harmonise (verb) – coordinate, integrate, make compatible/ bring in line with. 35. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 36. precursor (noun) – a similar thing that existed before; antecedent, predecessor. 37. inbuilt (adjective) - built-in, integral, incorporated. 38. taper (verb) - decrease, lessen, dwindle, diminish, reduce. 39. make room (phrase) - to clear a space to allow for something. 40. incentive (noun) – stimulus, impetus; concession, payment. 41. have skin in the game (phrase) - to have incurred risk by being involved in achieving a goal. 42. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 43. recession (noun) – economic decline, downturn, slump. 44. significantly (adverb) – notably, importantly, seriously, crucially. 45. the frontline (noun) – the front and most important position. 46. on one’s own (phrase) – alone, all alone, by oneself, all by oneself. 47. Force Majeure (noun) - A force majeure (event) refers to the WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMoccurrence of an event which is outside the reasonable control of a party and which prevents that party from performing its obligations under a contract.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 01, 2020)

48. abdicate (verb) – reject, disown, turn down, give up, abandon (a responsibility).

49. make up for (phrase) - atone for, make amends for, compensate for. 50. onus (noun) – responsibility, duty. 51. count (noun) – a point (for discussion or consideration).

52. recourse to (noun) – resort to, make use of, use, utilize. 53. sovereign bond (noun) – sovereign bonds issued by the

government. They can be either local-currency-denominated or denominated in a foreign currency. They are generally with a promise to pay periodic interest payments and to repay the face value on the

maturity date. 54. command (verb) – receive, be given, get/gain, obtain. 55. in terms of (phrase) - with regard to, as regards, in respect of, with reference to. 56. aggregate (adjective) - total, combined, whole. 57. debt/bond market (noun) – debt market; the market where debt instruments (like bonds (government or corporate) and mortgages) are traded. 58. credit rating agency (CRA) (noun) – a credit rating agency is an entity which assesses the ability and willingness of the issuer company for timely payment of interest and principal on a debt instrument. 59. indebtedness (noun) – owing someone a debt of gratitude; obligation, liability. 60. fiscal stimulus (noun) – Government measures, normally involving increased public spending and lower taxation, aimed at giving a positive jolt to economic activity. 61. macroeconomic (adjective) – relating to the branch of economics concerned with large-scale factors (interest rates/national productivity). 62. stabilisation (noun) - an act of making something more stable. 63. macroeconomic stability (noun) - it describes a national economy that has minimized vulnerability to external shocks, which in turn increases its prospects for sustained growth. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM64. domain (noun) – area/sphere of activity. 65. break (verb) - contravene, violate, fail to comply with, disobey. 66. alibi (noun) - excuse.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 01, 2020)

67. dent (noun) - blow, damage. 68. built up (noun) - set-up, establishment, formation.

69. federalism/federal framework/system (noun) – a system of government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government.

70. repeated game (noun) - it refers to a situation in which the same stage game (strategic form game) is played at each time.

71. consequence (noun) – outcome, ramification, repercussion. 72. renege (verb) – fail to honour, go back on, default on, break one’s word/promise (a commitment/contract).

73. bailout (noun) – an act of providing financial help/support by the outside investors to a bank/institution/organisation which faces serious financial difficulty. 74. obligation (noun) – duty, responsibility, commitment, requirement, necessity. 75. bumpy (adjective) - fluctuating, irregular, inconsistent. 76. radical (adjective) – thoroughgoing, thorough, comprehensive, complete/total. 77. overhaul (noun) – reorganization, restructuring, rearrangement. 78. tinker with (verb) – try to repair, try to improve, play with (aimlessly or unskillfully). 79. mechanism (noun) – procedure, process, method/technique. 80. sin tax (noun) - tax levied on certain goods considered harmful to society and individuals, for example alcohol and tobacco & etc,. 81. the way forward (phrase) – something (a plan/action) that leads to success in the future. 82. coincidentally (adverb) - simultaneously; at the same time. 83. apt (adjective) - relevant, suitable, fitting, appropriate. 84. elbow room (noun) – scope, room to manoeuvre, leeway/margin, latitude. 85. autonomy (noun) – independence, freedom; self rule. 86. compliance (noun) - observation, adherence, conformity. 87. arbitrary (adjective) – random, casual, erratic, unpredictable, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMinconsistent. 88. discretion (noun) – choice, option, preference, disposition. 89. litigation (noun) – legal process, legal dispute, legal action.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 01, 2020)

90. buoyancy (noun) – vigour/strength, high level of activity, growth. 91. incidentally (adverb) – by the way, by the bye, coincidentally; by

chance, accidentally. 92. scrupulously (adverb) – religiously, consistently, constantly/regularly. 93. bogey (noun) – nightmare/anathema, curse, bane.

94. elusive (adjective) – difficult to find, difficult to achieve; indistinct/intangible.

95. revenue neutral rate (noun) - put simply, this is the rate which is the ratio of all excise plus value added (sales) taxes in the numerator, divided by the total taxable gross domestic product (GDP) in the

denominator. 96. anticipate (verb) – expect, foresee, predict. 97. à la (preposition) - in the manner of. 98. harmonisation (noun) – an act of bringing into harmony/agreement. 99. tier (noun) – grade, level, step, echelon. 100. functionary (noun) – official, administrator, office-holder. 101. in view of (phrase) – in the light of, owing to, considering. 102. urbanisation (noun) – a process of creating urban areas. It is a result of population migration from rural areas in addition to natural urban demographic growth. 103. decentralisation (noun) – the process of distributing or dispersing functions, powers, people or things away from a central location or authority. 104. earmark (verb) – designate, reserve, set aside. 105. exclusively (adverb) – specially, particularly, only. 106. call for (phrasal verb) – require, publicly ask/necessitate, demand. 107. interstate (adjective) - existing between states. 108. burdensome (adjective) - taxing, inconvenient, troublesome, worrisome. 109. fiscal (adjective) – financial. 110. strike a balance (phrase) – find a fair & reasonable line of WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMaction between two contrasting things.

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 02, 2020)

1. inevitable (adjective) – unavoidable, unpreventable.

2. steepest (superlative adjective) of steep (adjective) – sharp, sudden, rapid. 3. contraction (noun) – In economics, it refers to a decline in national

output as measured by gross domestic product. 4. Gross domestic product (GDP) (noun) – a measure of economic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods

and service. 5. hit (verb) - affect badly, devastate, damage, ruin. 6. private consumption or consumption expenditure (noun) – the spending

by households (consumers) on goods and services, excluding new housing. 7. hinge on (verb) – depend on, be based, be dependent. 8. government expenditure or public spending (noun) – money spent by the government. 9. on record (phrase) - officially documented/measured. 10. shrank past of shrink (verb) – lessen, reduce, decrease. 11. provisional (adjective) – interim, transitional, temporary. 12. stringent (adjective) – strict/stern, severe, tough/rigorous. 13. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 14. in force (phrase) – in effect, in action, operational, effective. 15. substantially (adverb) – considerably, significantly, largely. 16. hollow out (verb) – remove, undermine, weaken, erode. 17. account for (phrasal verb) – constitute, make up, comprise, form. 18. contract (verb) – decline, decrease, diminish, reduce. 19. abjure (verb) – renounce, give up, relinquish, reject/forgo. 20. discretionary (adjective) – optional, non-compulsory, voluntary, non- mandatory. 21. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 22. worst-hit (adjective) – affected severely. 23. conserve (verb) – preserve, protect, save. 24. refrain from (verb) – stop oneself, abstain, desist from, hold back. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM25. in the face of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, regardless of; when confronted with.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 02, 2020)

26. uncertainty (noun) – unpredictability, unreliability,

riskiness/precariousness. 27. prioritise (verb) – make a point of, highlight, call attention to (something as very important).

28. solitary (adjective) – single, lone, sole, only, one. 29. outpace (verb) – surpass, outshine, do better than. 30. expansion (noun) - development, growth.

31. plunge (verb) – fall/drop, plummet, tumble, nosedive suddenly & uncontrollably. 32. omnibus (adjective) – the Latin word literally meaning “for all”;

consisting several parts/items. 33. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 34. take a beating (phrase) – suffer damage. 35. deem (verb) – regard as, consider; view as. 36. evaporate (verb) – vanish, fade, disappear, contract, lessen. 37. amid (preposition) – in the middle of, surrounded by; during. 38. leave (to) (verb) - entrust, hand over, pass on. 39. the bottom falls out (phrase) - used to refer to a disastrous loss or collapse of something. 40. mitigation (noun) – alleviation, reduction; lessening. 41. year-on-year (adjective) – year over year (for comparison). 42. blow (noun) – misfortune, setback, disappointment; shock, jolt. 43. fiscal deficit (noun) – the difference between total expenditure and total income of the government. 44. unlikely (adjective) – not likely, improbable, questionable. 45. unless (conjunction) - used to talk about a situation that could happen, or something that could be true, in the future. 46. of course (phrase) – certainly, absolutely; as you would expect, needless to say. 47. forsake (verb) – renounce, give up, abandon/discard. 48. vaunted (adjective) – acclaimed, highly rated, admired. 49. fiscal conservatism (noun) – a political position that calls for lower WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMlevels of public spending, lower taxes and lower government debt. 50. mobilise (verb) – (of resources) bring into use.

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H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 02, 2020)

51. trajectory (noun) – course, track, direction, route.

52. erosion (noun) – destruction, deterioration, decline, weakening. 53. retard (verb) – delay, hold back, postpone. 54. momentum (noun) – strength, energy, force.

55. IHS Markit (noun) – it is a global leader in information, analytics and solutions for the major industries and markets that drive economies worldwide. It partners with clients in business, finance and government

to help them see the big picture with unrivaled insights that lead to well- informed, confident decisions. 56. Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) (noun) – Purchasing Managers

Index (PMI) is a monthly business survey data provided by IHS Markit. The monthly data are derived from surveys of senior executives at private sector companies. PMI data is used for accurate and timely insight into the health of a particular economy. The PMI data are used by financial and corporate professionals to better understand where economies and markets are headed, and to uncover opportunities. 57. signal (verb) – indicate, communicate, express, signify. 58. stress (verb) – pressurize, burden, overtax, strain. 59. shed (verb) - get rid of, discard, throw out, drop, abandon. 60. significantly (adverb) – notably, importantly, seriously, crucially. 61. undergo (verb) – go through, experience, be subjected to, engage in. 62. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 63. swathe (noun) – a wide area of something. 64. informal sector (noun) – informal economy, grey economy is the part of an economy that is neither taxed, nor monitored by any form of government. 65. headwinds (noun) – (in business) situations or conditions that make growth harder/difficult. Whereas tailwinds describe a situation or condition that will move growth, revenues, or profits higher. 66. farm market (noun) - a physical retail marketplace intended to sell foods directly by farmers to consumers. 67. ordinance (noun) – (local) order, decree, directive/regulation. 68. play out (phrasal verb) – happen, occur, take place. 69. (light at) the end of the tunnel (phrase) - a hopeful sign/indication that a WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMbad or unpleasant situation will end soon. 70. sight (verb) – notice, observe, spot, discern, detect.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 02, 2020)

1. olympiad (noun) - a major international contest in a particular game/sport.

2. Chess Olympiad (noun) - Chess Olympiad is a major international chess tournament happening biennially (once every two years) and it is organised by FIDE, the international chess federation. Teams from

163 countries participated in this year's Chess Olympiad contest. (An online version of the Chess Olympiad contest is being held for the

first time this year because of coronavirus). 3. attention (noun) - support, aid/care, assistance, succour. 4. triumph (noun) – victory, win, success.

5. stature (noun) – reputation, status, position, standing. 6. emphatic (adjective) - clear, definite, powerful, striking, distinctive. 7. fashion (noun) - method, manner, way. 8. streaming (noun) - a process of transmitting or receiving (data, especially video and audio material) over the internet. 9. net outage (noun) - loss of internet service; internet connection failure. 10. a race against time/the clock (phrase) - a situation in which something has to be done very quickly. 11. probably (adverb) – most likely, in all likelihood, all things considered, perhaps. 12. fruitful (adjective) – beneficial, valuable, advantageous. 13. quite a/the something (phrase) – used to indicate that a person or thing is particularly impressive/unusual in a certain way. 14. take the shine off (phrase) – destroy, ruin, spoil (the brilliance/exceptional talent/delight of something). 15. sheen (noun) - shine, lustre, sparkle; brilliance (exceptional talent). Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 02, 2020)

16. stretch (verb) – extend (over a period of time). 17. seed (verb) - to rank (a competitor/contender) in a tournament (based

on track record). 18. lightly (adverb) - carelessly. 19. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in

mind. 20. euphoria (noun) – elation, excitement, delight/happiness.

21. grim (adjective) – terrible, awful, dreadful, horrible, frightful. 22. overlook (verb) – miss, fail to notice; disregard, neglect/ignore. 23. pull off (phrasal verb) – achieve, succeed in, accomplish.

24. ironically (adverb) – paradoxically, unexpectedly, strangely. 25. outstanding (adjective) - extraordinary, exceptional, excellent. 26. on one’s own (phrase) – alone, all alone, by oneself, all by oneself. 27. All India Chess Federation (AICF) (noun) - it is central administrative body for the game of chess in India. Founded in 1951, the federation is affiliated to FIDE, the international chess federation (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), the world body for chess. 28. embroil (verb) – involve, entangle, mix up. 29. tussle (noun) – argument, disagreement, quarrel, contention. 30. glory (noun) – acclamation, eminence, reputation/recognition (won by outstanding achievements). 31. introspection (noun) – self-observation, self-analysis, self- examination; contemplation.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMwork and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 02, 2020)

1. a long way to go (phrase) – need to do more (before achieving

success). 2. dividend (noun) – benefit, advantage, gain. 3. dawn (noun) - beginning, start, starting point, development.

4. much (pronoun) - a lot. 5. lie (verb) – be present, exist.

6. beyond the horizon (phrase) - beyond what one is able to see/anticipate; so far away/ahead that one cannot see. 7. statute (noun) – act/law, regulation, rule (written & laid down by the

legislature). 8. emasculate (verb) – weaken, make less effective, undermine, reduce the powers of. 9. carve out (phrasal verb) – create, establish, form. 10. asymmetric (adjective) – unequal, differing, dissimilar; lopsided. 11. federalism/federal framework/system (noun) – a system of government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government. 12. notwithstanding (adverb) – nevertheless, nonetheless; in spite of, despite, regardless of. 13. dissonance (noun) – incongruity, disagreement, disparity, discrepancy, contradiction. 14. nevertheless (adverb) – notwithstanding, nonetheless, in spite of that, however. 15. mute (verb) – restrain, subdue, tone down. 16. voice (noun) – opinion, view, comment/remark. 17. bifurcation (noun) – division of something into two branches or parts. 18. void (verb) - annul, nullify, invalidate. 19. shock and awe (phrase) - technically known as rapid dominance; a (military) tactic based on the use of overwhelming power and spectacular displays of force to paralyze (disable) the enemy's perception of the battlefield and destroy their will to fight. 20. resort to (verb) – use, utilize, turn to, have recourse to. 21. pre-determined (adjective) – prearranged, preset, pre-planned. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. objective (noun) – aim, intention, purpose. 23. irrespective of (adjective) – notwithstanding, without regard for, regardless of.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 02, 2020)

24. parallel (noun) – similarity, comparison, resemblance.

25. demonetisation (noun) – the act of deprive currency unit (note/coin) of its status as money. 26. utmost (adjective) – greatest, maximum, most extreme.

27. retreat (noun) – withdrawal, pulling back, back down. 28. rashness (noun) – recklessness, carelessness, incautiousness.

29. rubicon (noun) – critical point, decisive point, turning point. 30. notion (noun) – idea, belief, concept. 31. dissimilar (adjective) - differing, varying, contrasting.

32. context (noun) – circumstances, conditions. 33. considerable (adjective) – much, a lot of; substantial. 34. length (noun) – do absolutely anything, go to any extreme/extent, go to any limits. 35. anomaly (noun) - something different, abnormal, unusual; oddity, peculiarity, deviation, aberration, exception. 36. impede (verb) – hinder, obstruct, slow down. 37. sugar-coat (verb) – make seemingly/artificially attractive or acceptable. 38. prospects (noun) – chances, possibilities, expectations, opportunities (for success). 39. hold out (phrasal verb) – offer, present (a hope, possibility, opportunity etc.); have a feeling of (hope). 40. stealth (noun) - secretiveness, secrecy, covertness. 41. precede (verb) – come/go before, pave the way for, lead to. 42. abrogation (noun) – abolition, repeal, cancellation (of a law/agreement). 43. stringent (adjective) – strict/stern, severe, tough/rigorous. 44. subsequently (adverb) – afterwards, later on, eventually. 45. laundry list (noun) – a long or exhaustive list of people or things. 46. mainstream (noun) – something (certain beliefs/ideas/activities) which are accepted or recognized by most people as a normal or typical. 47. approximate (verb) - be close to, be near to, come close to, be similar WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMto, equal roughly. 48. silver lining (noun) - sign of hope; comforting prospect, hopeful or bright side (during difficulty).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 02, 2020)

49. outfit (noun) – group, organisation.

50. incarceration (noun) – imprisonment, confinement, custody. 51. provision (noun) – term, clause, requirement/condition. 52. undermine (verb) – reduce, diminish, spoil, damage, weaken.

53. orderly (adjective) – systematic, methodical, organized/planned. 54. discourse (noun) – discussion, conversation, communication,

expression. 55. with regard to (phrase) – in respect of, concerning, with reference to. 56. detention (noun) – imprisonment, confinement/incarceration,

captivity, custody. 57. preventive detention (noun) – an action taken by the administration on the grounds of the suspicion that some wrong actions may be done by the person concerned which will be prejudicial to the state. 58. grave (adjective) – terrible, awful, alarming, gloomy. 59. populace (noun) – population, inhabitants, people/public. 60. snapping (noun) - the action of breaking something suddenly and completely. 61. on account of (phrase) – because of, owing to, due to, by virtue of. 62. domicile (noun) – a person’s permanent residence. In law, domicile is the status of being a lawful permanent resident in a particular jurisdiction (territory/region). 63. fast track (noun as modifier) – relating to a method which provides for more rapid results. 64. set in motion (phrase) – start, begin, initiate. 65. ticking time-bomb (noun) - a difficult situation that will ultimately become risky if not tackled. 66. demography (noun) – the structure of populations, especially human beings. 67. erstwhile (adjective) – old, previous, former, then. 68. floodgate (noun) – something which is restraining/holding back/stifling an outflow of something else. 69. open the floodgates (phrase) - to make something easier for a lot of things to happen (or) to make it possible for a lot of people to start WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMdoing something that was not permitted previously. 70. outsider (noun) – non-member, newcomer, stranger; non-native. 71. scarce (adjective) – insufficient, deficient, inadequate.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 02, 2020)

72. influx (noun) – the arrival of a large number of people

simultaneously. 73. merit (verb) – be entitled to, deserve, warrant, justify. 74. repetition (noun) - recurrence, reoccurrence, repeat.

75. successive (adjective) – consecutive, succeeding. 76. wrestle with (verb) – grapple, fight, struggle/battle.

77. irritant (noun) – annoyance, irritation, problem. 78. deign (verb) – stoop, lower oneself, descend/condescend, humble oneself.

79. tenure (noun) – incumbency, term of office, period in office. 80. renowned (adjective) - famous, eminent, prominent, well known. 81. insurrection (noun) – uprising, revolt, revolution. 82. facet (noun) – aspect, feature, characteristic/nuance. 83. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 84. prevail (verb) – exist, be in existence, be present, be prevalent. 85. instigate (verb) - incite, egg on, trigger/provoke. 86. rear (noun) - tail end, rear end, back end, hindmost (part of an army). 87. long shadow (noun) – long-lasting influence. 88. moot (adjective) – debatable, disputable, arguable; disputed, controversial. 89. long-standing (adjective) – long-established, deep-rooted, fixed, persistent, continuing (for a long time). 90. disown (verb) – reject, deny, abandon, renounce. 91. make someone pay (phrase) - to punish someone for something bad that they have done in the past. 92. ingrained (adjective) – entrenched, established, deep-rooted, firmly fixed. 93. squeeze (verb) – have a restricting/damaging effect on. 94. straitjacket (noun) – restriction, restraint, constraint. 95. (be) shorn of (verb) - have something cut off. 96. amount to (verb) – represent, be equivalent to, be tantamount to, be equal to. 97. extant (adjective) – present, existent, existing. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM98. undergo (verb) – go through, experience, be subjected to, engage in. 99. for instance (phrase) – as an example. 100. radical (adjective) – extremist, fanatical, sectarian, militant.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 02, 2020)

101. gain ground (phrase) – become accepted, become popular, make

headway, make progress. 102. attribute (verb) – ascribe, assign, connect/associate with. 103. fallout (noun) – adverse results/consequence; after-effects,

repercussions. 104. a force to reckon with (phrase) - a person/thing with strong abilities

and strengths cannot be ignored/underrated. 105. militancy (noun) – belligerency, combativeness, contentiousness/defiance (usually to support a cause).

106. extinguish (verb) – eradicate, wipe out, remove, destroy. 107. index (noun) – indicator, guide, mark, measure. 108. unattached (adjective) - separate, unconnected, self- ruling, independent of. 109. militant (noun) – extremist, radical, fanatic, sectarian. 110. suppress (verb) - conceal, control, contain, restrain, hold back, prevent. 111. sheer (adjective) – utter, complete, total, absolute, outright. 112. introspection (noun) – self-observation, self-analysis, self- examination; contemplation. 113. wise (adjective) – sensible, prudent, rational/logical, well advised, well thought out. 114. ascertain (verb) – find out, understand, recognize, get to know. 115. normalcy (noun) – a normal condition; normality, regularity. 116. strong arm (adjective) – aggressive, forceful/coercive, oppressive. 117. populism (noun) – related to policies that supposedly represent the opinions of ordinary people.

Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 03, 2020) H 1. grim (adjective) – distressing, upsetting,

worrying, unpleasant, dismal, awful. 2. sovereign (adjective) – relating to central government (sovereign) & state governments (sub-sovereigns).

3. tangle (noun) – fight, argument, disagreement; mix-up, confusion, mishmash. 4. compensation (noun) – payment, repayment, settlement (for

loss/damage). 5. GST compensation (noun) – Under the GST law (In India), state governments are guaranteed full compensation for any revenue loss for

the first five years after the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) in July 2017. The compensation is a gap between actual revenue collected and projected revenue. 6. standoff (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, impasse (in a dispute/conflict). 7. fall victim to (phrase) – be affected by, be damaged by, be overwhelmed by. 8. trust deficit (noun) – lack of trust (on authorities-from societal point of view). Situations with low levels of trust are not supportive and often counterproductive. People feel vulnerable and look at each other with suspicion. As a result, they are less open, since they fear that they will not be fairly treated by the other side. 9. regime (noun) – system, arrangement, apparatus, mechanism. 10. existential (adjective) – relating to existence. 11. existential crisis (noun) – it generally occurs when a person questions whether their lives have any meaning, purpose, or value (or) a situation in which something is questioned whether it has any meaning, purpose, or value. 12. patchy (adjective) - deficient, inadequate, insufficient; erratic, irregular, fluctuating, uneven. 13. compliance (noun) – conformity, observation, adherence. 14. mid-course (adjective) - relating to changes carried out or performed during a course of action, project, campaign, etc. 15. oversee (verb) – supervise, administer, manage. 16. serve (verb) – act as, function as, do duty as. WWW.EDITORIALWRODS.COM17. exemplar (noun) - definitive/perfect example, model, epitome. 18. co-operative (adjective) - collaborative, collective, combined, joint/shared.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 03, 2020) H 19. federalism/federal framework/system (noun) – a system of government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a

national government. 20. unravel (verb) – solve, resolve, clear up, clarify, sort out (something

complex). 21. slowdown (noun) – economic decline, recession, slump/depression. 22. exacerbate verb) – intensify, increase, heighten, aggravate, worsen.

23. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority.

24. throw to the wind (phrase) - to discard or dispense with (something), especially in an abrupt/reckless manner. 25. oblige (verb) – require, compel, bind, obligate (by a contract/agreement). 26. shortfall (noun) – deficit, inadequacy, deficiency, shortage. 27. cede (verb) - give up, concede, surrender, relinquish. 28. levy (verb) – impose, charge (a tax, fee, fine). 29. subsume (verb) – include, incorporate, absorb, encompass. 30. assert (verb) – declare, announce, pronounce, state. 31. tenuous (adjective) – weak/shaky, insubstantial, unconvincing, unsatisfactory. 32. so far (phrase) – until now, up to the present, up to this point. 33. undershoot (verb) – fall short of (a target). 34. kitty (noun) – a sum of something (money/things) made up of small of contributions. 35. pay out (phrasal verb) - disburse, give, remit, hand over, make payment of. 36. fiscal (year) (noun) – financial year. 37. contend (verb) - claim, argue, state. 38. due (adjective) – outstanding, overdue, unpaid, unsettled. 39. extraordinary (adjective) – out of the ordinary, unusual, uncommon. 40. circumstances (noun) – situation, conditions, state of affairs. 41. pose (verb) – raise, ask, put (a question/matter for consideration). 42. act of God (phrase) - a natural hazard outside human control; disaster, catastrophe, calamity, tragedy. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM43. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 03, 2020) H 44. debt (noun) – liability, financial obligation, borrowed capital. 45. push up (phrasal verb) - increase, raise.

46. dent (verb) – diminish, reduce, undermine. 47. at best (phrase) – simply, merely, only. 48. specious (adjective) – misleading, false, deceptive.

49. government debt/public debt/sovereign debt (noun) - it represents the total outstanding debt (bonds and other securities) of a country’s central government.

50. credit rating agency (CRA) (noun) – a credit rating agency is an entity which assesses the ability and willingness of the issuer company for

timely payment of interest and principal on a debt instrument. 51. in view of (phrase) – in the light of, owing to, considering. 52. curb (verb) – control, contain, restrict, limit. 53. spur (verb) – induce, prompt, stimulate, encourage, galvanize. 54. staring match/contest (noun) - a game where two people stare (look fixedly) at each other without looking away or closing their eyes; a conflict between two parties in which neither side is ready to concede defeat. 55. in the offing (phrase) – on the way, coming soon, likely to happen. 56. up to (phrase) – the responsible of someone. 57. impasse (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, stand-off. 58. in a way (phrase) – to a certain degree/level/extent; somewhat, fairly, moderately/slightly. 59. engender (verb) – cause, give rise to, bring about. 60. strengthen (verb) – increase, intensify, heighten. 61. all-round (adjective) – in all respects. 62. government spending (noun) – government expenditure, public spending; money spent by the government. 63. bolster (verb) – fortify, support, reinforce/buttress. 64. sagging (adjective) – declining, diminishing, decreasing. 65. derail (verb) – obstruct, interrupt, impede/thwart. 66. for now (phrase) – for the time being, for the moment, for the present. 67. certainty (noun) – sureness, assurance, fact, reliability. 68. sin/demerit goods (noun) – goods which are deemed/considered as harmful to society and individuals, for example alcohol and tobacco, etc. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM69. luxury/upmarket goods (noun) – goods which are deemed/considered as expensive ( & non-essential) and are associated with wealthy or affluent people, for example luxury jewelry, watches, designer apparel and footwear and luxury travel goods, etc.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 03, 2020)

1. dissent (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, opposition. 2. detention (noun) – imprisonment, confinement/incarceration,

captivity, custody. 3. quash (verb) – cancel, reverse, repeal, revoke, overrule, rule against.

4. expose (verb) – reveal, uncover, lay bare. 5. persecution (noun) – oppression, victimization, discrimination. 6. lay bare (phrasal verb) – reveal, uncover, expose.

7. detain (verb) – imprison, jail, incarcerate, confine. 8. National Security Act (NSA) (noun) - an act of the Indian Parliament

promulgated on 23 September, 1980 whose purpose is "to provide for preventive detention in certain cases and for matters connected therewith". Put simply, the NSA is an act that empowers the Centre or a State government to detain a person to prevent him from acting in any manner prejudicial (detrimental/harmful) to national security. 9. preventive detention (noun) – an action taken by the administration on the grounds of the suspicion that some wrong actions may be done by the person concerned which will be prejudicial to the state. 10. bail (noun) - conditional, temporary release of an arrested/imprisoned person when a specified amount of security is deposited or pledged (as cash or property) to ensure his/her appearance in court when required. 11. deadly (adjective) – fatal, lethal, life-threatening. 12. toll (noun) – number, count, sum total (of deaths/casualties). 13. take a toll (phrase) - to cause damage, suffering, deaths. 14. encephalitis (noun) – it is a sudden sudden inflammation (swelling) of the brain. 15. address (noun) – speech, talk, discourse. 16. scathing (adjective) – scornful, severely critical, harsh, severe (in criticizing someone).

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 03, 2020)

17. Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) (noun) – The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 seeks to grant citizenship to religious

minorities of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh, who had to flee their homeland facing persecution. The six minority groups that have

been specifically identified are Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians and Parsis. 18. discriminatory (adjective) – biased, unfair, unjust, inequitable.

19. deem (verb) – regard as, consider; view as. 20. inflammatory (adjective) – provocative, provoking,

agitating, fomenting. 21. far from (phrase) – not, not at all, nowhere near. 22. incite (verb) – provoke, trigger, instigate, provoke, stir up/egg on. 23. in its entirety (phrase) – as a whole, completely, entirely/totally. 24. hatred (noun) – hate, hostility, resentment, dislike/bitterness. 25. reading (noun) – interpretation, understanding, construal. 26. intent (noun) – aim, purpose, objective. 27. reasonable man (noun) - a hypothetical individual who approaches any situation with the appropriate amount of caution and then sensibly takes action. It is a standard created to provide courts and juries with an objective test that can be used in deciding whether a person’s actions constitute negligence. 28. come to the conclusion (phrase) - to decide something after thinking/analyzing about it carefully. 29. ground (noun) – reason, factor, basis, rationale, premise. 30. tranquillity (noun) – peacefulness, restfulness, calmness, quietness. 31. inevitable (adjective) – unavoidable, unpreventable. 32. inference (noun) – conclusion, reasoning, conjecture, speculation, assumption. 33. invoke (verb) – cite, refer to, adduce.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 03, 2020)

34. stringent (adjective) – strict/stern, severe, tough/rigorous. 35. dissenter (noun) – objector, protester, rejectionist.

36. in the absence of (phrase) - without, lacking. 37. appeal (noun) - an effort to persuade someone to do something;

request, call. 38. condemn (verb) – censure, criticize, castigate, attack. 39. perverse (adjective) – illogical, irrational, unreasonable; wrong,

incorrect. 40. resort (noun) – recourse to, turning to, the use of, utilizing.

41. frustrate (verb) – thwart, prevent, stop, spoil. 42. in particular (phrase) – particularly, specifically, especially. 43. zeal (noun) – passion, fervour, eagerness, interest. 44. negligence (noun) – carelessness, irresponsibility, disregard; inattention/laxness. 45. circumstances (noun) – situation, conditions, state of affairs. 46. strenuous (adjective) – vigorous, forceful/intense, active. 47. absolve (verb) - exonerate, discharge, acquit, release, relieve. 48. paediatrician (noun) – the doctor who is specialized in children health care and their diseases. 49. suspension (noun) – (temporary) exclusion, debarment, removal, elimination. 50. revoke (verb) – cancel, repeal/reverse, abrogate, nullify. 51. trial (noun) - hearing, inquiry, proceedings. 52. advertisement (noun) - publicity. 53. credentials (noun) – identities, qualifications, qualities, achievements. 54. bring to light (phrase) – reveal, disclose, expose/identify. 55. propensity (noun) – tendency, inclination, predisposition, readiness. 56. criminalise (verb) – make something (an activity) illegal. 57. single out (phrasal verb) – select, pick out, choose. 58. disregard (noun) – indifference, non-observance, negligence, lack of WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMattention. Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 03, 2020)

1. chaos (noun) – disorder, disarray, turmoil, disorganization, disruption. 2. well-thought-out (adjective) – carefully considered and planned. 3. reverse (verb) – alter, change.

4. incompetence (noun) – inability, incapability, ineptitude, lack of skill/ability, lack of proficiency. 5. onus (noun) – responsibility, duty.

6. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

7. feat (noun) – achievement, accomplishment, attainment. 8. act of god (phrase) – a natural hazard outside human control; disaster, catastrophe, calamity, tragedy. 9. apathy (noun) – disregard, lack of interest, unconcern. 10. Gross domestic product (GDP) (noun) – a measure of economic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and service. 11. contraction (noun) – In economics, it refers to a decline in national output as measured by gross domestic product. 12. underestimate (noun) – low estimate. 13. formal/organised sector (noun) – formal economy; it is the part of an economy that is taxed and monitored by the government. 14. informal/unorganized sector (noun) – informal economy, grey economy; it is the part of an economy that is neither taxed, nor monitored by any form of government. 15. extrapolate (verb) – forecast, predict, reckon, calculate, estimate. (extrapolation is an estimation of a value based on extending a known sequence of values or facts beyond the area that is certainly known). 16. probably (adverb) – most likely, in all likelihood, all things considered, perhaps. 17. indicator (noun) – measure, index, gauge, mark. 18. Index of Industrial Production (IIP) (noun) – a composite (combined/complex) indicator that measures the changes in the volume of production of a basket of industrial products during a given period with respect to the volume of production in a chosen base period. 19. ground report (noun) – the report from the ground (a particular WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMarea/place where an activity/work really happens). 20. much more (phrase) - a lot more. 21. fraction (noun) – a (small) proportion/part/amount of something.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 03, 2020)

22. -intensive (adjective/usually in combination) – (in business) concentrating on a particular thing. 23. rabi crops (noun) – winter crops; seeds sowing in the beginning (Nov) of

the winter and harvesting at the end of the season (Apr) in the South Asia. 24. kharif crops (noun) – monsoon crops; seeds sowing in the beginning

(Jun) of the monsoon and harvesting at the end of the season (Oct) in the South Asia. 25. harvest (noun) – the process of gathering a ripe crop from the fields.

26. respite (noun) – break, interval, stoppage. 27. down (adverb) - in a weaker/worse condition. 28. unlikely (adjective) – not likely, improbable, questionable. 29. revive (verb) – restore, recover, renew. 30. government (final) consumption expenditure (noun) – it consists of expenditure incurred by government on goods and services that are used for the direct satisfaction of individual needs (health care, housing, education, etc.), or collective needs (defence, justice, etc.) of members of the community. 31. gross value added (GVA) (noun) – it is a measure of total output and income in the economy. It provides the rupee value for the amount of goods and services produced in an economy after deducting the cost of inputs and raw materials that have gone into the production of those goods and services. It also gives sector-specific picture like what is the growth in an area, industry or sector of an economy. On the other hand, GDP or gross domestic product is a measure of economic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and service. 32. squeeze (noun) – a strong financial demand/pressure. 33. freeze (verb) – (of rate, price, etc) fix at a level. 34. grave (adjective) – terrible, awful, alarming, gloomy. 35. distress (noun) – hardship, adversity, misfortune, difficulty, trouble. 36. apparently (adverb) – seemingly, evidently, it appears that. 37. unabated (adjective) – non-stop, unceasing, unending. 38. flattening the curve (phrase) – In epidemiology, the idea of slowing a virus’ spread so that fewer people need to seek treatment at any given WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMtime is known as “flattening the curve”. 39. wishful (adjective) - yearning, desirous, craving. 40. green shoots (noun) – signs of economic recovery or positive data (during an economic slowdown/recession).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 03, 2020)

41. bound to (adjective) – obligated, under obligation, compelled, required, duty-bound. 42. brutal (adjective) - severe, harsh.

43. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority.

44. (contact) tracing (noun) – it is defined as the identification and followup of persons who may have come into contact with a person infected with the virus.

45. shut down (phrasal verb) – discontinue, cease activity, close. 46. compensation (noun) – payment, repayment, settlement (for loss/damage). 47. livelihood (noun) – means of making a living with the basic necessities (food, water, shelter and clothing); means of support, subsistence, source of income. 48. migrant (noun) – a person who moves from one region to another – either within a country or across national borders in order to find work or better living conditions. 49. unwittingly (adverb) – unintentionally, unknowingly, inadvertently. 50. impoverish (verb) – make poor, make penniless; cripple, wipe out. 51. debilitate (verb) - weaken, disable, paralyse, undermine, impair. 52. nutrition (noun) – the process in which necessary food is received/obtained by the living things to grow and be healthy. 53. exponentially (adverb) – rapidly, quickly, swiftly (in relation to an increase of something). 54. trajectory (noun) – course, track, direction, route. 55. halt (verb) – stop, end, cease, terminate. 56. downturn (noun) – decline, setback, crisis, tragedy. 57. stare at (verb) – look fixedly, gaze, watch closely. 58. blow (noun) – misfortune, setback, disappointment; shock, jolt. 59. strike (verb) – (of unpleasant occurrence) affect, afflict, come upon. 60. thereafter (adverb) – after that, subsequently. 61. enormity (noun) – hugeness, immensity, magnitude. 62. pathetically (adverb) - woefully, miserably. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM63. aggregate demand (AD) (noun) – it is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy at a given time. 64. halting (adjective) – hesitating, faltering, stumbling; unsteady, awkward.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 03, 2020)

65. liquidity (noun) – the availability of liquid assets; liquidity means liquid assets; cash; (liquid asset is an asset which can be easily sold/converted into cash without losing its value); a measure of activity (i.e.

the ability to buy or sell easily) in a market. 66. favour (verb) – support, back, endorse, advocate, espouse. 67. disgraceful (adjective) - shameful, shocking, dishonourable,

unacceptable. 68. centralise (verb) – concentrate, bring under one roof, consolidate, control (under one authority).

69. imposition (noun) – enforcement, execution, implementation. 70. Disaster Management Act (noun) - the Disaster Management Act, 2005 The stated object and purpose of the Disaster Management Act, 2005 is to manage disasters (e.g. cyclone, earth quake & etc.,), including preparation of mitigation strategies, capacity-building and more. To address the current epidemic outbreak, the Central government has included the Covid-19 outbreak as “Notified Disaster” as a “critical medical condition or pandemic situation”. 71. heavy lifting (noun) – difficult work. 72. on one’s own (phrase) – alone, all alone, by oneself, all by oneself. 73. dues (noun) – payment, contribution (which is (long pending). 74. (GST) compensation (noun) – Under the GST law (In India), state governments are guaranteed full compensation for any revenue loss for the first five years after the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) in July 2017. The compensation is a gap between actual revenue collected and projected revenue. 75. reneging (noun) – defaulting, breaking, backtracking (on a promise/contract). 76. renege (verb) – fail to honour, go back on, default on, break one’s word/promise (a commitment/contract). 77. spell (verb) – cause, lead to, result in, bring about. 78. conceive (verb) – think up, devise, come up with, formulate. 79. consequence (noun) – outcome, ramification, repercussion. 80. stinginess (noun) - close- fistedness, penuriousness, niggardliness, illiberality. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM81. front-end (verb) - pay (the money) at the beginning. 82. run out (phrasal verb) – use up, exhaust, finish, be out of. 83. constraint (noun) – restriction, limitation, restraint.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 03, 2020)

84. give up (phrasal verb) – abandon, forgo, renounce, relinquish. 85. owe (verb) – be in debt, be obligated to, be under an obligation to (pay something).

86. uncertain (adjective) – unsure, doubtful, dubious, unreliable. 87. roll out (phrasal verb) – launch, introduce, organize, inaugurate (something officially).

88. fiscal stimulus (package) (noun) – an attempt by a government by measures normally involving increased public spending and lower taxation, aimed at giving a positive jolt to economic activity.

89. god-given (adjective) - given by God. 90. avert (verb) – prevent, stop, avoid. 91. universalise (verb) – make (something) available for all. 92. Public Distribution System (PDS) (noun) – The Public Distribution System (PDS) in the country facilitates the supply of food grains and distribution of essential commodities to a large number of poor people through a network of Fair Price Shops at a subsidized price on a recurring basis. 93. draconian (adjective) - (of laws or punishments) extremely harsh, severe, strict, stringent, tough. 94. moratorium (noun) – a temporary suspension of an activity; embargo, ban, prohibition. 95. standstill (noun) – a situation in which something stops happening; halt, dead stop. 96. deprive of (verb) – dispossess, strip of, deny, prevent from having. 97. for sure (phrase) – definitely, surely, certainly, without doubt. 98. costly (adjective) – catastrophic, ruinous, disastrous, damaging, devastating, crippling. 99. hole (noun) - predicament, difficult situation, dilemma/crisis. 100. fiscal deficit (noun) – the difference between total expenditure and total income of the government. 101. monetise (verb) – earn money, generate revenue. 102. deficit (noun) – shortfall, deficiency, shortage. 103. inflationary (adjective) – tending to cause monetary inflation. 104.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM eventually (adverb) – in the end, in due course, after some time. 105. way out (phrase) - solution, way of escape.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-2 (SEP 03, 2020)

1. rescind (verb) - cancel, reverse, repeal, overrule. 2. embargo (noun) – ban/bar, restriction, prohibition, stoppage (official one).

3. culmination (noun) – end, conclusion, termination. 4. induct (verb) – admit to, allow into, introduce to.

5. Corps (noun) – it literally means “army body”; The corps is treated as an operational unit of employment by the Army and can be comprised of 20,000-45,000 soldiers. It is sometimes known as a field corps,

which consists of two or more divisions. It is commanded by the Corps Commander, who holds the rank of Lieutenant

General. “Corps” was first introduced in France about 1805 by Napoleon as a more flexible tactical grouping of two or more divisions. 6. regressive (adjective) – retrograde, retrogressive, unprogressive/negative. 7. onus (noun) – responsibility, duty. 8. privilege (noun) – right, advantage, benefit, prerogative, entitlement. 9. quest (noun) – pursuit, search. 10. discrimination (noun) – prejudice, inequity, one-sidedness, unfairness. 11. adjudicate (verb) – arbitrate, judge, decide, settle, resolve. 12. pave the way (for) (phrase) – clear the way for, usher in, set the scene for. 13. peculiar (adjective) – unusual, atypical, abnormal. 14. gambit (noun) – plan, measure/scheme, strategy. 15. don (verb) - dress oneself in, put on, get dressed in. 16. the olive (noun) - olive green uniform of Indian army. 17. parity (noun) - uniformity, equality. 18. counterpart (noun) – equivalent, equal (person); fellow, peer. 19. directive (noun) - instruction, direction, command, order. 20. deploy (verb) – employ (forces into effective action). 21. discriminatory (adjective) – biased, unfair, unjust, inequitable. 22. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. entitle (verb) – allow, empower, authorize. 24. look for (phrasal verb) – search for, try to find, seek. 25. footing (noun) – status, position, rank.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-2 (SEP 03, 2020)

26. relatively (adverb) – comparatively, proportionately, somewhat, to a certain extent/degree. 27. minuscule (adjective) – very small, insignificant, negligible.

28. shoulder to shoulder (phrase) – working together, united, side by side. 29. cadre (noun) – members of a group; a small group (of people).

30. elude (verb) – evade, avoid, get away from, dodge, slip away from. 31. accrue (verb) – accumulate, collect, increase, augment, be added. 32. consequent (adjective) – subsequent, following, resultant, ensuing.

33. to name (but) a few (phrase) – to give only a few examples (when there are a lot of things to).

34. mitigate (verb) - reduce, lessen, decrease, make less severe. 35. warfare (noun) - fighting, war, combat, conflict. 36. patriarchal (adjective) – cultures or societies that are controlled by men. 37. expose (verb) – introduce to, be subjected to, make familiar with, bring into contact with. 38. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 39. evolve (verb) – develop, progress, advance. 40. merit (verb) – be entitled to, deserve, warrant, justify. 41. conservative (adjective) – cautious, careful, unadventurous, understated, moderate. 42. hail (verb) – acclaim, praise, applaud, commend. 43. rationale (noun) – reason, basis, logic. 44. forecast (noun) – prediction, indication, projection, prognosis, speculation, calculation (of future events or trends). 45. irrespective of (adjective) – notwithstanding, without regard for, regardless of. 46. (make) inroads into (phrase) – progress/advance into (a new area/territory). 47. provision (noun) – term, clause, requirement/condition. 48. outset (noun) – beginning, start. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM49. a level-playing field (phrase) – a situation in which everyone has the equal chance of succeeding.

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 04, 2020)

1. loyalty (noun) – allegiance, faithfulness, obedience, adherence. 2. seek (very) - try, aim, attempt. 3. regarding (preposition) - concerning, with regard to, with respect to.

4. raise (verb) - bring up, suggest, propose, put forward. 5. hostility (noun) - opposition, resentment, unkindness, unfriendliness.

6. coterie (noun) - a small group of people with a unifying common interest; inner circle, gang, sect/camp, faction. 7. de facto (adjective) - actual, existing, existent, real, effective.

8. in favour of (phrase) - in support of, encouraging of, approving of. 9. open (adjective) - public, general, unrestricted, non-

restrictive; welcoming discussion, criticism & etc,. 10. far from (phrase) – not, not at all, nowhere near. 11. live up to (phrasal verb) - satisfy, fulfil, achieve, meet. 12. intent (noun) – aim, purpose, objective. 13. echo (verb) - repeat, say again, restate, reiterate. 14. ill (adjective) - bad, faulty, incompetent, amateurish. 15. harmony (noun) - unity, solidarity, cooperation, agreement/concord. (social harmony-when people live side by side in peace and mutual respect). 16. be the last person (phrase) - used to make a strong negative statement about someone. 17. toolkit (noun) - a (personal) set of abilities/skills. 18. least of all (phrase) - especially not a particular person. 19. erosion (noun) – disintegration, deterioration, decline, undermining/weakening. 20. drift (noun) - shift, deviation, departure, digression. 21. dismantle (verb) - demolish, destroy, disassemble, break up. 22. concentration (noun) - centralization. 23. disuse (noun) - non-use, non-employment, lack of use. 24. merit (noun) - distinction, high quality, excellence, level/grade. 25. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 26. crumble (verb) – disintegrate, collapse, break down, fragment. 27. advance (verb) – promote, further, support. 28. contentious (adjective) - controversial, disputable, debatable, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMdisputed. 29. undermine (verb) – reduce, diminish, impede, hinder. 30. obsess (about) (verb) – be constantly worrying about something.

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 04, 2020)

31. erode (verb) – undermine, weaken, destroy, spoil gradually. 32. have the courage of one's convictions (phrase) - have the confidence and continue doing what you think is right.

33. articulate (verb) – express, voice, communicate. 34. critique (noun) – analysis, evaluation, assessment.

35. articulation (noun) – expression, voicing, communication. 36. mobilisation (noun) – the act of bringing people/resources together for a particular cause.

37. the name of the game (phrase) - the main purpose of an activity. 38. get one's act together (phrase) - regain control of oneself, regain one's

self-control, get a grip on oneself, galvanize, cheer up. 39. notion (noun) – idea, belief, concept. 40. loyalist (noun) - supporter, admirer, champion. 41. dissenter (noun) – objector, protester, rejectionist. 42. peddle (verb) – advocate, urge, recommend, champion. 43. self-serving (adjective) - self-seeking, selfish, inward-looking. 44. churn (noun) – disorder/disorganization, confusion, disruption/chaos. 45. dialectic (noun) – reasoning, argumentation, contention, logic. 46. status quo (noun) – the present situation, the current state, the existing state of affairs. 47. obsequious (adjective) - fawning, subservient, submissive; dutiful, surrendering. 48. conventionally (adverb) - traditionally, usually, commonly, normally. 49. ally (noun) – associate, colleague, friend, confederate, supporter. 50. revival (noun) – re-establishment, comeback, reintroduction, reappearance. 51. sin (noun) - immoral act, wrong, act of evil. 52. open doors (phrase) – create opportunities. 53. ring hollow (phrase) - to seem false, to seem insincere, to appear meaningless, be of no use. 54. archaic (adjective) – obsolete, old-fashioned, outdated/very old. 55. clear (verb) - permit, allow, pass, authorize. 56. the crooked (noun) – dishonest person. 57. bar (verb) - prohibit, debar, forbid, ban. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM58. the upright (noun) - honest person. 59. misplaced (adjective) – misguided, unwise, ill-advised, ill-considered. 60. appropriate (verb) - take over, assume, secure, acquire. 61. rather than (phrase) – instead of.

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 04, 2020)

1. Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) (noun) - Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) is the usage and licensing fee that telecom operators are

charged by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT). The AGR is divided into spectrum usage charges and licensing fees, pegged

between 3-5 percent and 8 percent respectively. 2. dues (noun) – payment, contribution (which is (long pending). 3. impair (verb) – damage, diminish, reduce, weaken, decrease.

4. customer-centric (adjective) - client-focused; a business strategy that is putting the customer/client at the core of the business. 5. debt-laden (adjective) - burdened with debt. 6. laden (adjective) - burdened, loaded, overloaded. 7. breathing space (noun) – a time to relax; intermission, interval, break, respite. 8. figure out (phrasal verb) - understand, comprehend, work out, find an answer/solution to. 9. stem (verb) – lessen, reduce, diminish. 10. relentless (adjective) - continuing, constant, continuous, non-stop. 11. garner (verb) - save, store, reserve. 12. sizeable (adjective) - substantial, considerable, significant. 13. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 14. acknowledge (verb) - admit, accept, recognize, realize. 15. landscape (noun) – the distinctive features of a field of activity. 16. lynchpin (noun as modifier) – most important, main, focal, central (thing). 17. brush aside (phrasal verb) – dismiss, disregard, ignore, put aside, shrug off. 18. horizon (noun) - period, time. 19. well-deliberated (adjective) - well-calculated, well-considered, well- planned, well-thought-out. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM20. excessive (adjective) - too much. Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited.

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 04, 2020)

21. enormity (noun) – hugeness, immensity, magnitude.

