H Word List-2 (Oct 03, 2020)

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 01, 2020) H 1. in ruins (phrase) – in disrepair, falling to pieces, falling apart, broken- down; ruined, destroyed.

2. successive (adjective) – consecutive, succeeding. 3. setback (noun) – problem, difficulty, issue, complication. 4. secular (adjective) – non-religious.

5. rule of law (phrase) – it is described as “a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated,

equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards. 6. ruins (noun) – remains, fragments, remainder, wreckage.

7. in record time (phrase) - very quickly. 8. horde (noun) – crowd, large group, mob. 9. vandal (noun) - a person who intentionally damages/destroys public or private property. 10. mobilise (verb) – (of people) bring together for a particular cause. 11. detritus (noun) – debris, waste/discarded matter; remains/remnants. 12. uphold (verb) – support, confirm, justify; maintain, reserve, protect. 13. bring down (phrasal verb) - knock down, pull down, demolish, bulldoze, destroy. 14. recognition (noun) - acknowledgement, acceptance, admission. 15. egregious (adjective) – shocking, horrible/terrible, very bad. 16. give rise to (phrase) – cause, bring about, result in. 17. debris (noun) – broken pieces of a building; rubble, wreckage. 18. unconscionable (adjective) – unethical, immoral, unprincipled, wrong. 19. throw to the wind (phrase) – to discard or dispense with (something), especially in an abrupt/reckless manner. 20. observation (noun) - statement, opinion, finding. 21. in effect (phrase) – really, practically, virtually. 22. acquit (verb) – declare innocent; discharge, release, free (from a criminal charge). 23. indict (verb) – charge with, accuse of. 24. conspiracy (noun) – (unlawful) plan, intrigue, collaboration/deception, deceitful strategy. 25. defy (verb) – resist, take a stand against, confront. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM26. in advance (phrase) - earlier, previously, before. 27. fly in the face of (phrase) – disregard, ignore, defy/disobey. 28. crowbar (noun) – a heavy iron bar which is used as a lever. 29. spade (noun) - a sharp edged tool used for digging or cutting earth.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 01, 2020) H 30. hoe (noun) - a hoe is an ancient and versatile agricultural hand tool used to shape soil, remove weeds, clear soil, and harvest root crops.

31. sturdy (adjective) – robust, strong, solid, well built. 32. proponent (noun) – advocate, supporter, upholder/promoter. 33. vantage point (noun) – a place or position which provides a proper view

of something. 34. occasion (noun) – event, happening, incident. 35. ought to (modal verb) – must, should.

36. disgust (noun) - strong disapproval, aversion, distaste, abhorrence. 37. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually. 38. draw (verb) - reach a conclusion by inference from the circumstances;

deduce, infer, conclude, derive, gather. 39. inference (noun) – conclusion, reasoning, conjecture, speculation, assumption. 40. circumstances (noun) – situation, background, conditions, state of affairs. 41. under the banner (phrase) - claim to support a specified cause. 42. ingredient (noun) – element, part, component. 43. mobilisation (noun) – the act of bringing people/resources together for a particular cause. 44. purported (adjective) – alleged, claimed, professed, reported. 45. studied (adjective) – deliberate, intentional, purposeful. 46. inaction (noun) – inactivity, negligence, disregard. 47. unambiguous (adjective) – unarguable, undebatable, unquestionable. 48. voice (verb) - express, make public, announce, mention, raise. 49. protagonist (noun) – supporter, advocate/champion, proponent. 50. dissembling (adjective) - pretending, deceitful, fake, dishonest, untruthful, insincere. 51. hindsight (noun) - understanding/realizing a situation/event after it has happened. 52. hinder (verb) – obstruct, impede, inhibit, hamper. 53. frenzy (noun) – madness, wildness, uncontrolled excitement/behaviour. 54. goad (verb) - provoke, stir, excite, rouse, motivate/encourage. 55. provocative (adjective) – infuriating, provoking, goading, inflammatory. 56. dignitary (noun) – important/notable person. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM57. restrain (verb) – control, restrict, limit. 58. mob (noun) – a large, disorganized, and often violent crowd of people. 59. tampered (adjective) - damaged, adjusted, altered, doctored. 60. disavowal (noun) – denial, disowning, disclaimer.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 01, 2020) H 61. undo (verb) – cancel, reverse, revoke, nullify, invalidate. 62. cumulative (adjective) – collective, aggregate.

63. logistical (adjective) – relating to organization and planning of something. 64. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, also.

65. en masse (adverb) – in a mass, all together, as a group. 66. acquittal (noun) – declaration of innocence, clearing, discharge, release, vindication, exoneration.