22. potential (noun) – possibilities, potentiality, prospects. 23. disruptive (adjective) - troublesome, unmanageable, uncontrollable,

unrestrained. 24. consequence (noun) – outcome, ramification, repercussion. 25. as a whole (phrase) - in general, all together, as a group.

26. thrash out (phrasal verb) - resolve, settle, sort out, deal with, handle. 27. make clear (phrase) - explain, clarify, elucidate. 28. sought (past tense) of seek (verb) - be intent on, aim at. 29. at one go/time (phrase) - in one attempt; simultaneously, at once, at the same time. 30. insolvency (noun) – a condition in which the financial difficulties of an individual or organisation are such it is unable to pay its debts. 31. bankruptcy (noun) – legal state of insolvency. An individual or organisation is declared bankrupt if a court judges that the party involved can no longer meet debt payments to creditors. It is defined as the outcome of a legal procedure. 32. proceedings (noun) – a series of activities. 33. stretch (verb) - put a strain on, put great demands on, overtax, overextend. 34. surge (noun) – sudden increase, rise, growth. 35. mobile (operator) portability (noun) - this is the ability of a subscriber to retain within the same service area, an existing telephone number even if they change from one service provider/operator to another. 36. judicious (adjective) - wise, sensible, prudent, careful, cautious, circumspect, practical. 37. at stake (phrase) - at issue, at risk; or in question. 38. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 39. debt (noun) – liability, financial obligation, borrowed capital. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM40. amount to (verb) – add up to, come to a total of, represent, be equal to.

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 04, 2020)

41. take cognisance of (phrase) – notice, attend to, take into account, give

attention to. 42. well-being (noun) - welfare, advantage, successfulness.

43. depressed (adjective) – weakened, impaired, debilitated, distressed, sluggish. 44. fraught (adjective) – anxious/worried, distressed, agitated/panicky.

45. entrant (noun) – new member, newcomer. 46. unviably (adverb) - unfeasibly. 47. capital spending/capital expenditure (CAPEX) (noun) – the money spent on the acquisition of assets like land, buildings, machinery, equipment, as well as investment in shares. 48. curative (adjective) – remedial, restorative, corrective. 49. ambitious (adjective) – aspiring, purposeful, desirous; formidable. 50. enable (verb) – allow, permit, authorize, facilitate. 51. pan- (combining form) – all inclusive of. 52. ecosystem (noun) – complex situation/environment. 53. seamlessly (adverb) – smoothly and continuously. 54. inhabitant (noun) – resident, dweller; people/public. 55. plethora (noun) – lot, too many; excess, abundance, surplus. 56. hinge on (verb) – depend on, be based, be dependent. 57. vibrant (adjective) - high-spirited, energetic, dynamic. 58. monetise (verb) – earn money, generate revenue. 59. immutable (adjective) – unchangeable, fixed, set, rigid. 60. radio spectrum (noun) - it refers to a range of radio-waves that are used for communication purposes.

Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMstudy purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 04, 2020)

1. dropping (noun) – discontinuation, cancellation, cessation.

2. feel someone's pulse (phrase) - find out the general mood or opinion of. 3. go against the grain (phrase) - to do something in opposition or

contrary to someone’s inherent nature; to do something different from what is usual, normal, routine, expected.

4. prescribe (verb) - stipulate, lay down, specify, set down. 5. the executive (noun) – a branch of government which enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary;

government. 6. accountable (adjective) – answerable, responsible, liable. 7. electorate (noun) – all the people who entitled to vote in an election. 8. legislature (noun) - legislative body, government, parliament. 9. in turn (phrase) - in succession, successively. 10. periodically (adverb) – at regular intervals. 11. accountability (noun) – responsibility, liability, answerability. 12. lie (verb) - be present, be contained, exist. 13. at the heart of (phrase) – at the most important part of. 14. put in place (phrase) - establish, set up, create/form. 15. public interest (noun) - welfare/well-being of the general public as a whole. 16. public concern (noun) - it is defined as something (e.g. speech) that relates to a matter of political, social, or other concern to the community. 17. discharge (verb) - carry out, perform, conduct, do. 18. adjournment motion (noun) - the procedure for adjournment of the business of the House for the purpose of discussing a definite matter of urgent public importance, which can be moved with the consent of the Speaker. 19. calling attention (noun) - Under this procedural device, a Member may, with the prior permission of the Speaker, call the attention of a Minister to any matter of urgent public importance and the Minister WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMmay make a brief statement thereon. There shall be no debate on such a statement at the time it is made.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 04, 2020)

20. half-an-hour discussion (noun) - Under this instrument, a Member

may raise discussion on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question, Starred, Unstarred or Short Notice Question and the answer to which needs further

elucidation on a matter of fact. 21. motion of no confidence (noun) - According to rule 198 of the Rules

of Procedure and Conduct of the Lok Sabha, a no-confidence motion is “a motion expressing want of confidence in the Council of Ministers.” It's a vote in which MPs from all parties decide whether

they want the government to continue. It has the power to trigger a general election and could see a new prime minister appointed. 22. question of privilege (noun) - In parliamentary procedure, a motion to raise a question of privilege is a privileged motion that permits a request related to the rights and privileges of the assembly or any of its members to be brought up. 23. instrument (noun) - mechanism, apparatus, cause/factor, channel. 24. criticality (noun) - crucial importance/significance. 25. on account of (phrase) – because of, owing to, due to, by virtue of. 26. proceedings (noun) – a series of activities. 27. fumble (verb) - handle something clumsily/nervously. 28. inter alia (adverb) - Latin; among other things. 29. a host of (noun) – lot, large number, great quantity. 30. regulatory (adjective) – governmental, supervisory, organizational, controlling. 31. prescription (noun) – (authoritative) recommendation, method/measure. 32. address (verb) - aim, point, level/direct. 33. seek (verb) - ask for, request, demand. 34. asterisk (noun) - A symbol (*) used to mark printed or written text. 35. veracity (noun) – truthfulness, accuracy, correctness. 36. utmost (adjective) – greatest, maximum, most extreme. 37. inaccuracy (noun) – error, mistake, oversight, fault, blunder. 38. specifics (noun) – details, niceties, finer points, particulars. 39. elicit (verb) – cause, bring forth, bring out, draw out, trigger. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM40. scandal (noun) – impropriety, misconduct, wrongdoing. 41. authoritatively (adverb) - with authority; reliably, dependably, legitimately.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 04, 2020)

42. induce (verb) – cause, produce, effect.

43. resort (noun) – recourse to, turning to, the use of, utilizing. 44. take aback (phrasal verb) - surprise, shock, stun, astonish. 45. peremptory (adjective) – irreversible, binding, decisive.

46. bulletin (noun) – communiqué, press release, statement, news report. 47. forthcoming (adjective) – imminent, impending, coming,

approaching. 48. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of

people across a wide area. 49. jarring (adjective) – clashing/conflicting, contradictory, incongruous; shocking. 50. gravity (noun) – seriousness, importance/significance, severity. 51. descend on (verb) - attack, set upon, harass, come in force. 52. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 53. social/physical distancing (noun) – a term means actively avoiding crowded public places, is a key element in decreasing the rapid spread of COVID-19. This is an effort intended to limit exposure by reducing face-to-face contact and preventing spread among people in community settings. 54. imbibe (verb) - assimilate, absorb, familiarize, acquire, grasp. 55. far and near (phrase) - everywhere, all over, all around. 56. bring forth (phrasal verb) - put forward, present, come up with, contribute. 57. dos and don'ts (phrase) - rules that one should follow. 58. belatedly (adverb) – later than expected; behind time; slowly, tardily. 59. follow suit (phrase) – emulate, follow, take as a model. 60. context (noun) - circumstances, conditions, surroundings. 61. baffle (verb) - perplex, puzzle, bewilder, mystify, confuse. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM62. curtailment (noun) – reduction, limitation, restriction, decrease, lessening. 63. subsequent (adjective) – following, ensuing, succeeding, successive.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 04, 2020)

64. Unstarred Question (noun) - An Unstarred Question is one to which

written answer is desired by the member and is deemed to be laid on the Table of the House by Minister. Thus it is not called for oral answer in the House and no supplementary question can be asked

thereon. 65. starred Question (noun) - Starred Question is one to which a member

desires an oral answer from the Minister in the House and is required to be distinguished by him/her with an asterisk. Answer to such a question may be followed by supplementary questions by members.

66. emanate (verb) - arise from, stem from, come from. 67. explore (verb) – examine, evaluate, look into, consider (options). 68. alleged (adjective) – supposed, claimed, professed, purported. 69. lacunae – plural of lacuna (noun) – a gap/empty space; missing part of something. 70. camouflage (verb) – hide, conceal, cover. 71. unravel (verb) – solve, resolve, clear up, clarify, sort out (something complex). 72. verbal gymnastics (noun) - the ability to think/speak cleverly and quickly. 73. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 74. substance (noun) – significant subject, important matter/content, valid message. 75. table (verb) - submit, put forward, propose, suggest. 76. supplement (verb) - augment, increase, add to, complement. 77. on occasion (phrase) - occasionally; from time to time. 78. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 79. narrative (noun) – a representation of a particular situation; portrayal/account. 80. corrective (noun) - remedy, curative, restorative, corrective, antidote. 81. premise (verb) - postulate, posit, state, predicate (as a premise). 82. upfront (adverb) – openly, frankly, candidly, forthrightly. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM83. a thing of the past (phrase) - something that no longer exists or happens.

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 05, 2020) H 1. dimension (noun) – aspect, feature, side, element.

2. Quad/Quadrilateral (noun) – The ‘Quadrilateral’ is described as four democracies (the United States, Japan, Australia and India) with a shared objective to ensure and support a “free, open and prosperous”

Indo-Pacific region. 3. militarisation (noun) – the act of making something similar to armed forces. the process of equipping something (an organisation/etc) with

military forces/resources. 4. alleviate (verb) – reduce, control, mitigate/moderate. 5. territorial (adjective) – geographical.

6. shift (noun) - change. 7. posture (noun) – position, approach, attitude, standpoint, view. 8. Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) (noun) - Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) is the professional service chief, head of the Indian Armed Forces and the senior-most uniformed military adviser to the Government of India. General Bipin Rawat was appointed as the first Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) on 31 December 2019. 9. mechanism (noun) – system, medium, agency, channel. 10. freedom of navigation (FON) (noun) – a principle of customary (established ) international law that ships flying the flag of any sovereign state shall not suffer interference from other states, apart from the exceptions provided for in international law. 11. Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs) (noun) - operations that reinforce internationally-recognized rights and freedoms by challenging excessive maritime claims. 12. misspeak (verb) – misinterpret, misstate, misrepresent, misdescribe, mistranslate. 13. patrol (noun) – vigil, guard, watch, monitoring. 14. mark (verb) – indicate, represent, signify. 15. reticence (noun) – uncommunicativeness, unresponsiveness, quietness, silence. 16. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 17. exercises (noun) – military drill, military (training) activities/operations. 18. assertion (noun) – statement, claim/opinion, declaration, affirmation, contention. WWW.EDITORIALWRODS.COM19. surmise (verb) – assume, conjecture, suppose. 20. singularly (adjective) – remarkably, noticeably, particularly, exceptionally, extremely.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 05, 2020) H 21. contention (noun) – opinion, view, assertion/statement, declaration,

affirmation. 22. veiled (adjective) – covert, concealed, hidden, camouflaged. 23. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border

between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal).

24. People’s Liberation Army (PLA) (noun) – People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is the armed forces of the country of China and Communist Party of China (CPC). It is one of the largest military forces in the

world. 25. diplomatically (adverb) - in a way that involves ambassadors/diplomats between countries. 26. speak of (phrase) - mention, talk about, discuss, refer to, comment/remark on. 27. strengthening (noun) - reinforcing, underpinning, buttressing. 28. ties (noun) – bond, association, relationship. 29. as well as (phrase) – and in addition; and also. 30. formulation (noun) – creation, origination, arrangement. 31. possibly (adverb) - perhaps, may be, very likely. 32. in terms of (phrase) - with regard to, regarding/concerning, in respect of, with reference to. 33. militarise (verb) - to equip with military troops/forces; to deploy military troops/forces in an area. 34. in any way (phrase) - under any circumstances. 35. geographical concept (noun) - it allow for the exploration of relationships and connections between people and both natural and cultural environments. 36. geographical strategy (noun) - it is concerned with the control of, or access to, spatial areas that affect the security and prosperity of nations. Spatial areas that concern strategic geography change with human needs and development. 37. tie in (phrasal verb) - incorporate, involve something. 38. (treaty) alliance (noun) - agreement pact, deal to form a bloc, federation; WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMassociation/union. 39. alliance system (noun) - The alliance system is formed when countries join forces or worked together to achieve a certain goal. 40. run counter to (phrase) – to be opposed to, to be in conflict with.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 05, 2020)

1. make clear (phrase) - explain, clarify, elucidate. 2. amply (adverb) – sufficiently, satisfactorily, (more than) enough.

3. shy away from (phrasal verb) – avoid, recoil, withdraw nervously (due to fear/surprise/pain/dislike).

4. leverage (verb) – use, make use of, utilize (to maximum gain). 5. potentially (adverb) – likely, may be, possibly, probably. 6. geopolitical (adjective) – territorial.

7. step in (phrasal verb) – become involved in, get involved in. 8. in one go (phrase) - in one attempt, in one single action; at the same

time. 9. owing to (phrase) – because of, as a result of, on account of. 10. prejudicial (adjective) – detrimental, damaging, harmful, disadvantageous, counterproductive. 11. sovereignty (noun) – authority, supreme power, domination. 12. integrity (noun) – unity, solidarity, togetherness. 13. defence (noun) – protection, shielding, safeguarding; security. 14. public order (noun) – it is essentially the absence of disorder – the quiet and orderly behaviour of people in public space. It involves people behaving sensibly and rationally, and respecting others. 15. in all (phrase) - altogether. 16. surreptitiously (adverb) - secretively, secretly, stealthily, furtively, covertly, clandestinely. 17. unauthorized (adjective) – unofficial, unwarranted, unapproved. 18. intervention (noun) – the process of intervening in something; involvement, interference. 19. counter (noun) - answer, remedy, solution (to an argument/criticism). 20. keep off (verb) - prevent, stop, block someone (from doing something). 21. entrenched (adjective) – ingrained, established, embedded. 22. supply chain (noun) – a network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final buyer. 23. prejudice (verb) - damage, spoil, impair, undermine, compromise. 24. plank (noun) – a fundamental point. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM25. arrive at (verb) - attain, reach, accomplish (a conclusion or decision). 26. invoke (verb) – cite, refer to, adduce.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 05, 2020)

27. Information Technology Act (noun) - it is an Act of the Indian Parliament notified on 17 October 2000. It is the primary law in India

dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce. 28. Section 69A of IT Act, 2000 (noun) - Section 69A of the Information

Technology Act, 2000, was introduced by an amendment to the Act in 2008. It gives the Central government the power to block public access to any information online — whether on websites or mobile

apps. 29. uphold (verb) – confirm, ratify, vindicate, validate.

30. due process (noun) – fair treatment (per established principles & procedures). 31. compliance (noun) – conformity, observation, adherence. 32. straight away (phrase) - immediately, instantly, at once, directly. 33. en masse (adverb) – in a mass, all together, as a group. 34. gainfully (adverb) - profitably. 35. scramble (verb) – struggle, hurry/hasten, rush (to do something to achieve a goal/result). 36. add to (phrasal verb) – make something stronger/greater. 37. dire (adjective) – urgent, desperate, pressing, crying, serious. 38. bode well/ill (verb) – augur, indicate, portend (a good/bad outcome). 39. aspiration (noun) – ambition, goal, desire, hope, wish. 40. thrive on (phrasal verb) - to enjoy something, particularly one that other people find unpleasant; to be successful at something particularly one that other people find difficult. 41. ironically (adverb) – paradoxically, unexpectedly, strangely. 42. unleash (verb) – let loose, release, set free. 43. moral high ground (noun) – ethical or political parlance/expression/phrase, refers to the status of being respected for remaining moral, and adhering to and upholding a universally recognized standard of justice or goodness. 44. move (noun) – action, measure, deed. 45. as far as (phrase) – to the degree/extent that. 46. certainly (adverb) – surely, definitely, unquestionably. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM47. considered (adjective) - carefully thought about, calculated, contemplated, well-chosen.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 05, 2020)

1. stifle (verb) - constrain, restrain, prevent, hamper, impede.

2. word of advice (noun) - cautionary advice about something forthcoming, especially danger. 3. constraint (noun) – restriction, limitation, restraint.

4. scrutinise (verb) – examine carefully, inspect; investigate. 5. emblematic (adjective) – symbolic, representative, demonstrative.

6. legislature (noun) – parliament, governing body, assembly/chamber. 7. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in

humans. 8. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 9. legislator (noun) – a member of a legislature (parliament); lawmaker, representative. 10. ratify (verb) - approve, sanction, endorse, validate. 11. ordinance (noun) – (local) order, decree, directive/regulation. 12. hardly (adverb) – barely, only just, almost not. 13. executive action (noun) - government action. 14. social/physical distancing (noun) – a term means actively avoiding crowded public places, is a key element in decreasing the rapid spread of COVID-19. This is an effort intended to limit exposure by reducing face-to-face contact and preventing spread among people in community settings. 15. truncate (verb) - shorten, cut short, curtail. 16. zero hour (noun) - the opportunity for MPs to raise national issues without an advance notice became available at 12 pm and could last for an hour until the House adjourned for lunch. This led to the hour being popularly referred to as Zero Hour and the issues being raised during this time as Zero Hour submissions. During this time, members raise issues pertinent to their constituents and of wider public interest. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM17. pertinent (adjective) – relevant, appropriate, applicable. 18. constituents (noun) – all people (members/voters) of a constituency.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 05, 2020)

19. public interest (noun) - welfare/well-being of the general public as a

whole. 20. Question Hour (noun) - Question Hour is the liveliest hour in Parliament and it is taken up from 1100hrs to 1200 hrs in every

sitting. It is during this one hour that Members of Parliament ask questions of ministers and hold them accountable for the functioning

of their ministries. The questions that MPs ask are designed to elicit (bring out) information and trigger suitable action by ministries. 21. organ (noun) – department.

22. accountable (adjective) – answerable, responsible, liable. 23. vote out (verb) - defeat, vote down, rule against, reject, throw out. 24. perceive (verb) – become aware of, become conscious of, come to know, get to know. 25. contact tracing (noun) – it is defined as the identification and followup of persons who may have come into contact with a person infected with the virus. 26. dilute (verb) – diminish, reduce, decrease, lessen. 27. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 28. the executive (noun) – a branch of government which enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary; government. 29. illustrate (verb) – explain, elucidate, clarify. 30. moot (verb) – introduce, put forward, present, propose, suggest. 31. joint parliamentary committee (noun) – ad hoc (temporary) Committees appointed for a specific purpose (to examine irregularities and aberrations, if any, and the consequences therefore in the implementation of Government decisions and policy prescriptions) and they (JPCs) cease to exist when they finish the task assigned to them and submit a report. 32. legislation (noun) – law, rules, regulations, statutes. 33. enable (verb) – allow, permit, give permission to. 34. efficacy (noun) – effectiveness, efficiency, power/ability to give WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMestimated results. 35. as well as (phrase) – and in addition; and also.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 05, 2020)

36. in contrast (to) (phrase) – in opposition to, be very different from.

37. roll out (phrasal verb) – launch, introduce, organize, inaugurate (something officially). 38. Aarogya Setu (noun) – Aarogya Setu is a mobile application

developed by the Government of India to connect essential health services with the people of India in their combined fight against

COVID-19. 39. grey zone (noun) - an area of uncertainty; (an intermediate area which is not clearly or easily defined).

40. resume (verb) – restart, recommence, begin again, start again. 41. oversight (noun) – supervision, surveillance, administration, management. 42. parliamentary oversight (noun) – Through its core oversight function, parliament holds the government to account on behalf of the people, ensuring that government policy and action are both efficient and commensurate (appropriate) with the needs of the public. Parliamentary oversight is also crucial in checking excesses (uncontrolled/unrestricted behaviour) on the part of the government. There can be no democratic system of government without transparency and accountability. 43. slew of (noun) – a large number of, lot, range. 44. short of (phrase) – less than. 45. in-person (adjective) - physically, personally, bodily, actually. 46. plenary (noun) – assembly, conference, meeting (attended by all participants). 47. imply (verb) – say indirectly, suggest, indicate. 48. check (noun) – control, restraint, curb, restriction/limitation. 49. look at (phrasal verb) – study, analyse, scrutinize. 50. post-mortem analysis (noun) - a process, usually performed at the conclusion of a project, to determine and analyze elements of the project that were successful or unsuccessful. 51. rather than (phrase) - instead of. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM52. mechanism (noun) – procedure, process, method/technique.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 05, 2020)

53. as an aside (phrase) - as a comment/remark that is not supposed to be

heard by everyone. 54. sound (adjective) – practicable, reliable, sensible, dependable. 55. maxim (noun) - precept, saying, motto.

56. rue (verb) - regret, deplore, be sorry about. 57. intervention (noun) – the process of intervening in something;

involvement, interference. 58. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity, dearth. 59. compound (verb) – aggravate, worsen, intensify, make worse.

60. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 61. hardship (noun) – financial distress, suffering, affliction, trouble, torment, misfortune. 62. migrant (noun) – a person who moves from one region to another – either within a country or across national borders in order to find work or better living conditions. 63. on the ground (phrase) – in a situation/place where things are happening really/practically. 64. fine-tune (verb) – carefully assess/adjust; calibrate, regulate. 65. take to (phrase) – resort to, turn to, have recourse to. 66. equip (verb) – prepare (for a particular task/situation). 67. dare i say (phrase) - used when you know that what you are going to say will disappoint/irritate someone. 68. evolve (verb) – develop, progress, advance. 69. dues (noun) – payment, contribution (which is (long pending). 70. overrule (verb) – cancel, reverse, rescind, repeal. 71. potential (adjective) – possible, likely, probable. 72. monopoly (noun) – exclusive/complete control of something by a person/organisation. 73. default (noun) – non-payment, failure to pay. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM74. illegality (noun) - an illegal act/practice. 75. lose ground (phrase) – lose one’s advantage.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 05, 2020)

76. moratorium (noun) – a temporary suspension of an activity; embargo,

ban, prohibition. 77. insolvency (noun) – a condition in which the financial difficulties of an individual or organisation are such it is unable to pay its debts.

78. bankruptcy (noun) – legal state of insolvency. An individual or organisation is declared bankrupt if a court judges that the party

involved can no longer meet debt payments to creditors. It is defined as the outcome of a legal procedure. 79. supersession (noun) – replacement of a person previously in authority.

80. regulate (verb) – standardize, set right, check. 81. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 82. scrutiny (noun) – examination, inspection, investigation. 83. mortality (noun) – (in a particular time/for a cause) the rate/number of death. 84. fall (noun) – decrease, decline, drop, slump. 85. far-reaching (adjective) – widespread, sweeping, extensive, important, significant. 86. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually. 87. assumption (noun) – belief, supposition, expectation, speculation, conjecture. 88. hold someone responsible/accountable (for) (phrase) – blame someone for something. 89. curtailed (adjective) – shortened, truncated; restricted/limited. 90. coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. 91. make the best of (phrase) – make the most of; to gain (maximum) advantage from an unwelcome/unsatisfactory situation. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM92. wrest (verb) - take back (something with effort).

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 07, 2020)

1. too close for comfort (phrase) - you say "too close for comfort" when a person or thing is too close to you and it's making you feel worried/nervous; dangerously nearby.

2. row (noun) – dispute, fight, argument, quarrel, squabble, disagreement.

3. lose no time (phrase) - to do something as quickly as possible. 4. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign- policy.

5. prospects (noun) – chances, possibilities, expectations, opportunities (for success). 6. imminent (adjective) – close/near, about to happen, approaching/impending. 7. stand-off (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, impasse (in a dispute/conflict). 8. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 9. underline (verb) – emphasize, underscore, highlight. 10. difference (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, misunderstanding. 11. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 12. deploy (verb) – move (military troops) into position for military action. 13. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt. 14. unilaterally (adverb) – used to indicate something done by a person/country without approval/agreement from other people/countries involved in the situation. 15. categorically (adverb) – absolutely, unquestionably, certainly, clearly, unequivocally, unambiguously. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM16. stand (noun) – standpoint, position, point of view, viewpoint. Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 07, 2020)

17. emphasise (verb) – draw attention to, put stress on, underscore, highlight. 18. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries.

19. dialogue (noun) – discussion, discourse, exchange of views, negotiation, talks, diplomacy.

20. counterpart (noun) – equivalent, equal (person); fellow, peer. 21. reiterate (verb) – repeat, say again, restate. 22. bear (verb) - accept, admit, take responsibility for.

23. lie (verb) – be present, exist. 24. restraint (noun) - constraint, check, control, restriction. 25. potential (adjective) – possible, likely, probable. 26. escalation (noun) – intensification; an increase in the intensity of something. 27. call on (phrasal verb) – appeal to, demand/ask, request. 28. meet someone halfway (phrase) - reach a compromise/agreement/deal, find the middle ground, come to terms, come to an understanding. 29. diplomacy (noun) – negotiation, discussion, talks, dialogue. 30. way out (phrase) - solution, answer, remedy. 31. interest (noun) – benefit, advantage. 32. so far (phrase) – until now, up to the present, up to this point. 33. stark (adjective) – clear, distinct, evident, obvious, striking. 34. mismatch (noun) - discrepancy, inconsistency, contradiction. 35. aggressor (noun) – a person/country who starts hostilities and initiates fight or battle at first; attacker, warmonger, offender, initiator. 36. contradict (verb) - conflict with, be at odds with, be at variance with, be inconsistent with. 37. cede (verb) – give up, concede, surrender, relinquish. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM38. diplomat (noun) – envoy, consul, ambassador. Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 07, 2020)

39. bear/keep in mind (phrase) – take into account, be mindful, remember/consider. 40. big picture (noun) – a broad overview of a situation, issue, or

problem. 41. ties (noun) – bond, association, relationship.

42. on the ground (phrase) – in a situation/place where things are happening really/practically. 43. intent (noun) – aim, purpose, objective.

44. precisely (adverb) – exactly, absolutely, squarely. 45. strategic partnership/alliance/relationship (noun) – it is a long-term interaction between two countries based on political, economic, social and historical factors. 46. calculus (noun) – calculation, estimation, reasoning. 47. stand one’s ground (phrase) - be firm, be resolute, be determined. 48. over the long haul (phrase) - over a long/entended period of time. 49. inspire (verb) – cause, induce, trigger, kindle, produce/generate, bring about. 50. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) (noun) - The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a permanent intergovernmental international organisation, the creation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai (China). The SCO currently comprises eight Member States (China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) and is seen as a counterweight to NATO. It was established as a multilateral association to ensure security and maintain stability across the vast Eurasian region, join forces to counteract emerging challenges and threats, and enhance trade, as well as cultural and humanitarian cooperation. 51. occasionally (adverb) – sometimes, at times, now and then, once in a while. 52. avert (verb) – prevent, stop, avoid. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM53. flare-up (noun) - outburst, eruption outbreak (of hostility/violence). Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 07, 2020) H 1. mixed message (noun) – any communication that is contradictory, inconsistent, or unclear, particularly in its purpose/intention. 2. capital (noun) - finances, funds.

3. result in (verb) - cause, bring about, produce. 4. flood (noun) - inflow of a large amount of something (e.g. money,

investments, etc.,). 5. foreign direct investment (FDI) (noun) – Investment from one country into another (normally by companies rather than governments) that

involves establishing operations or acquiring tangible assets, including stakes in other businesses. 6. elaborately (adverb) - painstakingly, carefully.

7. pitch (verb) – position, place, locate. 8. serve (as) (verb) - act as, function as, do the work of. 9. hub (noun) – centre, centre of activity, focal point. 10. at the heart of (phrase) – at the most important part of. 11. global supply chain (noun) – a dynamic worldwide network when a company purchases or uses goods or services from overseas. It involves people, information, processes and resources involved in the production, handling and distribution of materials and finished products or providing a service to the customer. 12. pitch (noun) – an attempt to convince/persuade someone to accept something. 13. strategic partnership (noun) – it is a long-term interaction between two countries based on political, economic, social and historical factors. 14. US-India Strategic Partnership Forum (USISPF) (noun) - a non-profit organization, founded for strengthening the U.S.-India bilateral & strategic partnership. 15. backdrop (noun) – situation, scenario, context. 16. keenness (noun) – eagerness, willingness, readiness, desire/wish. 17. disruption (noun) – disturbance, disorganization, turmoil, interruption. 18. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 19. cross-border (adjective) – across a border between two countries. 20. lure (verb) – tempt, persuade, attract, coax, win over. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM21. potential (adjective) – possible, likely, prospective, probable. 22. tack (noun) – approach, way/method, process. 23. consistent with (adjective) – in tune with, in line with; agreeing, accordant, compatible.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 07, 2020) H 24. explore (verb) – examine, evaluate, look into, consider (options). 25. supply-chain (noun) – a network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final buyer.

26. synergy (noun) – collaboration, joint action, team work. 27. escalating (adjective) – increasing, intensifying, heightening rapidly.

28. feud (noun) - argument, dispute, disagreement, fight. 29. cast a shadow over (phrase) – spoil, diminish, let down. 30. ties (noun) – bond, association, relationship.

31. reasoning (noun) – logic, reason, rationality, line of thought. 32. draw (verb) – attract, capture, lure. 33. set up (phrasal verb) – establish, start/begin, inaugurate, create.

34. stand (to) (verb) – be in a situation where one is possibly to do something. 35. make a statement (phrase) - to communicate/express a certain kind of impression or idea. 36. ideal (adjective) – perfect, best possible, consummate. 37. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 38. stand-off (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, impasse (in a dispute/conflict). 39. trade war/dispute/stand-off (noun) – a condition in which a country increase tariffs on foreign goods and impose quota restrictions to restrict other countries’ trade. 40. on the face of it (phrase) – apparently, seemingly, evidently/ostensibly; at first glance. 41. inarguably (adverb) - unquestionably, indisputably, doubtlessly, certainly. 42. sound (adjective) – well founded, well grounded, valid, reasonable, logical. 43. the rub (noun) - problem, difficulty, obstacle. 44. lie in (phrasal verb) – be present, exist. 45. Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (or) Self-reliant India Mission (noun) – the special economic package totaling Rs 20 lakh crore by the Indian government to tide over the Covid-19 crisis and it would focus on land, labour, liquidity and laws. It would benefit labourers, farmers, honest tax payers, MSMEs and cottage industry. This economic package would be around the 10 per cent of India’s GDP. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM46. self-reliant (adjective) – self-sufficient, self-supporting, self-sustaining. 47. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 48. prioritise (verb) – make a point of, highlight, call attention to (something as very important).

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 07, 2020) H 49. pay a premium for/put a premium on (phrase) - value greatly, put a high value on, regard as particularly important. 50. drive (noun) – campaign, movement, effort, push.

51. self-reliance (noun) – self-sufficiency, self-support, self-sustenance. 52. spur (verb) – induce, prompt, stimulate, encourage, galvanize.

53. call for (phrasal verb) – require, publicly ask/necessitate, demand. 54. indigenous (adjective) – native, local, domestic. 55. tugboat (noun) - a small, sturdily built, powerful boat which helps in

mooring or berthing (tying up) operation of a ship/vessel by either towing or pushing a ship/vessel towards the port. 56. abjure (verb) – renounce, give up, relinquish, reject/forgo.

57. thrust (noun) – force, push, drive, pressure. 58. evidently (adverb) – obviously, palpably, seemingly, apparently. 59. capital goods (noun) - capital goods are man-made, durable items that businesses use to produce goods and services. They include tools, buildings, vehicles, machinery, and equipment. Capital goods are also called durable goods, real capital, and economic capital. 60. at the cost of (phrase) - by sacrificing/losing/giving up something. 61. betray (verb) – reveal, disclose, lay bare, make known, uncover. 62. anxiety (noun) – concern/stress/tension, unease, apprehension, disquiet. 63. stress (verb) – emphasize, draw attention to, focus attention on, underline, highlight. 64. interpret (verb) – understand, regard, take, construe. 65. turn one’s back on (phrase) - abandon, give up, reject, renounce. 66. market access (noun) - the ability of a company or country to sell goods and services across borders. 67. perspective (noun) – outlook, viewpoint, approach. 68. Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) (noun) - a proposed agreement between the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its free trade agreement (FTA) partners. The pact aims to cover trade in goods and services, intellectual property, etc. 69. multilateral (adjective) – involving many different organisations. 70. tap (verb) – exploit, make use of, use, utilize. 71. by way of (phrase) – as a form of. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM72. stake (noun) – share in a business. 73. acquisition (noun) – buying, obtaining, acquiring. 74. predominantly (adverb) – mainly, mostly, commonly. 75. deed (noun) - action, activity.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 07, 2020)

1. drift (noun) – an unwelcome movement or development. 2. a chink in someone’s armour (phrase) - a weak point/fault in someone’s character, arguments & etc., which can be used to attack/criticize them

easily. 3. judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested.

4. opaque (noun) – non-transparent, murky, muddied, ambiguous, cryptic. 5. Master of the Roster (noun) – it refers to the privilege (right) of the Chief Justice to constitute Benches to hear cases. In November, 2017,

when a Constitution Bench, led by the Chief Justice of India Dipak Misra, declared that “the Chief Justice is the master of the roster and he alone has the prerogative (privilege/right) to constitute the Benches of

the Court and allocate cases to the Benches so constituted. roster (noun) – a list of the people of a team/organisation. 6. fortnight (noun) – a period of two weeks/fourteen days continuously. 7. contempt (noun) – it refers to the offence of showing disrespect to the dignity or authority of a court (& its officers). 8. in one's own way (phrase) - if considered/looked at from a specific viewpoint suitable to that person/thing. 9. magnify (verb) – increase, heighten, intensify. 10. in the first instance (phrase) - in the first place. 11. self-proclaimed (adjective) – self-confessed, declared, acknowledged, admitted. 12. magnanimity (noun) – big-heartedness, generosity, humanity, liberality. 13. let off (phrasal verb) - punish someone lightly. 14. imprisonment (noun) – incarceration, custody, confinement. 15. debarment (noun) - (temporary) suspension, exclusion, removal, elimination. 16. chastise (verb) – punish, discipline. 17. conduct (noun) – behaviour, way of behaving, performance. 18. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 19. adamance (noun) - not willing to change one's opinion/mind; firmness and determination. 20. ego (noun) - self-esteem, self-importance, self-respect. 21. noble (adjective) – righteous, honest, upright, reputable, unselfish. 22. remorse (noun) – deep regret, penitence, sorrow/feelings of guilt. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. belong (verb) – be a member of, be included in, be affiliated to, be associated with, be connected to (a particular group or organization). 24. trite (adjective) – hackneyed, clichéd, common/ordinary (remark/idea). 25. ring hollow (phrase) – to seem false, insincere or not genuine.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 07, 2020)

26. relentlessly (adverb) – continuously, persistently, firmly/determinedly, continuously in an intense way. 27. pursue (verb) – engage in, conduct, follow.

28. petty (adjective) – small/trivial, unimportant, insignificant. 29. arrogance (noun) – egotism, self-importance. 30. over/in the course of (phrase) - during the specified activity.

31. coerce (verb) – pressure, force, compel/influence. 32. contemnor (noun) – a person who shows contempt on someone/something.

33. proffer (verb) – offer, tender, give. 34. apology (noun) – expression of regret. 35. arguably (adverb) – possibly, conceivably, maybe, potentially.

36. strange (adjective) – unusual, weird, abnormal, atypical. 37. embarrassing (adjective) - humiliating, degrading, demeaning, disgracing. 38. come across (phrasal verb) - seem, appear, look. 39. petulant (adjective) – complaining, disagreeable, impatient, bad- tempered, in a bad mood. 40. bargaining (adjective) – negotiating, haggling, dealing. 41. appropriate (verb) – secure, acquire, take over. 42. decorum (noun) – decency, correctness, propriety, customary behaviour. 43. circumstances (noun) – situation, conditions, state of affairs. 44. insincere (adjective) - false, fake, hollow, artificial. 45. jurisprudential (adjective) – relating to the theory or philosophy of law. 46. wiser comparative adjective of wise (adjective) – sensible, prudent, well thought out, well judged. 47. legislative (adjective) – governmental, parliamentary, law-making, policy-making. 48. utterly (adverb) – completely, totally, absolutely. 49. self-defeating (adjective) – futile, pointless, useless. 50. eventually (adverb) – in the end, in due course, after some time. 51. limelight (noun) – the focus of attention, public attention, public notice. 52. considerable (adjective) – much, a lot of; substantial. 53. pay attention (phrase) – heed, attend, be attentive, concentrate on. 54. tenure (noun) – incumbency, term of office, period in office. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM55. consistent (adjective) – steady, constant, regular, unchanging/unvarying. 56. throughout (adjective) – all through, the whole time, all the time, from beginning to end. 57. grouse (noun) – complaint, grumble, objection.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 07, 2020)

58. the executive (noun) – a branch of government which enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary; government.

59. insinuate (verb) – imply, suggest, hint. 60. notably (adverb) – especially, particularly, strikingly, markedly. 61. in reference to (phrase) - in relation to, with regard to, regarding, with

respect to. 62. commentator (noun) – critic, analyst, observer. 63. predictably (adverb) – as expected, as anticipated.

64. in favour of (phrase) – giving support to, approving of. 65. columnist (noun) - writer, journalist, correspondent. 66. scholar (noun) – academic, intellectual, expert/pundit, learned person.

67. luminary (noun) – leader, expert/master, dignitary, VIP. 68. speculate (verb) – guess/think, surmise, postulate. 69. marked (adjective) - noticeable, palpable, considerable, striking/glaring. 70. of course (phrase) - certainly, definitely, absolutely. 71. executive court (noun) - a court whose moral and political compass finds itself in alignment with the government of the day, and one that has no compunctions (misgivings/worries) in navigating only according to that compass. Instead of checking and limiting government power, an executive court finds itself marching in lockstep with the government, and being used to set the seal of its prestige upon more controversial parts of the government’s agenda. 72. step up (phrasal verb) – speed up, increase, accelerate, quicken. 73. rely upon (phrasal verb) – depend on, count on, bank on. 74. facilitate (verb) – make easy, make possible; assist, help/aid. 75. allegation (noun) – charge, accusation, indictment. 76. suspicion (noun) – misgiving, doubt/qualm, distrust, scepticism. 77. voice (verb) - express, make public, announce, mention, raise. 78. entitle (verb) – allow, empower, authorize. 79. untrammelled (adjective) – uncontrolled, unconstrained, unrestricted. 80. rethink (noun) – review, reassess, re-evaluate. 81. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually. 82. National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) (noun) - The National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) is a constitutional WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMbody proposed to replace the present Collegium system of appointing judges. They will be selected by the commission, whose members will be drawn from the judiciary, legislature and civil society.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 07, 2020)

83. collegium (noun) – The collegium system is the one in which the Chief Justice of India and a forum of four senior most judges of the Supreme Court recommend appointments & transfers of judges. There is no

mention of the collegium in the Constitution of India. 84. strike down (phrasal verb) – abolish, annul, nullify (a law or regulation). 85. ground (noun) – reason, factor, basis, rationale, premise.

86. interference (noun) – intervention, involvement, meddling. 87. subtle (adjective) – delicate, sensitive, clever, accurate, razor-sharp. 88. chip away (phrasal verb) - make something weaker (gradually).

89. all-powerful (adjective) – having total power; omnipotent, dictatorial, despotic, totalitarian, autocratic, 90. seize (verb) – take hold of, snatch, grab, capture (suddenly).

91. arm (noun) – branch, department, division. 92. pro- (pre-fix) - favouring; supporting. 93. alike (adverb) – equally. 94. handful (adjective) – few, one or two, a small number. 95. reliable (adjective) – trustworthy, dependable, good/safe, well built. 96. precedent (noun) – model, exemplar, example, pattern; previous example/instance, prior instance. 97. compunction (noun) – misgivings, doubts, worries/uneasiness, hesitation. 98. politically-coloured (adjective) - politically biased. 99. competence (noun) – authority, power, jurisdiction, ambit. 100. irrelevant (adjective) – immaterial, unrelated, not germane, unimportant/insignificant. 101. the scheme of things (phrase) - in the way things normally/generally happen or arranged to happen (when compared with/related to other things) in a particular situation; a general view of the situation as a whole. 102. far from (phrase) – not, not at all, nowhere near. 103. hypothetical (adjective) – theoretical, speculative, imagined. 104. scenario (noun) – situation. 105. in fact (phrase) – actually, indeed, undeniably. 106. play out (phrasal verb) – happen, occur, take place. 107. competent (adjective) – capable, skilful, talented. 108. relegate (verb) - downgrade, lower, lower in rank, lower in status. 109. adjudicate (verb) – arbitrate, judge, decide, settle, resolve. 110.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM inconsequential (adjective) – insignificant, unimportant, inessential. 111. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 112. anoint (verb) - nominate or choose (someone) as successor. 113. entrust (verb) - give responsibility for, assign, confer on, vest in.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 07, 2020)

114. sustain (verb) – maintain, keep going, carry on; support, validate. 115. speculation (noun) – prediction, guesswork, opinion/thought. 116. infamous (adjective) – notorious, disreputable, ill-famed.

117. harassment (noun) – persecution, persistent annoyance, coercion/intimidation. 118. certainty (noun) – sureness, assurance, fact, reliability.

119. rules-based (adjective) – based on a predetermined set of principles. 120. mechanism (noun) – procedure, process, method/technique. 121. jurisdiction (noun) – territory, region, zone/area.

122. full court (noun) - a full court (less formally, full bench) is a court of law with a greater than normal number of judges. 123. take a stand (phrase) - to express a firm position/opinion about an issue.

124. discretion (noun) – choice, option, preference, disposition. 125. root cause (noun) – the basic reason of something. 126. bench packing (noun) - an act of adding more judges to a particular bench. 127. impartiality (noun) – fairness, equality, neutrality, probity. 128. transparency (noun) – clarity, straightforwardness, openness, honesty, unambiguity. 129. litigant (noun) – a person who is involved in a legal case; litigator, petitioner, complainant. 130. fairness (noun) – impartiality, justness, neutrality, equal treatment. 131. compromise (verb) – undermine, weaken, lessen. 132. malaise (noun) – trouble, uneasiness, unhappiness, depression. 133. occasionally (adverb) – sometimes, at times, now and then, once in a while. 134. legislature (noun) – government/authority. 135. pliable (adjective) – flexible, adaptable, easily influenced. 136. foresee (verb) – anticipate, predict, envisage, envision. 137. sermonise (verb) – pronounce, expound/lecture, express one’s opinion. 138. consequence (noun) – outcome, ramification, repercussion. 139. manifestation (noun) – display, demonstration, appearance, indication. 140. as good a time as any (phrase) - used to say that although a time etc is not suitable, there will likely not be a good one. 141. self-preservation (noun) – protection (of oneself). 142. trump (verb) - beat, be better than, outshine, outperform. 143.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM institutional (adjective) – systematic, methodical, structured, regulated. 144. hold one's own (phrase) - stand firm, stand one's ground, keep/maintain one's position. 145. overbearing (adjective) - dominating, oppressive, high-handed.

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 08, 2020) H 1. by choice (phrase) - voluntarily, by preference, of one's own choice. 2. coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs

of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can

cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. 3. nuanced (adjective) – delicate, subtle.

4. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans.

5. surpass (verb) – be greater than, exceed, go beyond. 6. so far (phrase) – until now, up to the present, up to this point. 7. positivity rate (noun) – the proportion of positives to total tests done for a disease; the percentage of tests that are turning out to be positive for a disease. 8. ramp up (phrasal verb) – increase (in amount or number). 9. antigen (noun) – disease causing organisms (bacteria & viruses) and other harmful/toxic foreign substances like insect venom that induce an immune response in the body. 10. rapid antigen test (RAT) (noun) – It is a test on swabbed nasal samples that detects antigens (foreign substances that induce an immune response in the body) that are found on or within the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is a point-of-care test, performed outside the conventional laboratory setting, and is used to quickly obtain a diagnostic result. In a reliable rapid antigen detection test, the maximum duration for interpreting a positive or negative test is 30 minutes. 11. sensitivity (noun) – In medical diagnosis, test sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease (true positive rate). 12. validate (verb) – prove or confirm the accuracy of something. 13. RT-PCR testing (noun) – Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Testing; it is one of the most accurate laboratory methods for detecting, tracking, and studying the coronavirus. It is a nuclear-derived method for detecting the presence of specific genetic material from any pathogen, including a virus. (pathogen is a WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMbacteria/virus that causes disease). 14. diagnose (verb) - identify, determine, detect (an illness). 15. advisory (noun) – official communication, announcement, notification, press release, bulletin.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 08, 2020) H 16. on demand (phrase) - when required; when needed; when asked for. 17. theoretically (adverb) – conceptually notionally. 18. undertake (verb) – engage in, become involved in, take part

in; begin/start, embark on. 19. measure (noun) – action, step, procedure.

20. result in (verb) – cause, bring about, produce. 21. stretched (adjective) – strained, overtaxed, overtired, fatigued, tired out, drained, exhausted.

22. on the face of it (phrase) – apparently, seemingly, evidently/ostensibly; at first glance. 23. non-directed (adjective) - not-directed, not-regulated.

24. non-directed test (noun) - test without the prescription by a registered medical practitioner. 25. containment (noun) – an act of keeping something (harmful) under control (it means quickly identifying cases of coronavirus through testing, placing infected individuals in isolation, tracking who infected persons might have been in contact with and potentially quarantining those who came into contact with infection so that the disease doesn’t continue to spread). 26. probable (adjective) – possible, expected, predictable, foreseeable, anticipated. 27. cluster (noun) – a group (of people/things considered as a unit). 28. hotspot (noun) – a limited region/area in which a large number of people have tested positive for COVID-19 in several smaller groups or clusters. In general, hotspot means “a place of significant activity”. 29. containment zone (noun) – infected zone; a defined area surrounding the initial cases (of a pandemic) to restrict the virus from spreading beyond its limits. 30. besides (preposition) – in addition to, apart from. 31. anticipated (adjective) - expected/predicted. 32. discretionary (adjective) – optional, voluntary, non-mandatory, up to the individual. 33. discretionary power (noun) – a power that a person can use if that person thinks that it is suitable given the situation and circumstances. 34. exhibit (verb) - show, display (a symptom/sign). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM35. procurement (noun) – the action of procuring/purchasing something. 36. over-reliance (noun) – excessive dependency. 37. cope with (verb) – deal with, grapple with, handle/manage. 38. necessary (adjective) – required, compulsory, mandatory, imperative.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 08, 2020) H 1. post- (prefix) - after (a particular date, period, or event).

2. Brexit (noun) – a term used for the (supposed) departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union.

3. no-deal Brexit (noun) - In a no-deal scenario, the UK would immediately leave the European Union (EU) with no withdrawal agreement/divorce deal.

4. Brexit divorce bill (noun) - The United Kingdom’s departure will leave a big hole in the European Union’s finances, and the EU wants

a settlement to ensure that all the financial promises the UK made during its period as a member state are kept, even if the UK ends up covering payments due long after it exits the bloc. As part of its

withdrawal agreement with the European Union (EU), the UK has agreed to make a series of payments to the EU known as the financial settlement (often referred to as the divorce bill). 5. cost (noun) – loss. 6. hard-won (adjective) – relating to something won/acquired with a great deal of effort. 7. scenario (noun) – situation. 8. sword of Damocles (phrase) – it refers to extremely dangerous situation; a looming threat. 9. reportedly (adverb) – supposedly, seemingly, apparently, allegedly. 10. legislation (noun) – body of laws, rules, regulations, statutes. 11. overwrite (verb) - replace old information/data with new information/data. 12. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt. 13. protocol (noun) – procedure, convention, rules of conduct. 14. Irish backstop/Northern Ireland protocol (noun) – a position of last resort, to maintain an open border on the island of Ireland in the event that the UK leaves the EU without securing an all-encompassing deal. The Northern Ireland part of the Brexit deal, known as the Protocol, was agreed in October last year and is due to come into effect at the end of this year. It is designed to prevent a hard border in Ireland - or even any new checks at the Irish border. It does this by effectively WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMkeeping Northern Ireland in the EU's single market for goods. This will mean products entering Northern Ireland from the rest of the UK will be subject to new checks and control - the so-called Irish Sea border.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 08, 2020) H 15. hard (adjective) – hawkish, aggressive, belligerent.

16. Brexiteer (noun) – a person who supports Brexit, the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union.

17. critical (adjective) – disapproving, criticizing, fault-finding. 18. clause (noun) – term, condition, provision, requirement. 19. endanger (verb) – imperil, jeopardize, risk, put in danger.

20. sovereignty (noun) – authority, supreme power, domination. 21. Internal Market (noun) - also called as "single market"; people, goods,

services, and money can move around freely in the single market. 22. rather than (phrase) – instead of. 23. betrayal (noun) – disloyalty, breach of faith/trust, double-dealing.

24. cut off (phrasal verb) – block/stop, remove, discontinue (a standard method of doing/accessing something). 25. Union customs code (UCC) (noun) - The Union Customs Code (UCC) is the customs code for the European Union. The (European) Union Customs Code (UCC) defines the legal framework for customs rules and procedures in the EU customs territory, adapted to modern trade models and communication tools. 26. check (noun) – control, restraint, curb, restriction/limitation. 27. Good Friday Accord/Agreement (noun) – Belfast Agreement; This agreement (signed on 10 April 1998) helped to bring to an end a period of conflict in the region called the Troubles (of Northern Ireland as part of the UK, and the Republic of Ireland as a separate country). 28. abide by (verb) – conform to, adhere to, comply with. 29. transition period (noun) – a period in which things are changing from one state/condition to another. 30. Brexit transition period (noun) - implementation period; The UK left the European Union at 23:00 GMT on 31 January and the UK is now in an 11-month period, known as the transition, that keeps the UK bound to the EU's rules. The transition will end on 31 December 2020. While in transition, the UK remains in both the EU customs union and single market. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM31. kick in (phrasal verb) – come into effect. 32. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 33. aid (noun) – help, assistance, support.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 08, 2020) H 34. a level playing field (phrase) - a situation in which everyone has a

fair and equal opportunity to succeed, and no one has an advantage over the other.

35. break free (phrase) – escape from. 36. harden (verb) – toughen, make tough; stiffen. 37. drive (verb) - force, compel/impel; pressurize, urge.

38. nationalist (adjective) – patriotic. 39. fervour (noun) – intense feeling, excitement, enthusiasm, passion,

spirit. 40. blind (adjective) - insensible to, unconcerned about, careless, unthinking, unconsidered, mindless.

41. consequence (noun) – result, outcome, effect; ramification, repercussion. 42. hard line (noun) – strict & uncompromising policy. 43. unenviable (adjective) – difficult, undesirable, unpleasant. 44. inflict (verb) – cause, impose, administer, deal out, mete out. 45. dire (adjective) – terrible/awful, appalling, distressing. 46. strait (noun) – a bad/difficult situation; trouble, crisis. 47. in dire straits (phrase) – in a very bad or difficult situation. 48. besides (preposition) – in addition to, apart from. 49. ask (oneself) (verb) – think about, mull over, ponder. 50. flexible (adjective) - adaptable, adjustable, changeable, fluid. 51. as well as (phrase) – and in addition; and also. 52. at any cost (phrase) – no matter how much effort or money needed.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 08, 2020)

1. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle

(Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 2. aggression (noun) – hostility, belligerence, combativeness, warmongering, hawkishness.

3. obfuscation (noun) – making of something obscure or unclear to understand; evasiveness, confusion. 4. grandstanding (noun) – a way of speaking or acting to get attention from

the spectators (people) and then influencing them. 5. blur (verb) – make indistinct/unclear, make vague, unfocus. 6. indulge in (verb) - become involved in (an undesirable activity). 7. aggressive (adjective) – hostile, belligerent, bellicose, hawkish, combative. 8. send out (phrasal verb) – give out, announce, deliver/release. 9. stand-off (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, impasse (in a dispute/conflict). 10. trickle in (verb) – come gradually, occur slowly. 11. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually. 12. People’s Liberation Army (PLA) (noun) – People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is the armed forces of the country of China and Communist Party of China (CPC). It is one of the largest military forces in the world. 13. possession (noun) – ownership, proprietorship, control, hold. 14. pertain to (verb) – concern, relate to, be connected with. 15. disengagement (noun) – withdrawal, departure, retreat (of military troops from an area of conflict). 16. retake (verb) - retrieve, regain, get back. 17. intrude (verb) - encroach, impinge, trespass, infringe. 18. post (noun) – border outpost, a military base/camp, command post (for border patrol). 19. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt. 20. erect (verb) – create, establish, form/set up. 21. Valley (noun) – a low area between hills or mountains typically with a river running through it. Valley is a metonym of Jammu & Kashmir in this context (Metonym is used as an alternative for something else with WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMwhich it is closely related/associated). 22. business as usual (phrase) – routine, regularity, normal pattern. 23. status quo (noun) – the present situation, the current state, the existing state of affairs.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 08, 2020)

24. contradictory (adjective) – contrary, contrasting, conflicting,

inconsistent. 25. add up (phrasal verb) – make sense, seem reasonable, seem

plausible, ring true/hold water. 26. vis-a-vis (preposition) – in relation to, with regard to. 27. stitch together (verb) – join together to create something

quickly/roughly. 28. domain (noun) – area/sphere of activity; field, area, sphere. 29. diplomacy (noun) – international politics, foreign affairs, foreign policy;

negotiation, discussion, talks, dialogue. 30. put differently (phrase) – express differently, put/express in other words. 31. rather than (phrase) – instead of. 32. kinetic (adjective) – driving, propelling, impelling, operative. 33. means (noun) – method, way, mode. 34. tit-for-tat (phrase) – equivalent retaliation; counterattack, revenge, an eye for an eye. 35. inability (noun) – lack of ability, incapability, ineffectiveness. 36. unambiguous (adjective) – unarguable, undebatable, unquestionable. 37. flow from (phrase) – come from, be rooted in, originate from, emanate from. 38. calculation (noun) - assessment, judgement; projection, prediction. 39. acknowledge (verb) – admit, accept, recognize, realize. 40. optics (noun) – (typically in a political situation) the way in which an event is recognized by the public. 41. hard core (adjective) - diehard, staunch, dedicated/committed, steadfast, hard-line. 42. revel (verb) - enjoy, delight in, love/like, take pleasure in, glory in. 43. bravado (noun) – boldness, bold manner, boasting/bombast, daredevil. 44. objective (adjective) – impartial, unbiased, unprejudiced, neutral. 45. adverse (adjective) – unfavourable, disadvantageous, bad. 46. stronghold (noun) – bastion, hotbed; fortress, fort. 47. heartland (noun) – the most important part of a field of activity; the central part of something. 48. upbeat (adjective) – optimistic, positive, hopeful. 49. feel good (adjective) – causing a feeling of joy & comfort. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM50. high-pitched (adjective) – high/sharp, penetrating, piercing. 51. rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively & persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 08, 2020)

52. unrelenting (adjective) – resolute, determined, inflexible,

uncompromising. 53. on the ground (phrase) – in a situation/place where things are happening

really/practically. 54. interest (noun) – benefit, advantage. 55. critic (noun) – fault-finder, censurer, attacker.

56. pestering (adjective) - annoying, bothering, harassing, troubling. 57. quarter (noun) - a particular group of people. 58. cry foul (phrase) - to protest against/complain about something done by

someone is wrong (or) not fair. 59. perceive (verb) – discern, recognize, understand, observe, regard, view. 60. more so (phrase) – to a greater degree; to a greater extent. 61. cushion (noun) – protection, shield, defence. 62. misadventure (noun) – misfortune; problem/difficulty, mishap/setback. 63. pushback (noun) – resistance, opposition, disagreement, force back, repulse drive. 64. front (noun) – a particular situation (or) front line, vanguard, combat zone. 65. Two-and-a-half front situation (noun) - it means a coordinated aggression by Pakistan in the West, China in the North and internal insurgencies. 66. deliberate (adjective) – intentional, planned, conscious, purposeful. 67. refrain from (verb) – stop oneself, abstain, desist from, hold back. 68. recognition (noun) – acknowledgement, acceptance, admission. 69. the establishment (noun) – the powers that be, the authorities, the system, the ruling class. 70. literally (adverb) - exactly. 71. restive (adjective) – restless, agitated; rebellious, insurgent; uncontrollable, unmanageable. 72. get at (phrasal verb) - criticize, pick on, find fault with (someone repeatedly). 73. formidable (adjective) – strong, powerful, mighty. 74. interference (noun) – intervention, meddling, unwarranted involvement. 75. well-known (adjective) - familiar, widely known, common, usual, conventional. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM76. diplomatically (adverb) – in a way that involves ambassadors/diplomats between countries. 77. embolden (verb) – give courage, make brave, encourage, strengthen, fortify.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 08, 2020)

78. unwise (adjective) – injudicious, ill-advised, ill-considered.

79. rule out (phrasal verb) – eliminate, reject, dismiss. 80. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign-policy.

81. collaborate (verb) – join, cooperate, team up. 82. read (verb) – interpret, understand, analyse. 83. underplay (verb) - downplay, understate, de-emphasize.

84. gravity (noun) – seriousness, importance/significance, severity. 85. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out. 86. narrative (noun) – a representation of a particular situation;

portrayal/account. 87. signalling (noun) – the idea that one party convincingly conveys some political information (ideologies) to another (only to show off selfishly, instead of making better society). 88. articulate (verb) – express, voice, communicate. 89. sobering (adjective) – serious/sensible, thoughtful; logical/realistic, pragmatic. 90. utility (noun) – use, usefulness, advantage, benefit. 91. check (verb) – restrain, contain, control. 92. preoccupy (verb) – occupy, concern, obsess. 93. enthusiasm (noun) – eagerness, warmth, interest. 94. resolutely (adverb) – firmly, determinedly, purposefully. 95. stand by (phrasal verb) – support, stand up for, uphold/defend. 96. push back (phrasal verb) – force back, repel, fight off. 97. unpredictability (noun) – riskiness, changeability. 98. add to (phrasal verb) – make something stronger/greater. 99. woes (noun) – trouble, difficulty, problem. 100. make up one's mind (phrase) - decide, be decisive, come to a decision, make/reach a decision. 101. affairs (noun) – concerns, matters, activities. 102. lukewarm (adjective) – unenthusiastic, unresponsive, half-hearted, indifferent, dispassionate. 103. partisan (adjective) – biased, prejudiced, one-sided. 104. trump (verb) – surpass, outdo, outperform, outshine, eclipse. 105. deeply (adverb) – seriously, intensely, strongly, awfully, terribly. 106. landscape (noun) – the distinctive features of a field of activity. 107.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM accentuate (verb) – highlight, underline, focus attention on. 108. land grab (noun) - a process of obtaining land unethically & self- seekingly (selfishly).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 08, 2020)

109. stem from (phrasal verb) – originate from, arise/come from, emanate

from. 110. deficit (noun) – shortfall, deficiency, shortage, lack, failure.

111. bean counting (noun) - concerning only with number/figures/statistics. (A bean counter is usually an accountant or someone who focuses on figures, statistics and spreadsheets, rather than the bigger picture).

112. inferior (adjective) - lower in status, lower in quality, lesser, minor. 113. offset (verb) – even up, counterbalance, equalize, neutralize; make amends for, compensate for.

114. dampen (verb) – decrease, diminish/lessen, reduce. 115. Euro-Atlantic (adjective) - encompassing all of Europe, Central Asia, and North America. 116. Quad/Quadrilateral (noun) – The ‘Quadrilateral’ is described as four democracies (the United States, Japan, Australia and India) with a shared objective to ensure and support a “free, open and prosperous” Indo- Pacific region. 117. maritime (adjective) – of or related to the sea. 118. pre-existing (adjective) – previous, earlier/prior foregoing/preceding. 119. slowdown (noun) – economic decline, recession, slump/depression. 120. foreseeable (adjective) – unsurprising, predictable, expected, anticipated reasonably. 121. bound to (adjective) – certain, sure, very likely, guaranteed. 122. take a back seat (phrase) – take a less important role. 123. dissonance (noun) – incongruity, disagreement, disparity, discrepancy, contradiction. 124. elite (noun) – high society people; the group of most powerful people in a society. 125. unison (noun) - simultaneously, at the same time, at once, together. 126. lasting (adjective) – long-lasting, long-term, permanent. 127. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 128. put in place (phrase) – initiate, usher in, bring in. 129.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM born out of (phrase) – happening as the result of something. Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 09, 2020)

1. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of

people across a wide area. 2. chamber (noun) – one of the houses of a Parliament/Legislative

Assembly. 3. social/physical distancing (noun) – a term means actively avoiding crowded public places, is a key element in decreasing the rapid spread

of COVID-19. This is an effort intended to limit exposure by reducing face-to-face contact and preventing spread among people in

community settings. 4. necessitate (verb) – require, need, demand. 5. gallery (noun) - balcony. 6. disinfect (verb) – sanitize, clean, cleanse. 7. presiding officer (noun) – The Speaker (of the Parliament/Legislative Assembly). 8. trial run (noun) - a preliminary test in which a procedure is tried to see whether it works correctly. 9. huddle together (verb) - group, gather, cluster. 10. aloud (adverb) - loudly. 11. deliberate (verb) – engage in, discuss something (often carefully for a lengthy period of time). 12. Question Hour (noun) – Question Hour is the liveliest hour in Parliament and it is taken up from 1100hrs to 1200 hrs in every sitting. It is during this one hour that Members of Parliament ask questions of ministers and hold them accountable for the functioning of their ministries. The questions that MPs ask are designed to elicit (bring out) information and trigger suitable action by ministries. Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 09, 2020)

13. zero hour (noun) – the opportunity for MPs to raise national issues without an advance notice became available at 12 pm and could last

for an hour until the House adjourned for lunch. This led to the hour being popularly referred to as Zero Hour and the issues being raised

during this time as Zero Hour submissions. During this time, members raise issues pertinent to their constituents and of wider public interest.

14. quiet (adjective) - silent. 15. modality (noun) – a particular method or procedure.

16. objection (noun) – protest, complaint, disapproval, opposition. 17. the executive (noun) – the executive is a branch of government which enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary. 18. in the wake of (phrase) - as a result of some event, especially an unpleasant one; aftermath, as a consequence of. 19. facade (noun) – outward appearance, false display, posture, pretence. 20. aggrandisement (noun) – exaggeration, magnification, overplaying, amplification. 21. attenuation (noun) – the reduction of the value of something. 22. overshadow (verb) - outdo, outclass, outstrip, outshine; dominate, command. 23. accountability (noun) – responsibility, liability, answerability. 24. voice (noun) - express, point out, make public, communicate. 25. wanting (adjective) – inadequate, lacking, insufficient, deficient. 26. railroad (verb) – coerce, force, compel/pressurize, browbeat, brainwash. 27. accelerate (verb) – increase, rise, escalate. 28. accountable (adjective) – responsible, liable, answerable. 29. deliberation (noun) – consideration, thinking, contemplation. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM30. representative (noun) - Member of Parliament. Note:

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31. aggression (noun) – hostility, belligerence, combativeness, warmongering, hawkishness.

32. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running

through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 33. front (noun) – a particular situation (or) front line, vanguard.

34. commitment (noun) – responsibility, obligation, duty; promise, pledge.

35. in the midst of (phrase) – in the middle of. 36. worsen (verb) - increase, exacerbate; augment, compound. 37. ties (noun) – bond, association, relationship. 38. neighbour (noun) – adjacent/bordering country. 39. combative (adjective) – aggressive, argumentative, confrontational, pugnacious, fiery. 40. overwhelm (verb) – engulf, swamp, overrun, overpower/inundate; overburden, beset. 41. pay attention (phrase) – heed, attend, be attentive, concentrate on. 42. ordinance (noun) – (local) order, decree, directive/regulation. 43. provision (noun) – term, clause, requirement/condition. 44. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt. 45. amend (verb) - alter, change, modify. 46. enable (verb) – allow, permit, give permission to. 47. PM CARES Fund (noun) - The Prime Minister's Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund was created on 28 March 2020, following the COVID-19 pandemic in India. The fund will be used for combating, and containment and relief efforts against the coronavirus outbreak and similar pandemic like situations in the future. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM48. reassuring (adjective) – encouraging, heartening, comforting. Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 09, 2020) H 1. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a

particular disease. 2. logical (adjective) - reasonable, sensible, rational. 3. race (noun) – competition, contest.

4. pass on the baton (phrase) - transfer a specific duty/responsibility. 5. grasp (verb) – act on. 6. the last mile (noun) – it describes the final part/leg (of any

network/supply chain that physically reaches the end-user’s premises (customer’s house)). 7. around the corner (phrase) - coming soon, coming up, approaching,

forthcoming. 8. imperative (adjective) – vitally important, crucial, essential, necessary. 9. formulate (verb) - conceive, create, draw up, put together. 10. parity (noun) – uniformity, equality. 11. crept in past participle of creep in (verb) – penetrate, invade, slip in. 12. narrative (noun) – a representation of a particular situation; portrayal/account. 13. speak of (verb) – mention, talk about, discuss, refer to, comment/remark on. 14. effectively (adverb) – practically, virtually. 15. prioritise (verb) – make a point of, highlight, call attention to (something as very important). 16. vaccination (noun) – treatment with a vaccine to protect against a particular disease; immunization. 17. in time (phrase) – eventually, ultimately, finally, in the end, at a later time. 18. advance (verb) – promote, support, further, forward, help/assist. 19. co-morbidity (noun) – In medicine, co-morbidity is the presence of one or more additional conditions (diseases) co-occurring/co-existing with a primary condition (disease). 20. rather than (phrase) – instead of. 21. affordable (adjective) – reasonable, competitive. 22. kick off (phrasal verb) – begin, start, get going. 23. astronomical (adjective) – very high/large (amount of). 24. cushion (verb) – mitigate, lessen, reduce (the adverse effects of). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM25. economy of scale (phrase) - cost reductions that occur when an organization is large or increases production. 26. kick in (phrasal verb) – come into effect.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 09, 2020) H 27. likely (adverb) – probably, presumably, no doubt.

28. drive down (phrasal verb) – reduce, decrease, lower, lessen, bring down (something by forcible & effective measures). 29. besides (preposition) – in addition to, apart from.

30. imperative (noun) - necessary condition, precondition, essential requirement. 31. make sense (phrase) – be acceptable, be practical, be justifiable, be

convincing, pass muster, hold water. 32. wreak (verb) – inflict, engender, result in, effect. 33. reliable (adjective) – trustworthy, dependable, good/safe, well built.

34. universal (adjective) – common/general, widespread, all-embracing, all- inclusive. 35. immunisation (noun) – the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease. 36. wherewithal (noun) – resources, means. 37. rest with (verb) - be the responsibility of (someone). 38. in terms of (phrase) – with regard to, regarding/concerning, in connection with. 39. scope (noun) – purpose, intention. 40. in fact (phrase) – actually, indeed, undeniably. 41. mammoth (adjective) – something which is huge, giant, colossal. 42. periodic (adjective) – regular, periodical, recurrent, recurring. 43. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually. 44. mobilisation (noun) – the act of bringing people/resources together for a particular cause. 45. nothing short of (phrase) – nothing less than. 46. heroic (adjective) - enormous, huge, massive, titanic, colossal (in scale/intention). 47. get one's act together (phrase) - recover, regain control of oneself, get a grip on oneself, get better. 48. put down (phrasal verb) - list, record, register. 49. standard operating procedure/protocol (SOP) (noun) – a detailed, written WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMdocument consisting of step-by-step information on routine activities necessary to complete tasks in accordance with specific regulations or standards.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 09, 2020)

1. case (noun) - a set of facts (supporting something). 2. down-to-earth (adjective) - practical, reasonable, realistic, rational.

3. deep (adjective) – intense, sound, profound. 4. legislation (noun) – body of laws, rules, regulations, statutes. 5. sense of the House (phrase) - simple or concurrent resolutions, both

houses of Congress/parliement may express formal opinions about subjects of national interest. As such these so-called “sense of” resolutions are officially known as “sense of the House".

6. bending (noun) – directing one's attention to a task. 7. will (noun) – wish/desire, intention, decision, choice, disposition. 8. take back (phrasal verb) - get back, regain, repossess, reclaim, retrieve,

recover. 9. accountability (noun) – responsibility, liability, answerability. 10. move on (phrasal verb) – initiate something new, start/begin a new thing; progress, make headway, advance. 11. Jan Lokpal Bill (noun) - Citizen's ombudsman Bill; a draft anti- corruption bill drawn up by prominent civil society activists seeking the appointment of Jan Lokpal - which would be an independent body that would investigate corruption cases. This body would have the power to prosecute the government officials, politicians and bureaucrats involved in any wrong doing without any government permission. The Act allows setting up of anti-corruption ombudsman called Lokpal at the Centre and Lokayukta at the State-level. 12. functionary (noun) – official, administrator, office-holder. 13. throw the baby out with the bathwater (phrase) - throw something valuable away with something unwanted. 14. thought (noun) - idea, notion, belief. 15. recall (verb) – remember, recollect; bring to mind, call to mind. 16. root cause (noun) – the basic reason of something. 17. decentralisation (noun) – the process of distributing or dispersing functions, powers, people or things away from a central location or authority. 18. Parliamentarian (noun) - a member of a parliament. 19. affront (verb) - offend, disgruntle, provoke, displease, bother. 20. claim (noun) - assertion, declaration, affirmation. 21. representative (noun) – Member of Parliament. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. rather than (phrase) – instead of. 23. taunt (verb) - provoke, insult, ridicule/tease. 24. spur (verb) – induce, prompt, stimulate, encourage, galvanize. 25. play the game (phrase) – play by the rules, play fair, be fair.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 09, 2020)

26. dismay (verb) – horrify, shock, shake. 27. steam (noun) – energy, momentum, impetus. 28. infect (verb) - contaminate, pollute, spoil, damage.

29. legitimately (adverb) – legally, fairly, truly. 30. illegitimate (adjective) - illegal, unlawful, against the law. 31. as well as (phrase) – and in addition; and also.

32. race (noun) – competition, contest. 33. electioneering (noun) – campaigning, canvassing. 34. put one's money where one's mouth is (phrase) - do something rather

than talking about it; support something by giving money/taking action rather than talking about it. 35. flawed (adjective) – defective, faulty, distorted, inaccurate.

36. Congress (noun) – The United States Congress is the bicameral (two chambers) legislature of the federal government of the United States, and consists of two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate. 37. machinery (noun) – organization, system, structure, administration. 38. hardly (adverb) – barely, only just, narrowly, slightly. 39. deliberation (noun) – consideration, thought/thinking, contemplation. 40. conduct (noun) – management, direction, controlling, overseeing (an activity). 41. due to (phrase) – because of, owing to, on account of, as a result of. 42. inherent (adjective) – implicit, intrinsic, fundamental, basic. 43. design (noun) – intention, aim, purpose. 44. electorate (noun) – all the people who entitled to vote in an election. 45. chamber (noun) – one of the houses of a Parliament/Legislative Assembly. 46. shed (verb) – discard, reject, get rid of, do away with, abandon. 47. hat (noun) - a particular role or occupation (particularly when someone has too many of them). 48. put on (phrasal verb) - get dressed in, don, slip into, change into. 49. interest (noun) – benefit, advantage. 50. constituency (noun) – territory, region, area, place (from where a representative is elected by voters to a legislative body. 51. equitable (adjective) – fair, impartial. 52. a share of the pie (phrase) – a slice of the pie, a piece of the pie; a WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMportion of something available can be distributed. 53. clamour (verb) – protest, demand, push/press (a demand). 54. athenian (adjective) - relating to a citizen of Athens, Greece. 55. mob (noun) – a large, disorganized, and often violent crowd of people.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 09, 2020)

56. point of view (phrase) – perspective, viewpoint, standpoint, opinion. 57. contradictory (adjective) – contrary, contrasting, conflicting, inconsistent.

58. break down (phrasal verb) - collapse, be unsuccessful, disintegrate. 59. revile (verb) – criticize, censure, condemn.

60. means (noun) – method, way, mode. 61. self-aggrandizing (adjective) - promoting oneself as an important person.

62. amass (verb) – gather, accumulate, pile up. 63. representative democracy (noun) – a type of democracy in which citizenry vote for government representatives to handle legislation and

ruling the country on their behalf. citizenry (noun) – all the people/citizens (of a place/country considered as a whole). 64. arrive at (verb) – attain, reach, accomplish (a conclusion or decision). 65. tempt (verb) – provoke, rouse incite, persuade. 66. revert to (verb) – return, go back, change back. 67. at stake (phrase) – at issue, at risk; or in question. 68. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 69. hasty (adjective) – hurried, rapid, quick; rash, reckless. 70. Brexit (noun) – a term used for the (supposed) departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union. 71. referendum (noun) – public vote; a direct vote in which people cast ballots to decide on a specific issue or policy. 72. collide (verb) - conflict, be in conflict, be in opposition, clash, differ. 73. wherein (adverb) – in which. 74. affairs (noun) – concerns, matters, activities. 75. preservation (noun) - conservation, protection, keeping. 76. one-size-fits-all (adjective) – suitable for/used in all circumstances. 77. systemic (adjective) – constructional, organizational, formational. 78. sustainability (noun) – maintainability of something at a certain rate/level. 79. inclusive (adjective) – all-embracing, overall; all- inclusive, comprehensive. 80. clean up (phrasal verb) – make things clean, restore something. 81. entrenched (adjective) – ingrained, established, embedded. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM82. perspective (noun) – outlook, viewpoint, approach. 83. neighbourhood (noun) – (surrounding) area, region, district/country. 84. enable (verb) – allow, permit, give permission to. 85. endowed (adjective) – blessed, talented, gifted, enriched.

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 10, 2020)

1. disconnect (noun) - a lack of connection. 2. digital divide (noun) – the gap between the people who access

computer/the internet and those who don’t access them. 3. bridge (verb) - make a difference smaller; join, link, connect, unite.

4. National Statistical Office (NSO) (noun) - The National Statistical Office is the state statistical agency set up by an Act of the Parliament, India, Statistical Services Act (Chapter 386) 1980,

responsible for collecting, compiling and disseminating official statistical information on a regular and timely basis.

5. household (noun) – family, house. 6. Household Social Consumption on Education (noun) - The main objective of survey on Household Social Consumption: Education was to build indicators on participation of the persons of age 3 to 35 years in the education system, expenditure incurred on education of the household members and various indicators of those currently not attending education (i.e., for the persons who never enrolled or ever enrolled but currently not attending education). Besides, for persons of age 5 years and above, information was collected on ability to operate computer, ability to use internet and use of internet during last 30 days. 7. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize, call attention to. 8. state (noun) - condition. 9. disparity (noun) – imbalance, inequality, variation. 10. glaring (adjective) – obvious, visible, apparent, flagrant, blatant. 11. strata plural form of stratum (noun) – level, class, echelon/rank. 12. chasm (noun) – a clear difference between two people/groups’ thoughts, feelings, opinions, etc; divergence, disunion, gulf, void, gap. 13. the privileged (noun) – wealthy, rich, affluent people. 14. the deprived (noun) - the poverty-stricken, the underprivileged, the WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMdisadvantaged. Note:

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15. broadband policy (noun) - The Broadband Policy, 2004 was laid down by the Government of India in order to realize the potential of

broadband services. It aimed at enhancing the quality of life by implementation of tele-education, tele-medicine, e-governance,

entertainment and also to generate employment through high speed access to information and web-based communication. 16. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness

spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

17. stark (adjective) – clear, distinct, evident, obvious, striking. 18. modest (adjective) – small, limited, scanty, meagre. 19. unimpressive (adjective) - ordinary, average, common. 20. still (adverb) - until now, even now. 21. milieu (noun) – environment, background, atmosphere. 22. in the absence (phrase) - due to unavailability of something. 23. academic (adjective) – educational. 24. reliability (noun) – dependability, sureness, trustability. 25. power deficit (noun) - power shortage. 26. offline (adjective) - not connected to the internet. 27. acknowledge (verb) – admit, accept, recognize, realize. 28. address (noun) – speech, talk, discourse. 29. optical fibre cable (noun) - optical fibre cable is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication and cable television signals. Due to much lower attenuation (reduction of the amplitude of a signal) and interference (fading or disturbance of received radio signal), optical fiber has large advantages over existing copper wire in long-distance, high-demand applications. 30. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 31. enhanced (adjective) – increased, upgraded, improved. 32. evidently (adverb) – obviously, palpably, seemingly, apparently. 33. successive (adjective) – consecutive, succeeding. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM34. drop the ball (phrase) - make a mistake/error, mishandle; fail to do something, miss an opportunity.

Note:

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35. alacrity (noun) – readiness, eagerness, willingness. 36. big leap (noun) - major change, transformation; sudden

development, advance, breakthrough. 37. deficit (noun) – shortfall, deficiency, shortage, slippage, failure.

38. deal a blow (phrase) – harm, upset, or shock someone. 39. make up for (phrase) – offset, balance, neutralize, even up; compensate for, make amends for.

40. prioritise (verb) – make a point of, highlight, call attention to (something as very important).

41. map (verb) – outline, plan, work out (the details of something). 42. in the wake of (phrase) - as a result of some event, especially an unpleasant one; aftermath, as a consequence of. 43. leverage (verb) – use, make use of, utilize (to maximum gain). 44. refurbish (verb) – modernize, improve, recondition, revamp. 45. front (noun) – a particular situation (or) front line, vanguard, combat zone. 46. gigabit (noun) - a measure of storage capacity and data transfer; One gigabit (abbreviated "Gb") is equal to one billion (109) bits. 47. wireless fibre (noun) - wireless fibre is the name of the new generation's microwave transmission. Signals are communicated wirelessly from point to point between the directional antennae in the far distance. 48. leapfrog (noun) - jumping over; improvement, advancement quickly (skipping over some stages in the process). 49. inaccessible (adjective) – unreachable, out of reach, beyond reach. 50. (radio) spectrum (noun) – it refers to a range of radio-waves that are used for communication purposes. 51. contentious (adjective) – controversial, disputable, debatable, disputed. 52. look at (phrasal verb) – study, analyse, scrutinize. 53. possibility (noun) – chance, probability. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM54. go into (phrasal verb) - research, study, analyse, review, explore. 55. overdrive (verb) - work hard (till you feel very tired/exhausted).

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 10, 2020)

1. pause (noun) – break/interval, temporary stoppage, suspension.

2. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. 3. race (noun) – competition, contest.

4. roll out (phrasal verb) – launch, introduce, organize, inaugurate (something officially).

5. clamour (noun) – protest, complaint, outcry/commotion. 6. whip up (phrasal verb) – arouse, trigger, prompt, induce. 7. expectation (noun) - hopes, outlook, prospects.

8. around the corner (phrase) – coming soon, coming up, approaching, forthcoming. 9. reality check (noun) – something which helps us to see a situation with the real facts than ideas, concepts, hopes & etc. 10. pilot (verb) – test, trial, examine. 11. candidate vaccine or vaccine candidate (noun) – a “potential” vaccine prepared in the research and development (R&D) centres and it can be used in human clinical trials. 12. phase-3 trial (noun) – In phase 3 trial, the vaccine is given to thousands of people to confirm its safety – including rare side effects – and effectiveness. These trials involve a control group which is given a placebo. 13. put something on hold (phrase) – postpone, put off, delay. 14. adverse (adjective) – unfavourable, disadvantageous, bad. 15. underline (verb) – emphasize, underscore, highlight. 16. scrutiny (noun) – examination, inspection, investigation. 17. quest (noun) – pursuit, search. 18. probable (adjective) – possible, expected, predictable, foreseeable, anticipated. 19. (in) the pipeline (phrase) – on the way, in preparation, in the offing. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM20. accelerated (adjective) - hastened, expedited, quickened. Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 10, 2020)

21. yield (verb) – give, provide, produce.

22. dividend (noun) – benefit, advantage, gain. 23. harry (verb) – pressurize, put pressure on, bother, disturb. 24. expedite (verb) – accelerate, hasten, speed up, quicken.

25. commence (verb) – begin, start, embark on, initiate. 26. blitz (noun) – all-out effort, push, thrust, endeavour.

27. pledge (noun) – undertaking, promise, agreement, commitment. 28. regulatory (adjective) – governmental, supervisory, organizational, controlling.

29. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (noun) - The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the government agency responsible for advancing the public health by helping to speed innovations that make medical products more effective, safer, and more affordable and by helping the public get the accurate, science-based information they need to use medical products and foods to maintain and improve their health. 30. efficacy (noun) – In medicine, the ability of an intervention (for example, a drug or surgery) to produce the desired beneficial effect; effectiveness, efficiency, power. 31. road (noun) - a course of action that will lead to a particular result; way/path, course, direction. 32. arena (noun) - a place of activity; a place of conflict. 33. jingoism (noun) – extreme/blind patriotism, xenophobia/chauvinism, extreme nationalism. 34. phase 1 trial (noun) – In phase 1 trial of clinical testing, the vaccine is given to a small group of people to determine whether it is safe and to learn more about the immune response it provokes. 35. phase 2 trial (noun) – In phase 2 trial, the vaccine is given to hundreds of people so scientists can learn more about its safety and correct WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMdosage. Note:

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36. induce (verb) – develop, produce, effect, generate.

37. peer-review (noun) – a process by which something research or publication is evaluated by a group of experts in the appropriate field. 38. deem (verb) – regard as, consider; view as.

39. daunting (adjective) – intimidating, challenging, disconcerting/unsettling.

40. burden of proof (phrase) – the duty/obligation of a party to prove/disprove their claims/allegations. 41. sicken (verb) – become ill, fall ill, be taken ill.

42. odds (noun) – the chances of happening something. 43. precisely (adverb) – exactly, absolutely, squarely. 44. inexorably (adverb) – in a way that is impossible to stop/prevent. 45. fly in the face of (phrase) – disregard, ignore, defy/disobey. 46. evolve (verb) – develop, progress, advance. 47. adenovirus (noun) – common cold virus; a group of common viruses that can cause infections of the lung, stomach, intestine, and eyes. symptoms resemble those of the common cold. 48. Ebola (noun) – Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. 49. transparently (adverb) – directly/clearly, straightforwardly, undoubtedly, precisely. 50. chimerical (adjective) – improbable, fantastically visionary; hoped for but illusory, impossible to achieve.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMhttp://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 10, 2020)

1. realism (noun) – pragmatism, practicality, matter-of-factness. 2. undemarcated (adjective) – delimited, unmarked, undelineated.

3. misstep (noun) – mistake, blunder, false step. 4. rather than (phrase) – instead of.

5. territorial (adjective) – geographical. 6. expansion (noun) – a country's policy to increase its land/power by encroaching other's territory.

7. result in (verb) – cause, bring on, give rise to, trigger. 8. stalemate (noun) – deadlock, impasse, standstill/stand-off.

9. deep (noun) - thorough, intense, profound. 10. context (noun) – circumstances, conditions, situation. 11. festering (adjective) – annoying, upsetting; fuming, simmering, smouldering, brewing (suppressed distress). 12. be left over/leave over (phrasal verb) - remain to be handled. 13. colonialism (noun) – the act of controlling & exploiting a country/territory (& its people) by another country/territory. 14. re-frame (verb) - devise/formulate differently. 15. trade-off (noun) – a situation in which you must choose between (balance) two things that are opposite or cannot be had at the same time; a compromise; swap, exchange. 16. civilisational (adjective) – relating to civilisation (culture, customs, way of life). 17. neighbour (noun) – adjacent/bordering country. 18. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign- policy. 19. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 20. face off (phrasal verb) – fight with; come into confrontation, be in opposition. 21. inapplicable (adjective) – irrelevant, unrelated, immaterial. 22. ambiguity (noun) – inexactness, doubtfulness, obscurity/opacity. 23. assertion (noun) – statement, claim/opinion, declaration, affirmation, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcontention. 24. age (noun) - time.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 10, 2020)

25. Corps (noun) – it literally means “army body”; The corps is treated as an operational unit of employment by the Army and can be comprised

of 20,000-45,000 soldiers. It is sometimes known as a field corps, which consists of two or more divisions. It is commanded by the

Corps Commander, who holds the rank of Lieutenant General. “Corps” was first introduced in France about 1805 by Napoleon as a more flexible tactical grouping of two or more

divisions. 26. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote.

27. watershed (noun) - also called a drainage basin or catchment; It’s a land area that channels/directs rainfall and snowmelt to creeks, streams, and rivers. 28. interest (noun) – benefit, advantage. 29. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 30. demarcate (verb) – define, delimit, mark off (boundary). 31. interpretation (noun) – understanding, reading, meaning, explanation. 32. uninhabited (adjective) - empty, unoccupied, unpeopled. 33. nomads (noun) - nomads are people who have no permanent home, travel from place to place in search of food (for them and their herd of animals). 34. altitude (noun) – height, elevation, distance above the ground/sea. 35. commerce (noun) – business, trade. 36. converge (verb) – meet, intersect, cross, come together. 37. strip (noun) - a long, narrow area of land. 38. Aksai Chin (noun) – a territory in Ladakh, is under illegal Chinese occupation. 39. no-man’s land (noun) - disputed land/ground. 40. Treaty of Amritsar (1846) (noun) - As per the Treaty of Amritsar between the East India Company and Dogra ruler Maharaja Gulab Singh on March 16, 1846, the region of Jammu, Kashmir, Laddakh WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMand Baltistan were handed over to Gulab Singh and the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir came into existence. 41. McCartney-MacDonald Line (noun) - a proposed boundary in the disputed area of Aksai Chin.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 10, 2020)

42. karakoram range (noun) - a mountain range spanning the borders of China, India, and Pakistan, with the northwest extremity of the range

extending to Afghanistan and Tajikistan. 43. range (noun) - a line or series of mountains.

44. transcript (noun) – written version/copy, reproduction, record/text. 45. delimitation (noun) – an act of fixing boundary or limits. 46. McMahon line (noun) – the demarcation line between Tibet and

the North-east region of India proposed by British colonial administrator Sir Henry McMahon at the 1914 Simla

Convention signed between British and Tibetan representatives. It is the effective boundary between China and India. 47. pass (noun) – a navigable (passable) route (road/passage) through a mountain range. 48. broadly/generally speaking (phrase) - used for saying something is mainly true. 49. stream (noun) – a small, narrow river. 50. ghost (noun) – hint, faint sign, shadow. 51. ill-advised (adjective) – ill-considered, ill-judged, misguided, badly planned. 52. informed (adjective) - knowledgeable, learned, well informed. 53. artery (noun) - main route. 54. cartographic (adjective) – relating to the science or art of making or drawing maps. 55. sovereignty (noun) – authority, supreme power, domination. 56. unwarranted (adjective) – unjustified, unnecessary, unreasonable, uncalled for, groundless. 57. inherent (adjective) – implicit, intrinsic, fundamental, basic. 58. notion (noun) – idea, belief, concept. 59. concession (noun) – right, privilege, favour/benefit. 60. aggression (noun) – hostility, belligerence, combativeness, warmongering, hawkishness. 61. reliance (noun) – dependence on something. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM62. reconcile (verb) – settle, resolve, patch up. 63. obfuscate (verb) – confuse, complicate, make unclear.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 10, 2020)

64. basin (noun) – the portion of land (geographical area) drained by a river and its tributaries (branch rivers). The states which are drained

by a river and its tributaries are basin states. (drain simply means “flow” of water/any other liquid).

65. deliberation (noun) – consideration, thought/thinking, contemplation. 66. negotiation (noun) – discussions, talks, deliberation. 67. task with (verb) - allot, allocate, assign a task/job/work.

68. grey area (noun) – unclear situation/condition. 69. restraint (noun) – constraint, check, control, restriction.

70. face to face (phrase) - intimidating, confronting, stare out. 71. reflection (noun) – serious thought, consideration, contemplation, deliberation. 72. outlive (verb) – outlast, survive, endure, withstand, live through. 73. utility (noun) – use, usefulness, advantage, benefit. 74. set up (phrasal verb) – establish, start/begin, inaugurate, create. 75. diplomat (noun) – envoy, consul, ambassador. 76. step in (phrasal verb) – become involved in, get involved in, function/serve as a substitute. 77. sphere (noun) – an area of activity; a field of activity; domain, realm. 78. unhindered (verb) – unopposed, unconstrained, unhindered, unimpeded. 79. patrolling (noun) - watching/guarding an area (over a period of time). 80. undertake (verb) – engage in, become involved in, take part in; begin/start, embark on. 81. Valley (noun) – a low area between hills or mountains typically with a river running through it. Valley is a metonym of Jammu & Kashmir in this context (Metonym is used as an alternative for something else with which it is closely related/associated). 82. galvanise (verb) - to cause someone to take action by exciting or shocking them; stimulate, encourage, inspire, stir, arouse, prompt, shock/stun. 83. hectic (adjective) – frenzied, feverish, restless. 84. customary (adjective) – usual, normal, traditional/conventional. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM85. disproportionate (adjective) – inordinate, unreasonable, excessive; out of proportion, relatively too large. 86. furore (noun) – commotion, outcry uproar, agitation. 87. face-off (noun) – clash, conflict, confrontation, skirmish.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 10, 2020)

88. resort to (verb) – use, utilize, turn to, have recourse to. 89. quiet diplomacy (noun) – it is a way of conduct of international

relations (through the interaction of official representatives of governments or groups) to create conditions in which parties feel

comfortable to act, in particular allowing parties calmly to evaluate positions and interests, to weigh options and consider independent and impartial advice.

90. tilt (noun) – inclination, bias. 91. disengagement (noun) – withdrawal, departure, retreat (of military

troops from an area of conflict). 92. power seeking (adjective) - self-seeking, selfish. 93. accommodation (noun) – arrangement, settlement, compromise; adjustment, adaptation. 94. advocate (verb) – support, promote, champion, espouse. 95. lay stress on (phrase) - emphasize, highlight. 96. hold (verb) - possess, have, bear. 97. inevitable (adjective) – unavoidable, unpreventable. 98. sober (adjective) – serious/sensible, serious-minded, self-controlled, restrained, unemotional. 99. posture (noun) – position, approach, attitude, standpoint, view. 100. (be) wedded to (verb) - dedicated to, attached to, fixated on. 101. legitimate (adjective) – valid, reasonable, reliable. 102. translate (verb) – interpret, express, reveal. 103. perspective (noun) – outlook, viewpoint, approach. 104. Wuhan spirit (noun) – The two leaders [President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Narendra Modi] had a very successful meeting in Wuhan on April 27-28, 2018. They established mutual trust and they jointly planned for the future of improvement and the strengthening of the China-India relationship. This summit brought in an “increased stability and fresh momentum in relations”. 105. (two) poles (noun) - two opposite points; extremity. 106. incline (verb) – tend to have a particular opinion. 107. play the card (phrase) – use/utilize something (an idea/issue) for an WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMadvantage. 108. oust (verb) – remove, dislodge, overthrow. 109. audit (verb) – analyse, examine, scrutinize, investigate, appraise.

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 11, 2020) H 1. rotten (adjective) – bad, unpleasant, unprincipled, immoral. 2. mob (noun) – a large, disorganized, and often violent crowd of people.

3. lay bare (phrasal verb) – reveal, uncover, expose. 4. deeply (adverb) – strongly, profoundly, intensely, completely, entirely. 5. entrenched (adjective) – ingrained, established, embedded.

6. prejudice (noun) – discrimination, partiality, intolerance, bigotry. 7. on display (phrase) - to show something for people to see. 8. subsequent (adjective) – following, ensuing, successive.

9. regressive (adjective) – retrograde, retrogressive, unprogressive/negative. 10. trait (noun) – quality, characteristic, attribute, feature.

11. misogyny (noun) – prejudice, dislike, hatred (of women). 12. invasion (noun) – attack, assault; violation, infringement, breach. 13. voyeuristic (adjective) - relating to pleasure from seeing other's pain/distress. 14. glee (noun) – delight or pleasure. 15. all hell breaks loose (phrase) – the situation suddenly becomes confused or disorganized with a lot of people arguing (or fighting) angrily. 16. foul play (phrase) - crime/violence; unfair or dishonest actions. 17. grief-stricken (adjective) - devastated, heartbroken, upset, sorrowful. 18. first information report (FIR) (noun) – a written document prepared by the police when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence. 19. charge (verb) - accuse formally. 20. abetment (noun) – the act of encouraging/assisting someone to commit (an illegal thing/wrong thing/crime). 21. pounce (verb) – attack suddenly, take advantage of something (weakness/mistake). 22. gold digger (noun) - a person, typically a woman, who engages in a type of transactional relationship for money rather than love. 23. hand out (phrasal verb) – give out, issue, provide; impose/inflict (a misfortune/penalty). 24. Gross domestic product (GDP) (noun) – a measure of economic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and service. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM25. contraction (noun) – In economics, it refers to a decline in national output as measured by gross domestic product. 26. heightened (adjective) – increased, intensified, worsen, aggravated. 27. hail from (verb) – come from, be from, be a native of.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 11, 2020) H 28. poll-bound (adjective) - destined/guaranteed to have election (which is imminent/approaching).

29. dimension (noun) – aspect, feature, side, element. 30. estranged (adjective) – alienated, hostile, disaffected/antagonized. 31. demise (noun) – death, passing away.

32. fodder (noun) – something considered useful only for a particular purpose; (fodder generally means food, particularly dried hay or straw, for cattle and other livestock).

33. decency (noun) – correctness, morality, dignity, propriety. 34. draw (verb) - pull, drag. 35. grill (verb) – question, cross-examine, probe.

36. wrongdoing (noun) – immorality, misbehaviour, misconduct, mischief. 37. grief (noun) – sorrow, sadness, pain, heartbreak. 38. the spotlight (noun) – the public attention, the focus of public/media; the public eye. 39. activist (noun) – a person who supports a political or societal change/cause. 40. speak up (phrase) - to express one's opinion (in support/against something) openly. 41. demonisation (noun) – the depiction or portrayal of someone/something as bad/threatening. 42. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in. 43. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 44. far from (phrase) – not, not at all, nowhere near. 45. empathise (verb) – identify, sympathize, have insight into (others feelings). 46. circumstances (noun) – situation, conditions, state of affairs. 47. guilty (adjective) – culpable, at fault, responsible for misconduct. 48. erupt (verb) - appear, emerge, break out, flare up. 49. pronounce (verb) – announce, state, articulate, express. 50. erupt (verb) – break out, start suddenly, flare up. 51. vague (adjective) – imprecise, inexact, unclear/uncertain. 52. play out (phrasal verb) – happen, occur, take place. 53. blood sport (noun) - a contest involving bloodshed (killing or wounding WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMof animals/people). 54. voice (noun) – opinion, view, comment. 55. overrule (verb) – reject, disallow, override, cancel. 56. fairness (noun) – impartiality, justness, neutrality, equal treatment.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 11, 2020)

1. drawdown (noun) – reduction, decrease (in the size of an armed

force). 2. vacuum (noun) – gap, space, absence, lack/deficiency of something.

3. assassination (noun) – murder, killing. 4. non-binding (adjective) – non-mandatory, unnecessary, non- compulsory.

5. resolution (noun) – motion, proposal, plan. 6. non binding resolution (NBR) (noun) - non-binding resolution does

not carry the force of law and are primarily used for parties or legislators’ position taking and the request of government actions. 7. oust (verb) – remove, dislodge, overthrow. 8. combat (noun) – battle, fighting, war. 9. ask for (verb) - request, demand, appeal to, call on. 10. (be) committed to (verb) - firm, steadfast, resolute. 11. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in. 12. pull out (phrasal verb) – withdraw, leave, get/move out. 13. (the) pull back (noun) - disengagement, retreat, withdraw. 14. drive out (verb) – expel, remove, oust. 15. bring back (home) (phrasal verb) - cause someone to return (to one's residence). 16. overlook (verb) – miss, fail to notice; disregard, neglect/ignore. 17. station (verb) – deploy, base. 18. at the height of (phrase) – at the most extreme part/point of something. 19. partly (adverb) - to a certain degree, to a certain extent, relatively, somewhat. 20. hostile (adjective) – opposed, inimical, averse, ill-disposed. Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 11, 2020)

21. environment (noun) – situation, context, scenario.

22. growing (adjective) – increasing, intensifying, amplifying. 23. influence (noun) – power, authority, sway, leverage.

24. Shia (adjective) – relating to Shia branch/sect of Islam. 25. militia (noun) – armed forces, military unit, soldiery (from the civil population to support main forces).

26. retaliate (verb) – hit back, counterattack, take revenge. 27. ballistic missile (noun) – a missile, which is shot from the ground,

takes a long distance to travel well outside the atmosphere and falls to the earth to explode on its target (due to the gravity). 28. air base (noun) – a base/place used by a military force for the operation of military aircraft. 29. confrontation (noun) – conflict, scuffle, face-off. 30. let (verb) – allow, permit, warrant. 31. underground (adverb) - into hiding, into seclusion, undercover, behind closed doors, out of sight. 32. sectarian (adjective) – denoting a sect (a group of people); factional, partisan. 33. (be) couple with (verb) – combine, integrate, connect, incorporate, link. 34. civil war-stricken (adjective) – seriously affected/inflicted (by civil war). 35. exploit (verb) – take advantage of, make use of, utilize. 36. Sunni (adjective) – relating to Sunni branch/sect of Islam. 37. resentment (noun) – bitterness, indignation, enmity, hatred/hate. 38. history repeat itself (phrase) - things that have happened in the past will or tend to happen again in one way or another. Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 11, 2020)

1. revival (noun) – improvement, rallying, picking up; comeback. 2. flawed (adjective) – defective, faulty, distorted, inaccurate.

3. fiscal stimulus (noun) – Government measures, normally involving increased public spending and lower taxation, aimed at giving a positive jolt to economic activity.

4. rather (adverb) – somewhat, relatively, to some degree/extent. 5. in the midst of (phrase) – in the middle of.

6. virus-induced (adjective) – produced/effected by a virus. 7. induce (verb) – cause, produce, effect, bring about. 8. slowdown (noun) – economic decline, recession, slump/depression.

9. put forward (phrasal verb) - moot, propose, recommend, suggest (an idea). 10. procurement (noun) – the action of procuring/purchasing something. 11. rabi crops (noun) – winter crops; seeds sowing in the beginning (Nov) of the winter and harvesting at the end of the season (Apr) in the South Asia. 12. kharif crops (noun) – monsoon crops; seeds sowing in the beginning (Jun) of the monsoon and harvesting at the end of the season (Oct) in the South Asia. 13. resilience (noun) – strength, toughness; the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties. 14. inflation (noun) – simply meaning “cost of living”; increase of price level of goods & services and vice versa decrease of currency value. 15. sustained (adjective) – continuous, steady, constant, persistent. 16. shift (noun) – change. 17. in favour of (phrase) – giving support to, approving of. 18. sowing (noun) - an act of seeding a plant or crop. 19. accompany (verb) – occur with, be present with, coincide with, coexist with. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM20. bode well/ill (verb) – augur, indicate, portend (a good/bad outcome). Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 11, 2020)

21. Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (or) Self-reliant India Mission (noun) – the special economic package totaling Rs 20 lakh crore by the Indian

government to tide over the Covid-19 crisis and it would focus on land, labour, liquidity and laws. It would benefit labourers, farmers, honest tax payers, MSMEs and cottage industry. This economic

package would be around the 10 per cent of India’s GDP. 22. position (verb) - put, place, locate, situate.

23. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by

the authority. 24. considerable (adjective) – much, a lot of; substantial. 25. as a result (phrase) - because of something; due to something. 26. harvest (noun) – the process of gathering a ripe crop from the fields. 27. Minimum Support Price (MSP) (noun) – it is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to give guaranteed price and assured market to the farmers and protect them from the price fluctuations and market imperfections. The guaranteed price and assured market are expected to encourage higher investment and in adoption of modern farming practices. 28. look at (phrasal verb) – study, analyse, scrutinize. 29. market arrivals (noun) - it is defined as the arrival of crops (agricultural produce) at a particular centre for sales from various villages. 30. lentil (noun) – a high-protein pulses, beans (edible seeds/dals). 31. constitute (verb) – comprise, make up, account for. 32. stem from (phrasal verb) – originate from, arise/come from, emanate from. 33. disruption (noun) – disturbance, disorganization, interruption. 34. supply chain (noun) – a network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final buyer. 35. alleviate (verb) – reduce, control, mitigate/moderate. 36. in addition (phrase) – as well as, additionally, moreover. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM37. poultry (noun) – birds (such as chickens and ducks) that are raised on farms for their eggs or meat.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 11, 2020)

38. consumer price index (CPI) (noun) – it is defined as the change in the prices of a basket of goods and services that are typically purchased

by specific groups of households. To put it simply, it tracks the prices of goods and services purchased by consumers. 39. representative (noun) - example, specimen.

40. moderate (adjective) – modest, small, low. 41. uptick (noun) – a small increase or upward trend.

42. marginal (adjective) – small, minor, insignificant. 43. household (noun) – family, house. 44. misplace (verb) - put in the wrong place, mislay, position incorrectly.

45. migrant (noun) – a person who moves from one region to another – either within a country or across national borders in order to find work or better living conditions. 46. take up (phrasal verb) – pursue, engage in, become involved in (an activity or course of action). 47. fallow (adjective) – uncultivated, unploughed, unused, undeveloped. 48. Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) (noun) - it is a leading business information company. It was established in 1976, primarily as an independent think tank. CMIE produces economic and business databases and develops specialised analytical tools to deliver these to its customers for decision making and for research. 49. indicator (noun) – measure, index, gauge, mark. 50. distress (noun) – hardship, adversity, misfortune, difficulty, trouble. 51. prosperity (noun) – wealth, good fortune, welfare. 52. cause for celebration (phrase) - a reason to celebrate. 53. trickle (noun) – a small number of things moving slowly. 54. gross value added (GVA) (noun) – it is a measure of total output and income in the economy. It provides the rupee value for the amount of goods and services produced in an economy after deducting the cost of inputs and raw materials that have gone into the production of those goods and services. It also gives sector-specific picture like what is the growth in an area, industry or sector of an economy. On the other hand, GDP or gross domestic product is a measure of WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMeconomic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and service.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 11, 2020)

55. percentage point (noun) – the difference between two percentages is termed as percentage point. (for example: “Interest Rates Jump From

10% to 12%”. In this case, the interest rate increased by “2 percentage points” or you can say that the interest rate is increased by 20%). 56. unlikely (adjective) – not likely, improbable, questionable.

57. potential (adjective) – possible, likely, probable. 58. credit flow (noun) - availability of credit.

59. result in (verb) – cause, bring on, give rise to, trigger. 60. counteracting (adjective) – counterbalancing, countervailing, cancelling out.

61. overwhelm (verb) – engulf, swamp, overrun, overpower/inundate; overburden, beset. 62. green shoots (noun) – signs of economic recovery or positive data (during an economic slowdown/recession). 63. outgo (noun) – outlay, spending (of money). 64. liquidity (noun) – the availability of liquid assets; liquidity means liquid assets; cash; (liquid asset is an asset which can be easily sold/converted into cash without losing its value); a measure of activity (i.e. the ability to buy or sell easily) in a market. 65. measure (noun) – course of action, action, step, procedure. 66. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) (noun) - an initiative by the government of India in which all farmers will get up to 6,000 per year as minimum income support. 67. ideal (adjective) – perfect, best possible, most suitable, model. 68. frontload (verb) – allocate major portion of (costs, effort, expenditures etc.) at the beginning of the enterprise/activity/project (during budget). 69. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 70. comprehensive (adjective) – all-inclusive, broad-based, complete/thorough. 71. “C2" cost/comprehensive cost (noun) - Cost of production refers to the “C2" cost, as provided by the ministry of agriculture and farmers’ welfare. “C2" includes the rental value of owned land and is a more WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcomprehensive estimate than the “A2+FL" cost, which is used by the government to set minimum support prices (MSPs). “A2+FL" includes cash paid out plus the imputed value of family labour.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 11, 2020)

72. moratorium (noun) – a temporary suspension of an activity; embargo, ban, prohibition.

73. waive (verb) – ignore, drop, omit, forgo (a rule/fee). 74. vague (adjective) – imprecise, inexact, unclear/uncertain. 75. Animal Husbandry (noun) – the branch of agriculture concerned with

the rearing (breed/raise) and care of animals that are raised for food, fibre or other purposes of benefit to humans.

76. crisis-ridden (adjective) - dominated by crisis. 77. amount to (verb) – add up to, come to a total of, represent, be equal to.

78. literally (adverb) – exactly. 79. plummet (verb) – fall sharply/steeply, go down, drop. 80. in all (phrase) – altogether. 81. squeeze (verb) – have a restricting/damaging effect on. 82. counterproductive (adjective) – harmful, damaging, dangerous/destructive. 83. depressed (adjective) – weakened, impaired, debilitated, distressed, sluggish. 84. vicious cycle (noun) – also known as a vicious circle; a chain of negative events reinforce themselves. The situation spirals in a downward loop, becoming increasingly worse with time. A situation in which the solution to one problem creates a chain of problems, each making it more difficult to solve the original one. 85. discard (verb) – throw out, get rid of, abandon/shrug off. 86. passive (adjective) – not active or not participating perceptibly (noticeably) in an activity, organization, etc. 87. decisively (adverb) – conclusively, categorically, definitely. 88. substantial (adjective) – considerable, significant, large. 89. earlier/sooner the better (phrase) - we say the earlier/sooner the better when we think something should be done as WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMsoon as possible. 90. compound (verb) – aggravate, worsen, intensify, make worse.

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 12, 2020) H 1. glimmer (noun) – (a faint) sign, trace/ray, hint (of light/hope).

2. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence.

3. disengagement (noun) – withdrawal, departure, retreat (of military troops from an area of conflict). 4. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign-

policy. 5. deploy (verb) – move (military troops) into position for military

action. 6. outline (verb) – indicate, summarize, draft, sketch out. 7. affirm (verb) – confirm, ratify, endorse, uphold.

8. neighbour (noun) – adjacent/bordering country. 9. de-escalate (verb) – diminish, lessen/decrease, dwindle (the intensity of a conflict). 10. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 11. tense (adjective) – agitated, disturbed, panicky, in a state of agitation. 12. understanding (noun) – agreement, settlement, deal/treaty. 13. difference (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, misunderstanding. 14. formulation (noun) – creation, origination, arrangement. 15. live up to (phrasal verb) – satisfy, fulfil, achieve. 16. suit (verb) - meet the requirements of, satisfy the demands, be acceptable. 17. disengage (verb) – withdraw, pull out, leave, move out, retreat. 18. ease (verb) - mitigate, soften, tone down, lessen, reduce. 19. abide by (verb) – conform to, adhere to, comply with. 20. expedite (verb) – accelerate, hasten, speed up, quicken. 21. confidence building measures/mechanisms (noun) – confidence- building measures (CBMs) are planned procedures to prevent hostilities, to avert escalation, to reduce military tension, and to build mutual trust between countries. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. stark (adjective) – clear, distinct, evident, obvious, striking. 23. status quo ante (phrase) – a Latin phrase meaning “the state of affairs existing before” (or) “the way things were before”.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 12, 2020) H 24. transgression (noun) – infringement, contravention, breach, violation.

25. accompany (verb) – occur with, be present with, coincide with, coexist with.

26. strike a discordant note (phrase) – express/communicate something conflicting/contrasting/different/opposite things. 27. discordant (adjective) – contradictory, contrary, conflicting, opposite,

opposing, clashing. 28. stress (verb) - emphasize, draw attention to, highlight.

29. ties (noun) – bond, association, relationship. 30. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt. 31. emphasise (verb) – draw attention to, put stress on, underscore,

highlight. 32. context (noun) – circumstances, conditions, situation. 33. characterisation (noun) – a description of the distinctive features of something. 34. stand (noun) – posture, viewpoint, standpoint. 35. contrast (verb) – differ from, be at variance with, be contrary to, go against. 36. prerequisite (noun) – necessary condition, essential, requirement. 37. take forward (phrasal verb) - deal with, cope with, tackle, address. 38. moreover (adverb) – besides, furthermore, in addition. 39. commentary (noun) – report, account, narration, explanation. 40. onus (noun) – responsibility, duty. 41. defuse (verb) – reduce, lessen/diminish, ease/mitigate. 42. reckless (adjective) – careless, thoughtless, incautious/heedless. 43. provocation (noun) – stirring, goading, instigation, agitation. 44. reiterate (verb) – repeat, say again, restate. 45. road ahead (phrase) – future. 46. veneer (noun) – (outward) impression, image, posture. 47. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 48. strengthen (verb) – increase, intensify, heighten. 49. hold (noun) - power, control, influence, authority. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM50. from now on (phrase) - henceforth, from this day on, from this time on, from this moment forth, from now and in the future.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 12, 2020) H 1. pushback (noun) – resistance, opposition, disagreement, force back,

repulse drive. 2. revoke (verb) – cancel, repeal/reverse, abrogate, nullify.

3. broad-brush (adjective) – lacking in detail, incomplete, insufficient. 4. espionage (noun) – the act of spying; obtaining secret or confidential (political or military) information of a country and/or disclosing it

without the permission of that country; undercover work, infiltration, counter-intelligence.

5. deem (verb) – regard as, consider; view as. 6. owing to (phrase) – because of, as a result of, on account of. 7. alleged (adjective) – supposed, reported, purported, unproven.

8. establishment (noun) – organization, bureau, agency. 9. house (verb) - contain, cover; protect, enclose, encase. 10. curb (noun) – restraint, control/check, restriction, limitation. 11. intention (noun) – aim, purpose, objective. 12. block (verb) – deter, check, obstruct/restrict. 13. slave labour (noun) - work that is done by slaves without pay or slaves who work without payment. 14. reference (noun) – mention of, comment on, remark about. 15. revocation (noun) – cancellation, abandonment, calling off/recall. 16. unjust (adjective) – biased, prejudiced, inequitable. 17. coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. 18. broadly (adverb) – generally, usually, mainly. 19. exploit (verb) – take advantage of, make use of, utilize. 20. intellectual property (noun) – a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. The most well-known types are copyrights, patents, trademarks and trade secrets. 21. academia (noun) – the community related to the education, research, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMetc. 22. measure (noun) – course of action, action, procedure. 23. tighten the screws (phrase) – to apply more pressure on someone/something.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 12, 2020) H 24. immigration (noun) – the act of leaving one’s countries and moving to

another country of which they are not natives, nor citizens, to settle or reside there, especially as permanent residents or naturalized citizens.

25. issuance (noun) – an act of issuing/providing something. 26. green card (noun) – it is officially known as a “Permanent Resident Card” and it allows a person to live and work permanently in

the United States. 27. migrate (verb) – change.

28. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

29. ban (noun) - prohibition, bar, stoppage. 30. context (noun) – circumstances, conditions, situation. 31. spat (noun) - quarrel, scuffle, tussle, fight, clash. 32. hostile (adjective) – opposed, inimical, averse, ill-disposed. 33. tit-for-tat (phrase) – equivalent retaliation; counterattack, revenge, an eye for an eye. 34. trade/tariff war (noun) – a condition in which a country increase tariffs on foreign goods and impose quota restrictions to restrict other countries’ trade. 35. realm (noun) – area, field, domain (of activity). 36. overreach (verb) – try to do too much, overdo it, try to be too smart. 37. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 38. sweep up (phrasal verb) - remove, clean, scrub, wipe. 39. government-affiliated (adjective) - officially connected to the government. 40. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 41. successive (adjective) – consecutive, succeeding. 42. prosecute (verb) – take to court, institute legal action against, charge with, accuse of. 43. potential (adjective) – possible, likely, probable. 44. spy (noun) - secret agent. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM45. saboteur (noun) – a person who engages in sabotage (damage or destroy something deliberately). 46. proceedings (noun) – a series of activities. 47. ultimately (adverb) – eventually, in the end, finally.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 12, 2020) H 48. arguably (adverb) – possibly, conceivably, maybe, potentially.

49. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim. 50. interfere (verb) – handle, meddle, intervene (unwantedly).

51. affairs (noun) – concerns, matters, activities. 52. blowback (noun) – unexpected (bad & harmful) outcomes; negative consequences/results/reactions of an action or decision (particularly,

of a political action). 53. pressure-cooker (noun) - very stressful situation.

54. imminent (adjective) – close/near, about to happen, approaching/impending. 55. likelihood (noun) – probability, chance, possibility.

56. heavy-handed (adjective) – oppressive, overbearing, highhanded, harsh. 57. suspicion (noun) – misgiving, doubt/qualm, distrust, scepticism. 58. interference (noun) – intervention, meddling, unwarranted involvement. 59. considerable (adjective) – sizeable, significant, substantial; much. 60. incumbent (noun) – the current/present holder/occupant of an office. 61. Oval office (noun) – the office of the president of the United States, located in the White House, Washington. 62. doubtless (adverb) – undoubtedly, definitely/surely, doubtlessly, without doubt. 63. persist (verb) – continue, carry on, remain. 64. on the back foot (phrase) – in a defensive position, off balance, at a disadvantage. 65. rival (noun) – opponent, adversary, contender, competitor. 66. the reverse (noun) – opposite, contrary, converse, counter. 67. unwise (adjective) – injudicious, ill-advised, ill-considered. 68. anticipate (verb) – expect, foresee, predict. 69. thaw (noun) – an increase in friendliness. 70. frosty (adjective) – unfriendly, inhospitable/unwelcoming, hostile. 71. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 72. ties (noun) – bond, association, relationship. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM73. aggression (noun) – hostility, belligerence, combativeness, warmongering, hawkishness. 74. wounded (adjective) - injured.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 12, 2020)

1. standoff (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, impasse (in a dispute/conflict).

2. trap (noun) – trick, ploy, deceptive plan. 3. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running

through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal).

4. die down (phrasal verb) – come to an end, stop, dwindle, diminish/reduce. 5. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign-policy.

6. stare at (verb) – look fixedly, gaze, watch closely. 7. stakeholder (noun) – a person with an interest in something. 8. uncertain (adjective) – unsure, doubtful, dubious, unreliable. 9. tense (adjective) – agitated, disturbed, panicky, in a state of agitation. 10. parallel (noun) – similarity, comparison, resemblance. 11. McMahon line (noun) – the demarcation line between Tibet and the North-east region of India proposed by British colonial administrator Sir Henry McMahon at the 1914 Simla Convention signed between British and Tibetan representatives. It is the effective boundary between China and India. 12. eerily (adverb) – peculiarly, oddly, in a strange and frightening way. 13. transgress (verb) – breach, violate, disobey, contravene. 14. trigger (noun) – cause, reason. 15. full-scale (adjective) - thorough, comprehensive, extensive, complete. 16. invasion (noun) – attack, assault; violation, infringement, breach. 17. absolutely (adverb) - definitely, positively, unconditionally, categorically; decisively, conclusively, manifestly. 18. certain (adjective) - sure, confident, convinced. 19. bet (verb) - be certain, be sure, be convinced, be confident. 20. bet big on something (phrase) - to provide a lot of support to something with a lot of risk involved (i.e., if it is not successful in the end, you will risk losing something else). 21. imperialism (noun) – an action that involves a country (usually an empire or a kingdom) extending its power by the acquisition of territories. 22. realist (noun) - a person who acknowledges a situation and gets ready to WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMtackle it accordingly. 23. imperative (noun) – necessary condition, precondition, essential requirement.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 12, 2020)

24. material development (noun) – it is defined as “both a field of study and

a practical undertaking” in which theory and practice interact with one another. 25. fora plural form of forum (noun) – assembly, gathering, conference.

26. sovereignty (noun) – authority, supreme power, domination. 27. Peking (noun) – former name of Beijing, the capital city of the People’s Republic of China.

28. bequeathed (adjective) - granted, transferred, entrusted (by a will). 29. frontier (noun) – boundary, borderline, border.

30. setback (noun) – problem, difficulty, issue. 31. patrol (noun) – watching/guarding an area (over a period of time). 32. pass (noun) – a navigable (passable) route (road/passage) through a mountain range. 33. come under (phrasal verb) – be subjected to. 34. wake-up call (noun) – something which alerts a person to a problem and makes him/her to do some remedial action. 35. pull back (phrasal verb) – withdraw, retreat, disengage. 36. Aksai Chin (noun) – a territory in Ladakh, is under illegal Chinese occupation. 37. unilaterally (adverb) – used to indicate something done by a person/country without approval/agreement from other people/countries involved in the situation. 38. counter (adjective) - contrary, adverse, conflicting, opposed. 39. legitimate (adjective) – valid, reasonable, reliable. 40. escalate (verb) – increase, rise, intensify, heighten. 41. forward policy (noun) – a set of foreign policy doctrines applicable to territorial ambitions and disputes in which emphasis is placed on securing control of targeted territories by invasion and annexation or by the political creation of compliant buffer states. 42. set up (phrasal verb) – establish, start/begin, inaugurate, create. 43. post (noun) – border outpost, a military base/camp, command post (for border patrol). 44. provocation (noun) – stirring, goading, instigation, agitation. 45. loom (verb) – emerge, appear, become visible, reveal itself, take a threatening shape. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM46. ties (noun) – bond, association, relationship. 47. refuge (noun) – protection, shelter, place of safety, place of security. 48. settle accounts with (phrase) - retaliate, get one's revenge, reciprocate, give someone a taste of their own medicine.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 12, 2020)

49. rebellion (noun) – defiance, disobedience, dissent, nonconformity, subversion. 50. sidestep (verb) - avoid, evade, dodge, escape.

51. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 52. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 53. delimit (verb) - define, delineate, determine, demarcate, mark off, mark

out (boundary). 54. volatile (adjective) – unpredictable, turbulent, uncertain, inconstant.

55. truce (noun) – an ad-hoc (temporary/makeshift) arrangement, arrived at by the combatants (fighters), to pause the fighting. 56. prevail on/upon (verb) – persuade, induce, influence, prompt.

57. Finger area (noun) – The 134 km of Pangong Tso lake’s northern bank juts/extends out like a palm, and the various protrusions/projections are identified as “fingers” to demarcate territory. While India asserts that the LAC (Line of Actual Control) starts at Finger 8, China claims it starts at Finger 2, which India dominates. 58. Valley (noun) – a low area between hills or mountains typically with a river running through it. Valley is a metonym of Jammu & Kashmir in this context (Metonym is used as an alternative for something else with which it is closely related/associated). 59. take over (phrasal verb) – assume control of, take charge of, take command of. 60. height (noun) - a high place or area. 61. range (noun) – a line or series of mountains. 62. incursion (noun) – invasion/attack; it is the act of entering another’s territory; And it is the sudden arrival of someone into an area where they do not belong. 63. calculated (adjective) - intentional, purposeful, preconceived, deliberate. 64. strategic dominance (noun) - the strategy which would yield (give) positive outcomes, irrespective of the strategies of the rival player. 65. run-up to (noun) – a period of time just before an important event. 66. lay emphasis on (phrase) - to emphasize the importance of something. 67. gravity (noun) – seriousness, importance/significance, severity. 68. yield (verb) – give, provide, produce. 69. irrespective of (adjective) – notwithstanding, without regard for, regardless of. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM70. devastate (verb) – wreck, ruin, destroy; shatter, traumatize, distress. 71. geopolitical (adjective) – relating to the study of the geographical factors (a country’s position on the earth, size, climate, and natural resources & etc,.) in world politics and inter-state relations.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 12, 2020)

72. Great Leap Forward (noun) – The Great Leap Forward of the People’s

Republic of China was an economic and social campaign led by the Chinese Communist Party from 1958 to 1962. Chairman Mao Zedong launched the campaign to reconstruct the country from an agrarian

economy into a modern industrial society with greater ability to compete with Western industrialized nations. But, the Great Leap Forward resulted in one of the world’s worst famines and turned into a

national disaster; in all, about 20 million people were estimated to have died. It was the largest single, non-wartime campaign of mass killing in

human history. 73. crack (noun) – split, break, fracture, rupture. 74. intervention (noun) – the process of intervening in something; involvement, interference. 75. set the ball rolling (phrase) - make a start, initiate, embark on, get cracking, start business. 76. arrive (verb) - succeed, achieve success, be successful, reach the top. 77. superpower (noun) – a nation which is very powerful and possesses military, political or economic might (power) with dominant status on the globe. (like the Soviet Union (erstwhile) or United States of America). 78. outbreak (noun) – sudden appearance/occurrence, outburst, flare-up. 79. batter (verb) – damage, spoil, impair/ruin; smash, hit/strike repeatedly. 80. prisoner’s dilemma (phrase) - it is a classic game theory which examines how two players interact based on an understanding of motives and strategies. Both players benefit most by cooperating with each other. If both players act in their own self-interests, they do not produce the optimal outcome. 81. go through (phrasal verb) – undergo, experience, face. 82. standing (noun) – position, good reputation, status. 83. non-alignment (noun) – a term used for an international organization who do not want to officially align themselves with, or against, any major power bloc (group of countries). 84. aggression (noun) – hostility, belligerence, combativeness, warmongering, hawkishness. 85. deter (verb) – prevent, stop, put off/discourage. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM86. on someone's terms (phrase) - according to someone's conditions; according to how someone considers or understands something. 87. term (noun) - condition.

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 14, 2020)

1. second chair (noun) - deputy chairperson, deputy presiding officer,

deputy speaker. 2. convention (noun) – custom, practice, tradition, routine.

3. uphold (verb) – maintain, continue, preserve, protect (a custom/practice). 4. constitute (verb) – form, inaugurate, set up, initiate.

5. lie (verb) – be, remain, be kept (in a particular condition). 6. the spotlight (noun) – the public attention, the focus of

public/media; the public eye. 7. lapse (noun) – failure, mistake, blunder/oversight. 8. calculated (adjective) – intentional, purposeful, preconceived, deliberate. 9. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 10. recall (verb) – recollect, bring to mind, call to mind. 11. non-committal (adjective) – evasive, equivocal/undecided, circumspect; dodge the question, sidestep the issue. 12. reportedly (adverb) – supposedly, seemingly, apparently, allegedly. 13. turn down (phrasal verb) - reject, refuse, decline, say no to. 14. enthusiastic (adjective) – eager, keen, committed, willing, passionate. 15. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt (obtain or achieve something). 16. combine (noun) – a group of people working together for a specific reason/motive.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 14, 2020)

17. erudite (adjective) – well educated, well informed, knowledgeable,

scholarly, intellectual/learned. 18. ranks (noun) – the people belonging to a group.

19. reluctant (adjective) – unwilling, disinclined, grudging, resisting. 20. unlikely (adjective) – not likely, improbable, questionable. 21. reluctant (adjective) – unwilling, disinclined, unenthusiastic.

22. overwhelming (adjective) – very great/large, huge, enormous. 23. justification (noun) – reason, rationale, premise, basis.

24. disregard (verb) - ignore, take no notice of, pay no attention to. 25. engage someone in (verb) - cause someone to get involved in something. 26. erode (verb) – undermine, weaken, destroy, spoil gradually. 27. common ground (phrase) – shared opinions (or interests). 28. sorely (adverb) – severely, desperately, badly, critically. 29. multitude (noun) – a lot, a great/large number, a great quantity. 30. pre-eminence (noun) – superiority, supremacy, predominance. 31. devastate (verb) – wreck, ruin, destroy; shatter, traumatize, distress. 32. muster (verb) – gather together, come together, convene/assemble. 33. coherent (adjective) – united, consolidated, joined, combined; logical, reasonable, rational. 34. course correction (noun) – modifying, improving, rectifying (the plan of action). 35. magnanimous (adjective) – big-hearted, generous, liberal, kind.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMstudy purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 14, 2020) H 1. long haul (noun) - difficult task. 2. demand-supportive (adjective) - encouraging demand.

3. fiscal (adjective) – financial. 4. fiscal policy (noun) – in simple terms, it is an estimate of taxation and government spending that impacts the economy.

5. lockdown-induced (adjective) - produced/effected by lockdown. 6. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended

state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 7. slowdown (noun) – economic decline, recession, slump/depression. 8. contract (verb) – decline, decrease, diminish, reduce.

9. albeit (conjunction) – though, even though, however. 10. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 11. depressed (adjective) – weakened, impaired, debilitated, distressed, sluggish. 12. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 13. rage (verb) – be at its height, be uncontrollable; reach a high degree of intensity. 14. Index of Industrial Production (IIP) (noun) – a composite (combined/complex) indicator that measures the changes in the volume of production of a basket of industrial products during a given period with respect to the volume of production in a chosen base period. 15. index (noun) – indicator, guide, mark, measure. 16. shrank past of shrink (verb) – lessen, reduce, decrease. 17. year-on-year (adjective) – year over year (for comparison). 18. contraction (noun) – In economics, it refers to a decline in national output as measured by gross domestic product. 19. shrinkage (noun) – reduction, lessening, lowering, drop, decline. 20. rebound (noun) – recovery. 21. narrow (verb) – diminish, decrease, reduce. 22. fall (noun) – decrease, decline, drop, slump. 23. dissipate (verb) – disappear, vanish, dissolve. 24. appreciably (adverb) – considerably, substantially, significantly. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM25. telltale (adjective) – revealing, suggestive, indicative, significant. 26. flatten (verb) – slow (down) an increasing rate. 27. halve (verb) – reduce by half (50%). 28. solitary (adjective) – single, lone, sole, only.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 14, 2020) H 29. use-based (adjective) - based on the use of products/goods by the customer.

30. consumer non-durables (noun) – products/goods (such as food, clothing, fuel, etc.) which are produced for immediate use and frequently replaced by the consumer.

31. consumer durables (noun) – manufactured products/goods (such as TV, fridge, AC, motorbike, car & etc) which last for an extended period of time.

32. household (noun) – family, house. 33. consumable (noun) - a product/good that is intended to be used up regularly (e.g. food, water & etc.,).

34. slide (verb) – fall, drop, plunge/descend (to a lower level). 35. preceding (adjective) – previous, prior, earlier. 36. betray (verb) – reveal, disclose, lay bare, make known, uncover. 37. abiding (adjective) – persisting, long-lasting, enduring, continuing. 38. private consumption or consumption expenditure (noun) – the spending by households (consumers) on goods and services, excluding new housing. 39. capital goods (noun) – capital goods are man-made, durable items that businesses use to produce goods and services. They include tools, buildings, vehicles, machinery, and equipment. Capital goods are also called durable goods, real capital, and economic capital. 40. attest (verb) - affirm, declare, claim something is the case; certify, corroborate, confirm. 41. discretionary (adjective) – optional, voluntary, non-mandatory, up to the individual. 42. across the board (phrase) – applying to all. 43. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote. 44. dismal (adjective) – bad, poor, dreadful, awful/terrible. 45. picture (noun) – situation, condition, circumstances. 46. front (noun) – a particular situation (or) front line, vanguard. 47. demand-starved (adjective) - deprived of demand; hungry for demand. 48. protracted (adjective) – prolonged, continuous, extended, lengthened. 49. slump (noun) – decline, tumble, drop, steep fall. 50. venture (noun) – undertaking/involving (in a risky business). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM51. encompass (verb) – include, subsume, incorporate. 52. reverse (verb) – alter, change. 53. pharmaceutical (adjective) – relating to the manufacture and sale of medicinal drugs.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 14, 2020) H 54. expansion (noun) – growth, development. 55. generic (adjective) – general treatment with (generic) unbranded drugs.

56. generic drug (noun) - its contains the same chemical substance as a drug that was originally protected by chemical patents. 57. in the wake of (phrase) – as a result of some event, especially an

unpleasant one; aftermath, as a consequence of. 58. -intensive (adjective/usually in combination) – (in business) concentrating on a particular thing.

59. to be sure (phrase) – certainly, surely; used to highlight something. 60. lag (noun) – time lag; a period of time between two events; one that lags (failing to keep up a desired pace).

61. room (noun) – scope, opportunity, chance (for something to happen). 62. guarded (adjective) - cautious, careful, circumspect. 63. for one (phrase) – to emphasize that a particular person is definitely viewing in a specific way, even if other people are not. 64. IHS Markit (noun) – it is a global leader in information, analytics and solutions for the major industries and markets that drive economies worldwide. It partners with clients in business, finance and government to help them see the big picture with unrivaled insights that lead to well- informed, confident decisions. 65. Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) (noun) – Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) is a monthly business survey data provided by IHS Markit. The monthly data are derived from surveys of senior executives at private sector companies. PMI data is used for accurate and timely insight into the health of a particular economy. The PMI data are used by financial and corporate professionals to better understand where economies and markets are headed, and to uncover opportunities. 66. outlook (noun) – viewpoint, opinion, perspective. 67. anticipation (noun) – expectation, prediction/forecast. 68. sustain (verb) - support, maintain, bolster up, prop up. 69. incipient (adjective) – beginning, starting, emerging, developing. 70. revival (noun) – improvement, rallying, picking up; comeback. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM71. prolong (verb) – extend, lengthen, protract, stretch out.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 14, 2020)

1. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running

through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 2. irreconcilable (adjective) – completely different, directly

opposed, incompatible; uncompromising, inflexible. 3. difference (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, misunderstanding.

4. range (noun) – variety/diversity. 5. trajectory (noun) – approach, direction/course. 6. relevance (noun) – significance, importance. 7. tranquillity (noun) – peacefulness, restfulness, calmness, quietness. 8. de facto (adjective) – Latin, literally ‘of fact’; existing, actual, effective. 9. genesis (noun) – origin/source, beginning, emergence. 10. lie (verb) – be present, be contained, exist. 11. ambiguity (noun) – inexactness, doubtfulness, obscurity/opacity. 12. appeasement (noun) – conciliation, pacification, concession/accommodation. 13. delineated (adjective) - outlined, delimited, marked off. 14. context (noun) – circumstances, conditions, situation. 15. dispassionately (adverb) – composedly, rationally/sensibly, neutrally/impartially. 16. sparse (adjective) – limited, minimal, least, distributed thinly. 17. deployment (noun) – the act of employing forces/troops into effective action. 18. dilute (verb) – diminish, reduce, decrease, lessen. 19. lay down (phrasal verb) – formulate, establish, institute, determine. 20. patrolling (noun) – watching/guarding an area (over a period of time). 21. occupation (noun) – capture, invasion, takeover, annexation. 22. post (noun) – border outpost, a military base/camp, command post (for border patrol). 23. Valley (noun) – a low area between hills or mountains typically with a river running through it. Valley is a metonym of Jammu & Kashmir in this context (Metonym is used as an alternative for something else with which it is closely related/associated). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM24. bring to the fore (phrase) – to move something forward to a most important position (to make it more visible). 25. mechanism (noun) – procedure, process, method/technique.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 14, 2020)

26. evolve (verb) – develop, progress, advance. 27. breakthrough (noun) – very important/significant development or progress.

28. confidence building measures/mechanisms (noun) – confidence-building measures (CBMs) are planned procedures to prevent hostilities, to avert

escalation, to reduce military tension, and to build mutual trust between countries. 29. formalise (verb) – legalize, legitimize, agree to (rules & regulations).

30. perception (noun) – understanding, insight, discernment. 31. call for (phrasal verb) – require, publicly ask/necessitate, demand. 32. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign-policy, political. 33. eschew (verb) – abstain from, refrain from, give up, forgo. 34. conformity (noun) – agreement with, accordance with, compliance with, obedience to. 35. ceiling (noun) – upper limit, maximum, highest permissible level. 36. armament (noun) – weapons, arms, guns. 37. artillery (noun) – big guns, heavy weapons, cannons. 38. protocol (noun) – procedure, convention, rules of conduct. 39. modality (noun) – a particular method or procedure. 40. outline (verb) – indicate, summarize, draft, sketch out. 41. face-to-face (adjective) – intimidating, confronting, stare out. 42. differing (adjective) - dissimilar, different, varying, contrasting. 43. shift (noun) – change. 44. posture (noun) – position, approach, attitude, standpoint, view. 45. erosion (noun) – disintegration, deterioration, decline, undermining/weakening. 46. apparent (adjective) – evident/clear, visible, noticeable, recognizable. 47. stall (verb) – obstruct, block, interrupt, stop, halt, restrict. 48. rapprochement (noun) – reconciliation, reuniting, restoration of harmony, compromise/understanding. 49. look towards (verb) - consider, regard, think about something. 50. adversary (noun) – rival, enemy, nemesis/opponent, competitor. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM51. formation (noun) - an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit. 52. sanction (verb) – approve, support, endorse.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 14, 2020)

53. Corps (noun) – it literally means “army body”; The corps is treated as an operational unit of employment by the Army and can be comprised of 20,000-45,000 soldiers. It is sometimes known as a field corps, which

consists of two or more divisions. It is commanded by the Corps Commander, who holds the rank of Lieutenant General. “Corps” was

first introduced in France about 1805 by Napoleon as a more flexible tactical grouping of two or more divisions. 54. Mountain Strike Corps (noun) - 17 Corps of the Indian army is the

first mountain strike corps of India which has been built as a quick reaction force and as well as counter offensive force to deter China’s aggressive behaviour along the 3,488 km long Sino-India border. 55. face-off (noun) – clash, conflict, confrontation, skirmish. 56. robustly (adverb) – strongly, sturdily, resolutely. 57. mistaken (adjective) - misguided, incorrect, misinformed, wrong. 58. notion (noun) – idea, belief, concept. 59. fuzzy (adjective) - indistinct, blurred, unclear. 60. be tasked (verb) – allot, allocate, assign a task/job/work. 61. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 62. intrusion (noun) – encroachment, trespass, violation. 63. manifestation (noun) – display, demonstration, appearance, indication. 64. on the ground (phrase) – in a situation/place where things are happening really/practically. 65. hold out (phrasal verb) – continue, persevere, keep going; have a feeling of (hope). 66. aggression (noun) – hostility, belligerence, combativeness, warmongering, hawkishness. 67. brutality (noun) – cruelty, barbarity, inhumanity. 68. disregard (noun) – indifference, non-observance, negligence, lack of attention. 69. in tatters (phrase) – shattered, destroyed; ruined, in disarray. 70. revert to (verb) – return, go back, change back. 71. stand (verb) – remain in force, remain valid, remain effective. 72. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM73. arrive at (phrasal verb) – achieve, attain, reach, accomplish (a conclusion/decision). 74. a step forward (noun) - improvement, development, advancement.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-2 (SEP 14, 2020)

1. coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause

illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms,

fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death.

2. preconception advice/care (noun) - biomedical, behavioural and social health interventions to women and couples before conception occurs.

It aims at improving their health status, and reducing behaviours and individual and environmental factors that contribute to poor maternal and child health outcomes. Its ultimate aim is to improve maternal and child health, in both the short and long term. 3. community transmission (noun) – community spread/transmission means spread of an illness/disease for which the source of infection is unknown. An infected person has no travel history to an affected area and no known contact with a person previously diagnosed with a particular disease. It is possible the patient is exposed to a returning traveler who is infected. 4. local transmission (cluster) (noun) – local spread/transmission means spread of an illness/disease for which the source of infection is known. An infected person has travel history to an affected area. We could able to identify and trace individual cases, and ring-fence a cluster (of them) to prevent the spread of infection. 5. advisory (noun) – official communication, announcement, notification, press release, bulletin. 6. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 7. lose sight of (phrase) – pay no attention to, fail to consider, be lax about. 8. reproductive (adjective) - conceptive, reproducing. 9. advisability (noun) – preferability, desirability, sensibleness. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM10. deliberately (adverb) – intentionally, purposely, knowingly/wittingly.

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11. epidemic (noun) – widespread disease/illness.

12. wane (verb) – decrease, decline, diminish/dwindle gradually. 13. endemic (adjective) – (of a disease) prevalent in or restricted to a

particular location. 14. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in

humans. 15. predilection (noun) – liking, preference.

16. blood vessel (noun) – vein, artery. 17. placenta (noun) - a unique organ in pregnancy-the source of nourishment for the growing foetus. 18. nourishment (noun) - nutrition, nutriment. 19. fetus (noun) - unborn child; the spelling “foetus” is still used in some non technical contexts. 20. vascular (adjective) - consisting of (blood carrying) vessels. 21. neonatal (adjective) – relating to newborn children. 22. neurologic (adjective) – relating to the nervous system. 23. pertinent (adjective) – relevant, appropriate, applicable. 24. maternity (noun) – motherhood; the state of being a mother. 25. reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing (noun) – Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Testing; it is one of the most accurate laboratory methods for detecting, tracking, and studying the coronavirus. It is a nuclear- derived method for detecting the presence of specific genetic material from any pathogen, including a virus. (pathogen is a bacteria/virus that causes disease). 26. trans- (prefix) - across. 27. periodic (adjective) – regular, recurring, cyclic. 28. trimester (noun) - a period of three months (a normal, full- term pregnancy is divided into three trimesters. Each trimester lasts between 12 and 14 weeks). 29. congenital (adjective) - inborn, inherited, innate. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM30. abnormality (noun) - anomaly, irregularity, deviation.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-2 (SEP 14, 2020)

31. rubella (noun) – it is also known as German measles or three-day

measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. (Measles is a highly contagious, serious disease caused by a virus).

32. zika virus (noun) - it is primarily transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus, mainly Aedes aegypti, in tropical and subtropical regions.

33. vaccination (noun) – treatment with a vaccine to protect against a particular disease; immunization.

34. immunisation (noun) – the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease. 35. contraception (noun) – artificial methods which are used to prevent pregnancy; birth control. 36. florid (adjective) - (of a disease) taking place in a fully developed form. 37. eventuality (noun) – a possible outcome, possibility. 38. probability (noun) – possibility, expectation, chance. 39. antenatal care (adjective) – a period of pregnancy time. 40. contract (verb) – become infected with, develop, catch (a disease). 41. deploy (verb) – use, utilize, make use of. 42. ensuing (adjective) – following, coming up next, cropping up (after as a result). 43. mammoth (adjective) – something which is huge, giant, colossal. 44. curtail (verb) – reduce, diminish, decrease. 45. embryo (noun) – an early stage of development of unborn child. it develops from a single cell (called zygote) resulting from the fertilization of the female egg cell by the male sperm cell. 46. conceive (verb) – get pregnant, become pregnant. 47. expose (verb) – be subjected to something (infectious agents & others). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM48. asymptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with no symptoms.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-2 (SEP 14, 2020)

49. symptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with

symptoms. 50. pre-symptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with mild

illness/symptoms. 51. trivial (adjective) – unimportant, superficial, insignificant. 52. transient (adjective) – temporary, short-term or impermanent.

53. positivity (rate) (noun) – the proportion of positives to total tests done for a disease; the percentage of tests that are turning out to be positive

for a disease. 54. Foetal or Fetal (adjective) – related to fetus (unborn child). 55. attributable to (adjective) – considered as an outcome/result caused by. 56. exposure (noun) – In medicine, the condition of being subjected to something (infectious agents & others). 57. cocoon (verb) - protect, keep safe, shield. 58. quarantine (noun) – a process of separating out people, animals and things (such as plants) from others for a period of time in order to control/restrict the spread of a contagious disease; Quarantine is imposed to separate and restrict the movement of persons, who may have been exposed to infectious disease, but not yet known to be ill. 59. go away (phrasal verb) - disappear. 60. fury (noun) – severity, intensity, strength. 61. IgG antibody testing (noun) – IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID- 19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus. This type of COVID-19 test is for individuals who think they may have had COVID-19 and do not currently have symptoms. 62. conception (noun) - inception of pregnancy, conceiving. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM63. voice (verb) - express, make public, announce. Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 15, 2020)

1. cost (noun) – sacrifice, loss (needed to achieve/get something). 2. intra- (prefix) – within.

3. face-to-face (adjective) – personally, in person, without an intermediary.

4. get underway (phrase) - to start to happen. 5. to begin with (phrase) – at first, at the outset, at the beginning. 6. precondition (noun) – necessary condition, requirement, necessity.

7. ceasefire (noun) – a negotiated agreement that will be accompanied by other associated commitments to de-escalate the fighting;

a temporary stoppage of a war, truce, armistice. 8. truce (noun) – an ad-hoc (temporary/makeshift) arrangement, arrived at by the combatants (fighters), to pause the fighting. 9. cessation of hostilities (phrase) – it means that the combatants are willing to stop fighting and to restrain their forces. 10. composition (noun) – formation, structure, arrangement. 11. negotiator (noun) - mediator, moderator, arbitrator, conciliator. 12. difference (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, misunderstanding. 13. rival (noun) – opponent, adversary, contender, competitor. 14. reconciliation (noun) – restoration of harmony, rapprochement, resolution, agreement. 15. militia (noun) – armed forces, military unit, soldiery (from the civil population to support main forces). 16. stipulated (adjective) – specified, demanded, stated (as a requirement).

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 15, 2020)

17. call off (phrasal verb) – cancel, abandon, shelve/drop. 18. hold up (phrasal verb) – delay, detain, make late; put a brake on, stop.

19. briefly (adverb) - temporarily. 20. silver lining (noun) - sign of hope; comforting prospect, hopeful or

bright side (during difficulty). 21. forebode (verb) - indicate, predict, foretell, portend (something, a bad or misfortune situation) in advance.

22. hostage (noun) – captive, prisoner, detainee; a person under custody of someone as security for performance against a

demand/pledge; pawn, security. 23. logistics (noun) – planning, management, arrangement (of a complex operation). 24. grapple with (verb) - tackle, confront, deal with, cope with. 25. insurgent (noun) – dissenter, agitator/rioter, subversive. 26. mainstream (noun) – something (certain beliefs/ideas/activities) which are accepted or recognized by most people as a normal or typical. 27. stand (noun) – approach, policy, perspective, posture, viewpoint, standpoint. 28. inaugural (adjective) – first, initial, introductory. 29. ceremony (noun) - event, gathering, get-together. 30. address (noun) – speak, talk, discourse. 31. make clear (phrase) - explain, clarify, elucidate. 32. at the cost of (phrase) - at the expense of, at the sacrifice of, at the loss of.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 15, 2020)

1. short (adjective) – small, too little, meagre, insufficient/inadequate, lacking.

2. exhibition (noun) - display, show, demonstration, manifestation (of a quality). 3. top-notch (adjective) – excellent, top-grade, top-level.

4. indomitable (adjective) – invincible, unconquerable, unbeatable. 5. will (noun) - determination, firmness of purpose, resolve, resolution.

6. star dust (noun) – a magical/fascinating quality. 7. deflect (verb) - deviate, distract, turn aside, aver, sidetrack. 8. excellence (noun) - skill, talent; high quality, brilliance.

9. owing to (phrase) – because of, as a result of, on account of. 10. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 11. take the bait (phrase) - be tempted/lured into doing something; give in/surrender to temptation. 12. accidentally (adverb) - unintentionally, involuntarily, unknowingly, by mistake. 13. strike (verb) - hit. 14. extraordinary (adjective) – unusual, uncommon, rare, peculiar, strange. 15. barometer (noun) – measure, indicator, example. 16. isolation (noun) – a complete separation from others of a person known or reasonably believed to be infected with communicable diseases. 17. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity, dearth. 18. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 19. persistent (adjective) – continuous, constant, non-stop, lingering. 20. mine (verb) - search, delve into, look through; analyse/assess. 21. testament (noun) – witness/evidence, proof, testimony. 22. wither (verb) - diminish, dwindle, lessen, weaken; waste. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. summon (verb) - gather, collect, muster, call into action (a particular quality).

Note:

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24. brink (noun) - edge, verge, margin. 25. seasoned (adjective) – experienced, matured.

26. glimpse (noun) – brief look, glance, sight. 27. shape up (phrasal verb) – improve, get better, progress. 28. mid card(er) (noun) - a sports player who is not in the top most level,

but in the middle of the ranking. 29. make good (phrase) - achieve success, be successful, do well, get

ahead, reach the top. 30. break through (phrasal verb) - achieve success. 31. fell (verb) - defeat, knock down, bring down.

32. decorated (adjective) – spectacular, impressive, attractive. 33. platform (noun) - an opportunity to express one's view. 34. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize, call attention to. 35. imagination (noun) - attention. 36. capture someone's imagination (phrase) - to make someone feel very interested. 37. quest (noun) – pursuit, search. 38. draw (noun) - an interesting person. 39. carve out (phrasal verb) - establish, develop a career or position for oneself. 40. lie in (phrasal verb) – be present, be contained, exist. 41. sequestered (adjective) – isolated, remote; hidden away, concealed. 42. bio-secure bubble (noun) – it is defined as an environment/location sealed off from the outside world. In tennis/cricket, this would mean players, umpires and support staff being housed at the venue itself. 43. take down (phrasal verb) - remove, dismantle, demolish, take apart.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 15, 2020)

1. unceasingly (adverb) – continuously, constantly, persistently.

2. enable (verb) – allow, permit, give permission to. 3. authoritatively (adverb) – with authority; reliably, dependably, legitimately.

4. ghost (noun) – hint, faint sign, shadow. 5. Spanish flu (noun) - The Spanish flu, also known as the 1918 flu pandemic, was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic caused by the

H1N1 influenza A virus. Lasting from February 1918 to April 1920, it infected 500 million people–about a third of the world's population at the time.

6. recession (noun) – economic decline, downturn, slump. 7. torment (noun) - distress, affliction, suffering. 8. plague (verb) - afflict, worry, trouble. 9. sprite (noun) - spirit, ghost, spectre. 10. reasoned (adjective) - logical, rational, organized. 11. what's what (phrase) - the true state of things. 12. convincingly (adverb) - credibly, believably, clearly. 13. epidemic (noun) – widespread disease/illness. 14. virologist (noun) - a specialist in virology (the study of viruses and viral diseases). 15. surpass (verb) – be greater than, exceed, outdo/eclipse. 16. distinction (noun) – honour, credit, excellence, merit, advantage/value. 17. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. 18. caseload (noun) – the number of cases to be handled by a doctor at one time. 19. community transmission (noun) – community spread/transmission means spread of an illness/disease for which the source of infection is unknown. An infected person has no travel history to an affected area and no known contact with a person previously diagnosed with a particular disease. It is possible the patient is exposed to a returning traveler who is infected. 20. local transmission (cluster) (noun) – local spread/transmission means spread of an illness/disease for which the source of infection is known. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMAn infected person has travel history to an affected area. We could able to identify and trace individual cases, and ring-fence a cluster (of them) to prevent the spread of infection. 21. ventilator (noun) – a respirator, a device (used for a patient to breathe).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 15, 2020)

22. smitten (adjective) - afflicted, attacked, troubled, tormented.

23. descend on (verb) – attack, assail, harass, invade, come in force. 24. in terms of (phrase) – with regard to, regarding/concerning, in connection with.

25. thinking (noun) – idea, thought, opinion. 26. unlock (verb) – make something less strict. 27. at the height of (phrase) – at the most extreme part/point of something.

28. crippling (adjective) - weakening, damaging, impairing, destroying, spoiling, paralyzing. 29. contraction (noun) – In economics, it refers to a decline in national

output as measured by gross domestic product. 30. livelihood (noun) – means of making a living with the basic necessities (food, water, shelter and clothing); means of support, subsistence, source of income. 31. harvest (verb) – acquire, obtain, get, gather. 32. purchasing power (noun) – the ability to buy something (goods/services). 33. dwindle (verb) – diminish, reduce, decrease. 34. hit (verb) - affect badly, devastate, damage. 35. irony (noun) – paradox, incongruity, peculiarity; contradiction, a strange/funny situation where things are happening the other way around (than expected). 36. mastermind (noun) – planner, organizer, originator. 37. way more (adjective) - much more, a lot more. 38. commentator (noun) – critic, analyst, observer. 39. pre-eminence (noun) – greatness, excellence, distinction, prominence. 40. connect the dots (phrase) - to put various facts and ideas together to find the big picture (broad overview) of a situation, issue, or problem. 41. ecological (adjective) – relating to the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment. 42. look behind (phrasal verb) - look back, in retrospect, with hindsight. 43. thunder (verb) – used to express anger, annoyance. 44. loot (noun) – stolen things (valuables/resources). 45. rank (adjective) - outright, out-and-out, absolute, complete, sheer. 46. monopoly (noun) – exclusive/complete control of something by a WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMperson/organisation. 47. wrought (verb) – (old) past and past participle of work; cause, effect. 48. deepen (verb) – increase/intensify; exacerbate, aggravate, inflame, worsen.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 15, 2020)

49. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness

spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 50. from the blue (phrase) - (of something unusual) happens

suddenly/unexpectedly. 51. by the day (phrase) – gradually. 52. deficit (noun) - shortfall, deficiency, shortage.

53. hollow out (verb) – undermine, weaken, erode. 54. curiously (adverb) – strangely, unusually. 55. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a

particular disease. 56. saviour (noun) – someone/something saving (people) from danger/difficulty; rescuer, liberator, deliverer. 57. credit (noun) – praise, commendation, acclaim, approval, acknowledgement, recognition. 58. intelligence (noun) – brilliance, aptness, ability, acumen. 59. self-respect (noun) – self-regard, morale, self-esteem. 60. materialisation (noun) - appearance, emergence, arrival. 61. in the grip of (noun) – affected by something undesirable. 62. mute (verb) – restrain, subdue, tone down. 63. folk (noun) - people. 64. fallout (noun) – adverse results/consequence; after-effects, repercussions. 65. the executive (noun) – the executive is a branch of government which enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary. 66. privilege (noun) – right. 67. ineluctable (adjective) – inescapable, inevitable, unpreventable. 68. heartening (adjective) – encouraging, promising, hopeful. 69. brink (noun) – edge/verge/end (of something). 70. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 71. last (verb) – continue, go on, remain, exist. 72. ballistics (noun) – projectiles, missiles. 73. boom (verb) – sound loudly, thunder, fill the air, explode. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM74. cocktail (noun) – mixture of different substances. 75. front (noun) – a particular situation (or) front line, vanguard, combat zone. 76. cost (noun) – sacrifice, loss (needed to achieve/get something).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 15, 2020)

77. diversion (noun) – deviation, alternative route, bypass/detour.

78. jingoism (noun) – extreme/blind patriotism, xenophobia/chauvinism, extreme nationalism. 79. pragmatic (adjective) – empirical, realistic/actual, practical.

80. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign-policy, political. 81. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement.

82. the legislature (noun) – parliament; the Legislature is responsible for enacting the laws and determining the public policy of the State. 83. salutary (adjective) – helpful, useful, beneficial.

84. half-step (adjective) - wanting to engage in something, but then back down. 85. fortnight (noun) – a period of two weeks/fourteen days continuously. 86. amount to (verb) – be regarded as, comprise, be equivalent to, be tantamount to, be equal to. 87. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 88. gratifying (adjective) - giving satisfaction. 89. spirit (noun) – principles, standards, ethos. 90. the doing away (noun) - removal, discontinuation, termination. 91. Question Hour (noun) – Question Hour is the liveliest hour in Parliament and it is taken up from 1100hrs to 1200 hrs in every sitting. It is during this one hour that Members of Parliament ask questions of ministers and hold them accountable for the functioning of their ministries. The questions that MPs ask are designed to elicit (bring out) information and trigger suitable action by ministries. 92. elicit (verb) – obtain, bring forth, bring out, extract, evoke. 93. regret (noun) - sadness, disappointment, dismay, unhappiness, dejection. 94. befall (verb) – (of something bad) happen, occur, take place/appear. 95. imperial (adjective) – relating to a policy or ideology of extending a country’s rule over foreign nations. 96. grave (adjective) – terrible, awful, alarming, gloomy. 97. disservice (noun) – injustice, disfavour, harm/damage. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM98. vox populi (noun) – Latin, literally means ‘the people’s voice’; voice of the people.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 15, 2020)

99. Rowlatt Act (noun) - The Anarchical and RevolutionaryCrimes Act; The

act, passed on March 18th, 1919, censored the press in India, allowed the British to imprison indefinitely without trial and prohibited "suspects" from gathering in public. it was passed ostensibly to subserve

the war effort, but in effect curbed individual liberties, notably those relating to freedom of assembly and speech. 100. ostensibly (adverb) – apparently, seemingly, allegedly, supposedly.

101. subserve (verb) – help, assist, aid (to promote). 102. curb (verb) – stop, control, contain, restrict, limit. 103. liberty (noun) – freedom, independence.

104. vigilance (noun) – careful observation, surveillance, alertness/carefulness. 105. prudence (noun) – cautiousness, carefulness, good judgement/management. 106. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 107. growling (noun) - a low, rough sound made/expressed usually in anger/hostility. 108. hush (noun) - silence, quiet. 109. judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested. 110. habeas corpus (noun) – Latin phrase meaning literally “that you have the body”. The court order to bring the person (in custody/detention) to the court to decide on the imprisonment is legal or illegal. 111. autonomous (adjective) – self-governing, self-ruling, independent. 112. in short (phrase) – briefly, in essence, in sum. 113. speak up (phrase) – to express one’s opinion (in support/against something) openly. 114. dissent (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, opposition. 115. safety valve (noun) - a way or medium of expression to release strong feelings without harming oneself & others. 116. stillness (noun) - the absence of voice/sound. 117. hover (verb) – remain at a level. 118. eerily (adverb) – peculiarly, oddly, in a strange and frightening way. 119.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM smother (verb) – stifle, muffle, repress, suppress; choke, throttle. 120. Fourth Estate (noun) - it refers to the watchdog role of the press/media in democratic society.

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 16, 2020)

1. ill-advised (adjective) – ill-considered, ill-judged, misguided, badly

planned. 2. contempt (noun) – it refers to the offence of showing disrespect to the

dignity or authority of a court (& its officers). 3. proceedings (noun) – legal action, prosecution, lawsuit. 4. seek (verb) – ask for, request, petition for, appeal for.

5. innocuous (adjective) – harmless, inoffensive, unobjectionable. 6. comment (noun) - remark, opinion.

7. set off (phrasal verb) – give rise to, cause, trigger, prompt, bring about. 8. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 9. embarrassment (noun) – shame, humiliation, awkwardness, uneasiness, discomfort. 10. adverse (adjective) – unfavourable, disadvantageous, bad. 11. hold (verb) - rule, decide. 12. guilty (adjective) – culpable, at fault, accountable/responsible for misconduct. 13. judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested. 14. wade into (something) (phrasal verb) - to get involved in a difficult situation (argument, debate, fight & etc) without thinking about the possible consequences. 15. invoke (verb) – cite, refer to, adduce. 16. jurisdiction (noun) – authority, power (to hear a case & make legal decisions). 17. conduct (noun) – handling, controlling, overseeing of an activity. 18. anguish (noun) - distress, angst/worry, suffering, unhappiness. 19. dispense (phrasal verb) – provide/give, deliver, administer.

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H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 16, 2020)

20. coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause

illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms,

fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death.

21. integrity (noun) – fairness, uprightness, morality/honesty. 22. devotion (noun) - adherence, allegiance, loyalty, faithfulness.

23. undermine (verb) – reduce, diminish, impede, hinder. 24. petulant (adjective) – complaining, disagreeable, impatient, bad- tempered, in a bad mood. 25. resort (noun) – recourse to, turning to, the use of, utilizing. 26. cause (noun) – reason, motive, purpose. 27. layman (noun) – non-professional, non-specialist, amateur/enthusiast. 28. construe (verb) – interpret, take, understand, take to mean. 29. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 30. result in (verb) – cause, bring on, give rise to, bring about. 31. virtual (adjective) – performing a task with the use of computer, especially over a network. 32. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 33. act on (phrasal verb) - take action considering something, act in accordance with something. 34. construction (noun) - interpretation, reading, view, understanding. 35. off the mark (phrase) – inaccurate, incorrect, wrong; irrelevant, inapplicable, inappropriate. 36. besides (preposition) – in addition to, apart from.

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H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 16, 2020)

37. hinder (verb) – obstruct, impede, inhibit, hamper.

38. alacrity (noun) – readiness, eagerness, willingness. 39. shoot off (phrasal verb) - send something (message/letter) quickly or

suddenly. 40. air (verb) – broadcast, transmit, show, telecast, disseminate. 41. alarming (adjective) – worrying, disturbing, shocking/distressing.

42. intolerance (noun) – prejudice, bias, bigotry/partisanship, discrimination.

43. monarchical (adjective) – relating to a monarch (king, queen or emperor). 44. ought to (modal verb) – must, should. 45. run (verb) - be in charge of, manage, administer, be the boss of (a business/organisation). 46. voluntary organisation (noun) - it is also referred to as nonprofit organizations, NGOs (non-government organizations); a group of individuals who enter into an agreement, usually as volunteers, to form a body (or organization) to accomplish a purpose. a voluntary organization is an organization in which whether its workers are paid/unpaid, is initiated & governed by its own members without external control. 47. under-privileged (adjective) – disadvantaged, impoverished, poverty- stricken. 48. abridge (verb) - shorten, curtail, truncate, reduce, lessen, compress, decrease. 49. impermissible (adjective) – unsatisfactory, inappropriate, unsuitable. 50. in respect of (phrase) – concerning, regarding, relating to, with reference to. 51. go by (phrasal verb) – to form an opinion about someone/something from the experience. 52. initiation (noun) – the act of initiating something; beginning, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMstarting, introduction, admission. Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 16, 2020) H 1. Venus (noun) - the second planet from the Sun. Venus is hotter than

Mercury despite being further away from the Sun. Venus is also the hottest planet in our Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C/863.6 °F). This is due to the CO²-rich atmosphere

which, along with thick clouds of sulfur dioxide, generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System. Venus is the second

brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon. It is often called the Earth’s “sister planet" or "twin" due to its similar size Size, Mass (weight) & Composition (material).

2. collaboration (noun) – cooperation, alliance, partnership. 3. atmosphere (noun) – the layers of gases surrounding a planet or other celestial body. 4. neighbour (noun) – adjacent planet. 5. as far as (phrase) – to the degree/extent that. 6. space mission (noun) - a manned or unmanned spacecraft's expedition/journey into space to gather scientific data. 7. hostile (adjective) – opposed, inimical, averse. 8. so much so (phrase) – to such a great extent/level/degree. 9. European Space Agency (noun) - an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris. 10. Venus Express (noun) - the first Venus exploration mission of the European Space Agency (ESA). Launched in November 2005. This spacecraft spent eight years circling the shrouded (layered/enveloped) planet, watching long-term trends in the atmosphere and using instruments to peer (look closely) below the clouds to the surface. Its mission concluded in December 2014 after the probe ran out of fuel. 11. ozone (O3) (noun) - a highly reactive gas composed of three oxygen atoms. It is both a natural and a man-made product that occurs in the Earth's upper atmosphere. 12. biomarker (noun) - an indicator of some physiological state of an organism (living thing). 13. phosphine (noun) - a gaseous compound of one phosphorous atom WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMand three hydrogen atoms. 14. extraterrestrial (adjective) - outside of the Earth; outside the Earth's atmosphere.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 16, 2020) H 15. shot in the arm (phrase) – boost, fillip, stimulus.

16. give out (phrasal verb) - emit, produce, send out. 17. microbe (noun) – microorganism/microbe is an organism that is so small & microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). (bacteria, fungi,

viruses & etc). 18. rich (adjective) - plentiful, abundant, copious, ample.

19. likely (adverb) - probably, presumably, no doubt. 20. yield (verb) – give, provide, produce. 21. tantalising (adjective) – exciting, interesting.

22. possibility (noun) – chance, probability. 23. thermodynamics (noun) – a branch of physics that deals with heat and temperature, and their relation to energy, work, radiation, and properties of matter. 24. stubborn (adjective) – inflexible, uncooperative, difficult, resolute. 25. triumph (noun) – victory, win, success. 26. finding (noun) - detection, uncovering, unearthing; discovery. 27. astronomer (noun) - a scientist in the field of astronomy. 28. suspicion (noun) – misgiving, doubt/qualm, distrust, scepticism. 29. underline (verb) – emphasize, underscore, highlight. 30. in situ (adjective) - situated in the appropriate position, situated in the original place. 31. pose (verb) – raise, ask, put (a question/matter for consideration). 32. sulphuric acid (H2SO4) (noun) - vitriol; a clear colourless corrosive acid made from sulfur dioxide; widely used in the chemical industry. 33. corrosive (adjective) – destructive, damaging, harmful. 34. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 35. drone (noun) – unmanned aircraft/missile. 36. feasible (adjective) – practicable, viable, realistic. 37. slate (verb) – arrange, plan, schedule. 38. look at (phrasal verb) – study, analyse, scrutinize. 39. spate (noun) – series, flurry; a large number of something (taking WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMplace at the same period). 40. planetary (adjective) – celestial, stellar, astronomic.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 16, 2020)

1. immortal (adjective) – traditional, timeless, evergreen, ageless,

classic, memorable. 2. insight (noun) – perception, understanding, revelation, realization/recognition.

3. confront (verb) – face, tackle, deal with, grapple with (a problem/difficulty).

4. piece (noun) - article, report, column. 5. polemical (adjective) – critical, stinging/scathing, sharp. 6. devious (adjective) – deceitful, dishonest, disreputable, unethical,

dubious, unfair. 7. bring to someone's attention (phrase) - to make someone aware of something. 8. apparently (adverb) – seemingly, evidently, it appears that. 9. godly (adverb) - faithful, devoted, committed/dutiful. 10. conduct (noun) – behaviour, way of behaving, performance. 11. compendium (noun) - group, collection, series, complete series. 12. daily (noun) - newspaper. 13. dilemma (noun) – quandary, predicament, difficulty. 14. realm (noun) – area, field, domain (of activity). 15. strategic thinking (noun) - strategic thinking is about analyzing opportunities and problems from a broad perspective and understanding the potential impact your actions might have on others. 16. critique (noun) – analysis, evaluation, assessment. 17. eurocentric (adjective) - centered on Western civilization (considering European culture or history as the best in the world). 18. episodically (adverb) – irregularly, sporadically, periodically, occasionally. 19. think-tank (noun) – a panel of experts. 20. starkly (adverb) – sharply, clearly, distinctly, strikingly; completely. 21. interpretative (adjective) – rational, logical, systematic. 22. commission (verb) - engage, contract, charge, employ, appoint. 23. elite (noun) – high society people; the group of most powerful people in a society. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM24. coherently (adverb) – logically, rationally, conceptually. 25. scholar (noun) – academic, intellectual, expert/pundit, learned person.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 16, 2020)

26. idealism (noun) – utopianism, wishful thinking, daydreaming,

unrealistic belief. 27. predictive (adjective) - visionary, prophetic. 28. hard-headed (adjective) – unsentimental,

practical/pragmatic, sensible. 29. realism (noun) – pragmatism, practicality, matter-of-factness.

30. account (noun) – explanation, narration, interpretation. 31. scrutiny (noun) – examination, inspection, investigation. 32. in contrast to (phrase) – in opposition to, be very different from.

33. industry (noun) - line. 34. devote (verb) – allocate, assign, allot, commit. 35. nativist (adjective) - relating to the political policy of promoting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants. 36. revivalist (adjective) - relating to the policy to revive (renew/revitalize) a previous tradition/practice. 37. fashion (noun) – method, manner, way. 38. exceptionalism (noun) – the state of being special, exceptional or unique. The belief that a country, society, or individual, is “exceptional” (i.e., extraordinary). 39. statecraft (noun) – statesmanship, negotiations/discussions; the skilful management of a country’s public affairs. 40. critic (noun) – commentator, observer, analyst; fault-finder, censurer. 41. riddle (noun) - problem, puzzle, conundrum, mystery. 42. paradox (noun) – contradiction, mystery, conundrum, anomaly. 43. diplomat (noun) – envoy, consul, ambassador. 44. enigma (noun) - mystery, puzzle, riddle, unsolved problem. 45. mortal (adjective) - physical, bodily, earthly. 46. visionary (noun) – far-sighted person; a person who forecasts future developments. 47. uphold (verb) – support, confirm, justify; maintain, nurture, strengthen. 48. at any cost (phrase) – no matter how much effort or money needed. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM49. righteous (adjective) – justifiable, legitimate, defensible, supportable. 50. humanity (noun) – humankind, the human race, people. 51. mundane (adjective) – normal, common, ordinary.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 16, 2020)

52. transcendental (adjective) – spiritual, divine, heavenly, sublime.

53. adversarial (adjective) – involving conflict or opposition. 54. passivity (noun) – the state of inactivity (being passive). 55. incentive (noun) – stimulus, impetus.

56. regard (noun) - consideration, care/concern, thought, attention. 57. narrowly (adverb) – only just, just, barely.

58. decisively (adverb) – conclusively, categorically, definitely. 59. collateral (adjective) – incidental, accidental, unintended, resultant. 60. collateral damage (noun) – any death, injury, or

other damage inflicted that is an unintended result of a particular operation. 61. adherence to (noun) – commitment to, attachment to (a clause/condition). 62. unrestrained (adjective) – uncontrolled, unbounded, unrestricted, uninhibited. 63. in sum (phrase) – briefly, in a nutshell, to come to the point, in essence. 64. dharma (noun) - a quality of truth or reality. 65. sustain (verb) – support, maintain, bolster up, prop up. 66. doctrine (noun) – order, command, rule, decree, directive. 67. strategic autonomy (noun) – the ability of a state (country) to pursue its national interests and adopt its preferred foreign policy without being constrained in any manner by other states. 68. harmony (noun) – unity, solidarity, cooperation, agreement/concord. (social harmony-when people live side by side in peace and mutual respect). 69. diplomacy (noun) – international politics, foreign affairs, foreign policy. 70. duplicity (noun) – double-dealing, dishonest, deception. 71. inseparable (adjective) – indivisible, impossible to separate. 72. fusion (noun) – combination, joining/merging, integration. 73. self-interest (noun) – self-seeking, self-regard, self-serving, self- obsession, selfishness, own advantage. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM74. partisan (adjective) – biased, prejudiced, one-sided. 75. reify (verb) – to make something more real.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 16, 2020)

76. the fruits (noun) – reward, benefit, advantages.

77. thereof (adverb) – of that, of something which is just mentioned. 78. attachment (noun) - relationship, alliance, close association, bond. 79. contemporary (adjective) – modern, present-day.

80. secular (adjective) – non-religious. 81. impart (verb) – communicate, pass on, convey, transmit

(information/knowledge to someone). 82. root (verb) - embed, firmly establish, implant. 83. overarching (adjective) – all-inclusive, complete, all-embracing,

comprehensive. 84. reinforce (verb) – strengthen, fortify, bolster up, underpin. 85. long-standing (adjective) – long-established, deep-rooted, fixed, persistent, continuing (for a long time). 86. quest (noun) – pursuit, search. 87. pursuit (noun) – aspiration, quest, search. 88. instrument (noun) – mechanism, apparatus, system, means (to achieve/attain something). 89. illustrative (adjective) - exemplifying, explanatory, explaining. 90. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 91. introspect (verb) – self-examine, self analyse. 92. discard (verb) – throw out, get rid of, abandon/shrug off. 93. deliberate (verb) – engage in, discuss something (often carefully for a lengthy period of time). 94. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 95. sage (noun) - wise man, philosopher, scholar, thinker. 96. encounter (verb) – run into, come across, come upon, come into contact with, meet. 97. broker (verb) - arrange, organize, bring about, contract. 98. preside over (verb) – be in charge of, be responsible for, manage/organize. 99. genocide (noun) – mass murder, massacre, racial killing. 100.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM undermine (verb) – reduce, diminish, impede, hinder. 101. stature (noun) – reputation, status, position, standing. 102. resort to (verb) – use, utilize, turn to, have recourse to.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 16, 2020)

103. duplicitous (adjective) - dishonest, untruthful, false, unprincipled.

104. deceitful (adjective) - dishonest, fraudulent, false, double-dealing. 105. in the course of (phrase) – during (the particular period/activity). 106. compelling (adjective) – convincing, valid, reasonable.

107. consequentialism (noun) - an ethical theory that judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences are. Whether an act is

morally right depends only on consequences (as opposed to the circumstances or the intrinsic nature of the act or anything that happens before the act).

108. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity, dearth. 109. omnipotence (noun) - supremacy, pre-eminence, all-powerfulness. 110. earthly (adverb) - physical, bodily, mortal, worldly. 111. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 112. paradigm (noun) – model, pattern, example. 113. distinction (noun) – difference, contrast, dissimilarity, variance. 114. elusive (adjective) – difficult to find, difficult to achieve; indistinct/intangible. 115. verse (noun) - poetry. 116. splendour (noun) - magnificent quality. 117. mighty (adjective) – strong, powerful, influential. 118. fascism (noun) – absolute rule, authoritarianism, totalitarianism. 119. the Cold War (noun) – The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States and a group of countries) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and a group of countries). 120. reflect upon (verb) – think about, consider, review. 121. comprehend (verb) – understand, realize, fathom. 122. in its fullest/entirety (phrase) - totally, fully, completely, entirely. 123. inclusive (adjective) – all-embracing, overall; all- WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMinclusive, comprehensive. Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 17, 2020)

1. blanket (adjective) – overall, total, complete, extensive, outright, widespread.

2. gag order (noun) - gagging order; it is an order, typically a legal order by a court or government, restricting information or comment from being made public or passed onto any unauthorized third party.

3. omnibus (adjective) – the Latin word literally meaning “for all”; consisting several parts/items. 4. prejudice (noun) – bias, discrimination, partiality, intolerance, bigotry.

5. often (adverb) - frequently, repeatedly, many times. 6. fraught with (adjective) – full of, filled with, loaded with. 7. consequence (noun) – result, outcome, effect; ramification, repercussion.

8. restrain (verb) – control, restrict, limit. 9. draw attention to (phrase) - emphasize, highlight, underscore; focus on. 10. restraint (noun) – control, restriction, limitation. 11. trial (noun) - court case, lawsuit, hearing, inquiry. 12. interim (adjective) – provisional, transitional, temporary. 13. interim order (noun) - a temporary court order. 14. in relation to (phrase) – with respect to, regarding, relevant to. 15. first information report (FIR) (noun) – a written document prepared by the police when they receive information about the commission (committing) of a cognizable offence. (cognizable offence - arrest without warrant); (cognizable - able to be apprehended). 16. material (adjective) – relevant, applicable, pertinent; significant, important. 17. censorship (noun) - the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient. 18. allegation (noun) – charge, accusation, indictment. 19. petitioner (noun) - supplicant, pleader, applicant, claimant. 20. foisted (adjective) - forced, imposed (something fake as genuine); faked, forged, falsified, misrepresented. 21. accompany (verb) – occur with, be present with, coincide with, coexist with. 22. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually. 23. extraordinary (adjective) – rare, unusual, uncommon. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM24. vendetta (noun) – prolonged feud/bitterness; revenge, vengeance. 25. allege (verb) – claim, assert, accuse, charge. 26. of the day (phrase) - existing at a particular period of time.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 17, 2020)

27. regime (noun) – government. 28. scrutiny (noun) – examination, inspection, investigation.

29. reportage (noun) – the act of reporting news. 30. legitimate (adjective) – valid, reasonable, reliable. 31. comment (noun) – remark, opinion.

32. to the effect that (phrase) – used to provide the basic meaning of what has been said or written. 33. substance (noun) – significant subject, important matter/content, valid

message. 34. injunction (noun) – judicial order, ruling, directive, warning (that compels a party to do or refrain from specific acts).

35. defamation (noun) – character assassination, libel, misrepresentation, scandalmongering, malicious gossip. 36. invasion (noun) – violation, infringement, breach. 37. fairness (noun) – impartiality, justness, neutrality, equal treatment. 38. hold (verb) – rule, decide. 39. preventive relief (noun) - According to Section 37, the Specific Relief Act, 1963 defines that preventive relief is granted at the discretion of the court by injunction, temporary or perpetual (permanent). 40. favour (verb) – support, back, endorse, advocate, espouse. 41. substantial (adjective) – considerable, significant. 42. ground (noun) – reason, factor, basis, rationale, premise. 43. air (verb) – broadcast, transmit, show, telecast, disseminate. 44. vilification (noun) – condemnation, criticism/censure, character assassination, defamation. 45. interdict (verb) – ban, block, stop. 46. distinction (noun) – difference, contrast, dissimilarity, variance. 47. propagation (noun) - spreading and promoting an idea/theory. 48. solely (adverb) – only, simply, merely. 49. defame (verb) – discredit, tarnish, insult. 50. sue (verb) - take legal action against, take to court, file a lawsuit. 51. outlet (noun) – a firm that broadcasts/publishes journalism. 52. open-ended (adjective) – permanent, perpetual, everlasting, continuing, constant, fixed. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM53. hardly (adverb) – barely, only just, narrowly, slightly. 54. ought to (modal verb) – must, should. 55. detriment (noun) – disadvantage, impairment, loss, prejudice.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 17, 2020) H 1. new (world) order (noun) – the arrangement of power and authority

that provides the system for the conduct of diplomacy and world politics in relation to the entire world. 2. Abraham accord (noun) - it is a tready of peace, diplomatic relations

and full normalization between the United Arab Emirates and the State of Isreal. It is signed in the White House on Tuesday (15th Sep,

2020) by the UAE, Bahrain and Israel, under U.S. President Donald Trump’s mediation. 3. accord (noun) – agreement, pact, treaty.

4. mediation (noun) – conciliation, arbitration, intervention/negotiation. 5. mark (verb) – indicate, represent, signify, signalize. 6. Sunni (adjective) – relating to Sunni branch/sect of Islam. 7. Jewish state (noun) – the State of Israel. 8. normalise (verb) – to have a friendly relationship again after a war or disagreement. 9. ties (noun) – bond, association, relationship. 10. herald (verb) – signal, indicate, foretell. 11. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 12. follow suit (phrase) – emulate, follow, take as a model. 13. backing (noun) – support, assistance, cooperation, approval, sanction. 14. arguably (adverb) – possibly, conceivably, maybe, potentially. 15. influential (adjective) – important, significant, prominent. 16. ally (noun) – associate, confederate, partner, supporter. 17. ailing (adjective) – ill, unwell, not well, sick, in bad/poor health. 18. octogenarian (adjective) – a person who is between 80 and 89 years old. 19. tread (verb) – step, stride, walk/go. 20. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign- policy, political. 21. bet (noun) - plan, course of action; prediction, forecast. 22. stagnant (adjective) – inactive, sluggish, slow-moving/static. 23. dawn (noun) – beginning, start, starting point, development. 24. geopolitical (adjective) – relating to the study of the geographical factors (a country’s position on the earth, size, climate, and natural WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMresources & etc,.) in world politics and inter-state relations. 25. myriad (adjective) – a great number, countless, various. 26. backroom (adjective) – secret.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 17, 2020) H 27. frontline (noun as modifier) – vanguard, firing line, battlefield,

combat zone. 28. normalisation (noun) – the process of bringing something (relationship, ties) back to a normal condition after a war or

disagreement. 29. unaddressed (adjective) – unnoticed, not considered, not dealt with,

not tackled. 30. bilaterally (adverb) – between two countries involved. 31. collective (adjective) – combined, united/joint, cooperative (by all

people as a group). 32. nationhood (noun) – the fact of being a nation. 33. Arab Peace Initiative (API) (noun) – The API aims to achieve a comprehensive peace in the Middle East. Arab countries, led by Saudi Arabia, are offering to normalize relations with Israel in return for a full withdrawal to the pre-1967-war borders and a fair solution for the Palestinians. 34. crumble (verb) – disintegrate, collapse, break down, fragment. 35. fade away (phrasal verb) – diminish, disappear, decline, dwindle. 36. vacuum (noun) – gap, space, absence, lack/deficiency of something. 37. retreat (noun) – withdrawal, pulling back, back down. 38. shifting sands (phrase) – used in refer something that is constantly changing, especially unexpectedly. 39. in fact (phrase) – actually, indeed, undeniably. 40. endorse (verb) – uphold, support, ratify, approve, justify. 41. pursue (verb) – engage in, conduct, follow. 42. aggressive (adjective) – hostile, belligerent, bellicose, hawkish, combative. 43. take shape (phrase) – become clear/definite, become tangible, fall into place. 44. realign with (verb) - change/alter one's opinion with respect/reference to something. 45. likely (adverb) – probably, presumably, no doubt. 46. sharpen (verb) – increase, escalate, intensify. 47. signatory (noun) – the person who signed an official WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMdocument/agreement. 48. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out. 49. structural (adjective) - basic, radical, elementary.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 17, 2020)

1. nationalism (noun) – it refers to a system (with narrow set of ideas)

created by a group of people who believe their nation is superior to all others. It is also a perception of national superiority and an orientation

toward national dominance- called as chauvinism (excessive nationalism). 2. federalism/federal framework/system (noun) – a system of

government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government.

3. coalescent (adjective) - combining/merging together (to form a unified whole). 4. curb (verb) – control, contain, restrict, limit. 5. distinctive (adjective) – unique, exclusive, special/particular. 6. project (noun) - plan of action, campaign, program, activity. 7. back out (phrasal verb) - renege on, go back on, fail to honour, retreat from, withdraw from (a commitment). 8. commitment (noun) - vow, promise, pledge, contract/deal/decision. 9. compensate (verb) – recompense, repay, pay back, reimburse (for any revenue loss). 10. shortfall (noun) – deficit, inadequacy, deficiency, shortage. 11. ground (noun) – reason, factor, basis, rationale, premise. 12. the tip of the iceberg (phrase) – if something is the tip of the iceberg, it is a small part of a much larger issue. This phrase is being used while talking about a problem. 13. lie in (phrasal verb) – be present, be contained, exist. 14. flawed (adjective) – defective, faulty, distorted, inaccurate. 15. understanding (noun) – comprehension, interpretation, perception, conception, grasp. 16. disregard (noun) – indifference, non-observance, negligence, lack of attention. 17. in the hands of (phrase) – in the possession of. 18. indispensable (adjective) - essential, necessary, needed/required; significant, important. 19. bifurcate (verb) – split, divide, separate. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM20. ethno-religious (adjective) - relating to the connection between religion and ethnicity.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 17, 2020)

21. conception (noun) - idea, concept, notion.

22. articulate (verb) – express, voice, communicate. 23. curiously (adverb) – mysteriously, surprisingly, unexpectedly.

24. primacy (noun) – importance, priority, preference, first place. 25. potentially (adverb) – likely, may be, possibly, probably. 26. adverse (adjective) – unfavourable, disadvantageous, bad.

27. consequence (noun) – result, outcome, effect; ramification, repercussion.

28. linguistic (adjective) – relating to language; lingual. 29. outweigh (verb) – be greater than; offset, cancel out. 30. manifestation (noun) – display, demonstration, appearance, expression. 31. section (noun) - part, division, branch, wing. 32. adherent (noun) – follower, supporter, advocate. 33. interpenetration (noun) - a process of merging/combining together. 34. emanate from (verb) – arise, originate, stem, derive. 35. want (noun) - lack, absence, non-existence, unavailability. 36. civic (adjective) – public, community. 37. inclusive (adjective) – all-embracing, overall; all- inclusive, comprehensive. 38. secular (adjective) – non-religious. 39. composite (adjective) - combined, mixed, complex. 40. qualitatively (adverb) – in relation to the qualities of something. 41. conceive (verb) – think up, devise, come up with, formulate. 42. in terms of (phrase) – with regard to, regarding/concerning, in connection with. 43. marginalise (verb) – treat as insignificant, treat as unimportant, neglect. 44. at best (phrase) – simply, merely, only. 45. trump (verb) - outdo, outperform, be better than. 46. nourish (verb) – encourage, boost, nurture, foster; help/assist. 47. distinct (adjective) – separate, different, individual, unconnected, detached. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM48. design (verb) – originate, create, plan, formulate, think up. 49. self-governing (adjective) - independent, sovereign, autonomous.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 17, 2020)

50. eschew (verb) – abstain from, refrain from, give up, forgo.

51. aspiration (noun) – desire, hope, wish, ambition, goal. 52. constituent (noun) – integral part (of a united whole).

53. belong to (verb) - be owned by, be the possession of, be held by. 54. build on/upon (phrasal verb) – use something as a basis/base for; be based on, rely on, turn to, trust in.

55. consolidate (verb) – strengthen, make stronger, reinforce, fortify. 56. occasional (adjective) – infrequent, irregular, periodic, uncommon.

57. admit (verb) - accept, acknowledge, confess. 58. mechanism (noun) – procedure, process, method/technique. 59. consistent with (adjective) – compatible, agreeing, in harmony, in tune/line with. 60. multi-national state (noun) - a sovereign state that comprises two or more nations or states. This contrasts a nation state, where a single nation accounts for the bulk of the population. 61. self-effacing (adjective) - apprehensive, frightened, lacking courage. 62. elite (noun) – high society people; the group of most powerful people in a society. 63. submerge (verb) – hide, conceal, veil, suppress. 64. obsess about (verb) – be continuously worrying about something. 65. fragmentation (noun) – breaking, separation, disintegration. 66. suspicion (noun) – misgiving, doubt/qualm, distrust, scepticism. 67. tempt (verb) – provoke, rouse incite, persuade. 68. mobilise (verb) – (of resources) bring into use. 69. material (adjective) – concerned with money or physical possessions. 70. well-being (noun) – healthy state/condition, prosperity. 71. material well-being (noun) - having enough food, assets, work. 72. freeze (verb) – hold something at a fixed level. 73. likelihood (noun) – probability, chance, possibility. 74. inter- (prefix) – between. 75. separatism (noun) – dissension, nonconformity, dissent/faction. 76. break up (noun) – the division of something (e.g. expenditure) into separate parts. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM77. come into force (phrase) – come to effect (a new law, rule, change etc.).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 17, 2020)

78. unitary (adjective) – relating to a system of government in which

power is provided to the central government. 79. ideology (noun) – beliefs, ideas/opinions, principles.

80. tier (noun) – grade, level, step, echelon. 81. centralised (adjective) – controlled by a single authority. 82. resurrect (adjective) - restore, revive, bring back.

83. opportune (adjective) – favourable, promising, advantageous. 84. insistent (adjective) - persistent, determined, unyielding; constant.

85. overwhelming (adjective) – very great/large, huge, enormous. 86. submit (verb) – agree, consent, accept. 87. underpin (verb) – support, strengthen, fortify, buttress. 88. back burner (noun) – delayed consideration of an action; A state of being postponed, deferred or given lower priority. 89. on the back burner (phrase) - having low priority. 90. allegiance (noun) – loyalty, faithfulness, devotion. 91. wholesale (adjective) – extensive, total, complete, sweeping. 92. fledgling (adjective) – emerging, beginning, developing. 93. encounter (adjective) - come up against, face, confront. 94. mass politics (noun) - Mass politics is the situation in which political decisions are made by a symmetrical aggregation of the actions of a large number of individuals. Mass politics is defined in terms of formal equality while democracy is defined in terms of equality of actual political power. 95. autonomy (noun) – independence, freedom; self rule. 96. set up (phrasal verb) – establish, start/begin, inaugurate, create. 97. besides (preposition) – in addition to, apart from. 98. deepen (verb) – increase/intensify; exacerbate, aggravate, inflame, worsen. 99. alleviate (verb) – reduce, control, mitigate/moderate. 100. undermine (verb) – reduce, diminish, impede, hinder. 101. nation-state (noun) – nation-state is a sovereign/independent country (state) where the great majority of people are conscious of a common WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMidentity and share the same culture.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 17, 2020)

102. majoritarianism (noun) – a philosophy that states that a majority

(sometimes categorized by religion, language, social class, or some other identifying factor) of the population is entitled to a certain degree

of primacy (priority) in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society. 103. diverse (adjective) – including people from a range of different social

and ethnic backgrounds. 104. robust (adjective) – strong, powerful.

105. arena (noun) – a place of activity. 106. carve out (phrasal verb) – establish, develop a career or position for oneself. 107. sow (verb) – plant, seed (a crop). 108. durable (adjective) – long-lasting, strong, substantial. 109. ground (verb) – establish, set, settle, root. 110. consent (noun) – agreement, assent, permission/approval. 111. rigidity (noun) – hardness, inflexibility, severity. 112. asymmetry (noun) – lack of equality, non-uniformity, unevenness, lack of symmetry. 113. non-manipulative (adjective) - not exercising control on other person to one's advantage. 114. polity (noun) – a politically organized society. 115. disrespectfully (adverb) - impolitely, bad-manneredly, rudely. 116. unleash (verb) – let loose, release, set free. 117. grave (adjective) – terrible, awful, alarming, gloomy. 118. contemporary (adjective) – modern, present-day. 119. due to (phrase) – because of, owing to, on account of, as a result of. 120. conceptually (adverb) - notionally, unpragmatically, speculatively, hypothetically. 121. nothing short of (phrase) – nothing less than.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 18, 2020)

1. Sputnik V vaccine (noun) - it is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, and registered on 11 August 2020 by the Russian

Ministry of Health. 2. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a

particular disease. 3. come through (phrasal verb) – be processed/received (methodically). 4. gestation (period) (noun) – development, formation (period).

5. candidate vaccine or vaccine candidate (noun) – a “potential” vaccine prepared in the research and development (R&D) centres and it can be used in human clinical trials. 6. midwife (noun) – a person who supports someone while creating/developing something. (midwife is generally a woman who is trained to assist women in childbirth). 7. Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF) (noun) - Russia's sovereign wealth fund established in 2011 by the Russian government to make investments in leading companies of high-growth sectors of the Russian economy. 8. pilot (verb) – test, trial, examine. 9. phase-3 trial (noun) – In phase 3 trial, the vaccine is given to thousands of people to confirm its safety – including rare side effects – and effectiveness. These trials involve a control group which is given a placebo. 10. phase 2 trial (noun) – In phase 2 trial, the vaccine is given to hundreds of people so scientists can learn more about its safety and correct dosage. 11. phase 1 trial (noun) – In phase 1 trial of clinical testing, the vaccine is given to a small group of people to determine whether it is safe and to learn more about the immune response it provokes.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 18, 2020)

12. human trial (noun) – a type of research that studies new tests and treatments and evaluates their effects on human health outcomes; clinical trial.

13. efficacious (adjective) – effective, successful, powerful. 14. efficacy (noun) – In medicine, the ability of an intervention (for

example, a drug or surgery) to produce the desired beneficial effect; effectiveness, efficiency, power. 15. Oxford vaccine (noun) - (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) or (AZD1222) is a

COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca, UK Ltd. 16. adenovirus (noun) – common cold virus; a group of common viruses that can cause infections of the lung, stomach, intestine, and eyes. symptoms resemble those of the common cold. 17. deploy (verb) – use, utilize, employ. 18. Ebola (noun) – Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. 19. immense (adjective) – huge, extremely large. 20. regulatory (adjective) – governmental, supervisory, organizational, controlling. 21. get out (phrasal verb) – succeed in releasing something. 22. incumbent on (adjective) – necessary, compulsory, required, obligatory. 23. vigilant (adjective) – watchful, careful, alert. 24. protocol (noun) – procedure, convention, rules of conduct. 25. scrupulously (adverb) – religiously, consistently, constantly/regularly. 26. acknowledge (verb) - admit, accept, recognize. 27. reportedly (adverb) – supposedly, seemingly, apparently, allegedly.

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H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 18, 2020)

28. all in all (phrase) – taking everything into account, all things considered, on the whole. 29. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in

mind. 30. minuscule (adjective) – very small, insignificant, negligible.

31. of course (phrase) - certainly, definitely, absolutely, by all means. 32. account for (verb) – constitute, comprise, represent. 33. indigenously (adverb) – in an indigenous (originating from

native/local) manner, something is produced in a particular region/country. 34. strain (noun) – variety, kind, type. 35. plasmid (noun) - a small, circular piece of DNA that is different from the chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial cells. Often, the genes carried in plasmids provide bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance. 36. plasmid DNA-vaccine (noun) - It involves the direct introduction into appropriate tissues of a plasmid containing the DNA sequence encoding the antigen(s) against which an immune response is sought, so cells directly produce the antigen, causing a protective immunological response. 37. cold chain (noun) - a temperature-controlled supply chain. It is a kind of supply chain that specializes in the storage, transport, and preservation of cargo that needs to be maintained at a specific temperature or within an acceptable temperature range. 38. go through (phrasal verb) – examine, study, scrutinize something methodically. 39. inevitably (adverb) – unavoidably, certainly, definitely. 40. make one's way (phrase) – proceed to a particular place. Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 18, 2020) H 1. push (noun) – thrust, drive, campaign.

2. reflect (verb) – represent, display, demonstrate, be evidence of. 3. geopolitical (adjective) – relating to the study of the geographical factors (a country’s position on the earth, size, climate, and natural resources &

etc,.) in world politics and inter-state relations. 4. in order to (phrase) – with the purpose/aim of. 5. relevant (adjective) - appropriate to the present time.

6. suit (verb) – meet the requirements of, satisfy the demands, be acceptable. 7. starker comparative adjective of stark (adjective) – bleak, plain/simple,

empty, bare. 8. diplomat (noun) – envoy, consul, ambassador. 9. voice (verb) - express, make public, announce. 10. ought to (modal verb) – must, should. 11. representative (adjective) - serve as a symbol of something. 12. long overdue (adjective) – late, behind schedule, long-delayed. 13. so-called (adjective) – commonly named. 14. advocate (verb) – support, promote, champion, espouse. 15. veto (noun) – an official right/power to reject a decision/proposal (by a governing body). 16. anachronism (noun) – irrelevant/inappropriate thing at a time; something located at a time when it could not have existed or occurred. 17. age (noun) – time. 18. instrument (noun) – mechanism, apparatus, system (to achieve/attain something). 19. wield (verb) – use, put to use, employ, handle. 20. blunt (noun) - brutal, harsh, rough; undiplomatic. 21. shore up (phrasal verb) – support, assist, prop up. 22. interest (noun) – benefit, advantage, concern. 23. regardless of (phrase) – irrespective of, without consideration of, notwithstanding, in spite of. 24. disastrous (adjective) – terrible/horrible, unfortunate, ill-fated, detrimental. 25. consequence (noun) – result, outcome, effect; ramification, repercussion. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM26. armed conflict (noun) - a conflict in which weapons are used. 27. momentum (noun) – strength, energy, force.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 18, 2020) H 28. unilateral (adjective) – relating to a method of taking decisions

(particularly on international relations) by a state (country) individually without considering other states (countries). In general, it is relating to the decision taken individually without consulting with the others

concerned. 29. plenary (noun) – assembly, conference, meeting (attended by all

participants). 30. facilitate (verb) – make easy, make possible; assist, help/aid. 31. inter- (prefix) – between.

32. Inter-Governmental Negotiations Framework (IGN) (noun) - a group of nation-states working within the United Nations to further reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). 33. equitable (adjective) – fair, impartial. 34. representation (noun) – the act of speaking/serving on someone's behalf. 35. resolution (noun) – proposal, plan; decision, declaration. 36. framework document (noun) - policy document; it sets out a set of procedures or goals, which might be used in negotiation or decision- making to guide a more detailed set of policies, or to guide ongoing maintenance of an organization's policies. 37. enthusiasm (noun) – eagerness, warmth, interest. 38. dampen (verb) – decrease, diminish/lessen, reduce. 39. bemoan (verb) – express regret/sorrow about, complain about, express discontent. 40. outlive (verb) – outlast, survive, endure, withstand, live through. 41. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 42. deliberation (noun) – consideration, thought/thinking, contemplation, discussion. 43. in any case (phrase) – whatever happens; moreover. 44. defer (verb) – put off, postpone, delay; shelve, suspend. 45. in view of (phrase) – in the light of, owing to, considering. 46. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 47. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign-policy. 48. triumph (noun) – victory, win, success. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM49. notwithstanding (adverb) – nevertheless, nonetheless; in spite of, despite, regardless of. 50. objective (noun) – aim, intention, purpose.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 18, 2020) H 51. commemorate (verb) – celebrate/honour the memory of someone/something with a ceremony/event; pay tribute to, pay homage to.

52. architecture (noun) – structure, formation, composition. 53. world/global order (noun) – the arrangement of power and authority that

provides the system for the conduct of diplomacy and world politics in relation to the entire world. An international-relations term describing the distribution of power among world powers.

54. Allied powers (noun) – a group of countries (also known as the Allies) that consisted of those nations opposed to the Axis Powers during the World War II. The major Allied Powers were Britain, France, Russia,

the United States and China. 55. Axis powers (noun) – a group of countries participated in World War II opposed to the Allies. The three major Axis powers were Germany, Italy, and Japan. 56. unreflective (adjective) – not reflective, not thoughtful. 57. trajectory (noun) – approach, direction/course. 58. arena (noun) – a place of activity. 59. multilateral (adjective) – involving many different countries (in which all WTO member countries are party to the agreement). 60. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 61. fashion (verb) – construct, build, make, create. 62. collective (adjective) – combined, united/joint, cooperative (by all people as a group). 63. humanity (noun) – humankind, the human race, people. 64. global warming (noun) – it is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels. 65. paradoxically (adverb) – contradictorily, inconsistently, incongruously. 66. existential (adjective) – relating to existence. 67. revival (noun) – improvement, rallying, picking up; comeback. 68. nationalism (noun) – it refers to a system (with narrow set of ideas) created by a group of people who believe their nation is superior to all others. It is also a perception of national superiority and an orientation toward national dominance- called as chauvinism (excessive WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMnationalism). 69. enshrine (verb) – to enclose in, preserve, treasure, protect (as valuable). 70. voice (noun) – the right to express one's opinion/view. 71. influence (verb) – affect, have an effect on, persuade.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 18, 2020)

1. inequitable (adjective) - biased, unfair, unjust, discriminatory.

2. amount to (verb) – be regarded as, comprise, be equivalent to, be tantamount to, be equal to.

3. virtual (adjective) – effective, practical. 4. de-industrialisation (noun) - a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in

a country or region, especially of heavy industry or manufacturing industry.

5. stagnation (noun) – lack of activity/development. 6. give up (phrasal verb) – abandon, forgo, renounce, relinquish, discontinue. 7. call (noun) - demand, appeal, need, necessity. 8. de-industrialise (verb) - reduce industrial activity in a country or region. 9. trap (noun) – deception, trick, ploy. 10. pile on (phrasal verb) - intensify, amplify, exaggerate. 11. diplomacy (noun) – negotiation, discussion, talks, dialogue. 12. call on (phrasal verb) – demand, ask, request/appeal, urge (to do something). 13. superficially (adverb) – apparently, seemingly, outwardly. 14. even-handed (adjective) - fair, just, equitable, impartial. 15. deliberate (adjective) – intentional, planned, conscious, purposeful. 16. set aside (phrasal verb) – cancel, annul, overrule, overturn. 17. climate change (noun) – a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth. 18. distinguish (verb) – recognize a difference. 19. vis-a-vis (preposition) – in relation to, with regard to. 20. unmistakable (adjective) – noticeable, evident, striking, clear-cut. 21. ratchet up (phrasal verb) - to increase something by a series of small amounts. 22. arena (noun) – a place of activity. 23. subsequently (adverb) – afterwards, later on, eventually. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM24. meteorological (adjective) – relating to the branch of science that deals with phenomena (events) of the atmosphere or weather.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 18, 2020)

25. up the ante (phrase) - to increase demands/stakes (in a

tough condition) even though it has risks; To take an action that raises the risks. 26. on a par with (phrase) – comparable with, equivalent to, as equal to,

on a level with. 27. add insult to injury (phrase) - make bad situation worse.

28. per capita (adverb & adjective) – per person, for each, individually. 29. undergo (verb) – go through, experience, be subjected to. 30. contraction (noun) – In economics, it refers to a decline in national

output as measured by gross domestic product. 31. yardstick (noun) – standard, point of reference, guideline. 32. reckoning (noun) - calculation, estimation, computation. 33. punch above one's weight (phrase) – become involved in an activity (or) try to achieve or perform at a higher level than expected (beyond one’s ability). 34. track record (noun) - previous performance, previous accomplishments, previous achievements. 35. renewable energy (noun) – energy generated from the natural resources (such as water, wind, solar energy). 36. ambitious (adjective) – difficult, exacting, demanding, formidable, challenging. 37. compliant (adjective) – accommodating, cooperative, adaptable; governable, manageable. 38. on track (phrase) - on course, on target, on schedule. 39. Paris Agreement/Accord (noun) – The Paris Agreement builds upon the Convention (agreement) and for the first time brings all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so. 40. accelerated (adjective) – hastened, expedited, quickened. 41. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 42. in absolute terms (phrase) – measured by itself, not in comparison with other things. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM43. in terms of (phrase) – with regard to, as regards, regarding, concerning.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 18, 2020)

44. cumulative (adjective) – collective, aggregate, total.

45. count (verb) – matter, enter into consideration, be significant. 46. lie behind (phrasal verb) – be the actual (mostly concealed) reason for something.

47. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind.

48. inevitable (adjective) – unavoidable, unpreventable. 49. phase out (phrasal verb) – eliminate, remove, discontinue, get rid of (something in gradual stages).

50. obscure (verb) – conceal, hide/cover, screen. 51. dependence (noun) – reliance on, seeking support from, leaning/clinging to. 52. fossil fuel (noun) – non renewable resources (or fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are formed from the buried/deposited organic materials). 53. phaseout (noun) – a process of discontinuing something in phases. 54. amply (adverb) – sufficiently, satisfactorily, (more than) enough. 55. fuzzy (adjective) – indistinct, blurred, unclear. 56. carbon neutrality (noun) - it means annual zero net CO2 emissions; Carbon neutrality means every ton of anthropogenic (human caused or influenced) CO2 emitted is compensated with an equivalent amount of CO2 removed (e.g. via carbon sink or carbon sequestration). 57. carbon sink (noun) – also known as carbon sequestration; a natural environment (forest or reservoir) which absorbs and stores carbon (greenhouse gases) from the atmosphere and thereby maintain a balance. (carbon sequestration is the process by which the forest removes and stores carbon from the atmosphere). 58. climate emergency (noun) - a situation in which immediate steps to be taken to reduce climate change and avoid likely unrepairable damage to the environment caused by it. 59. posture (noun) – position, approach, attitude, standpoint, view. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM60. alongside (preposition) – together with. 61. environmentalist (noun) – conservationist, preservationist, eco- activist.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 18, 2020)

62. summon up (verb) – invoke, raise, arouse, kindle, awaken.

63. bear the brunt (phrase) – to suffer or endure the worst part of something (force/burden/pressure) when a very bad or unpleasant

thing happens. 64. mitigation (noun) – alleviation, reduction; lessening. 65. demonise (verb) – to show someone/something as evil/wicked/bad.

66. miraculously (adverb) - remarkably, extraordinarily, incredibly, unbelievably.

67. inequality (noun) – Inequality is simply defined as “the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities; imbalance, unevenness, disproportion, disparity. 68. de-growth (noun) - Degrowth is a political and economic theory which emphasises changing priorities of society from economic growth and production to a society based on sustainability, well- being, concern for environment and co-operation. 69. neglect (noun) - disregard, ignoring, indifference to, unconcern. 70. pursuit (noun) – aspiration, quest, search. 71. accompany (verb) – occur with, be present with, coincide with, coexist with. 72. multilateral (adjective) – involving many different organisations. 73. unsensitized (adjective) - hypersensitive; not made sensitive. 74. undifferentiated (adjective) - identical, similar, alike. 75. rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively & persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language. 76. incumbent (noun) – the current/present holder/occupant of an office. 77. tellingly (adverb) – significantly. 78. embrace (verb) – welcome, accept, adapt, take up. 79. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually. 80. call out (phrasal verb) – criticize. 81. reliance on (noun) - confidence in, dependence, belief in. 82. overwhelming (adjective) – very strong, forceful, compelling, uncontrollable. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM83. rhetorical (adjective) – relating to the art of speaking or writing effectively & persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); oratorical, overblown, extravagant, bombastic.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 18, 2020)

84. wilful (adjective) – deliberate, intentional, purposeful.

85. convention (noun) – rule, code; agreement, accord, protocol, treaty. 86. unravel (verb) – solve, resolve, clear up, clarify, sort out (something complex).

87. cease (verb) – end, halt, stop. 88. decommission (verb) – withdraw something from

operation; deactivate, demobilize. 89. imply (verb) – say indirectly, suggest, indicate. 90. decadal (adjective) – relating to a period of ten years.

91. substantially (adverb) – considerably, significantly, largely. 92. wind potential (noun) - wind power or energy capability/capacity. 93. at best (phrase) – simply, merely, only. 94. necessity (noun) – (essential) requirement, prerequisite, indispensable thing. 95. transition (noun) – change, shift, transformation. 96. binding (adjective) – compulsory, imperative, mandatory, necessary. 97. regrettably (adverb) – unluckily, sadly, unhappily. 98. hover (verb) – remain at a level. 99. persistent (adjective) – continuous, constant, chronic, permanent, lingering. 100. reverse (verb) – alter, change. 101. deployment (noun) – the bringing of resources into effective action. 102. expose (verb) – reveal, uncover, disclose, lay bare. 103. supply chain (noun) – a network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final buyer. 104. far more (phrase) - a lot more, much more. 105. truism (noun) – cliché, banality, overworked/hackneyed saying, platitude. 106. unanimously (adverb) – without opposition, agreed to by everyone involved. 107. reiterate (verb) – repeat, say again, restate. 108. long-standing (adjective) – long-established, deep-rooted, fixed, persistent, continuing (for a long time). 109.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM global warming (noun) – it is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels.

1. regulated (adjective) – supervised, administered, controlled (by means

of rules and regulations). 2. regulated market (noun) - a type of economy in which a central government agency decides the supply and demand, which means the

market does not operate freely. 3. ahead of (phrase) – before, earlier than, prior to.

4. ambitious (adjective) – difficult, challenging, demanding, formidable. 5. bring about (phrasal verb) – cause to happen, make happen, result in, give rise to.

6. far-reaching (adjective) – widespread, sweeping, extensive, important, significant. 7. run into (phrasal verb) - experience, encounter, be faced with, be confronted with. 8. run into severe weather (phrase) - to be confronted with or experience severe difficulties or experience problems. 9. free market (noun) - a type of economy that is controlled by the market forces of supply and demand, with little to no control or involvement from any central government agency. 10. spell (verb) - cause, bring about; signal, point to. 11. Minimum Support Price (MSP) (noun) – it is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to give guaranteed price and assured market to the farmers and protect them from the price fluctuations and market imperfections. The guaranteed price and assured market are expected to encourage higher investment and in adoption of modern farming practices. 12. produce (noun) – agricultural products as a whole. 13. so far (phrase) – until now, up to the present, up to this point. 14. procure (verb) - obtain, get, acquire; buy/purchase. 15. pushback (noun) – opposition, disagreement, negative reaction/response, resistance. 16. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM17. ordinance (noun) – (local) order, decree, directive/regulation.

Note:

18. articulate (verb) – (of an idea) express, communicate, state.

19. tinker with (verb) – try to repair, try to improve, play with (aimlessly or unskillfully). 20. Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMC) (noun) -

a marketing board established by a state government in India to ensure farmers are safeguarded from exploitation by large retailers, as

well as ensuring the farm to retail price spread does not reach excessively high levels. 21. backbone (noun) – chief support, fundamental part, mainstay, pillar.

22. liberalise (verb) – to make something (regulations/norms) less strict. 23. commerce (noun) - trade, selling and buying, business. 24. provision (noun) – term, clause, requirement/condition. 25. Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020 (noun) - it seeks to provide for the creation of an ecosystem where the farmers and traders enjoy the freedom of choice relating to sale and purchase of farmers' produce which facilitates remunerative (profitable) prices through competitive alternative trading channels to promote efficient, transparent and barrier-free inter-State and intra- State trade and commerce of farmers' produce outside physical premises of markets or deemed markets notified under various State agricultural produce market legislations. 26. unfettered (adjective) – unrestrained, unrestricted, unconstrained. 27. designated (verb) – identified, recognized, classified. 28. jurisdiction (noun) – territory, region, province, area. 29. levy (verb) – impose, charge (a tax, fee, fine). 30. empower (verb) – authorize, allowe, entitle. 31. furtherance (noun) – promotion, furthering/forwarding, development. 32. objective (noun) – aim, intention, intent, purpose. 33. alarm (verb) - distress, agitate, upset, disturb. 34. mount (verb) - initiate, set up, organise/arrange. 35. warehouse (noun) - repository, depot, storeroom. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM36. procurement (noun) – the action of procuring/purchasing something.

Note:

37. characterise (verb) – identify, specify, describe.

38. dispensation (noun) – system, plan, arrangement. 39. cheer (verb) - happiness, joy. 40. National Commission on Farmers (NCF) (noun) - On November 18,

2004, the government of India formed the National Commission on Farmers (NCF), with MS Swaminathan as its chairman. The main aim

of the commission was to come up with a system for sustainability in farming system and make it more profitable and cost competitive in farm commodities.

41. liberalisation (noun) – removal or loosening of restrictions on something, typically an economic or political system. 42. cartel (noun) – a group of manufacturers/businesses fixing a high price to avoid competition and to make more money. 43. logistics (noun) – overall-flow of a commercial activity, which includes production, stock and transport processing (of goods). 44. real time information (noun) - information which are communicated at the same time as event/process actually occur. 45. rather than (phrase) – instead of. 46. opt (verb) - choose, select, pick, decide on, go for. 47. centralisation (noun) – the process of having functions, powers, people or things only in a central location or authority. 48. emphasis (noun) – prominence, importance, significance. 49. laissez-faire (noun) – French phrase literally means ‘allow to do or let do”; without government’s intervention; non-interference/non- involvement (of government), private ownership, free-market capitalism. 50. remarkably (adverb) – strikingly, exceptionally, incredibly. 51. productive (adjective) – helpful, useful, effective. 52. shore up (phrasal verb) – support, assist, prop up. 53. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMpeople across a wide area.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 19, 2020)

1. continuity (noun) – stability, persistence, continuance, changelessness.

2. steer away from (phrasal verb) - move away from, turn away from, deviate, diverge.

3. course (noun) – plan of action, line of action, strategy, approach. 4. step down (phrasal verb) – resign, give up one’s post, stand down. 5. due to (phrase) – because of, owing to, on account of, as a result of.

6. pass on the baton (phrase) – transfer a specific duty/responsibility. 7. associate (noun) - confederate, supporter, partner.

8. rather than (phrase) – instead of. 9. reins (noun) – controlling power. (In general, rein is the long leather strap(s) attached to a horse’s head (usually on either sides), by which the rider controls a horse). 10. tenure (noun) – incumbency, term of office, period in office. 11. revive (verb) – restore, revitalize, renew, bring back. 12. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 13. intention (noun) - aim, purpose, objective. 14. stay the course (idiom) – work hard till the end to accomplish the task. 15. steer (through) (verb) - guide, direct, navigate, manage. 16. aggressiveness (noun) – hostile or warlike behaviour. 17. downturn (noun) – decline, setback, crisis, tragedy. 18. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 19. game-changing (adjective) – relating to something which changes the way a situation develops. 20. ties (noun) – bond, association, relationship. 21. strategic partnership (noun) – it is a long-term interaction between two countries based on political, economic, social and historical factors. 22. institute (verb) – begin/start. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. summit (noun) – meeting, conference. 24. spearhead (verb) – lead, head (an movement/protest); be in the forefront of.

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H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 19, 2020)

25. Quad/Quadrilateral (noun) – The ‘Quadrilateral’ is described as four democracies (the United States, Japan, Australia and India) with a

shared objective to ensure and support a “free, open and prosperous” Indo-Pacific region.

26. diet (noun) - legislative assembly, parliament, congress/senate. 27. Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (noun) – The NPT is a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear

weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of

achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. 28. acquisition (noun) – obtaining, acquiring/procuring, appropriation. 29. Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (noun) - Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA) would allow the Indian military and the Japan Self Defense Force (JSDF) to use each other’s bases for logistical support. 30. build on/upon (phrasal verb) – use something as a basis/base for; be based on, rely on, turn to, trust in. 31. three arrows (noun) - (i) aggressive monetary policy, (ii) fiscal consolidation, and (iii) growth strategy. 32. Abenomics (noun) – "Abenomics" refers to the economic policies advocated by (former) Prime Minister Shinzo Abe who became prime minister of Japan for a second time when his party, the Liberal Democratic Party, won an overwhelming majority at the general election in December 2012. Abenomics has "three arrows" (three- pronged approach): (i) aggressive monetary policy, (ii) fiscal consolidation, and (iii) growth strategy. 33. fill someone's shoes (phrase) - substitute, deputize, stand in, take over (someone's responsibilities). 34. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 35. likely (adverb) – probably, presumably, no doubt. 36. insight (noun) – perception, understanding, comprehension, realization/recognition. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM37. at the helm (phrase) – in charge, in command/control/authority; in the driving seat.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 19, 2020)

1. push (noun) – drive, initiative, campaign.

2. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 3. build on/upon (phrasal verb) – use something as a basis/base for; be

based on, rely on, turn to, trust in. 4. resonating (adjective) - repeating, echoing, reverberating. 5. plural (adjective) – relating to a system in which people co-exist in

harmony irrespective of various differences. 6. intra- (prefix) – within.

7. reconciliation (noun) – restoration of harmony, rapprochement, resolution, agreement. 8. initiation (noun) – the act of initiating something; beginning, starting. 9. ambassador (noun) – envoy, diplomat, consul. 10. hurdle (noun) – obstacle, difficulty, problem, impediment. 11. along the way (phrase) - during the course of a specific event/process. 12. glimpse (noun) – brief look, view, glance, sight. 13. lie ahead (phrasal verb) – be going to happen; to be in the future. 14. dynamics (noun) – basic/fundamental cause or force which triggers change within a system. 15. stalemate (noun) – deadlock, impasse, standstill/stand-off. 16. revert to (verb) – return, go back, change back. 17. seek (verb) – try to find, look for, be in pursuit of. 18. managed (adjective) - regulated, organized, administered. 19. optics (noun) – (typically in a political situation) the way in which an event is recognized by the public. 20. track (noun) - way, route, path. 21. cajole (verb) – persuade, tempt, coax; butter up, sweat talk. 22. lean on (phrasal verb) – depend on, rely on, count on, bank on. 23. spell out (phrasal verb) – explain, make clear, elucidate/clarify. 24. objective (noun) – aim, intention, intent, purpose. 25. ceasefire (noun) – a negotiated agreement that will be accompanied by other associated commitments to de-escalate the fighting; WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMa temporary stoppage of a war, truce, armistice.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 19, 2020)

26. lasting (adjective) – long-lasting, long-term, permanent.

27. ties (noun) – bond, association, relationship. 28. whittle away/down (phrasal verb) – reduce, cut down, lessen,

decrease. 29. palliative (noun) – an action aimed to mitigate/lessen a problem (without addressing the basic reason).

30. timeline (noun) - schedule. 31. drawdown (noun) – reduction, decrease (in the size of an armed

force). 32. sanctions (noun) - embargo, ban, prohibition. 33. foresee (verb) – anticipate, predict, envisage, envision. 34. truce (noun) – temporary cessation/suspension (of hostilities); ceasefire, armistice. 35. respite (noun) – break, interval, stoppage. 36. regret (verb) - be sorry about, feel apologetic about, feel remorse about. 37. installation (noun) – (military) base, camp, post, facility, establishment. 38. calibrate (verb) – carefully assess, regulate, adjust. 39. harass (verb) – oppress, persecute, attack repeatedly. 40. undermine (verb) – reduce, diminish, impede, hinder. 41. bound (noun) - limits, confines, restrictions. 42. probably (adverb) – most likely, in all likelihood, all things considered, perhaps. 43. scepticism (noun) – doubt, suspicion/mistrust, wariness, lack of conviction. 44. umbrella (noun) – guardianship, support, guidance, cover, backing. 45. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 46. reflect (verb) – represent, display, demonstrate (in an appropriate WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMway). Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 19, 2020)

47. Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA) (1996-2001) (noun) - The

Afghan Taliban – not to be confused with the Pakistani Taliban – is a Sunni Islamist militant organization created in 1994 to establish a

strictly Shariah-governed Afghan state. The Taliban achieved this goal in 1996 and ruled Afghanistan as the main governmental body through 2001. After 9/11, the American-led invasion pushed the

Taliban regime out of power. 48. starkly (adverb) – clearly, distinctly, strikingly; completely.

49. awkward (adjective) – problematic, troublesome, perplexing. 50. second-in-command (noun) - deputy, subordinate, number two. 51. reconcile (verb) – settle, resolve, patch up. 52. notion (noun) – idea, belief, concept. 53. counter-terrorism (noun) - anti-terrorism; actions taken to combat or prevent terrorism. 54. op-ed (noun) – short for “opposite the editorial page”; a newspaper page opposite the editorial page. 55. call on (phrasal verb) – demand, ask, request/appeal, urge (to do something). 56. arrive at (phrasal verb) – achieve, attain, reach, accomplish (a conclusion/decision). 57. resolution (noun) – proposal, plan; decision, declaration. 58. acknowledge (verb) – admit, accept, recognize. 59. in turn (phrase) – in succession, successively. 60. conservative (adjective) – traditional, conventional, orthodox. 61. open society (noun) - it stands for freedom, democracy, rule of law, human rights, social justice and social responsibility as a universal idea. It envisions ( imagines) a world in which everyone recognizes each other's humanity and engages each other as equals. 62. narrowly (adverb) – only just, just, barely. 63. motorcade (noun) – procession, march, cortège (of motor cycles). 64. evolve (verb) – develop, progress, advance. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM65. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 19, 2020)

66. hands-off (adjective) – non-interfering, uninvolved.

67. hands-off approach (noun) - it is an approach of not being personally or directly involved in something.

68. bluntly (adverb) – straightforwardly, directly, candidly, forthrightly. 69. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to.

70. finite (adjective) - limited, defined, fixed, restricted. 71. bid (noun) – attempt, effort, endeavour/try.

72. preserve (verb) - protect, safeguard, maintain. 73. interest (noun) – benefit, advantage, concern. 74. periphery (noun) – boundary, border. 75. extremist (adjective) – radical, fanatic, militant. 76. influence (noun) – power, authority, sway, leverage. 77. content with (verb) – be unworried, be untroubled, be satisfied. 78. facilitator (noun) – a person/thing that encourages an action and makes it easier. 79. think tank (noun) – a panel of experts. 80. prospect (noun) – hope, chance, possibility, probability, outlook. 81. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 82. sovereign (adjective) – relating to central government (sovereign) & state governments (sub-sovereigns). 83. constituency (noun) – a body of voters; a body of supporters. 84. cut across (phrasal verb) - transcend, go beyond, rise above. 85. ethnic (adjective) – relating to a population subgroup (cultural, national, traditional/folk) with a common national or cultural tradition. 86. provincial (adjective) – regional, sectoral, zonal. 87. like-minded (adjective) – compatible, closely connected, well suited. 88. vacuum (noun) – gap, space, absence, lack/deficiency of something. 89. unravel (verb) – solve, resolve, clear up, clarify, sort out (something complex). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM90. decade (noun) – a period of ten years.

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 21, 2020) H 1. contempt (noun) – it refers to the offence of showing disrespect to the

dignity or authority of a court (& its officers). 2. restraint (noun) – control, restriction, limitation. 3. frivolous (adjective) – relating to something which is having no serious,

sensible, useful purpose or value and it will also be a waste of time; valueless, insignificant, silly. 4. invoke (verb) – cite, refer to, adduce.

5. pursue (verb) – engage in, conduct, follow. 6. ill-conceived (adjective) – absurd, not carefully planned. 7. sledgehammer (noun) – powerful; forceful; ruthless (tool).

8. perceive (verb) – discern, recognize, understand, observe, regard, view. 9. prop up (phrasal verb) - set, stand, position, place. 10. criminal contempt (noun) – it includes any act or publication which: (i) ‘scandalises’ the court, or (ii) prejudices any judicial proceeding, or (iii) interferes with the administration of justice in any other manner. 11. civil contempt (noun) – it refers to the wilful disobedience of an order of any court. 12. in the course of (phrase) – during (the particular period/activity). 13. propriety (noun) – morality, correctness, rightness, good manners. 14. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 15. virtual (adjective) – performing a task with the use of computer, especially over a network. 16. seek (verb) – ask for, request, petition for, appeal for. 17. construe (verb) – interpret, take, understand, take to mean. 18. adverse (adjective) – unfavourable, disadvantageous, bad. 19. judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested. 20. devotion (noun) – adherence, allegiance, loyalty, faithfulness. 21. integrity (noun) – fairness, uprightness, morality/honesty. 22. unwarranted (adjective) – unjustified, unnecessary, unreasonable, uncalled for, groundless. 23. constitute (verb) – form, inaugurate, set up, initiate. 24. inasmuch as (phrase) – to the extent that; in so far as. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM25. virtual (adjective) – effective, practical. 26. in the interest of (phrase) – for the benefit of, for the sake of, considering.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 21, 2020) H 27. litigant (noun) – a person who is involved in a legal case; litigator,

petitioner, complainant. 28. consent (noun) – agreement, assent, permission/approval. 29. initiation (noun) – the act of initiating something; beginning, starting.

30. proceedings (noun) – legal action, prosecution, lawsuit. 31. unmixed (adjective) – absolute, unqualified, unconditional, categorical, complete, total, outright.

32. blessing (noun) – advantage, benefit, favour. 33. lay emphasis on (phrase) – to emphasize the importance of something. 34. restrain (verb) – control, restrict, limit.

35. lest (conjunction) – in case, just in case, in order to avoid, to avoid the risk of. 36. comment (noun) – remark, opinion. 37. prudence (noun) – cautiousness, carefulness, good judgement/management. 38. exuberance (noun) – high spirits, enthusiasm, vigour, energy. 39. context (noun) – circumstances, conditions, situation. 40. strident (adjective) – in an excessively forceful way; high-pitched, loud & harsh. 41. unbridled (adjective) – unrestrained, unconstrained, uncontrolled. 42. parse (verb) - interpret, understand, read, analyse, explain. 43. offending (adjective) - causing difficulty; displeasing; breaking (the law). 44. aspersion (noun) – condemnation, criticism; disparagement, defamation; character assassination, libel. 45. cast (verb) - cause, form, create. 46. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity, dearth. 47. lay down (phrasal verb) – formulate, establish, institute, determine. 48. delineation (noun) – the act of outlining exact position of a boundary/limit/border. 49. open up (phrasal verb) – make something available. 50. in the name of (phrase) – for the sake of, at the behest of. 51. deter (verb) – prevent, stop, put off/discourage. 52. as long as (phrase) – given that; when/while. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM53. course (noun) – plan of action, line of action; process, proceeding. 54. warrant (verb) - justify/necessitate, vindicate/validate, call for.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 21, 2020)

1. in action (phrase) - functioning, up and running, operative. 2. venue (noun) - place.

3. bio-secure bubble (noun) – it is defined as an environment/location sealed off from the outside world. In tennis/cricket, this would mean players, umpires and support staff being housed at the venue itself.

4. glitzy (adjective) – showy/busy, decorated, embellished. 5. burst (noun) - spell, session; sudden outbreak. 6. stretch (verb) – extend, spread over a period of time.

7. fix (noun) - solution, answer, resolution, way out; event. 8. inevitable (adjective) – unavoidable, unpreventable.

9. soaring (adjective) - increasing rapidly. 10. reflexive (adjective) – instinctive, automatic, spontaneous. 11. craving (noun) – strong desire, appetite, longing. 12. seemingly (adverb) – as far as one knows, as far as one can see; evidently, apparently. 13. brook (verb) - tolerate, put up with, allow/accept (something like dissent/difference of opinion). 14. purist (noun) – traditionalist, perfectionist, doctrinaire, a person who follows tradition and only tradition. 15. lean on (phrasal verb) – depend on, rely on, count on, bank on. 16. permeate (verb) – spread through, pervade, be disseminated through, pass through. 17. logistical (adjective) – relating to organization and planning of something. 18. nightmare (noun) – very unpleasant or frightening experience; ordeal, horror, torment. 19. humankind (noun) – humanity, the human race, people. 20. relentless (adjective) – continuing, constant, continuous, non-stop. 21. coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 21, 2020)

23. moorings (noun) – stabilizing influence/power; anchors. 24. pause (verb) - stop, cease, halt, discontinue.

25. window (noun) – opportunity, chance, opening. 26. open up (phrasal verb) – make available (to create/start developing new opportunities).

27. pit (against) (verb) - match against, put in opposition to, put in competition with. 28. dish out (phrasal verb) - dispense, provide casually.

29. lay-off (noun) – temporary break, gap, interval. 30. attendant (adjective) – connected, associated, related.

31. rust (noun) – a condition of becoming weak resulting from lack of use (lack of practice for sports person). 32. in the way (phrase) - in a position that stops something from happening. 33. rival (noun) – opponent, adversary, contender, competitor. 34. infuse (verb) - fill, add, introduce, implant/impart. 35. reflect (verb) – represent, display, demonstrate, be evidence of. 36. fraught (adjective) – anxious/worried, distressed, agitated/panicky. 37. constraint (noun) – restriction, limitation, restraint. 38. for now (phrase) – for the time being, for the moment, for the present. 39. turn out (phrasal verb) – transpire, emerge; happen. 40. biff (noun) - blow, punch, knock (with the fist); (physical) activity. 41. park (noun) - playing field. 42. summit clash (noun) - (in sports) final match. 43. stringent (adjective) – strict/stern, severe, tough/rigorous. 44. protocol (noun) – procedure, convention, rules of conduct. 45. lead-up to (noun) – circumstances, conditions, situation (before an event). 46. parameter (noun) - guidelines, instructions, conditions. 47. find one's feet (phrase) - adapt, become accustomed, adjust, get used. 48. endeavour (noun) – activity, pursuit; effort. 49. template (noun) – model, pattern, example, blueprint. 50. emulate (verb) – imitate, follow, take as an example. 51. starve (verb) – deprive of, strip of; feel hungry; deny, prevent. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM52. context (noun) – circumstances, conditions, situation. 53. at stake (phrase) – at issue, at risk; or in question.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 21, 2020)

1. contour (noun) – outline, shape, form. 2. infuse (verb) – add, impart, introduce. 3. offensive (adjective) – annoying, insulting, humiliating, discourteous,

outrageous. 4. hate speech (noun) – abusive or disrespectful speech. 5. exceptional (adjective) – unusual, uncommon, abnormal, atypical.

6. injunct (verb) – order, direct, rule, instruct. 7. mark (verb) – indicate, represent, signify, signalize. 8. departure (noun) – deviation, divergence, digression, change of

direction. 9. circumspect (adjective) – heedful, vigilant; careful, cautious. 10. restraint (noun) – control, restriction, limitation. 11. statutory (adjective) – legitimate, acceptable, permissible/admissible. 12. (be) vested with (verb) – give (someone) the legal right. 13. compliance (noun) – conformity, observation, adherence. 14. circumstances (noun) – situation, conditions, state of affairs. 15. air (verb) – broadcast, transmit, show, telecast, disseminate. 16. portray (verb) – describe, depict, represent. 17. conspiracy (noun) – (unlawful) plan, intrigue, collaboration/deception, deceitful strategy. 18. infiltrate (verb) – penetrate, invade, intrude on, trespass on. 19. allegation (noun) – charge, accusation, indictment. 20. evidently (adverb) – obviously, palpably, seemingly, apparently. 21. entitle (verb) – allow, empower, authorize. 22. assertion (noun) – statement, claim/opinion, declaration, affirmation, contention. 23. insidious (adjective) – tricky, subtle, deceptive, dishonest, indirect (with very harmful effects). 24. wanton (adjective) – deliberate, wilful, malicious/cruel, unjustifiable. 25. disregard (noun) – indifference, non-observance, negligence, lack of attention. 26. on the face of it (phrase) – apparently, seemingly, evidently/ostensibly; at first glance. 27. hatred (noun) – hate, dislike, hostility. 28. disrepute (noun) – dishonour, disgrace, ill repute, shame. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM29. breach (verb) – violate, infringe, break. 30. delineate (verb) – describe, define, detail. 31. ambiguous (adjective) – arguable, debatable, equivocal, doubtful. 32. contempt (noun) – disregard, neglect, disrespect.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 21, 2020)

33. denigrate (verb) – criticise, attack, insult, devalue, defame.

34. distinguish (verb) – differentiate, discern, tell the difference between. 35. conduct (noun) – behaviour, way of behaving.

36. precedent (noun) – model, exemplar, example, pattern; previous example/instance, prior instance. 37. scarcely (adverb) – hardly, barely, only just.

38. legislation (noun) – body of laws, rules, regulations, statutes. 39. distinction (noun) – difference, contrast, dissimilarity, variance. 40. merely (adverb) – only, simply, just.

41. make clear (phrase) - explain, clarify, elucidate. 42. to be sure (phrase) – certainly, surely; used to highlight something. 43. fraught with (adjective) – full of, filled with, loaded with. 44. deter (verb) – prevent, stop, put off/discourage. 45. glean (verb) – obtain, get, take/gather, collect (information with difficulty). 46. interpret (verb) - explain, elucidate, clarify, make clear. 47. in conjunction (phrase) – together. 48. draw the line (phrase) - set a limit. 49. undergird (verb) – provide support, bolster, reinforce/strengthen. 50. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 51. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 52. exemplify (verb) – typify, epitomize, represent/illustrate. 53. in the works (phrase) - being done; being planned, taking place. 54. scholar (noun) – academic, intellectual, expert/pundit, learned person. 55. utterance (noun) - remark, comment, word, expression, statement. 56. incite (verb) – provoke, trigger, instigate, provoke, stir up/egg on. 57. discrimination (noun) – prejudice, intolerance, inequity, unfairness (against an individual or group of individuals by society and its institutions (basically in the procedures, policies or objectives) as a whole. 58. collective (adjective) – combined, united/joint, cooperative (by all people as a group). 59. ethnicity (noun) – a category of people who identify with each other based on common language, ancestral, social, cultural, or national WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMexperiences. 60. vulnerable (adjective) – relating to people who are in need of special care, support, or protection; helpless, unsafe, unprotected. 61. conception (noun) - idea, concept, notion, understanding.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 21, 2020)

62. (make) a mockery of (phrase) – make something to look foolish/absurd.

63. tenet (noun) – principle, belief, doctrine/rule. 64. amoral (adjective) – unprincipled, without standards/morals.

65. satire (noun) - mockery, ridicule, derision. 66. outrage (verb) – offend, infuriate, stir up, displease/anger. 67. sentiment (noun) – way of thinking, attitude, point of view, general

opinion/belief. 68. vilify (verb) – censure, insult, criticize. 69. dignity (noun) – self-esteem, self-worth, self-respect, pride.

70. public good (noun) – the benefit, advantage or well-being of the public. 71. inclusiveness (noun) – the practice of embracing many different types of people and treating them all fairly and equally. 72. downside (noun) – drawback, disadvantage, stumbling block/negative. 73. substantial (adjective) – considerable, significant. 74. resistance (noun) – opposition, refusal, denial. 75. First Amendment (noun) - The First Amendment (Amendment I) to the United States Constitution prevents the government from making laws which regulate an establishment of religion, prohibit the free exercise of religion, or abridge the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, the freedom of assembly, or the right to petition the government for redress of grievances. It was adopted on December 15, 1791, as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights. 76. censorship (noun) – the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient. 77. bottomless pit (noun) - something that has a lot of something; something that has no limits; hell. 78. conceive (verb) – think up, devise, come up with, formulate. 79. bright-line rule (noun) - a clearly defined rule or standard, composed of objective (actual/real) factors, which leaves little or no room for varying interpretation/understanding. 80. merit (noun) – strong point, advantage, benefit. 81. libel (noun) – defamation, character assassination, misrepresentation. 82. construction (noun) – interpretation, reading, view, understanding. 83. rebarbative (adjective) - offensive, objectionable, unpleasant, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMdisagreeable. 84. plausible (adjective) – reasonable, believable, probable, possible. 85. sieve out (phrasal verb) - remove (unwanted items). 86. veritable (adjective) – authentic, precise, strict.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 21, 2020)

87. appealing (adjective) – attractive, captivating, fascinating.

88. animate (verb) - enliven, vitalize, give life to, energize. 89. liberty (noun) – freedom, independence.

90. fraternity (noun) – brotherhood, solidarity, union, mutual support, friendship. 91. delphic (adjective) – deliberately ambiguous; abstruse; secret; obscure.

92. imprecision (noun) – lack of accuracy. 93. Indian Penal Code (IPC) (noun) – The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is the official criminal code of India. It is a comprehensive code intended to

cover all substantive aspects of criminal law. The draft was passed into law on 6 October 1860. The Code came into operation on 1 January 1862. The Indian Penal Code of 1860, sub-divided into 23 chapters, comprises 511 sections. IPC deals with crimes and punishments. 94. criminalise (verb) – make something (an activity) illegal. 95. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt. 96. enmity (noun) – opposition, hatred/hate, bitterness. 97. ought to (modal verb) – must, should. 98. vaguely (adverb) - absent-mindedly, abstractedly, inattentively, forgetfully. 99. invoke (verb) – cite, refer to, adduce. 100. quell (verb) – crush, stifle, suppress, end. 101. militate (verb) – work against, resist, hinder/oppose. 102. ground (noun) – reason, factor, basis, rationale, premise. 103. enumerate (verb) – calculate, compute, count. 104. public order (noun) – it is essentially the absence of disorder – the quiet and orderly behaviour of people in public space. It involves people behaving sensibly and rationally, and respecting others. 105. incitement (noun) – inducement, instigation, stirring up, provocation. 106. go beyond (phrasal verb) – to go past something, to be more than something, exceed. 107. advocacy (noun) – backing, supporting, endorsing. 108. oblige (verb) – require, compel, bind, obligate. 109. societal (adjective) – relating to society. 110. constitutional morality (noun) – the principle of constitutional morality basically means to bow down to the norms of the Constitution and not to WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMact in a manner which would become violative of the rule of law or reflectible of action in an arbitrary manner. 111. disparaging (adjective) – derogatory, belittling, diminishing. 112. shield (verb) – protect, keep safe, cover, secure.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 21, 2020)

113. disparate (adjective) – contrasting, different, dissimilar.

114. dread (noun) - fear, apprehension, anxiety/worry, concern. 115. exclusion (noun) - expulsion, banning, removal, ejection.

116. civic (adjective) – public, community. 117. incongruence (noun) - out of place, not matching up or not fitting. 118. substantive (adjective) – important, significant, considerable.

119. provision (noun) – term, clause, requirement/condition. 120. vague (adjective) – imprecise, inexact, unclear/uncertain. 121. chisel (verb) - carve, shape, fashion, form.

122. feasible (adjective) – practicable, viable, realistic. 123. tread a fine line (phrase) - If someone is treading a fine line or path, they are acting carefully because they have to avoid making a serious mistake/blunder, especially in a situation where they have to deal with two opposing situations/concepts. 124. deleterious (adjective) – harmful, damaging, adverse. 125. injunction (noun) – judicial order, ruling, directive, warning (that compels a party to do or refrain from specific acts). 126. gag (verb) - prevent, silence, muzzle (someone from spreading news/information). 127. manifest (adjective) – clear, evident, obvious. 128. pitfall (noun) – danger, risk, problem. 129. analogous (adjective) – comparable, parallel, similar. 130. regime (noun) – system, arrangement, scheme. 131. unconditional (adjective) – unreserved, unlimited, unrestricted. 132. evoke (verb) – invoke, give rise to, bring forth, bring to mind. 133. foil (verb) – prevent, stop, defeat, thwart, obstruct. 134. ride on (phrasal verb) - depend on. 135. strike a balance (phrase) – find a fair & reasonable line of action between two contrasting things. 136. utter (verb) - voice, express, deliver, say. 137. room (noun) – scope, opportunity, chance (for something to happen). 138. restitution (noun) - restoration, recovery, return. 139.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM ramify (verb) – branch, split, divide/separate.

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 22, 2020)

1. point of order (noun) - a question raised by a Member (of Parliament) who believes that the rules or customary procedures of the (Parliament) House have been incorrectly applied or overlooked

during the proceedings. 2. abridge (verb) – shorten, curtail, truncate, reduce, lessen, compress,

decrease. 3. take a stand (phrase) - have a strong opinion/approach about something.

4. stand (noun) – opinion, approach, posture, viewpoint, standpoint. 5. division (noun) - In parliamentary procedure, a division of the house or simply division is a method of taking a vote that physically counts members voting. But nowadays in India, this is achieved by getting MPs and MLAs to vote electronically. 6. legislation (noun) – body of laws, rules, regulations, statutes. 7. persistent (adjective) – continuous, constant, unending, unrelenting. 8. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 9. sheer (adjective) – utter, complete, total, absolute, outright. 10. brazenness (noun) – boldness, shamelessness, immodesty, lack of decency. 11. in question (phrase) - at issue, under discussion/consideration; in doubt. 12. ground (noun) – reason, factor, basis, rationale, premise. 13. unambiguous (adjective) – unarguable, undebatable, unquestionable. 14. voice vote (noun) - a voice vote involves the speaker putting a question to the house and then asking the house to put forward its opinion in the forms of ayes (yes) or noes. Based on a rough measure of which side was louder, the speaker decides if the motion was passed or fell through. 15. carry out (phrasal verb) – conduct, perform, execute. 16. in order to (phrase) – with the purpose/aim of. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM17. on record (phrase) – (officially) recorded, documented, registered. Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 22, 2020)

18. disingenuous (adjective) – dishonest, deceitful, double-dealing. 19. to begin with (phrase) – at first, at the outset, at the beginning. 20. disorder (noun) – unrest, disturbance, turmoil, chaos, mayhem.

21. trigger (verb) – cause, provoke, stir up, bring about. 22. Chair (noun) - chairperson; speaker.

23. curiously (adverb) – mysteriously, surprisingly, unexpectedly. 24. go on to (phrasal verb) – continue, proceed (to do something). 25. amid (preposition) – in the middle of, surrounded by; during.

26. din (noun) – uproar, outcry, clamour, commotion. 27. seek (verb) – try to find, try to obtain, aim for, look for. 28. parliamentary select committee (noun) – ‘parliamentary select committee’ can be formed for a specific purpose, for instance, to deliberate on a particular bill. Once the Bill is disposed of, that select committee ceases to exist. whereas “parliamentary standing committee” is usually constituted on an annual basis. but the purpose of these parliamentary committees is to enable detailed consideration of a piece of legislation. 29. dubious (noun) – suspicious, questionable, doubtful. 30. in the wake of (phrase) – as a result of, in the aftermath of, as a consequence of. 31. skulduggery (noun) – trickery, double-dealing, underhandedness. 32. deploy (verb) – use, utilize, employ. 33. regardless of (phrase) – irrespective of, without consideration of, notwithstanding, in spite of. 34. sacrosanct (adjective) – inviolable, sacred, protected (a principle). 35. foremost (adjective) - most important, primary, major, supreme. 36. benevolence (noun) – kindness, goodwill, consideration. 37. the executive (noun) – the executive is a branch of government which enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM38. chaos (noun) – disorder, disarray, turmoil, disorganization, disruption. Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 22, 2020)

39. unsavoury (adjective) – disreputable, unpleasant, disagreeable. 40. deliberative (adjective) – thoughtful, studious, introspective, contemplative.

41. forum (noun) – meeting, assembly, gathering, conference. 42. theatre (noun) – place of action, arena.

43. provocation (noun) – stirring, goading, instigation, agitation. 44. adhere to (verb) – abide by, follow, obey, comply with. 45. decorum (noun) – decency, correctness, propriety, customary

behaviour. 46. articulate (verb) – (of an idea) express, communicate, state. 47. infrequent (noun) - rare, uncommon, unusual. 48. voice (noun) – the right to express one’s opinion/view. 49. curtailed (adjective) – shortened, truncated; restricted/limited. 50. arbitrary (adjective) – whimsical, irrational, casual; autocratic, draconian, anti-democratic. 51. money bill (noun) – The Bill deals with issues such as receipt and spending of money, such as tax laws, laws governing borrowing and expenditure of the government, prevention of black money etc. Under India’s constitutional design, money bill requires only the Lok Sabha’s affirmation/approval (bypassing Rajya Sabha’s affirmation/approval) only for it to turn into law. 52. bypass (verb) – circumvent, avoid, dodge. 53. flat out (phrase) - vigorous, hard, all out. 54. motion of no confidence (noun) – According to rule 198 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of the Lok Sabha, a no-confidence motion is “a motion expressing want of confidence in the Council of Ministers.” It’s a vote in which MPs from all parties decide whether they want the government to continue. It has the power to trigger a general election and could see a new prime minister appointed. 55. threshold (noun) – limit, the level (to react to something). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM56. assent (noun) - approval, acceptance, endorsement. Note:

1. in the air (phrase) - circulating (through air).

2. acknowledgement (noun) – acceptance, admission, realization. 3. aerosol (noun) – In general, aerosols are liquid or solid particles

suspended in air. 4. aerosol transmission (noun) - airborne/droplet transmission; the spread of an infectious agent caused by the dissemination

(spreading/distribution) of droplet nuclei (aerosols) that remain infectious when suspended in air over long distances and time.

5. social/physical distancing (noun) – a term means actively avoiding crowded public places, is a key element in decreasing the rapid spread of COVID-19. This is an effort intended to limit exposure by reducing face-to-face contact and preventing spread among people in community settings. 6. acknowledge (verb) – admit, accept, realize. 7. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. 8. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote. 9. inhalation (noun) – the process of breathing in, taking air. 10. airborne (adjective) – transported/carried by the air. 11. inhale (verb) – breathe in (air). 12. ventilation (noun) – the supplying of fresh air to a room. 13. prolonged (adjective) – lengthy, extended, protracted. 14. virology (noun) - the study of viruses and viral diseases. 15. characterise (verb) – identify, specify, describe. 16. receptor (noun) - a region of tissue which reacts particularly to antigens or others. (antigens -disease causing organisms (bacteria & viruses) and other harmful/toxic foreign substances like insect venom). 17. open letter (noun) - a letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience and so published in a newspaper/magazine/journal. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM18. potential (noun) – possibilities, potentiality, chances.

Note:

19. outbreak (noun) – sudden appearance/occurrence, outburst, breakout,

flare-up. 20. choir practice (noun) - a choir's (a group of singers) regular meeting

for practice in the church. 21. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of

people across a wide area. 22. bewildering (adjective) - perplexing, confusing, surprising.

23. precautionary (adjective) – preventive, safety, protective. 24. refute (verb) – deny, reject, disprove. 25. possibility (noun) – chance, probability. 26. avert (verb) – prevent, stop, avoid. 27. innumerable (adjective) – countless, numerous, untold. 28. probably (adverb) – most likely, in all likelihood, all things considered, perhaps. 29. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. 30. universal masking (noun) - It means that everyone (if able) should wear a mask. 31. viral load (noun) - the amount/quantity of virus in an infected person's blood. 32. expose (verb) – be subjected to something (infectious agents & others). 33. asymptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with no symptoms. 34. symptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with symptoms. 35. pre-symptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with mild illness/symptoms. 36. stay clear of (phrase) - keep away from, keep one's distance from, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMkeep at arm's length, avoid. Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 22, 2020)

1. interpret (verb) – explain, elucidate, clarify, make clear. 2. divergence (noun) – difference, dissimilarity/variance; deviation. 3. check (verb) – restrain, contain, control.

4. objective (noun) – aim, intention, intent, purpose. 5. thwart (verb) – prevent, hamper/hinder, obstruct/block. 6. status quo (noun) – the present situation, the current state, the existing

state of affairs. 7. undermine (verb) – reduce, diminish, impede, hinder. 8. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in

a group, agreement, concurrence. 9. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign-policy. 10. People’s Liberation Army (PLA) (noun) – People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is the armed forces of the country of China and Communist Party of China (CPC). It is one of the largest military forces in the world. 11. mobilise (verb) – (of resources) bring into use. 12. blunt (noun) – brutal, harsh, rough; undiplomatic. 13. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 14. lambast (verb) – censure, condemn, criticize. 15. unilaterally (adverb) – used to indicate something done by a person/country without approval/agreement from other people/countries involved in the situation. 16. confrontation (noun) – conflict, clash, fight, face-off. 17. rebut (verb) - repel, deny, disprove, prove false. 18. allege (verb) – claim, assert, accuse, charge. 19. bore past of bear (verb) – take responsibility for, carry, support, shoulder, take on. 20. disengage (verb) – withdraw, pull out, leave, move out, retreat. 21. on the ground (phrase) – in a situation/place where things are happening really/practically. 22. concrete (adjective) – definite, specific, definitive; factual, actual/real. 23. on the sidelines (phrase) – it refers to a meeting/forum occurs at the WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMsame time as the scheduled meeting/forum, but is not itself an item on the agenda. 24. trilateral (adjective) – involving three nations/parties/groups. 25. sort out (phrasal verb) – resolve, find a solution to, rectify.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 22, 2020)

26. counterpart (noun) – equivalent, equal (person); fellow, peer.

27. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 28. precarious (adjective) – uncertain, unreliable, unpredictable, risky,

dangerous. 29. invest with (verb) - fill, imbue, infuse, charge. 30. considerable (adjective) – reasonable, significant, substantial.

31. not mince words (phrase) – talk/speak straight; call a spade a spade. 32. aggressive (adjective) – hostile, belligerent, bellicose, hawkish, combative.

33. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim, strive, work towards. 34. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 35. sovereignty (noun) – authority, supreme power, domination. 36. territorial integrity (noun) – the principle under international law that nation-states should not attempt to promote secessionist movements or to promote border changes in other nation-states, nor impose a border change through the use of force. 37. assuage (verb) – relieve, alleviate, moderate. 38. anticipation (noun) – expectation, prediction, hope. 39. breakthrough (noun) – very important/significant development or progress. 40. on the eve of (phrase) – a period or day before an important event. 41. accommodation (noun) – settlement, compromise, adjustment, adaptation. 42. illusion (noun) – false impression, deception, misconception, trickery. 43. fall short of (phrase) – fail to meet/reach; be deficient/inadequate/insufficient. 44. difference (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, misunderstanding. 45. abide by (verb) – conform to, adhere to, comply with. 46. protocol (noun) – procedure, convention, rules of conduct. 47. affairs (noun) – concerns, matters, activities. 48. tranquillity (noun) – peacefulness, restfulness, calmness, quietness. 49. escalate (verb) – increase, rise, surge (rapidly). 50. reiterate (verb) – repeat, say again, restate. 51. mechanism (noun) – procedure, process, method/technique. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM52. call for (phrasal verb) – require, publicly ask/necessitate, demand. 53. continuance (noun) – continuation, prolongation, protraction, carrying on.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 22, 2020)

54. confidence-building measures/mechanisms (noun) – confidence-building

measures (CBMs) are planned procedures to prevent hostilities, to avert escalation, to reduce military tension, and to build mutual trust between

countries. 55. shelve (verb) – postpone, put off, delay, defer, reschedule, adjourn. 56. subsequently (adverb) – afterwards, later on, eventually.

57. obliquely (adverb) – indirectly, not in a direct way. 58. stand-off (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, impasse (in a dispute/conflict). 59. for instance (phrase) – as an example.

60. dismissive (adjective) – showing disregard, unconcerned, indifferent, disinterested, unenthusiastic. 61. prevailing (adjective) – existing; being present. 62. go on to (phrasal verb) – continue, proceed (to do something). 63. pontificate (verb) – declaim, express one's opinion, pronounce, moralize. 64. suspicion (noun) – misgiving, doubt/qualm, distrust, scepticism. 65. business as usual (phrase) – routine, regularity, normal pattern. 66. trust deficit (noun) – lack of trust (on authorities-from societal point of view). Situations with low levels of trust are not supportive and often counterproductive. People feel vulnerable and look at each other with suspicion. As a result, they are less open, since they fear that they will not be fairly treated by the other side. 67. tempt (verb) – fascinate, appeal, attract, captivate. 68. reflect (verb) – represent, display, demonstrate, be evidence of. 69. implicitly (adverb) – indirectly, tacitly, understandably, in a implied/hinted way. 70. in one's own way (phrase) - in a method that is particular to oneself. 71. exert (verb) - apply, exercise, employ, deploy, wield (influence). 72. paradox (noun) – contradiction, mystery, conundrum, anomaly. 73. prosecution (noun) – execution, application, carrying out. 74. seemingly (adverb) – as far as one knows, as far as one can see; evidently, apparently. 75. contradictory (adjective) – contrary, contrasting, conflicting, inconsistent. 76. restraint (noun) – control, restriction, limitation. 77. moderation (noun) – self-restraint, restraint, self-control. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM78. attitude (noun) – viewpoint, perspective, standpoint, position, approach. 79. warfare (noun) – fighting, war, combat, conflict. 80. deception (noun) – fraudulence, double-dealing, trickery, cheating. 81. opponent (noun) – rival, enemy, nemesis, contender/opposer.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 22, 2020)

82. emphasize (verb) – bring attention to, draw attention to, highlight.

83. morality (noun) - ethics, ethos, correctness, ethicality. 84. subdue (verb) – conquer, defeat, get the better of, overpower.

85. imbibe (verb) – assimilate, absorb, familiarize, acquire, grasp. 86. adhere to (verb) – abide by, follow, obey, comply with. 87. maxim (noun) - saying, proverb, axiom.

88. extant (adjective) – present, existent, existing. 89. circumstances (noun) – situation, conditions, state of affairs. 90. dilemma (noun) – quandary, predicament, difficulty.

91. probably (adverb) – most likely, in all likelihood, all things considered, perhaps. 92. modus vivendi/modi vivendi (noun) – agreement, deal, understanding, settlement (between two conflicting parties); Modus vivendi is a Latin phrase that literally means “mode of living” or “way of life”. 93. foreclose (verb) – preclude, prevent, remove (a course of action). 94. short of (phrase) – less than. 95. prisoner (noun) - a person who is confined by a situation. 96. in one's own words (phrase) - express something in your own way without copying others. 97. bottom line (noun) - ultimate outcome; final decision, the main part of something. 98. prevail (verb) – exist, be in existence, be present, be prevalent. 99. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 100. jeopardise (verb) – put at risk, put in danger, threaten. 101. ponder (verb) – think about, consider, review, reflect on. 102. conspicuous (adjective) – clearly visible, noticeable, discernible/perceivable. 103. omission (noun) – leaving out, exclusion, non-inclusion. 104. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity, dearth. 105. restoration (noun) – reinstitution, re-establishment, return. 106. convoluted (adjective) – complicated/confused, complex, intricate. 107. notion (noun) – idea, belief, concept. 108. mankind (noun) – the human race, people, humanity. 109. accommodate (verb) – adjust, adapt, attune, get used, get accustomed. 110. cavil (verb) – complain, grumble/moan, find fault with. 111.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM resort (noun) – recourse, utilizing, the use of. 112. confrontational (adjective) – hostile, argumentative, aggressive/belligerent.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 22, 2020)

113. substance (noun) – significant subject, important matter/content, valid

message. 114. style (verb) – manner, way, method.

115. aggravate (verb) – increase, worsen, exacerbate, compound. 116. viz. (adverb) – namely, specifically, in other words. 117. exaggerated (adjective) – overstated, excessive, overemphasized,

amplified/overdone. 118. willingness (noun) – readiness, preparedness, inclination, desire. 119. diplomacy (noun) – negotiation, discussion, talks, dialogue.

120. trait (noun) – characteristic, attribute, feature. 121. reach out (phrasal verb) – contact someone to obtain/offer help/assistance/cooperation. 122. drawn-up (adjective) - composed, formulated, devised. 123. context (noun) – situation, circumstances, conditions. 124. allure (verb) – attract, lure, entice, tempt. 125. cloud (verb) - confuse, muddle; unclear unclear. 126. keep a check on (phrase) - monitor, vigil, guard, watch. 127. burgeoning (adjective) – growing, increasing expanding, mushrooming rapidly. 128. exploit (verb) – take advantage of, make use of, utilize. 129. pandemic (noun) – The worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 130. deepen (verb) – increase/intensify; exacerbate, aggravate, inflame, worsen. 131. influence (noun) – power, authority, sway, leverage. 132. neighbourhood (noun) – (surrounding) area, region, district/country. 133. patently (adverb) – obviously, clearly, apparently/without doubt. 134. coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. 135.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 23, 2020) H

1. world/international/global order (noun) – the arrangement of power and authority that provides the system for the conduct of diplomacy and world politics in relation to the entire world.

2. mark (verb) – indicate, represent, signify, signalize. 3. call for (phrasal verb) - request, require, ask for, necessitate, demand. 4. outdated (adjective) - old, out of date, outmoded.

5. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 6. comprehensive (adjective) – all-inclusive, broad-based, complete/thorough.

7. crisis of confidence (phrase) - a serious loss of confidence in something; uncertainty, doubt, scepticism. 8. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 9. occasion (noun) - time, moment. 10. hardly (adverb) - barely, only just, almost not. 11. fault (verb) - find fault with, complain about, criticize. 12. at/in the forefront of (phrase) – be in a leading/front/important position in an important activity; spearhead, van guard, front line, leading position. 13. organ (noun) - department. 14. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 15. stake a claim (phrase) - assert, declare, proclaim, establish (one's ownership of or right to something). 16. populous (adjective) – densely populated. 17. track record (noun) – previous performance, previous accomplishments, previous achievements. 18. rules-based (adjective) – based on a predetermined set of principles. 19. peacekeeping (noun) - it is defined as the prevention, containment, moderation and termination of hostilities (between hostile countries), through peaceful third party intervention, organized and directed internationally, using multinational forces of soldiers, police, and civilians to restore and maintain peace. 20. veto (noun) – an official right/power to reject a decision/proposal (by a governing body). 21. by virtue of (phrase) – because of, on account of, as a result of. 22. multilateral (adjective) – involving many different countries. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. crux (noun) – essence, most important point, central point. 24. polarisation (noun) – separation of two contrasting groups (based on different opinions/beliefs).

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (SEP 23, 2020) H

25. heed (verb) – pay attention to, take into account, consider. 26. end up (phrasal verb) - turn up, come/go to, appear, reach (a place, condition, or situation that was unplanned/unexpected).

27. underline (verb) - underscore, emphasize, highlight. 28. coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs

of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and

even death. 29. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 30. standstill (noun) – a situation in which something stops happening; halt, dead stop. 31. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in. 32. frustrate (verb) - discourage, dishearten, depress, dissatisfy; irritate, annoy. 33. dysfunctional (adjective) – not functioning/working normally or properly; troubled, unsettled, flawed. 34. prevail (verb) – exist, be in existence, be present, be prevalent. 35. Inter-Governmental Negotiations Framework (IGN) (noun) – a group of nation-states working within the United Nations to further reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). 36. rollover (noun) – the extension/transfer of a particular (financial) arrangement. 37. wield (verb) - exercise, exert, be possessed of, have, command. 38. comfort (noun) - relief, easement, alleviation. 39. pledge (verb) - promise, give one's word, vow/swear, give an assurance. 40. instil (noun) - imbue, introduce , infuse, inculcate. 41. perils (noun) – dangers, difficulties, risks. 42. peace-building (noun as modifier) - action to identify and support WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMstructures which will tend to strengthen and solidify peace. 43. architecture (noun) – structure, framework, formation.

Note:

1. precarious (adjective) – risky, dangerous,

unsafe; hazardous, perilous, unreliable. 2. incentive (noun) – financial assistance; stimulus, impetus.

3. suburban (adjective) - suburban area is a mixed-use or residential area, existing either as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city.

4. metropolitan (noun) – a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing

industry, infrastructure, and housing. 5. witness (verb) - see, observe, view, notice. 6. receding (adjective) - abating, diminishing, lessening, decreasing. 7. expose (verb) – reveal, uncover, lay bare. 8. dwelling (place) (noun) – residence, house, place of residence. 9. prosperous (adjective) – flourishing, thriving, successful, productive. 10. hapless (adjective) – unfortunate, unlucky, ill-fated. 11. powerloom (noun) – a mechanized loom uses water, steam or electricity for its operation. (loom is a device for weaving threads for getting cloth). 12. aging (adjective) - old. 13. trap (verb) - confine, hem in; get stuck, get caught. 14. debris (noun) - broken pieces of a building; rubble, wreckage. 15. liability (noun) - accountability, responsibility, answerability. 16. inevitably (adverb) – unavoidably, certainly, definitely. 17. abide by (verb) – conform to, adhere to, comply with. 18. audit (noun) – inspection, examination, appraisal/assessment, investigation. 19. unfailingly (adverb) – always, constantly, reliably/steadily. 20. for now (phrase) – for the time being, for the moment, for the present. 21. rain-drenched (adjective) - swamped, submerged, inundated, flooded (by rain). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. traumatic (adjective) – stressful, painful, distressing, disturbing. Note:

23. calamity (noun) – disaster, catastrophe, tragedy.

24. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote. 25. staggering (adjective) – astonishing, shocking, surprising.

26. quantum (noun) – measure, amount, portion. 27. alarm (noun) – danger signal, distress signal, alert. 28. flimsy (adjective) – unconvincing, unsatisfactory, unsubstantial.

29. render (verb) – make, cause to be, cause to become. 30. feasible (adjective) – practicable, viable, realistic.

31. raise the bar (phrase) – increase/raise the standards that others to meet/qualify. 32. hazard (noun) – danger, threat, risk. 33. lack (verb) – be without, be in need of, require, be short of. 34. carry out (phrasal verb) – conduct, perform, execute. 35. comprehensive (adjective) – all-inclusive, broad-based, complete/thorough. 36. tax-deductible expenses (noun) – for tax purposes, a deductible is an expense that an individual or a business can subtract from adjusted gross income while completing a tax form. 37. interference (noun) – intervention, meddling, unwarranted involvement. 38. enforcement (noun) – administration, imposition, implementation, execution. 39. make clear (phrase) - explain, clarify, elucidate. 40. profound (adjective) – deep, serious, difficult, intense. 41. market-led (adjective) - influenced by the market. 42. hybrid (adjective) – composed/combined of different elements. 43. affordable (adjective) – reasonable, competitive. 44. accommodation (noun) – housing. 45. scale (noun) - extent, size, magnitude.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 23, 2020)

1. usher in (verb) – start, begin, initiate.

2. point of view (noun) - position, perspective, viewpoint, standpoint, angle.

3. psychologist (noun) – a specialist in psychology. 4. fancy (noun) – think, imagine, believe, have an idea. 5. unhindered (verb) – unopposed, unconstrained, unhindered, unimpeded.

6. organically (adverb) – systematically, methodically, coherently. 7. (at) the best of times (phrase) - even when the circumstances/conditions are as favourable as possible.

8. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 9. render (verb) – make, cause to be, cause to become. 10. biased (adjective) – prejudiced, partial, partisan, one-sided, subjective. 11. thrust (noun) - intention, essence, meaning. 12. teem with (phrase) - be full of, be packed with, be crowded with. 13. pertinent (adjective) – relevant, appropriate, applicable. 14. consideration (noun) - thought, deliberation, analysis, examination. 15. exacerbation (noun) – an increase /rise of something (bad situation/feeling). 16. inequality (noun) – Inequality is simply defined as “the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities; imbalance, unevenness, disproportion, disparity. 17. pedagogical (adjective) – relating to teaching. 18. lead to (verb) – cause, result in, bring on, bring about. 19. unwarranted (adjective) – unjustified, unnecessary, unreasonable, uncalled for, groundless. 20. thrust (noun) - force, push, pressure. 21. truism (noun) – cliché, banality, overworked/hackneyed saying, platitude. 22. calamity (noun) – disaster, catastrophe, tragedy. 23. man-made (adjective) – artificial. 24. underprivileged (adjective) – disadvantaged, impoverished, poverty- stricken. 25. no exception (phrase) – as usual, the same as, to be similar. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM26. plight (noun) – difficult situation, trouble/difficulty, quandary. 27. migrant (noun) – a person who moves from one region to another – either within a country or across national borders in order to find work or better living conditions.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 23, 2020)

28. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority.

29. deprivation (noun) – poverty, impoverishment, hardship, destitution. 30. in terms of (phrase) – with regard to, regarding/concerning, in connection with.

31. come about (phrase) – happen, occur, take place, transpire. 32. cumulative (adjective) – collective, aggregate, total. 33. grit (noun) - courage, bravery, mettle, spirit.

34. shutdown (noun) – closure of a (complete) system; closing down, winding up. 35. counterpart (noun) – equivalent, equal (person); fellow, peer.

36. well-to-do (adjective) - wealthy, rich, affluent, substantial. 37. glib (adjective) – superficial, thoughtless, insincere. 38. semi-literate (adjective) - poorly educated. 39. illiterate (adjective) – uneducated, unlearned, unlettered. 40. pool (noun) - a group of people available for work (when needed as a resource). 41. imaginary (adjective) – unreal, non-existent, fictional. 42. (be) better than nothing (phrase) - used for saying that something is not exactly what you required but is more helpful than having nothing at all. 43. enhancement (noun) – increase, improvement, strengthening, augmentation. 44. criterion (noun) – basis, standard, norm. (criteria is the plural form of criterion). 45. burdensome (adjective) – taxing, inconvenient, troublesome, worrisome. 46. quantum (noun) – measure, amount, portion. 47. blur (verb) – make indistinct/unclear, make vague, unfocus. 48. hardly (adverb) – not; barely, slightly. 49. in particular (phrase) – particularly, specifically, especially. 50. misconception (noun) – misunderstanding, misinterpretation, misreading, false impression. 51. ambiguity (noun) – inexactness, doubtfulness, obscurity/opacity. 52. emphasis (noun) – prominence, importance, significance. 53. lay/put stress on (phrase) - to give special importance to; to provide special attention to. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM54. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 55. precise (adjective) - exact, accurate, specific. 56. nitpicking (noun) - (scrupulous/careful) fault-finding. 57. relative (adjective) – reasonable, a fair degree of, considerable, some.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 23, 2020)

58. at all (phrase) – in any way, by any means.

59. instructive (adjective) – useful, informative, instructional, revealing, explanatory, telling. 60. glibly (adverb) – thoughtlessly, insincerely.

61. incrementally (adverb) – in an incremental way; by small additions. 62. provoke (verb) – inspire, stimulate, cause, give rise to.

63. distinguish (verb) – differentiate, discern, tell the difference between. 64. discriminate (verb) – disfavour, be biased, treat differently; differentiate, distinguish, separate.

65. stay on (phrasal verb) - continue to study/work/task. 66. objective (noun) – aim, intention, intent, purpose. 67. in the hands of (phrase) – in the possession of. 68. on paper (phrase) – in theory, theoretically, hypothetically. 69. harbinger (noun) – sign, indicator, indication, signal. 70. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 71. mechanism (noun) – procedure, process, method/technique. 72. go through (phrasal verb) – undergo, experience, be subjected to, live through. 73. get over (phrasal verb) – overcome, prevail over, triumph over, get the better of. 74. pedagogy (noun) – teaching, tutoring, coaching/training. 75. devastate (verb) – wreck, ruin, destroy; shatter, traumatize, distress. 76. silver bullet (noun) - a simple solution to a complex problem. 77. remedy (verb) - put right, set right, rectify, solve, resolve. 78. ills (noun) – problems, troubles, difficulties. 79. overemphasise (verb) – overstress, exaggerate, overdo, overplay, overdramatize. 80. think of (phrase) - consider, contemplate, deliberate about, reflect on (an idea). 81. sub-optimally (adverb) - in a way/manner that is below the optimal (best possible) level or standard of something. 82. foreclose (verb) – preclude, prevent, remove (a course of action). 83. intellectually (adverb) - cognitively, studiously, intelligently. 84. in conclusion (phrase) - finally, lastly, to conclude. 85. neediest superlative adjective of needy (adjective) – poor/poverty- WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMstricken, underprivileged, impoverished. 86. leave someone in the lurch (phrase) - to abandon or leave someone (without help and protection) in a difficult situation; leave helpless, leave stranded, let down.

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 24, 2020)

1. a light touch (phrase) - a careful way of handling/doing something. 2. abound (verb) – be in large numbers; be plentiful, be abundant, be

numerous. 3. sagacious (adjective) – wise, thoughtful, sensible. 4. harm-causing (adjective) - causing harm.

5. disinformation (noun) – deception, falsification, lie, falsehood. 6. in the offing (phrase) - coming soon, likely to happen, on the

way, forthcoming. 7. affidavit (noun) – sworn statement, self attestation, self declaration. 8. call (for) (noun) – demand, requirement, need.

9. self-regulatory (adjective) - controlled by the people involved in something, instead of by outside organizations or rules. 10. mechanism (noun) – procedure, process, method/technique. 11. need of the hour (phrase) – some (urgent) need/requirement/demand at a particular point of time. 12. instead (adverb) – rather, by contrast, as an alternative, as a substitute. 13. check (noun) - control, restraint, constraint. 14. venomous (adjective) - poisonous, nasty, hate-filled, bitter. 15. hatred (noun) – hate, dislike, hostility. 16. intermediary (noun) - any person who on behalf of another person receives, stores, or transmits that electronic record or provides any service with respect to that record. This definition is very wide and covers a diverse set of service providers, ranging from Internet service providers, search engines, web hosting service providers, to e- commerce platforms or even social media platforms. 17. responsive (adjective) – reactive, flexible, approachable, sensitive. 18. accountable (adjective) – responsible, liable, answerable. 19. polarising (adjective) – dividing, separating, parting. 20. hate speech (noun) – abusive or disrespectful speech. 21. age-old (adjective) – old-time, traditional, enduring, long-established. 22. amplify (verb) - raise, intensify, escalate. 23. fanciful (adjective) – unrealistic, impractical, unfeasible, unworkable. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM24. for one (phrase) - used for highlighting that someone is thinking in a particular way, even if other people are not.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 24, 2020)

25. incendiary (adjective) – inflammatory, provocative, agitational, arousing, controversial.

26. fuel (verb) – incite, fan, provoke, goad (an emotion). 27. in place (phrase) – established, set up, arranged. 28. lacking (adjective) – deficient, inadequate, insufficient; defective,

faulty, flawed. 29. will (noun) – wish/desire, intention, decision, choice, disposition.

30. irrespective of (adjective) – notwithstanding, without regard for, regardless of. 31. affiliation (noun) – connection, relationship, cooperation, rapport.

32. flip side (noun) – other side. 33. regulate (verb) - control, supervise, oversee, monitor, check. 34. throttle (verb) – suppress, inhibit, stifle, control/restrict. 35. euphemism (noun) – polite/indirect term; a mild or pleasant word or phrase that is used instead of one that is unpleasant or offensive. 36. censorship (noun) – the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient. 37. brush away (phrasal verb) – ignore, dismiss, disregard, shrug off. 38. wave (noun) - (sudden) surge, upsurge, ripple, outbreak. 39. pursue (verb) – engage in, conduct, follow. 40. legitimate (adjective) – rightful, lawful; valid, reasonable, reliable. 41. accountability (noun) – responsibility, liability, answerability. 42. well thought-out (adjective) – carefully considered and planned. 43. measured (adjective) – thoughtful, careful, considered. 44. liability (noun) – accountability, responsibility, answerability. 45. scrutiny (noun) – examination, inspection, investigation. 46. immunity (noun) – exemption, exception, freedom, release (from legal proceedings). 47. in this regard (phrase) – in connection with the aspect/consideration/point referred earlier. 48. intervention (noun) – involvement, interference, interposition. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM49. well-considered (adjective) – examined, thought-out, planned carefully.

Note:

1. unlock (verb) – free (from restrictions); undo.

2. academic (noun) – relating to an educational institution. 3. surge (noun) – sudden increase, rise.

4. prospects (noun) – chances, possibilities opportunities (for success). 5. normalised (adjective) - regulated, fine-tuned, bringing back to normal condition.

6. regime (noun) – system or arrangement. 7. far from (phrase) – not, not at all, nowhere near.

8. factor in (phrasal verb) - take into account, take into consideration, consider, regard. 9. uncertainty (noun) – unpredictability, unreliability, riskiness/precariousness. 10. blended (adjective) - mixed, combined, merged. 11. measure (noun) – course of action, action, procedure. 12. semblance (noun) – appearance, approximation; likeness, similarity. 13. normality (noun) – a normal state of affairs, regularity. 14. apprehension (noun) – anxiety, worry, uneasiness, misgiving, disquiet. 15. preprint (noun) - a full draft of a research paper that is shared publicly before it has been peer reviewed/has been sent to press for publication. 16. in-person (adjective) – physically, personally, bodily, actually. 17. in-person instruction/learning/course (noun) - classroom instruction/learning/course; face-to-face instruction/learning/course. 18. median (adjective) – mean, average. 19. voice (verb) - express, communicate, point out. 20. preparedness (noun) – readiness. 21. coincide with (verb) - coexist, concur, happen together.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

22. incidence (noun) – it refers to the number of new cases that develop

in a given period of time whereas prevalence refers to the number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given

time. 23. absolute (adjective) – total, entire, full. 24. frighteningly (adverb) - scaringly, horrifyingly, alarmingly,

shockingly, appallingly. 25. RT-PCR testing (noun) – Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain

Reaction (RT-PCR) Testing; it is one of the most accurate laboratory methods for detecting, tracking, and studying the coronavirus. It is a nuclear-derived method for detecting the presence of specific genetic material from any pathogen, including a virus. (pathogen is a bacteria/virus that causes disease). 26. pursue (verb) – engage in, conduct, follow. 27. contact tracing (noun) – it is defined as the identification and followup of persons who may have come into contact with a person infected with the virus. 28. manage (verb) - influence, manipulate (doctor, alter/change the data). 29. rather than (phrase) – instead on. 30. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 31. slash (verb) – reduce, lower, drop. 32. inflate (verb) – escalate, exaggerate, magnify, overstate. 33. antigen (noun) – disease causing organisms (bacteria & viruses) and other harmful/toxic foreign substances like insect venom that induce an immune response in the body.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMexample sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 24, 2020)

34. rapid antigen test (RAT) (noun) – It is a test on swabbed nasal

samples that detects antigens (foreign substances that induce an immune response in the body) that are found on or within the SARS-

CoV-2 virus. It is a point-of-care test, performed outside the conventional laboratory setting, and is used to quickly obtain a diagnostic result. In a reliable rapid antigen detection test, the

maximum duration for interpreting a positive or negative test is 30 minutes.

35. positivity rate (noun) – the proportion of positives to total tests done for a disease; the percentage of tests that are turning out to be positive for a disease. 36. fraught (adjective) – anxious/worried, distressed, agitated/panicky. 37. consequence (noun) – result, outcome, effect; ramification, repercussion. 38. illusion (noun) – false impression, deception, misconception, trickery. 39. discontent (noun) - dissatisfaction, disaffection, disgruntlement, grievances, unhappiness, displeasure. 40. multi-generational home (noun) – multi-generational homes are designed to provide space for multiple generations (elder to younger) to live together under one roof. 41. household (noun) – family, house. 42. potentially (adverb) – likely, may be, possibly, probably. 43. vigil (noun) – surveillance, close watch, monitoring. 44. adherence to (noun) – commitment to, attachment to (a clause/condition). 45. (social) distancing (noun) – a term means actively avoiding crowded public places, is a key element in decreasing the rapid spread of COVID-19. This is an effort intended to limit exposure by reducing face-to-face contact and preventing spread among people in community settings. 46. carry conviction (phrase) – be convincing; likely to be real/true; WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMlikely to be believed.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 24, 2020)

1. dystopia (noun) – an imaginary place where people live in fear under totalitarian/oppressive/undemocratic system; an imaginary community

or society that is undesirable or frightening. 2. timely (adjective) - well timed, at the right time, appropriate, suitable, apt.

3. live through (phrasal verb) – survive, undergo (an unpleasant experience or period). 4. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually.

5. arguably (adverb) – possibly, conceivably, maybe, potentially. 6. criterion (noun) – basis, standard, norm. (criteria is the plural form of criterion). 7. evaluation (noun) – assessment, analysis, appraisal. 8. formally (adverb) – officially. 9. universal suffrage/franchise (noun) – the right of citizens in a given society who are entitled to vote in an election without the discrimination of caste, class, colour, religion or sex. 10. to one’s credit (phrase) – used to mention that someone deserves praise/admiration. 11. plaudits (noun) – praise/acclaim, kudos, commendation. 12. changeover (noun) - transformation, change, conversion, adaptation/adjustment. 13. judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested. 14. liberty (noun) – freedom, independence. 15. observation (noun) – review, attention, study, scrutiny, examination, inspection. 16. to an extent (phrase) - somewhat, partly, fairly. 17. amount to (verb) – be regarded as, comprise, be equivalent to, be tantamount to, be equal to. 18. for one's own sake (phrase) - for the benefit/advantage oneself. 19. socioeconomic (noun) – relating to the interaction of social (position, rank, or importance) and economic (income, pay, and wealth) aspects. 20. architecture (noun) – building design, planning, structure, framework. 21. without pause (phrase) - without pausing/stopping. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. inhabitant (noun) – resident, dweller; people/public. 23. for instance (phrase) – as an example.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 24, 2020)

24. potentially (adverb) – likely, may be, possibly, probably. 25. metric (noun) - a system (of measurement).

26. perception (noun) – understanding/interpretation, idea/thought, belief, discernment. 27. responsiveness (noun) – reactiveness, approachability.

28. World Happiness Report (noun) - a landmark survey of the state of global happiness that ranks 156 countries by how happy their citizens perceive themselves to be.

29. barely (adverb) – only just, hardly. 30. edge (verb) - move, advance gradually/slowly. 31. index (noun) – indicator, guide, mark, measure. 32. slide (noun) – fall, drop, plunge/descend (to a lower level). 33. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 34. explicit (adjective) – clear, detailed, definite, categorical. 35. fullness (noun) – completeness, comprehensiveness, thoroughness, all- inclusiveness. 36. synonymous with (adjective) – closely associated with. 37. statism (noun) - a political system in which the centralization of power (in a state) is the ideal or best way to control social and economic affairs. 38. empowerment (noun) – authorization, endorsement, entitlement. 39. emancipation (noun) – release, setting free, liberation, freedom. 40. remarkably (adverb) – strikingly, exceptionally, incredibly. 41. constrain (verb) – restrict, limit, restrain. 42. self-affirming (adjective) – self-asserting, self-declaring, self-attesting. 43. restraint (noun) – control, restriction, limitation. 44. endowment (noun) – quality, characteristic, feature, attribute. 45. sense of (noun) - understanding, comprehension, discernment. 46. undertake (verb) – engage in, become involved in, take part in; begin/start, embark on. 47. think of (phrase) – consider, contemplate, deliberate about, reflect on (an idea). 48. end up (phrasal verb) – come/appear, find oneself (to a particular course WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMof action in the end). 49. possess (verb) – have, be blessed with (a characteristic/quality/trait).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 24, 2020)

50. radical (adjective) – unusual, irregular, unorthodox, unfamiliar, uncommon.

51. emphasise (verb) – draw attention to, put stress on, underscore, highlight. 52. self-help (noun) - self-improvement is a self-guided improvement.

53. equip (verb) - prepare, qualify, suit (for a particular task). 54. social sanction (noun) – a social reaction of approval or disapproval in response to someone's actions.

55. de-legitimise (verb) – reverse/withdraw legitimate status of something. 56. fare (verb) - proceed, get along, progress, perform. 57. in terms of (phrase) - with regard to, regarding, concerning, with reference to. 58. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote. 59. incongruence (noun) – out of place, not matching up or not fitting. 60. evoke (verb) – invoke, give rise to, bring forth, bring to mind. 61. instrumental (adjective) – influential, contributory; helpful, useful, conducive. 62. namely (adverb) – specifically, in other words, that is. 63. deflection (noun) – deviation, divergence, declination. 64. authoritarianism (noun) – autocracy, fascism, totalitarianism/draconianism. 65. voice (noun) – the right to express one’s opinion/view. 66. foresee (verb) – anticipate, predict, envisage, envision. 67. endow (verb) – give, provide, equip. 68. conjoin (verb) – connect, unite, combine. 69. aspiration (noun) – desire, hope, wish, ambition, goal. 70. neglect (noun) - negligence, carelessness, irresponsibility, laxity. 71. repression (noun) – suppression, quelling, restraint. 72. ritualistic (adjective) – traditional, formal, historic, long-standing. 73. implicit (adjective) – implied, indirect, understood inherent, inbuilt, underlying. 74. First Amendment (noun) – The first amendment of the Constitution (of India) in 1951 was to empower the state to undertake affirmative action for the advancement of any socially and economically backward classes WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMor categories of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes by restricting the application of fundamental rights.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 24, 2020)

75. affirmative action (noun) – it means positive steps taken to increase the representation of (women and) minorities in areas of employment,

education, and culture from which they have been historically excluded. 76. enjoin (verb) – encourage, urge, instruct (to do something). 77. inevitably (adverb) – unavoidably, certainly, definitely.

78. consequential (noun) – important, significant, major. 79. underinvestment (noun) - insufficient investment. 80. strike (verb) – (of a disaster) affect, afflict, attack, come upon.

81. metropolitan (noun) – a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing. 82. respiratory (adjective) – relating to or affecting breathing (or organs of breathing). 83. avert (verb) – prevent, stop, avoid. 84. thus far (phrase) – until now, till date. 85. forebode (verb) - indicate, predict, foretell, portend (something, a bad or misfortune situation) in advance. 86. gruesome (adjective) – horrible, grim, dreadful/terrible. 87. resort to (verb) – use, utilize, turn to, have recourse to. 88. inaction (noun) – inactivity, negligence, disregard. 89. dare (verb) - have the courage to do something. 90. primary health care (noun) – it is a whole-of-society approach to health and well-being centred on the needs and preferences of individuals, families and communities. It addresses the broader determinants of health and focuses on the comprehensive and interrelated aspects of physical, mental and social health and well being. 91. fend for oneself (verb) – take care of oneself, look after oneself, manage by oneself. 92. under the watchful eyes of (phrase) - watched closely by someone with power or authority. 93. authoritarian (adjective) – autocratic, dictatorial, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMtotalitarian, illiberal, oppressive. Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 25, 2020)

1. disengagement (noun) – withdrawal, departure, retreat (of military troops from an area of conflict).

2. standoff (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, impasse (in a dispute/conflict). 3. confrontation (noun) – conflict, clash, fight, face-off. 4. frontline (noun) – vanguard, firing line, battlefield, combat zone.

5. hit pause (phrase) - to cease/stop an action temporarily. 6. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running

through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 7. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually. 8. genesis (noun) – origin/source, beginning, emergence. 9. deployment (noun) – the act of employing forces/troops into effective action. 10. subsequent (adjective) – following, ensuing, successive. 11. transgression (noun) – infringement, contravention, breach, violation. 12. Valley (noun) – a low area between hills or mountains typically with a river running through it. Valley is a metonym of Jammu & Kashmir in this context (Metonym is used as an alternative for something else with which it is closely related/associated). 13. hot springs (noun) – Hot Springs (Kyam) is the location of an Indian border checkpost operated by Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) in the Chang Chenmo River valley in Ladakh near the disputed border with China. It is so named because there is a hot spring at this location. (hot spring is generally a spring (well head) with water at temperatures substantially higher than the air temperature of the surrounding region). 14. plains (noun) – plains are large, flat pieces of land with no drastic changes in elevation. Plains can be found at any altitude (height), though they are usually lower than the land surrounding them. Mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains are the four major types of landforms of the Earth.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

15. tenet (noun) – principle, belief, doctrine/rule. 16. keep the peace (phrase) – to avoid or stop arguing/disputing/fighting.

17. lead to (verb) - result in, cause, give rise to, bring about. 18. extraordinary (adjective) – rare, unusual, uncommon. 19. build-up (noun) – development, escalation, expansion.

20. scale (noun) – extent, size, magnitude. 21. Corps (noun) – it literally means “army body”; The corps is treated as an operational unit of employment by the Army and can be comprised of

20,000-45,000 soldiers. It is sometimes known as a field corps, which consists of two or more divisions. It is commanded by the Corps Commander, who holds the rank of Lieutenant General. “Corps” was first introduced in France about 1805 by Napoleon as a more flexible tactical grouping of two or more divisions. 22. strengthen (verb) – increase, make stronger, shore up, reinforce, fortify, bolster. 23. on the ground (phrase) – in a situation/place where things are happening really/practically. 24. refrain from (verb) – stop oneself, abstain, desist from, hold back. 25. unilaterally (adverb) – used to indicate something done by a person/country without approval/agreement from other people/countries involved in the situation. 26. besides (preposition) – in addition to, apart from. 27. underline (verb) – underscore, emphasize, highlight. 28. potentially (adverb) – likely, may be, possibly, probably. 29. stem (verb) - lessen, reduce, diminish; control, restrain, restrict. 30. the bleeding (noun) - annoyance, displeasure, irritation. 31. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out.

Note:

32. friction (noun) – conflict, dispute, fighting/clashing. 33. unhindered (adjective) – unopposed, unconstrained, unimpeded.

34. patrolling (noun) – watching/guarding an area (over a period of time). 35. patrolling points (PPs) (noun) - PPs are patrolling points identified and marked on the LAC, which are patrolled with a stipulated frequency by

the security forces. 36. restoration (noun) – reinstitution, re-establishment, return. 37. status quo ante (phrase) – a Latin phrase meaning “the state of affairs

existing before” (or) “the way things were before”. 38. unilateral (adjective) – relating to a method of taking decisions (particularly on international relations) by a state (country) individually without considering other states (countries). In general, it is relating to the decision taken individually without consulting with the others concerned. 39. status quo (noun) – the present situation, the current state, the existing state of affairs. 40. in the midst of (phrase) – in the middle of. 41. two-fold (adjective) – having two parts/elements. 42. manoeuvre (noun) – (military) training activity, operation. 43. dial down (phrasal verb) – reduce, lessen, decrease (the intensity of something). 44. albeit (conjunction) – though, even though, however. 45. on one's own terms (phrase) - according to someone's conditions; In the manner that someone prefers. 46. give up (phrasal verb) – abandon, forgo, renounce, relinquish. 47. territorial (adjective) – geographical. 48. far from (phrase) – not, not at all, nowhere near.

Note:

1. hand (noun) - help, a helping hand, assistance, aid, support.

2. Foreign Contribution Regulations Act, 2010 (FCRA) (noun) - It regulates the acceptance and utilisation of foreign contribution by individuals, associations and companies.

3. fill in (phrasal verb) - do someone's job as a substitute (when they are unable to do it).

4. stifle (verb) – constrain, restrain, prevent, hamper, impede. 5. stakeholder (noun) – a person with an interest in something. 6. clip the wings of (phrase) - to limit/restrict someone’s freedom;

impose limits on, keep within bounds, keep under control; obstruct, impede, thwart. 7. battered (adjective) – damaged. 8. onerous (adjective) – burdensome, difficult, tough, troublesome, stressful. 9. entity (noun) - organization, establishment. 10. overwhelm (verb) – engulf, swamp, overrun, overpower/inundate; overburden, beset. 11. rationality (noun) – practicality, viability, possibility/stability. 12. influence (noun) – effect, impact; direction, domination. 13. bar (verb) – prevent, prohibit, forbid, ban. 14. propagation (noun) – spreading and promoting an idea/theory. 15. delink (verb) – separate, isolate, cut off. 16. conversion (noun) - changing one's religion. 17. inducement (noun) – motivation, incentive, temptation, stimulation, lure. 18. touchstone (noun) – criterion, standard, measure, point of reference. 19. well-meaning (adjective) - good-natured, caring, kind-hearted. 20. besides (preposition) – in addition to, apart from. 21. show up (phrasal verb) – expose, reveal, exhibit, unveil. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. overregulated (adjective) - over-controlled. Note:

23. jurist (noun) – an expert in law.

24. incompatible with (adjective) - at odds with, at variance with, differing from. 25. obligation (noun) – duty, responsibility, commitment.

26. provision (noun) – term, clause, requirement/condition. 27. seamless (adjective) - smooth and continuous.

28. aid (verb) – help, assist, support. 29. cite (verb) – refer to, adduce, make reference to, invoke. 30. ethos (noun) – ethics/beliefs, principles, standards.

31. Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (phrase) - a Sanskrit phrase found in Hindu texts such as the Maha Upanishad, which means "The World is One Family". 32. framework (noun) – structure, system, composition, organization. 33. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 34. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 35. underscore (verb) – underline, emphasize, highlight. 36. proactive (adjective) – aggressive, intense, passionate. 37. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim, strive (to achieve something). 38. aversion (noun) – resistance, unwillingness, reluctance, avoidance; dislike, disinclination. 39. environmentalism (noun) - a social movement or as an ideology focused on the welfare of the environment. Environmentalism seeks to protect and conserve the elements of earth's ecosystem. 40. patriotism (noun) – devoted love and support for country; nationalism, national loyalty. 41. call into question (phrase) – doubt, distrust, suspect. 42. to be fair (phrase) - used for making criticism less intense. 43. predate (verb) – happen at a date earlier than (something).

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

44. quantify (verb) – measure the quantity of.

45. Gross domestic product (GDP) (noun) – a measure of economic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and service.

46. allegedly (adverb) – supposedly, purportedly, reportedly. 47. insinuate (verb) – imply, suggest, hint.

48. conspiracy (noun) – (unlawful) plan, intrigue, collaboration/deception, deceitful strategy. 49. paranoia (noun) – unreasonable suspicion, disbelief, mistrust,

misgiving (of other people). 50. legitimate (adjective) – valid, reasonable, reliable. 51. binary (noun) – something having two parts. 52. join hands (phrase) – work together with. 53. legislate (verb) - make laws, pass laws, enact laws. 54. escape route (noun) - a preplanned means of escape from a dangerous situation. 55. violation (noun) – breach, breaking, non-observance. 56. disadvantaged (adjective) – deprived, poverty-stricken, underprivileged. 57. at times (phrase) - sometimes, occasionally, periodically. 58. supplement (verb) – augment, increase, add to, boost. 59. presumption (noun) – assumption, supposition, belief/expectation, conclusion. 60. guilt (noun) - culpability, blameworthiness, wrongdoing, criminality, unlawfulness, misconduct. 61. amount to (verb) – be regarded as, comprise, be equivalent to, be tantamount to, be equal to. 62. throw the baby out with the bathwater (phrase) – throw something valuable away with something unwanted. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM63. barrier (noun) – blockade, bar, hurdle, barricade. Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 25, 2020)

1. shadow force (noun) - a force (Special Frontier Force) which is scrupulously (carefully) stayed out of the

spotlight/headlines; Ghost/Shadow/Phantom Army. 2. apart (adverb) - separately, independently. 3. stand-off (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, impasse (in a

dispute/conflict). 4. far away (adjective/phrase) – distant in time, far off.

5. mystic (adjective) - another term for mystical; supernatural, magical, other-worldly. 6. celestial (adjective) – supremely good; heavenly, divine, godly.

7. snow lion (noun) - ‘Gangs Seng Ge’ in Tibetan, the snow lion is a powerful celestial animal that resides in the eastern Himalayas (Tibet). It is the emblem of Tibet showcasing its eternally snow-covered mountains and glaciers, even as it symbolises power, strength, fearlessness and the joy of living. 8. lore (noun) - beliefs, sayings, oral tradition, myths. 9. emblem (noun) - symbol, representation, figure. 10. eternally (adverb) - permanently, forever, continuously, always. 11. glacier (noun) - a large body of ice which flows under its own mass. 12. intrepid (adjective) – fearless, unafraid, heroic. 13. frontier (noun/adjective) – border, boundary, borderline. 14. Special Frontier Force (SFF) (noun) - Ghost/Shadow Army; The Special Frontier Force is a covert (secret) outfit that was raised by the Intelligence Bureau in the aftermath of the 1962 Sino-India war. Earlier, the SFF used to recruit Tibetan exiles but now it has a mixture of Tibetans and Gorkhas. Initially, the SFF was named Establishment 22. Strictly speaking, the SFF units are not part of the Indian Army but function under its operational control. 15. height (noun) - high places, high ground. 16. Theatre Command (noun) - a military structure wherein all the assets of the army, air force and navy in a particular theatre (warfare) of war are under the operational control of a three-star general. 17. Western Theatre Command (noun) - it is one of the five theatre WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcommands of the People's Liberation Army of China since 2016. Its jurisdiction includes Sichuan, Tibet & etc.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 25, 2020)

18. theatre (warfare) (noun) - the area of air, sea and land that is directly involved in war. 19. take to (phrase) – resort to, turn to, have recourse to.

20. branch off (phrasal verb) - diverge/depart from the main route. 21. feeder road (noun) - a road which runs parallel with high-speed roads,

allowing easier access to local amenities; service road. 22. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running

through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 23. incursion (noun) – invasion/attack; it is the act of entering another’s territory; And it is the sudden arrival of someone into an area where they do not belong. 24. no man’s land (noun) – disputed land/ground. 25. patrol (verb) - watch/guard an area (over a period of time). 26. plains (noun) – plains are large, flat pieces of land with no drastic changes in elevation. Plains can be found at any altitude (height), though they are usually lower than the land surrounding them. Mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains are the four major types of landforms of the Earth. 27. airstrip (noun) - landing strip, airfield; a runway for aircraft, especially one used only by private or military aircraft. 28. slug fest (noun) – fight/dispute (by much heavy punching/blows); fist fighting. 29. summit (noun) – mountain top, peak. 30. melee (noun) - tumult, disturbance, commotion, disorder. 31. club (noun) – a heavy stick. 32. barbed (adjective) – sharp, pointed/hooked, spiky/spiked. 33. machete (noun) – a broad, heavy knife used as a weapon. 34. swiftly (adverb) – quickly, rapidly, fast. 35. inflict (verb) – cause, impose, administer, deal out, mete out. 36. casualty (noun) – victim, loss, death, fatality. 37. inevitable (adjective) – unavoidable, unpreventable. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM38. fallout (noun) – adverse results/consequence; after-effects, repercussions.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 25, 2020)

39. jostle (verb) – battle, struggle, scramble. 40. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, give rise to, bring about.

41. stalemate (noun) – deadlock, impasse, standstill/stand-off. 42. turn the tables (phrase) – reverse a disadvantaged situation/position to gain advantage.

43. innards (noun) - internal organs; internal parts, internal components. 44. armour (noun) - military vehicles as a whole.

45. reserve (noun) - (in military) additional troops. 46. feat (noun) – achievement, accomplishment, attainment. 47. primarily (adverb) – basically, especially, particularly.

48. antecedent (adjective) – background. 49. dreaded (adjective) – frightening, frightful, terrifying. 50. Great Game (noun) - a political and diplomatic confrontation that existed for most of the 19th century between the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire, over Afghanistan and neighbouring territories in Central and South Asia. 51. escort (verb) – accompany, guide; guard, protect. 52. rebellion (noun) – defiance, disobedience, dissent, nonconformity, subversion. 53. consequence (noun) – result, outcome, effect; ramification, repercussion. 54. elite (noun) – high society people; the group of most powerful people in a society. 55. refuge (noun) – protection, shelter, place of safety, place of security. 56. sheer (adjective) – utter, complete, total, absolute, outright. 57. legendary (adjective) – very well known; famous, notable. 58. veteran (noun) – (long-serving) expert, seasoned, mature, established/experienced (person in an area of activity). 59. daring (adjective) - brave, bold, audacious. 60. exploit (noun) – feat, deed, act, adventure, manoeuvre. 61. guerrilla (noun) – a small group of irregular fighters fighting against a large, traditional military. 62. nascent (adjective) – just beginning, developing, burgeoning. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM63. well oiled (adjective) – relating to something (particularly organisation) operating easily.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 25, 2020)

64. inherent (adjective) – implicit, intrinsic, fundamental, basic. 65. airborne (adjective) – flying, in flight, in the air. 66. expertise (noun) - proficiency, skill, knowledge, command.

67. warfare (noun) – fighting, war, combat, conflict. 68. aid (verb) – help, assist, support.

69. equip (verb) – prepare, qualify, suit (for a particular task). 70. indigenise (verb) – make something more native. 71. on one's own feet (phrase) - to be independent.

72. mettle (noun) – spirit, strength of character, nerve/determination. 73. thrust (noun) – drive, push, advance, attack. 74. flank (noun) – side, wing (of an army). 75. blitzkrieg (noun) – rapid attack; onslaught, intense campaign. 76. tract (noun) - area, region. 77. battalion (noun) – a military unit. 78. encircle (verb) - surround, enclose, border. 79. poise (verb) - position, prepare oneself, ready oneself. 80. ceasefire (noun) – a negotiated agreement that will be accompanied by other associated commitments to de-escalate the fighting; a temporary stoppage of a war, truce, armistice. 81. handsome (adjective) – substantial, considerable, sizeable/large. 82. dividend (noun) – benefit, advantage, gain. 83. nom de guerre (noun) - French, literally ‘war name’; nickname. 84. phantom (noun) - ghost, shadow. 85. exceedingly (adverb) - extremely, exceptionally, distinctly. 86. privilege (verb) – give a special advantage. 87. subzero (adjective) - frozen, icy, freezing. 88. laud (verb) - applaud, acclaim, commend, admire. 89. overemphasise (verb) – overstress, exaggerate, overdo, overplay, overdramatize. 90. mighty (adjective) – huge, big, large, great. 91. emanate from (verb) – arise, originate, stem, derive. 92. tributary (noun) – branch river, headwater, side stream. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM93. nurture (verb) – encourage, promote, foster. 94. civilisation (noun) – culture, enlightenment, way of life. 95. peripheral (adjective) – surrounding, border, outlying.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 25, 2020)

96. overtones (noun) – connotation, hidden meaning/implication, association. 97. tug at heartstring (phrase) – to cause someone to feel emotional; to

evoke strong feelings. 98. naked (adjective) - undisguised, uncovered; shameless.

99. aggression (noun) – hostility, belligerence, combativeness, warmongering, hawkishness. 100. buffer (noun) – cushion, protection, bulwark/barricade.

101. de facto (adjective) – Latin, literally ‘of fact’; existing, actual, effective. 102. contiguous (adjective) – neighbouring, adjacent, bordering/abutting. 103. deliberately (adverb) – intentionally, purposely, knowingly/wittingly. 104. undemarcated (adjective) – delimited, unmarked, undelineated. 105. “five finger” of a Tibetan palm (noun) – China has traditionally maintained a strategy that Xizang (Tibet) is its right palm and Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and the North East Frontier Agency (NEFA, or Arunachal Pradesh) are defined as its five fingers. 106. consequently (adverb) – as a result, therefore, for this reason, because of that. 107. acquiesce (verb) - consent to, agree to, allow, assent to. 108. bellicose (adjective) - aggressive, hostile, threatening, belligerent. 109. obsession (noun) - the particular condition of having unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas & etc., about someone or something (all the time); fixation, preoccupation, concern, mania/craze/phobia. 110. predecessor (noun) – previous holder; forerunner, precursor, antecedent. 111. conquest (noun) – invasion, seizure, takeover, acquisition. 112. guile (noun) – cunning (intelligence), tricks, shrewdness. 113. burgeon (verb) – increase exponentially, grow rapidly, escalate. 114. muscle (noun) – strength, power, influence, force. 115. embark on (phrasal verb) – start, begin, initiate/commence. 116. perceived (adjective) – viewed, regarded, considered, deemed. 117. imbalance (noun) – disparity, variation, disproportion, unevenness, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMlopsidedness. 118. lucrative (adjective) – remunerative, profitable, rewarding. 119. cede (verb) – give up, concede, surrender, relinquish (territory).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 25, 2020)

120. fallacious (adjective) – erroneous, false/wrong, incorrect.

121. surmise (verb) – assume, conjecture, suppose. 122. backdrop (noun) – situation, scenario, context. 123. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness

spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

124. downturn (noun) – decline, setback, crisis, tragedy. 125. road ahead (phrase) – future. 126. evolve (verb) – develop, progress, advance.

127. People’s Liberation Army (PLA) (noun) – People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is the armed forces of the country of China and Communist Party of China (CPC). It is one of the largest military forces in the world. 128. pre-meditate (verb) - preplan, plan earlier. 129. precision (noun) - exactness, correctness, accuracy. 130. transgress (verb) – breach, violate, disobey, contravene. 131. pre-determined (adjective) – prearranged, preset, pre-planned. 132. forestall (verb) - anticipate, get in before, pre-empt. 133. counteroffensive (noun) - counterattack. 134. juncture (noun) – point in time, time/moment, stage. 135. naive (adjective) – inexperienced, easily taken in, over-trusting, ignorant, immature. 136. prevailing (adjective) – existing; being present. 137. imperative (adjective) – vitally important, crucial, essential, necessary. 138. track record (noun) – previous performance, previous accomplishments, previous achievements. 139. diplomat (noun) – envoy, consul, ambassador. 140. intelligence (noun) – (military) information. 141. cyber technology (noun) - computer technology, especially that which involves the Internet. 142. cartographic (adjective) – relating to the science or art of making or drawing maps. 143. play down (phrasal verb) - downplay, understate, de-emphasize. 144.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively & persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language. 145. pragmatic (adjective) – empirical, realistic/actual, practical.

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 26, 2020)

1. far-reaching (adjective) – widespread, sweeping, extensive, important, significant.

2. in effect (phrase) – really, practically, virtually. 3. deliberation (noun) – consideration, thought/thinking, contemplation,

discussion. 4. far (adverb) - considerably, noticeably, markedly. 5. in haste (phrase) – quickly, rapidly, fast, speedily.

6. consolidate (verb) – strengthen, make stronger, reinforce, fortify. 7. diverse (adjective) – very different, varying, mixed, manifold.

8. usher in (verb) – start, begin, initiate. 9. scrutinise (verb) – examine carefully, inspect; investigate. 10. (Parliamentary) Standing Committee/Parliamentary panel (noun) – it is a committee (consisting of Members of Parliament) constituted usually on an annual basis to enable detailed consideration/discussion on all bills (all proposed laws). 11. considerable (adjective) – reasonable, significant, substantial. 12. merit (noun) - advantage, benefit, value, good point. 13. ought to (modal verb) – must, should. 14. assessment (noun) – evaluation, appraisal, analysis. 15. contentious (adjective) – controversial, disputable, debatable, disputed. 16. threshold (noun) – limit, the level (to react to something). 17. establishment (noun) – organization, bureau, agency. 18. seek (verb) – ask for, request, appeal for. 19. lay-off (noun) – unemployment; dismissal, discharge, redundancy. 20. retrenchment (noun) – the action of dismissing an employee; an act of cutting down or reduction, particularly of public expenditure; spending less money. 21. exit strategy/decision (noun) - a plan for the transition (change) of business ownership. 22. objective (noun) – aim, intention, intent, purpose. 23. amalgamate (verb) – combine, merge, unite/consolidate. 24. rationalise (verb) – streamline, make more efficient, hone/simplify. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM25. voluminous (adjective) – ample, full, big, large. 26. legislation (noun) – body of laws, rules, regulations, statutes. 27. widely (adverb) – generally, commonly, broadly, by all.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 26, 2020)

28. stakeholder (noun) – a person with an interest in something. 29. root (noun) – base, basis.

30. broad (adjective) – comprehensive, inclusive, extensive, wide- ranging.

31. impetus (noun) - motivation, encouragement; stimulus, boost. 32. in the interest of (phrase) – for the benefit of, for the sake of, considering.

33. adversely (adverb) – unfavourably, disadvantageously, badly. 34. reflect (verb) – represent, display, show, demonstrate.

35. provision (noun) – term, clause, requirement/condition. 36. administer (verb) - manage, control, regulate. 37. unorganised sector/workforce (noun) – unorganized sector means an enterprise owned by individuals or self-employed workers and engaged in the production or sale of goods or providing service of any kind whatsoever, and where the enterprise employs workers, the number of such workers is less than ten. 38. gig workers (noun) - gig workers refer to the workers outside of the traditional employer-employee relationship including freelancers, workers who are employed on a contractual basis with their employers, project based work and short term work. 39. platform workers (noun) - gig workers who do platform based work where they earn money by providing specific services, including food delivery services like Zomato, Swiggy or e-commerce platforms such as Amazon, Flipkart etc. 40. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, try to sort out. 41. exempt (verb) – free from, not liable to, not subject to. 42. premises (noun) - buildings, property, site, establishment, office. 43. expansive (adjective) – extensive, broad, sweeping, comprehensive. 44. exemption (noun) – exclusion, relief/release, exception. 45. confer (verb) - grant to, give to, vest in, accord to. 46. delegation (noun) – assignment, giving, deputation, transference. 47. executive order (noun) – an indisputable/unquestionable order issued by the government (or by the president). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM48. discretion (noun) – choice, option, preference, disposition. 49. conducive (adjective) – good for, helpful for, useful for.

Note:

1. cess pool (noun) - a corrupt place / filthy (disgustingly dirty) place. 2. (cess) pool (noun) - (cess) fund, reserve, accumulation.

3. cess (noun) - a form of tax charged/levied over and above the base tax liability of a taxpayer. A cess is usually imposed additionally when the state or the central government looks to raise funds for specific

purposes. 4. Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India (noun) – it is empowered to audit all expenses from the combined fund of the union

or state governments, whether incurred within India or outside. 5. keep faith (phrase) - be loyal to, be faithful to, be true to. 6. audit (noun) – inspection, appraisal, assessment. 7. table (verb) – submit, put forward, introduce. 8. quietly (adverb) - silently; secretly, unofficially, confidentially. 9. Consolidated Fund of India (noun) – All revenues received by the Government by way of taxes like Income Tax, Central Excise, Customs and other receipts flowing to the Government in connection with the conduct of Government business i.e. Non-Tax Revenues are credited into the Consolidated Fund constituted under Article 266 (1) of the Constitution of India. Similarly, all loans raised by the Government by issue of Public notifications, treasury bills (internal debt) and loans obtained from foreign governments and international institutions (external debt) are credited into this fund. All expenditure of the government is incurred from this fund and no amount can be withdrawn from the Fund without authorization from the Parliament. 10. yield (verb) – give, provide, produce. 11. remit (verb) - send, dispatch, forward, transmit. 12. understate (verb) - minimize, reduce, underrate. 13. revenue deficit (noun) – it arises when the WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMgovernment’s revenue expenditure exceeds the total revenue receipts. Note:

14. fiscal deficit (noun) – the difference between total expenditure and total income of the government.

15. urge (verb) - advise, counsel, advocate, suggest. 16. corrective (adjective) – remedial, curative, restorative. 17. finance (verb) - fund, pay for.

18. hefty (adjective) – large, huge, substantial. 19. ostensibly (adverb) – apparently, seemingly, supposedly. 20. compensation (noun) – payment, repayment, settlement (for

loss/damage). 21. GST compensation (noun) – Under the GST law (In India), state governments are guaranteed full compensation for any revenue loss for the first five years after the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) in July 2017. The compensation is a gap between actual revenue collected and projected revenue. 22. lock horns (phrase) - quarrel, disagree, engage in conflict, fight. 23. spare (verb) - refrain from, avoid, left unaffected/untouched. 24. worse (adverb) - more seriously. 25. grant-in-aid (noun) - a sum of money coming from a central government to a state government for a specific project. 26. fiscal (adjective) – financial. 27. fiscal math (noun) - the application of mathematical methods to financial problems. 28. deploy (verb) – use, utilize. 29. ditto (noun) - used to indicate that something already mentioned is applicable a second time. 30. lapse (noun) – failure, mistake, blunder/oversight. 31. inadvertent (adjective) – accidental, unintentional, unthinking. 32. reliance on (noun) – confidence in, dependence, belief in. 33. in line with (phrase) – in alignment with, in accordance with. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM34. in sync (phrase) – working well together, in agreement. Note:

35. regime (noun) – system, arrangement, apparatus, mechanism. 36. rationale (noun) – reason, basis, logic.

37. adhere to (verb) – abide by, follow, obey, comply with. 38. climate (noun) – atmosphere, mood/temper, situation. 39. distrust (noun) - mistrust, suspicion, lack of trust.

40. hover (verb) – remain at a level. 41. federal (adjective) – relating to a system of government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national

government. 42. polity (noun) – a politically organized society. 43. on board (phrase) - onto group as a member. 44. bridge (noun) - link, connection. 45. rationalise (verb) – streamline, make more efficient, hone/simplify. 46. succour (noun) – aid/help/support, assistance, relief (during difficulty). 47. citizenry (noun) – all the people/citizens (of a place/country considered as a whole). 48. prospects (noun) – chances, possibilities, expectations, opportunities (for success). 49. pummel (verb) – strike, hit, thrash (repeatedly). 50. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 51. shrinking (noun) – diminishing, lessening, dwindling. 52. absolute (adjective) – total, complete, outright. 53. transparency (noun) – clarity, straightforwardness, openness, honesty, unambiguity. 54. subterfuge (noun) – deception, trickery, tactic, cunning/cheating (action), intrigue.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 26, 2020)

1. scrutiny (noun) – examination, inspection, investigation. 2. back burner (noun) – delayed consideration of an action; A state of being postponed, deferred or given lower priority.

3. on the back burner (phrase) – having low priority. 4. lose sight of (phrase) – pay no attention to, fail to consider, be lax about. 5. triumphant (adjective) – victorious, successful, winning.

6. parliamentary democracy (noun) – a system of government in which citizens elect representatives to a legislative parliament to make the necessary laws and decisions for the country.

7. proverbial (adjective) – well known, famous, traditional. 8. diversity (noun) – the state/condition of having many different types of people. 9. construe (verb) – interpret, take, understand, take to mean. 10. amenable to (adjective) – receptive, responsive, reactive. 11. forge (verb) – form, create, establish, set up. 12. representative institution (noun) - parliament; Parliaments are increasingly being recognized world-wide as playing a crucial role in the achievement of democracy and good governance. Indeed, it is parliament's traditional responsibility to debate and pass legislation that provides a legal framework for good governance and the rule of law. 13. characteristic (noun) – attribute, feature, quality, aspect. 14. appropriateness (noun) - rightness, aptness, propriety, suitability, usefulness. 15. ground (noun) – reason, factor, basis, rationale, premise. 16. accountability (noun) – responsibility, liability, answerability. 17. wielder (noun) – holder of power or influence. 18. dispensation (noun) – system, organization, arrangement. 19. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in. 20. wield (verb) – exercise, exert, be possessed of, have/hold, command. 21. be subject to (verb) – at risk of, open to, be affected by. 22. audit (noun) - inspection, examination, scrutiny, assessment. 23. constituency (noun) – territory, region, area, place (from where a representative is elected by voters to a legislative body. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM24. thread (noun) – theme, subject, subject matter, direction. 25. revolve (verb) – think about, consider, reflect on, deliberate on; go round.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 26, 2020)

26. evolve (verb) – develop, progress, advance. 27. rest on (phrasal verb) - be based on, depend on, be dependent on, rely on.

28. in this regard (phrase) – in connection with the aspect/consideration/point referred earlier. 29. at times (phrase) - sometimes, occasionally, from time to time, now and

again. 30. wither (verb) – diminish, dwindle, lessen, weaken; waste. 31. recourse to (noun) – resort to, make use of, use, utilize (of something).

32. counterpart (noun) – equivalent, equal (person); fellow, peer. 33. merely (adverb) – only, simply, just. 34. efficacy (noun) – effectiveness, efficiency, power/ability to give estimated results. 35. cope with (verb) – deal with, grapple with, handle/manage. 36. confront (verb) – trouble, bother, burden. 37. feel someone’s pulse (phrase) – find out the general mood or opinion of. 38. abreast (adverb) – up to date with, informed about, familiar with. 39. commendable (adjective) – admirable, praiseworthy, laudable. 40. the executive (noun) – the executive is a branch of government which enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary. 41. irrespective of (adjective) – notwithstanding, without regard for, regardless of. 42. disposed (adjective) - willing, inclined, prepared. 43. oversight (noun) – supervision, surveillance, administration, management. 44. specious (adjective) – seemingly correct, misleading, deceptive, false. 45. plea (noun) – appeal, request. 46. usurp (verb) – take over, appropriate, seize. 47. far from (phrase) – not, not at all, nowhere near. 48. autonomy (noun) – independence, freedom; self rule. 49. glare (noun) – public attention, public notice, commotion. 50. proceedings (noun) – events, activities, affairs. 51. solicit (verb) – ask for, request, appeal to/supplicate. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM52. elicit (verb) – obtain, bring forth, bring out, extract, evoke. 53. officialdom (noun) – civil service officials as a group, administrative officials, bureaucracy.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 26, 2020)

54. take cover (phrase) - protect/shelter/safeguard oneself. 55. besides (preposition) – in addition to, apart from. 56. (Parliamentary) Standing Committee/Parliamentary panel (noun) – it is

a committee (consisting of Members of Parliament) constituted usually on an annual basis to enable detailed consideration/discussion on all bills (all proposed laws).

57. set up (phrasal verb) – establish, start/begin, inaugurate, create. 58. from time to time (phrase) - sometimes, occasionally, now and again. 59. ad hoc (adjective) – relating to something needed/necessary to be done

after an unpleasant/bad thing happened; emergency, makeshift, improvised, impromptu, unprepared. 60. parliamentary select committee (noun) – ‘parliamentary select committee’ can be formed for a specific purpose, for instance, to deliberate on a particular bill. Once the Bill is disposed of, that select committee ceases to exist. 61. faultline (noun) – a divisive issue; a difference of opinion. 62. imaginative (adjective) – insightful, resourceful. 63. presiding officer (noun) – The Speaker (of the Parliament/Legislative Assembly). 64. give up (phrasal verb) – abandon, forgo, renounce, relinquish, discontinue. 65. probably (adverb) – most likely, in all likelihood, all things considered, perhaps. 66. stance (noun) – point of view, opinion, standpoint. 67. take up the cudgels (phrase) – begin to support someone/something strongly. 68. uphold (verb) – support, confirm, justify; maintain, strengthen. 69. break ground (phrase) - do something beneficial. 70. envisage (verb) – foresee, predict, forecast. 71. inter- (prefix) – between. 72. pertain to (verb) – concern, relate to, be connected with. 73. marginalisation (noun) – an act of making something as insignificant/unimportant. 74. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 75. standing (noun) – status, reputation, social position. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM76. leave in the lurch (phrase) – to abandon or leave someone (without help and protection) in a difficult situation; leave helpless, leave stranded, let down.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 26, 2020)

77. bring out (phrasal verb) – disclose, reveal, expose, become known. 78. eloquently (adverb) – expressively, revealingly, significantly, indicatively.

79. reluctance (noun) – unwillingness, disinclination, hesitation, backwardness. 80. joint parliamentary committee (noun) – ad hoc (temporary) Committees

appointed for a specific purpose (to examine irregularities and aberrations, if any, and the consequences therefore in the implementation of Government decisions and policy prescriptions) and

they (JPCs) cease to exist when they finish the task assigned to them and submit a report. 81. compensation (noun) – payment, repayment, settlement (for loss/damage). 82. transparency (noun) – clarity, straightforwardness, openness, honesty, unambiguity. 83. acquisition (noun) – obtaining, acquiring/procuring, appropriation. 84. rehabilitation (noun) – the action of bringing (someone or something) back to a normal. 85. momentous (adjective) – significant, important, serious, crucial/critical. 86. radical (adjective) – thoroughgoing, thorough, comprehensive, complete/total. 87. overhaul (noun) – reorganization, restructuring, rearrangement. 88. revoke (verb) – cancel, repeal/reverse, abrogate, nullify. 89. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 90. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 91. produce (noun) – agricultural products as a whole. 92. overhaul (verb) – rebuild, remodel, rework, restructure, revamp. 93. grievance (noun) – complaint, problem, objection/protest. 94. redress (verb) – set right, rectify, correct, regulate/regularize. 95. scrutinise (verb) – examine carefully, inspect; investigate. 96. steamroll (verb) – compel, coerce, oblige, impel. 97. hardly (adverb) – barely, only just, narrowly, slightly. 98. amid (preposition) – in the middle of, surrounded by; during. 99. din (noun) – uproar, outcry, clamour, commotion. 100.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM fragmented (adjective) – divided, splintered, split, separated, disintegrated. 101. mount (verb) – increase, grow, rise, escalate.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 26, 2020)

102. set aside (phrasal verb) – rule against, nullify, dismiss, reject, annul, overrule, overturn. 103. scholarly (adjective) – thorough, detailed, well researched, studious.

104. literature (noun) – publications, reports, studies, relevant works. 105. carry out (phrasal verb) – conduct, perform, execute. 106. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain

(type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. 107. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness

spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 108. spurious (adjective) – bogus, fake, not genuine. 109. vehemently (adverb) - forcefully, passionately, or intensely. 110. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 111. come up (phrasal verb) – transpire, emerge, happen, occur (in the course of time). 112. upfront (adverb) – openly, frankly, candidly, forthrightly. 113. regime (noun) – government. 114. reflection (noun) – serious thought, consideration, contemplation, deliberation. 115. deliberation (noun) – consideration, thought/thinking, contemplation, discussion. 116. hallmark (noun) – distinctive feature, indication, sure sign. 117. arrive at (phrasal verb) – achieve, attain, reach, accomplish (a conclusion/decision). 118. ominous (adjective) – threatening, menacing, unfavourable, unpromising, gloomy. 119. encroachment (noun) – infringement, intrusion, invasion, trespass, violation. 120. reflect (verb) – represent, display, show, demonstrate. 121. reinforcement (noun) – strengthening, augmentation, fortification, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMbolstering. 122. portend (verb) – indicate, signal, foretell, augur.

1. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim, strive (to achieve something).

2. mandate (noun) - authority, approval, authorization. 3. emotive (adjective) – sensitive, emotional, controversial, inflammatory.

4. deflect (verb) - turn aside, distract, divert, avert, change direction, diverge, deviate.

5. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 6. circumstances (noun) - situation, background, conditions, state of affairs.

7. front (noun) – a particular situation. 8. mixed (adjective) – having a mixture of both positive & negative qualities. 9. take over (phrasal verb) - assume control of, take control of, take charge of. 10. downslide (noun) – decline, downward movement/trend, downgrade. 11. culminate (verb) - come to an end with, finish with, conclude with, terminate with. 12. bungled (adjective) – mishandled, mismanaged, messed up/screwed up. 13. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 14. desert (verb) – abandon, leave, betray, give up. 15. alliance (noun) – association, union, relationship. 16. embrace (noun) – hold, grip, control. 17. wane (verb) - decrease, decline, diminish, dwindle. 18. defensive (adjective) - averting, opposing, preventative; defending, safeguarding, protecting. 19. stagnation (noun) – lack of activity/development.

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20. backlash (noun) – a strong negative reaction; adverse

response, counteraction. 21. migrant (adjective) – relating to a person who moves from one region to another – either within a country or across national borders in order

to find work or better living conditions. 22. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the

authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority.

23. hold together (phrasal verb) - remain united. 24. substantive (adjective) – important, significant, considerable. 25. hail from (verb) – come from, be from, be a native of. 26. fan (verb) - intensify, increase, exacerbate, stimulate. 27. parochial (adjective) – narrow-minded, illiberal, short- sighted, inward-looking. 28. brazenly (adverb) – blatantly, clearly, fragrantly. 29. partisan (adjective) – biased, prejudiced, one-sided. 30. conduct (noun) - behaviour; actions, activities; handling. 31. hail (verb) - praise, applaud, commend, acclaim. 32. adherence to (noun) – commitment to, attachment to (a clause/condition). 33. ethos (noun) - spirit, character; morality, attitudes, beliefs, principles. 34. critic (noun) - censurer, attacker, fault-finder. 35. label (verb) - categorize, classify, describe. 36. squabble (noun) - quarrel, row, argument, fight, disagreement, dispute. 37. sulk (verb) - be in a bad mood, be bad-tempered, be disappointed. 38. intact (adjective) – undamaged, unimpaired, unspoiled. 39. unbreachable (adjective) – impossible to breach; inviolable, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMunassailable, untouchable. Note:

40. command (verb) - be in charge of, have control of, be the leader of, be

the boss of, preside over. 41. battle-ready (adjective) – ready for (election) battle. 42. bad blood (noun) - disharmony, disunity, strife, dispute, dissent,

argument. 43. hamstring (verb) - restrict, cripple, hinder, obstruct, slow down (the

ability or efficiency of someone/something); to make ineffective, to make powerless. 44. appropriate (verb) - take over, assume, acquire, wrest.

45. legacy (noun) – something received from a predecessor or from the past. 46. disown (verb) – reject, deny, abandon, renounce. 47. constitute (verb) – form, compose, account for, represent. 48. address (verb) - tackle, deal with, grapple with. 49. National Population Register (NPR) (noun) - The NPR is a register of the usual residents of the country. It contains information collected at the local (village/sub-town), subdistrict, district, state and national level under provisions of the Citizenship Act, 1955 and the Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003. The objective of the NPR is to create a comprehensive identity database of every usual resident in the country. The database would contain demographic as well as biometric particulars. 50. allied (adjective) – associated, related, connected. 51. health check (noun) - examination, scrutiny, investigation. 52. potential for (noun) - possibility, chance (of something happening). 53. imagination (noun) - interest, attention, curiosity, preoccupation. 54. on the horizon (phrase) – imminent, impending, approaching, near/close, just around the corner.

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1. salutary (adjective) – good, helpful/useful, beneficial, practical, valuable. 2. undermine (verb) – reduce, diminish, impede, hinder.

3. arbitral tribunal/arbitration tribunal (noun) – it is a panel of one or more adjudicators which is convened and sits to resolve a dispute by way of arbitration.

4. retrospective (adjective) – backdated, retroactive, backward looking/ex post facto. 5. legislation (noun) – body of laws, rules, regulations, statutes.

6. breach (noun) – contravention, violation, breaking, non-compliance. 7. equitable (adjective) - fair, just, impartial. 8. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 9. treaty (noun) – agreement, accord, pact, compact, protocol. 10. uphold (verb) – support, confirm, justify; maintain, strengthen. 11. stand (noun) – opinion, approach, posture, viewpoint, standpoint. 12. ought to (modal verb) – must, should. 13. protracted (adjective) – prolonged, continuous, extended, lengthened. 14. perverse (adjective) – illogical, irrational, unreasonable; wrong, incorrect. 15. pursuit (noun) – aspiration, quest, search. 16. outset (noun) – beginning, start. 17. contentious (adjective) – controversial, disputable, debatable, disputed. 18. serve (verb) - deal with, handle. 19. withhold (verb) – deny, refuse (to give), stop, hold back. 20. acquire (verb) - buy, obtain, take possession of. 21. stake (noun) - share; financial involvement, equity. 22. erstwhile (adjective) – old, previous, former, then. 23. entity (noun) – organization, establishment. 24. emphatic (adjective) – clear, definite, firm, decisive. 25. liable (adjective) - responsible, accountable, answerable. 26. setback (noun) – problem, difficulty, issue, complication. 27. fraught with (adjective) – full of, filled with, loaded with. 28. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 29. of the day (phrase) – existing, present at a particular period of time. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM30. trigger (noun) – cause, reason. 31. seek (verb) – ask for, request, appeal to.

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32. arbitral (adjective) – intermediary, reconciliatory, mediatory. 33. recourse (noun) – option, alternative, way out, possible course of action. 34. at best (phrase) – simply, merely, only.

35. pyrrhic (adjective) – (of a victory) meaningless, valueless/worthless, useless. 36. write down (phrasal verb) – reduce the nominal value/face value of

stock. 37. book value (noun) - value of an asset. 38. holdings (noun) – possessions, belongings, valuables.

39. in the face of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, regardless of; when confronted with. 40. unviable (adjective) – not capable/feasible. 41. add to (verb) – increase, magnify, intensify, amplify. 42. mix (noun) - jumble, mess, confusion. 43. substantial (adjective) – considerable, significant. 44. owe (verb) – be in debt, be indebted, be in arrears, be obligated to. 45. dues (noun) – payment, contribution (which is (long) pending). 46. evolve (verb) – develop, progress, advance. 47. -intensive (adjective/usually in combination) – (in business) concentrating on a particular thing. 48. wariness (noun) – suspicion, distrust, mistrust, doubt. 49. venture (noun) – undertaking/involving (in a risky business). 50. litigate (verb) – dispute, take issue with, take a stand against (in a lawsuit). 51. cost (noun) – sacrifice, loss. 52. bruisingly (adjective) – hurtfully. 53. spare no time/effort (phrase) – do everything one could do (so as to achieve something). 54. woo (verb) – seek the support of, try to win, try to attract, pursue, persuade, coax. 55. rule of law (phrase) – it is described as “a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMequally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards.

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ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 28, 2020)

1. fiscal (adjective) – financial. 2. arithmetic (noun) – the use of numbers in counting and calculation. 3. warrant (verb) – justify/necessitate, vindicate/validate, call for.

4. enhanced (adjective) – increased, upgraded, improved. 5. government expenditure or public spending (noun) – money spent by the government.

6. contraction (noun) – In economics, it refers to a decline in national output as measured by gross domestic product. 7. prospects (noun) – chances, possibilities, expectations, opportunities (for

success). 8. project (verb) - forecast, predict, estimate, calculate. 9. multilateral (adjective) – involving many different countries/parties/organizations. 10. (credit) rating agency (CRA) (noun) – a credit rating agency is an entity which assesses the ability and willingness of the issuer company for timely payment of interest and principal on a debt instrument. 11. Gross domestic product (GDP) (noun) – a measure of economic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and service. 12. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (noun) - Headquartered in Paris, France, the OECD was formed in 1961. It is an international organization where the governments of 36 member states with market economies work with each other, as well as with more than 70 non-member economies to promote economic growth, prosperity, and sustainable development. 13. interim (adjective) – provisional, transitional, temporary. 14. OECD Economic Outlook (noun) – the OECD's twice-yearly analysis of the major economic trends & prospects for the next two years. The Outlook puts forward a consistent set of projections for output, employment, prices, fiscal and current account balances. 15. projection (noun) – forecast, prediction, calculation. 16. likelihood (noun) – probability, chance, possibility. 17. nominal (adjective) – minimal, small, insignificant. 18. consumer price index (CPI) (noun) – it is defined as the change in the prices of a basket of goods and services that are typically purchased by WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMspecific groups of households. To put it simply, it tracks the prices of goods and services purchased by consumers. 19. inflation (noun) – simply meaning “cost of living”; increase of price level of goods & services and vice versa decrease of currency value.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 28, 2020)

20. headline retail inflation (noun) – it is a measure of the total inflation within an economy, including commodities such as food and energy prices. The CPI monitors retail prices at a certain level for a particular

commodity. The change in the price index over a period of time is referred to as CPI-based inflation, or retail inflation. 21. core inflation (noun) – it is a measure of the total inflation within an

economy, excluding commodities such as food and energy prices (which change frequently). 22. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind.

23. injection (noun) - infusion, introduction. 24. periodic (adjective) – regular, recurring, repeated. 25. liquidity (noun) – the availability of liquid assets; liquidity means liquid assets; cash; (liquid asset is an asset which can be easily sold/converted into cash without losing its value); a measure of activity (i.e. the ability to buy or sell easily) in a market. 26. deflator (noun) – something which causes a reduction of price levels in (an economy). 27. GDP deflator (noun) - GDP deflator, also known as the GDP price deflator or the implicit price deflator, measures the changes in prices for all of the goods and services produced in an economy. 28. imply (verb) – say indirectly, suggest, indicate. 29. revival (noun) – improvement, restoration, re-establishment, revitalization. 30. contract (verb) – decline, decrease, diminish, reduce. 31. fiscal stimulus (noun) – Government measures, normally involving increased public spending and lower taxation, aimed at giving a positive jolt to economic activity. 32. worsening (noun) - a worse situation; deterioration. 33. fiscal deficit (noun) – the difference between total expenditure and total income of the government. 34. erosion (noun) – disintegration, deterioration, decline, undermining/weakening. 35. contractionary (adjective) – relating to the contraction of a country’s economy. 36. adverse (adjective) – unfavourable, disadvantageous, bad. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM37. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 38. pertain to (verb) – concern, relate to, be connected with. 39. buoyancy (noun) – vigour/strength, high level of activity, growth. 40. considerable (adjective) – reasonable, significant, substantial.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 28, 2020)

41. shortfall (noun) – deficit, inadequacy, deficiency, shortage. 42. short of (phrase) – less than. 43. make up for (phrase) – atone for, make amends for; offset, balance,

neutralize, even up. 44. denominator (noun) – the bottom number in a fraction; 3 is a denominator in 2/3.

45. additionality (noun) – the property/fact of being additional. 46. stimulus package (noun) – an attempt by the government to boost economic growth and save their country from a financial crisis by

involving tax cuts, lowering interest rates and increasing government spending. 47. go up (phrasal verb) – increase, rise. 48. take into account (phrase) – consider, note, pay regard to, bear in mind. 49. compensation (noun) – payment, repayment, settlement (for loss/damage). 50. reserve currency (noun) – a foreign currency that a government, central bank or other major financial institutions hold as part of the their reserves. 51. substantial (adjective) – considerable, significant. 52. take on (phrasal verb) - tackle, shoulder, bear, undertake (a responsibility). 53. debt (noun) – liability, financial obligation, borrowed capital. 54. move away from (phrasal verb) – change/alter one’s ideas/beliefs and so. 55. monetisation (noun) – In general, it is the process of converting something (e.g. an asset) into money. 56. undertake (verb) – engage in, become involved in, take part in; begin/start, embark on. 57. guard against (verb) – beware of, keep watch over, be alert to, take care for. 58. fisc (noun) – treasury, exchequer. 59. dilemma (noun) – quandary, predicament, difficulty. 60. go beyond (phrasal verb) – to go past something, to be more than something, exceed. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM61. bring down (phrasal verb) – decrease, reduce, lower. 62. normalisation (noun) – the process of bringing something (relationship, ties) back to a normal condition after a war or disagreement.

H WORD LIST-1 (SEP 29, 2020)

1. mindful (adjective) – aware of, conscious of, heedful of. 2. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 3. fora plural form of forum (noun) – meeting, gathering, conference.

4. a study in contrasts (phrase) – a great example of contrasting people. 5. be a study in something (phrase) - to be a great/perfect example of something.

6. broadside (noun) - criticism, censure, denunciation, rant, diatribe, tirade. 7. reference (noun) - mention of, comment on, remark about.

8. broader superlative adjective of broad (adjective) – comprehensive, inclusive, extensive, wide-ranging. 9. diplomat (noun) – envoy, consul, ambassador. 10. incessant (adjective) – continuous, non-stop, unending, relentless. 11. rant (noun) – talk/speak in a noisy, uncontrolled, or angry way; tirade, verbal onslaught. 12. warmongering (noun) - encouragement, advocacy, endorsement, instigation (to start a war). 13. vilification (noun) – condemnation, criticism/censure, character assassination, defamation. 14. islamophobia (noun) – the fear, hatred of, or prejudice against, the Islamic religion or Muslims generally, especially when seen as a geopolitical force. 15. extremist (adjective) – radical, fanatic, hardliner. 16. ideology (noun) - beliefs, ideas, principles. 17. inspire (verb) - motivate, cause, persuade, encourage. 18. racial purity (noun) - systematic attempt to eliminate other races from the population by sterilisation (sterilisation means the surgical procedure which permanently prevents a person’s capability of reproduction). 19. supremacy (noun) – dominance, superiority, advantage. 20. cleanse (verb) – rid, clear, free, purify, purge (something unpleasant/bad). 21. Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) (noun) – The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 seeks to grant citizenship to religious minorities of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh, who had to flee WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMtheir homeland facing persecution. The six minority groups that have been specifically identified are Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians and Parsis.

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22. Nuremberg laws (noun) - Two distinct laws passed in Nazi Germany in September 1935 are known collectively as the Nuremberg Laws: the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood

and German Honor. These laws embodied many of the racial theories strengthening Nazi ideology. They would provide the legal framework for the systematic mistreatment of Jews in Germany.

23. detention (noun) – imprisonment, confinement/incarceration, captivity, custody.

24. diatribe (noun) – a bitter verbal attack; a tirade, verbal onslaught, rant. 25. mirror (verb) – reflect, reproduce, repeat, imitate; reiterate. 26. accusation (noun) – allegation, charge, claim. 27. dilute (verb) – diminish, reduce, decrease, lessen. 28. akin (adjective) – similar, related, equivalent. 29. genocide (noun) – mass murder, massacre, racial killing. 30. contravene (verb) – break, breach, fail to comply with, violate. 31. Line of control (LoC) (noun) – it is a 450 mile-long military control line lying between India and Pakistan’s controlled parts of the former (under the British) Jammu and Kashmir. This line is not actually a legally recognized international boundary but prevails as per de facto. After the Simla Agreement signed in July 1972, this line was officially renamed as “Line of Control” from “the Cease-fire Line”. 32. ceasefire (noun) – a negotiated agreement that will be accompanied by other associated commitments to de-escalate the fighting; a temporary stoppage of a war, truce, armistice. 33. exaggerated (adjective) – overstated, excessive, overemphasized, amplified/overdone. 34. flashpoint (noun) – a situation where sudden problems could happen. In international relations, a flashpoint is an area or dispute that has a strong possibility of developing into a war. 35. counter (verb) – oppose, resist, tackle, confront.

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36. dismiss (verb) – reject, deny, pay no heed to, disregard, brush off. 37. credentials (noun) – identities, qualities; history, past. 38. secular (adjective) – non-religious.

39. decisive (adjective) – deciding, conclusive, determining, key. 40. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) (noun) – The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is the global money laundering and terrorist

financing watchdog. The inter-governmental body sets international standards that aim to prevent these illegal activities and the harm they

cause to society. 41. grey/watch list (noun) – a list of countries on observation due to their “strategic deficiencies” in countering terror-financing and money- laundering. The countries put on grey/watch list by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) will be subjected to direct monitoring and intense scrutiny by the International Co-operation Review Group (ICRG) on terror financing. 42. demographic (adjective) – the statistical study/structure of populations, especially human beings. 43. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 44. carry out (phrasal verb) – conduct, perform, execute. 45. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 46. sans (preposition) – without, minus, devoid of. 47. characterisation (noun) – a description of the distinctive features of something. 48. purview (noun) – range, scope, ambit. 49. legitimate (adjective) – valid, reasonable, reliable. 50. address (noun) – speak, talk, discourse. 51. disregard (verb) - ignore, take no notice of, pay no heed to, overlook, dismiss. 52. barb (noun) - insult, hurtful remark, abuse. 53. hurl (verb) - throw, propel, direct something at someone; say something aloud & forcefully.

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WORD LIST-2 (SEP 29, 2020) H 1. make amends (phrase) - compensate, redress, restoration.

2. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out. 3. aspiration (noun) – desire, hope, wish. 4. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind.

5. majoritarian (adjective) – relating to a philosophy that states that a majority (sometimes categorized by religion, language, social class, or

some other identifying factor) of the population is entitled to a certain degree of primacy (priority) in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society.

6. resonance (noun) – reverberation, power or ability (to evoke memories/emotions). 7. populace (noun) – population, inhabitants, people/public. 8. Palk strait (noun) - a strait between the Tamil Nadu state of India and the Jaffna District of the Northern Province of the island nation of Sri Lanka. 9. strait (noun) – a narrow sea passage (connecting two seas); channel, stretch of water. 10. virtual summit (noun) - online meeting. 11. counterpart (noun) – equivalent, equal (person); fellow, peer. 12. reiterate (verb) – repeat, say again, restate. 13. seek (verb) – request, ask for, appeal to. 14. explicitly (adverb) – clearly, unequivocally, directly. 15. carry forward (phrasal verb) – have something to continue/handle at a later stage (to make progress). 16. reconciliation (noun) – restoration of harmony, rapprochement, resolution, agreement. 17. ethnic (adjective) – relating to a population subgroup (cultural, national, traditional/folk) with a common national or cultural tradition. 18. mandate (noun) – authority, approval, authorization. 19. nurture (verb) – encourage, promote, foster. 20. envisage (verb) – foresee, predict, forecast. 21. province (noun) - territory, region, state (of a country). 22. omission (noun) – leaving out, exclusion, non-inclusion. 23. unsurprising (adjective) – to be expected, predictable, anticipated. 24. please (verb) – like, want, wish, desire, prefer. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM25. gulf (noun) – difference, division, divergence. 26. sort (noun) - type, kind. 27. devolution (noun) – decentralization, delegation, distribution.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (SEP 29, 2020) H 28. prioritise (verb) – make a point of, highlight, call attention to (something as very important).

29. speculation (noun) – prediction, guesswork, opinion/thought. 30. far from (phrase) – not, not at all, nowhere near. 31. heed (verb) – pay attention to, take into account, consider.

32. roll back (phrasal verb) – reverse the progress of something. 33. provincial (adjective) – regional, sectoral, zonal. 34. trajectory (noun) – approach, direction/course.

35. keen on (adjective) – enthusiastic about, interested in, passionate about. 36. exposure (noun) – submission, vulnerability, defenselessness. 37. leverage (noun) – advantage, influence, power/authority.

38. back (verb) – support, endorse, approve, advocate. 39. de-merger (noun) - segregation/separation of something into one or more components. 40. hold someone to something (phrase) - to demand someone to do what have been promised or decided (per agreement). 41. excesses (noun) - uncontrolled behaviour; unrestricted conduct; extreme, violent actions which are unacceptable. 42. room (noun) – scope, opportunity, chance (for something to happen). 43. considerable (adjective) – reasonable, significant, substantial. 44. scepticism (noun) – doubt, suspicion/mistrust, wariness, lack of conviction. 45. regime (noun) – government. 46. unlikely (adjective) – not likely, improbable, questionable. 47. approbation (noun) – approval, acceptance, support, assent. 48. grant (noun) - allocation, allotment, awarding. 49. hold back (phrasal verb) – stop oneself, desist, discontinue, refrain from doing something. 50. currency swap (noun) - a currency swap contract (also known as a cross- currency swap contract) is a derivative contract between two parties that involves the exchange of interest payments, as well as the exchange of principal amounts in certain cases, that are denominated in different currencies. 51. deferment (noun) – postponement, delay, rescheduling. 52. debt (noun) – liability, financial obligation, borrowed capital. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM53. front (noun) – a particular situation. 54. undo (verb) – cancel, reverse, revoke, nullify, invalidate. 55. legislation (noun) – body of laws, rules, regulations, statutes. 56. curb (verb) – control, contain, restrict, limit.

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ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 29, 2020)

1. imperative (noun) – necessary condition, precondition, essential

requirement. 2. endemic (adjective) – (of a disease) prevalent in or restricted to a particular location.

3. epidemic (noun) – widespread disease/illness. 4. downtrend (noun) – decline, downturn, slump. 5. flanking (adjective) - being on each side of something; edging,

bordering. 6. mean (adjective) - average. 7. reliance on (noun) – confidence in, dependence, belief in.

8. herd immunity (noun) – it refers to a means (ways) of protecting a whole community from disease by immunizing a critical mass of its populace (population). It is also defined as a form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population are immune to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune. 9. sero-survey (noun) - collection and testing of serum (or proxy such as oral fluid) specimens from a sample of a defined population over a specified period of time to estimate the prevalence of antibodies against a given specific infectious pathogen as an indicator of immunity. 10. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) (noun) - the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research, is one of the oldest medical research bodies in the world. As early as in 1911, the Government of India set up the Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA) with the specific objective of sponsoring and coordinating medical research in the country. It was redesignated in 1949 as the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). The ICMR is funded by the Government of India through the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. 11. RT-PCR testing (noun) – Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Testing; it is one of the most accurate laboratory methods for detecting, tracking, and studying the coronavirus. It is a nuclear-derived method for detecting the presence of specific genetic material from any pathogen, including a virus. (pathogen is a WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMbacteria/virus that causes disease). 12. fraction (noun) – a (small) proportion/part/amount of something.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 29, 2020)

13. laboratory-diagnosed (adjective) - identified the nature of an

illness/infection in the laboratory. 14. undocumented (adjective) – not having the proper legal document. 15. cumulative (adjective) – collective, aggregate.

16. short of (phrase) – less than. 17. correction factor (noun) - A factor that is multiplied with the result of an equation to correct for a known amount of systematic error.

18. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually. 19. microbe (noun) – microorganism/microbe is an organism that is so small & microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). (bacteria, fungi, viruses &

etc). 20. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 21. influenza (noun) – it is commonly known as “the flu”, is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. 22. degree (noun) – amount, level, extent. 23. infectiousness (noun) - the state/condition of being infectious; the ability of a disease to be transmitted easily from one person to another, especially through air. 24. constitute (verb) – form, compose, account for, represent. 25. pool (noun) – a group of something. 26. susceptible (adjective) – liable to, prone to, subject to, vulnerable, easily affected by. 27. sustain (verb) – undergo, experience, go through, suffer, endure. 28. cohort (noun) – group; a group, division, categorization of people. 29. premature (adjective) – untimely, early, too soon/too early; ill-timed, hasty. 30. mortality (noun) – (in a particular time/for a cause) the rate/number of death. 31. scenario (noun) – situation. 32. residuum (noun) - remainder, remaining part. 33. perpetual (adjective) – constant, permanent, persistent, continuous. 34. vaccination (noun) – treatment with a vaccine to protect against a WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMparticular disease; immunization. 35. arithmetic (noun) – the use of numbers in counting and calculation. 36. foresee (verb) – anticipate, predict, envisage, envision.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 29, 2020)

37. prevalence (noun) – it refers to the number of cases of a disease that are

present in a particular population at a given time whereas “incidence” refers to the number of new cases that develop in a given period of time. 38. in short (phrase) – briefly, in essence, in sum.

39. anticipate (verb) – expect, foresee, predict. 40. settle down (phrasal verb) - become less active; become calm. 41. antibody (noun) – it is also called ‘immunoglobulin’; a

protective protein produced mainly by plasma (blood) cells in the immune system in response to the presence of antigens (disease causing organisms (bacteria & viruses) and other harmful/toxic foreign

substances like insect venom). 42. IgG antibody testing (noun) – IgG antibody testing, also known as serology testing, checks for a type of antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG). If you have been exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19, your body typically produces IgG antibodies as part of the immune response to the virus. This type of COVID-19 test is for individuals who think they may have had COVID-19 and do not currently have symptoms. 43. chronic (adjective) – persistent, constantly recurring, incurable. 44. vulnerable (adjective) – weak, exposed, susceptible; at risk, unsafe, unprotected. 45. subject (noun) – participant, volunteer. 46. modulate (verb) – regulate, adjust, balance. 47. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. 48. cut short (phrase) - terminate, stop, to end (something) earlier than expected. 49. namely (adverb) – specifically, in other words, that is. 50. comorbidity (noun) – In medicine, co-morbidity is the presence of one or more additional conditions (diseases) co-occurring/co-existing with a primary condition (disease). 51. immunoglobulin (noun) - antibody; a protective protein produced mainly by plasma (blood) cells in the immune system in response to the presence of antigens (disease causing organisms (bacteria & viruses) and WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMother harmful/toxic foreign substances like insect venom). 52. screening (noun) – examination, testing (of a group of people for the symptoms of a disease). The process of identifying healthy people who may be at increased risk of disease or condition.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 29, 2020)

53. conserve (verb) – preserve, protect, save, safeguard (a resource).

54. indigenous (adjective) – native/local, original, domestic. 55. reagent (noun) - a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or added to test if a reaction occurs.

56. entail (verb) – necessitate, make necessary, require. 57. accommodate (verb) – adjust, adapt, attune, get used, get accustomed. 58. budgetary (adjective) – relating to an estimate of income & spending.

59. fiscal/budgetary allocation (noun) – fiscal (budgetary) allocations are integral components to an annual financial plan, or budget, of a government/organization. They indicate the level of resources a

government/organization is committing to a certain program. 60. liberation (noun) - release, freedom, rescue, relief. 61. constraint (noun) – restriction, limitation, restraint. 62. eradicate (verb) – remove, get rid of, eliminate, discard, abolish. 63. phase 3 trial (noun) – In phase 3 trial, the vaccine is given to thousands of people to confirm its safety – including rare side effects – and effectiveness. These trials involve a control group which is given a placebo. 64. phase 2 trial (noun) – In phase 2 trial, the vaccine is given to hundreds of people so scientists can learn more about its safety and correct dosage. 65. phase 1 trial (noun) – In phase 1 trial of clinical testing, the vaccine is given to a small group of people to determine whether it is safe and to learn more about the immune response it provokes. 66. pre-clinical stage (noun) – In the pre-clinical stage of testing, researchers give the vaccine to animals to see if it triggers an immune response. 67. eradication (noun) – elimination, removal. 68. influence (noun) – power, authority, sway, leverage, weight, rank. 69. chair (noun) - chairperson, leader, president. 70. World Health Assembly (noun) - the decision-making body of WHO. It is attended by delegations from all WHO Member States and focuses on a specific health agenda prepared by the Executive Board. The main functions of the World Health Assembly are to determine the policies of the Organization, appoint the Director-General, supervise financial WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMpolicies, and review and approve the proposed programme budget. The Health Assembly is held annually in Geneva, Switzerland.

1. weigh (verb) – consider, think about, contemplate, deliberate about, reflect on.

2. cost (noun) – price. 3. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.

4. prohibitively (adverb) – unreasonably, exorbitantly, excessively. 5. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, also.

6. toll (noun) – number, count, sum total (of deaths/casualties). 7. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 8. influenza (noun) – it is commonly known as “the flu”, is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. 9. lie ahead (phrasal verb) – be going to happen; to be in the future. 10. potential (adjective) – possible, likely, probable. 11. milestone (noun) – critical point, significant stage, turning point, watershed (moment), major achievement. 12. probable (adjective) – most likely, possible, expected, anticipated. 13. occasion (noun) – time, moment. 14. hard hit (phrase) - severely affected. 15. daunting (adjective) – challenging, taxing, difficult; intimidating, challenging, disconcerting. 16. pose (verb) – raise, ask, put (a question/matter for consideration). 17. explicit (adjective) – clear, detailed, definite, categorical. 18. thinking (noun) - outlook, opinion, viewpoint, assessment. 19. ground (noun) – reason, factor, basis. 20. affordability (noun) - the cost/price of something. 21. immunisation (noun) – the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMprotect the person against subsequent infection or disease. Note:

22. quest (noun) – pursuit, search. 23. COVAX (noun) – COVAX is co-led by Gavi, the Coalition for

Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and WHO. Its aim is to accelerate the development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccines, and to guarantee fair and equitable access for every country in the

world. 24. vulnerable (adjective) – weak, exposed, susceptible; at risk, unsafe,

unprotected. 25. inoculate (verb) - to inject/introduce a vaccine into the body of someone to produce immunity to a particular disease; immunize, vaccinate. 26. in principle (phrase) – in general, in essence; on paper, in theory. 27. laudable (adjective) – praiseworthy, commendable, admirable. 28. underline (verb) – underscore, emphasize, highlight. 29. paucity (noun) – insufficiency, deficiency, shortage. 30. lead to (verb) – cause, give rise to, result in, bring on. 31. stringent (adjective) – strict/stern, severe, tough/rigorous. 32. pool (noun) – a group of something. 33. carrier (noun) - a person who transmits a disease-causing microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi &etc.) to others. Mostly, the carrier shows no symptoms of the disease. 34. blunt (verb) - reduce, diminish, decrease, lessen. 35. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 36. anticipate (verb) – expect, foresee, predict. 37. protracted (adjective) – prolonged, extended, lengthened/lengthy. 38. unlikely (adjective) – not likely, improbable, questionable.

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H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 30, 2020)

1. minsk (noun) - the capital of Belarus.

2. on the brink (of) (phrase) – on the edge/verge of difficult/dangerous situation; at a crucial or critical point. 3. transition (noun) – change, transformation.

4. prosperity (noun) – wealth, good fortune, welfare. 5. cling (on to) (verb) - hold on to, grip/grasp, hold tightly.

6. mounting (adjective) – increasing, growing, escalating. 7. defiant (adjective) – aggressive, belligerent, hostile, dissenting. 8. crackdown (noun) – getting tough, severe/stern measures, restriction,

suppression/repression, clampdown. 9. stalemate (noun) – deadlock, impasse, standstill/stand-off. 10. face (verb) - encounter, experience, confront. 11. often (adverb) - frequently, many times, regularly. 12. compromise (noun) – agreement, understanding, settlement, deal. 13. swear in (phrasal verb) – admit into office, inaugurate, introduce (into office). 14. crack down on (phrasal verb) – get tough on, take severe measures against, clamp down on. 15. self-imposed (adjective) – something imposed on self (not by others). 16. exile (noun) – banishment, expulsion, deportation; a person who lives away from his/her native country. 17. neighbouring (adjective) – adjacent. 18. detention (noun) – imprisonment, confinement/incarceration, captivity, custody. 19. detain (verb) – arrest, take into custody, imprison, jail, incarcerate. 20. regime (noun) – government. 21. coercive (adjective) – authoritarian, overbearing, tough/harsh, highhanded. 22. swell (verb) – grow larger, grow greater, increase, expand, rise (in number). 23. rig (verb) - manipulate, arrange fraudulently, influence, distort, tinker with, misrepresent. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM24. amid (preposition) – in the middle of, surrounded by; during. 25. throw one’s weight behind (phrase) - to use one’s power (influence) to support someone/something.

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H WORD LIST-2 (SEP 30, 2020)

26. beleaguered (adjective) – hard-pressed, troubled, suffering.

27. turn to (phrasal verb) – consult someone or help. 28. ally (noun) – associate, confederate, partner, supporter. 29. back (verb) – support, endorse, approve, advocate.

30. tide over (phrasal verb) – sustain, keep someone going, help/assist (someone in difficulty).

31. take away from (phrasal verb) – lower, reduce/lessen; play down, brush aside, gloss over. 32. orbit (noun) – sphere of influence; ambit, authority.

33. ties (noun) – bond, association, relationship. 34. shut (verb) - close. 35. battle (verb) - fight, combat, withstand, confront. 36. woes (noun) – trouble, difficulty, problem. 37. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 38. paralyse (verb) - cripple, disable, stop, bring to a (grinding) halt, put out of action, immobilize/inactivate. 39. at any cost (phrase) – no matter how much effort or money needed. 40. sanctions (noun) – action taken, or an order given to force a country to obey international laws by limiting or stopping trade with that country, by not allowing economic aid for that country, etc. 41. wreak havoc (phrase) – cause/inflict a massive damage. 42. die down (phrasal verb) – come to an end, drop/stop, diminish. 43. legitimacy (noun) – justification, validity, reasonableness. 44. ask (oneself) (verb) – think about, mull over, ponder. 45. destabilise (verb) – undermine, weaken, damage, unsettle, upset. 46. hostile (adjective) – unfriendly, aggressive, opposed, inimical, averse. 47. prop up (phrasal verb) – support, assist, help someone/something from the decline. 48. interest (noun) – benefit, advantage, concern. 49. ensuing (adjective) – resulting, evolving, emerging, developing. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM50. credible (adjective) – believable, acceptable, reasonable, convincing. 51. legitimate (adjective) – valid, reasonable, reliable.

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ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 30, 2020)

1. wage code (noun) - also known as code on wages, 2019, is an Act of the Parliament of India that consolidates the provisions of four labour laws concerning wage and bonus payments and makes universal the

provisions for minimum wages and timely payment of wages for all workers in India. 2. hasty (adjective) – hurried, rapid/quick; reckless, ill-considered, ill-

advised. 3. composition (noun) – the action of putting things together; integration,

merger, formation. 4. consolidation (noun) – the process of combining a number of things into a single more effective one; unification.

5. tall (adjective) - dubious, unbelievable, exaggerated, far-fetched. 6. bulldoze (verb) – force/push something insensitively. 7. assent (noun) - approval, consent, sanction, agreement, acceptance. 8. unorganised sector/workforce (noun) – unorganized sector means an enterprise owned by individuals or self-employed workers and engaged in the production or sale of goods or providing service of any kind whatsoever, and where the enterprise employs workers, the number of such workers is less than ten. 9. workforce (noun) – workers, employees. 10. slab (noun) - category. 11. seek (verb) – ask for, request, appeal for. 12. consolidate (verb) – combine, merge, integrate (a number of things into a single more effective one). 13. legislation (noun) – body of laws, rules, regulations, statutes. 14. object (noun) - purpose, objective, aim/goal. 15. section (noun) - chapter, subdivision, part, clause. 16. repealed (adjective) - revoked, cancelled, reversed, abrogated, annulled. 17. competent authority (noun) – any person or organization that has the legally delegated or invested authority, capacity, or power to perform a designated function. 18. appellate authority (adjective) – an authority (an officer who is senior in rank) appointed or authorized to hear appeals. 19. relegate (verb) – downgrade, lower; degrade/reduce to. 20. authorise (verb) – approve, endorse, permit/allow. 21. provision (noun) – term, clause, requirement/condition. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. delegated legislation (noun) - it means exercising of legislative power by an agent who is lower in rank to the Legislature, or who is subordinate to the Legislature. 23. condense (verb) – compress, compact, abridge, shorten, make concise.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 30, 2020)

24. point in time (phrase) - a particular moment. 25. asymmetrical (adjective) – dissimilar, unequal, unidentical, differing. 26. barring (preposition) – except for, with the exception of, apart from,

other than, excluding. 27. surplus (noun) – excess, oversupply, overabundance. 28. draw (verb) – obtain, withdraw, take out (money).

29. erstwhile (adjective) – old, previous, former, then. 30. schedule (noun) - an annex or appendix to a statute, particularly as a

list/table. 31. dispense with (phrasal verb) – discard, get rid of, do away with. 32. necessity (noun) – (essential) requirement, prerequisite, indispensable

thing. 33. floor wage or wage floor (noun) - the lowest possible wage established either by law. 34. unwarranted (adjective) – unjustified, unnecessary, unreasonable, uncalled for, groundless. 35. binding (adjective) – compulsory, imperative, mandatory, necessary. 36. hitherto (adverb) – previously, earlier, so far/thus far, until now. 37. over-riding (adjective) - most important, major, of greatest significance, foremost. 38. override (verb) – disregard, ignore, overrule/overturn, reject (a view, idea, suggestion etc). 39. purview (noun) – range, scope, ambit. 40. foremost (adjective) – most important. 41. enforcement (noun) – imposition, implementation, execution. 42. sanction (noun) - approval, permission, support, endorsement. 43. omnibus (adjective) – the Latin word literally meaning “for all”; consisting several parts/items. 44. facilitator (noun) – a person/thing that encourages an action and makes it easier. 45. comply with (verb) – abide by, adhere to, conform to. 46. carry out (phrasal verb) – conduct, perform, execute. 47. mechanism (noun) – procedure, process, method/technique. 48. stipulate (verb) – lay down, specify, state clearly (a requirement). 49. Gazetted Officer (noun) - A senior government official whose appointment is published in the Gazette of India or any State WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMGovernment Gazette. 50. contemplate (verb) – think about, consider, give thought to. 51. tribunal (noun) – a special court or arbitration panel set up to resolve a particular dispute.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (SEP 30, 2020)

52. prescribe (verb) – stipulate, lay down, specify, set down. 53. arise out (verb) – result, occur, stem (from). 54. henceforth (adverb) – from this time on, in future, from now on.

55. hold (verb) – occupy, have, be in (a position/job). 56. penal (adjective) - disciplinary, punitive, corrective. 57. meagre (adjective) – small, little, paltry, inadequate/deficient.

58. observance (noun) - compliance with, adherence to, conformity to. 59. nullity (noun) – invalidity, non-validity.

60. paper tiger (noun) – ineffectual person/thing even if that looks frightening. 61. claw (noun) - nail.

62. curiously (adverb) – mysteriously, surprisingly, unexpectedly. 63. magistrate (noun) – the judicial officers or civil officers of a state who handle minor legal cases in a specific area like town, district etc. 64. be vested with (verb) – give (someone) the legal right. 65. the executive (noun) – a branch of government which enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary; government. 66. contravention (noun) – breach, violation, breaking, infringement, non- compliance. 67. empower (verb) – authorize, allow, entitle. 68. strike down (phrasal verb) – abolish, annul, nullify (a law or regulation). 69. Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) (noun) – The Code of Criminal Procedure (in India). The main legislation on procedure for administration of substantive criminal law in India. It was enacted in 1973 and came into force on 1 April 1974. CrPC tells about the criminal trial procedure. 70. judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested. 71. trial (noun) – court case, lawsuit, hearing, inquiry. 72. compound (verb) – aggravate, worsen, intensify, make worse. 73. offence (noun) – breach, violation of the law. 74. due diligence (noun) – reasonable, careful assessment/investigation done in advance. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM75. consent (noun) – agreement, assent, permission/approval. 76. connivance (noun) – collusion; conspiracy, secret plan/understanding. 77. categorisation (noun) – classification, sorting.