67. vindication (noun) - justification, rationalization. 68. objective (noun) – aim, intention, intent, purpose. 69. exemplify (verb) – typify, epitomize, represent/illustrate.

70. status quo (noun) – the present situation, the current state, the existing state of affairs. 71. lay bare (phrasal verb) – reveal, uncover, expose. 72. damning (adjective) – reproving, condemning; strong. 73. binding (adjective) – compulsory, imperative, mandatory, necessary. 74. whereas (conjunction) – while on the contrary, in contrast with the fact that. 75. adduce (verb) – present, offer, propose; cite/mention/quote (as an evidence). 76. advance (adjective) - early, previous, prior. 77. a meeting of minds (phrase) – an agreement between people; an understanding between people; convergence, coming together, confluence. 78. contour (noun) – outline, shape, form. 79. it is no surprise (phrase) – as expected, as anticipated, as predicted. 80. mark (verb) – indicate, represent, signify, signalize. 81. bungling (adjective) – mismanaging, mishandling, messing up, incompetent. 82. first information report (FIR) (noun) – a written document prepared by the police when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence. 83. designate (verb) – identify, recognize, state, classify. 84. quash (verb) – cancel, reverse, repeal, revoke, overrule, rule against. 85. flawed (adjective) – defective, faulty, distorted, inaccurate. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM86. proceedings (noun) – legal action, legal proceedings, lawsuit. 87. charge sheet (noun) – an official document on which a police officer enters details of the charge against a person. 88. derail (verb) – obstruct, interrupt, impede/thwart.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 01, 2020) H 89. revive (verb) – restore, revitalize, renew, bring back. 90. sternly (adverb) – strictly, severely, stringently.

91. fabric (noun) – the basic/fundamental structure. 92. hamstrung (adjective) – counterproductive, ineffective/ineffectual, futile/pointless.

93. prosecute (verb) – take to court, institute legal action against, charge with, accuse of. 94. moot (adjective) – debatable, disputable, arguable; disputed,

controversial. 95. judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested.

96. alignment (noun) - alliance, partnership, agreement. 97. the executive (noun) – a branch of government which enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary; government. 98. so far as (phrase) – to the extent. 99. parrot (verb) – repeat mindlessly/mechanically, say again (without thinking). 100. specious (adjective) – seemingly correct, misleading, deceptive, false. 101. advance (verb) - promote, support, further, forward. 102. spontaneous (adjective) - unplanned, unpremeditated, impromptu. 103. go through (phrasal verb) – undergo, experience, be subjected to, live through. 104. disgraceful (adjective) – shameful, shocking, dishonourable, unacceptable. 105. culmination (noun) – end, conclusion, termination. 106. revanchist (adjective) – relating to a policy of fighting back, especially to recover lost territory. 107. procession (noun) – parade, march, progression; a group of people moving in an orderly way. 108. storm (verb) - suddenly attack, attempt to capture, conduct an offensive on. 109. bloodshed (noun) – killing, carnage, massacre. 110. grisly (adjective) – horrible, dreadful, terrible. 111. grave (adjective) – terrible, awful, alarming, gloomy. 112.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 113. exoneration (noun) – vindication, acquittal, discharge. 114. imperative (adjective) – vitally important, crucial, essential, necessary. 115. amity (noun) – friendship, harmony, goodwill, warmth.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 01, 2020)

1. maritime (adjective) – of or related to the sea. 2. sphere (noun) – an area of activity; a field of activity; domain, realm.

3. obsession (noun) – the particular condition of having unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas & etc., about someone or something

(all the time); fixation, preoccupation, concern, mania/craze/phobia. 4. continental (adjective) – belonging to a continent (mainland). 5. strategy (noun) - military tactics.

6. yield (verb) – give, provide, produce. 7. unflattering (adjective) – unfavourable, uncomplimentary, incorrect.

8. deterrence (noun) – the act of deterring/stopping someone from doing something. 9. obsess with (verb) - preoccupy, dominate, control. 10. existential (adjective) – relating to existence. 11. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 12. reconciliation (noun) – restoration of harmony, rapprochement, resolution, agreement. 13. adversary (noun) – rival, enemy, nemesis/opponent, competitor. 14. unlikely (adjective) – not likely, improbable, questionable. 15. pursue (verb) – engage in, conduct, follow. 16. ambitious (adjective) – difficult, challenging, demanding, formidable. 17. territorial (adjective) – geographical. 18. on the ground (phrase) – in a situation/place where things are happening really/practically. 19. put differently (phrase) – express differently, put/express in other words. 20. flatter (verb) – compliment, praise, commend/admire. 21. push the boundaries (phrase) - do more that you would normally do. 22. literally (adverb) – exactly. 23. keen on (adjective) – enthusiastic about, interested in, passionate about. 24. stalemate (noun) – deadlock, impasse, standstill/stand-off. 25. reinstate (verb) – bring back, restore, return to position. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM26. status quo (noun) – the present situation, the current state, the existing state of affairs.

Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 01, 2020)

27. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running

through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal).

28. a thing of the past (phrase) – something that no longer exists or happens. 29. push back (phrasal verb) – force back, repel, fight off.

30. Aksai Chin (noun) – a territory in Ladakh, is under illegal Chinese occupation.

31. expansive (adjective) – relating to a policy of increasing a country's size by expanding its territory. 32. aggressive (adjective) – hostile, belligerent, bellicose, hawkish, combative. 33. red line (noun) – boundary, limit. 34. bitter (adjective) – hostile, hateful, ill-natured, spiteful. 35. front (noun) – a particular situation. 36. heat up (phrasal verb) - become intense, grow vehement. 37. ceasefire (noun) – a negotiated agreement that will be accompanied by other associated commitments to de-escalate the fighting; a temporary stoppage of a war, truce, armistice. 38. Line of control (LoC) (noun) – it is a 450 mile-long military control line lying between India and Pakistan’s controlled parts of the former (under the British) Jammu and Kashmir. This line is not actually a legally recognized international boundary but prevails as per de facto. After the Simla Agreement signed in July 1972, this line was officially renamed as “Line of Control” from “the Cease-fire Line”. 39. spike (verb) – increase sharply. 40. infiltration (noun) – intrusion, incursion, trespassing, penetration. 41. contestation (noun) – discussion, exchange of views, discourse, argument/disputation. 42. fiercer comparative adjective of fierce (adjective) - intense, powerful, vehement. 43. geopolitical (adjective) – relating to the study of the geographical WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMfactors (a country’s position on the earth, size, climate, and natural resources & etc,.) in world politics and inter-state relations.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 01, 2020)

44. collusion (noun) – conspiracy, intrigue, secret understanding, collaboration.

45. phenomenon (noun) – occurrence, event, happening. 46. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before.

47. high stakes (noun) - high-risk, dangerous. 48. consequent (adjective) – subsequent, following, resultant, ensuing. 49. influence (noun) – power, authority, sway, leverage, weight, rank.

50. turn the tide (phrase) - change the trend of events. 51. turn the tables (phrase) – reverse a disadvantaged situation/position to

gain advantage. 52. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (noun) – NATO was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. 53. interest (noun) – benefit, advantage, concern. 54. converge (verb) – meet, intersect, come together. 55. landscape (noun) – the distinctive features of a field of activity. 56. friction (noun) – conflict, dispute, fighting/clashing. 57. dampen (verb) – decrease, diminish/lessen, reduce. 58. in sum (phrase) – briefly, in a nutshell, to come to the point, in essence. 59. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 60. the end of the road (phrase) – a point in a situation beyond which something cannot continue. 61. foray (noun) – a brief & active attempt to get involved in a new activity/sphere. 62. for sure (phrase) – definitely, surely, certainly, without doubt. 63. way out (phrase) - solution, way of escape. 64. dilemma (noun) – quandary, predicament, difficulty. 65. to begin with (phrase) – at first, at the outset, at the beginning. 66. nutcracker (noun as modifier) - tough, hard to break something up. 67. comparatively (adverb) – relatively, comparably, proportionally. 68. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM69. modicum (noun) – little bit, small amount. 70. normalcy (noun) – a normal condition; normality, regularity.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 01, 2020)

71. mechanism (noun) – procedure, process, method/technique. 72. hotline (noun) – a direct telephone line between two head quarters of

government for emergency & or communication. 73. appetite (noun) – liking, desire, craving, thirst, hunger.

74. political will (noun) – political intention/desire (to complete a scheme/project even if it is not admired/welcomed in the beginning). 75. put in place (phrase) – initiate, usher in, bring in.

76. respite (noun) – break, interval, stoppage. 77. abundantly (adverb) – plentifully, amply, freely, in large quantities.

78. in terms of (phrase) – with regard to, regarding/concerning, in connection with. 79. vis-a-vis (preposition) – in relation to, with regard to. 80. ideational (adjective) - relating to the formation of ideas. 81. fast-track (verb) – increase or step up the progress of a project. 82. keep pace with (phrase) – progress at the same speed as. 83. hem in (verb) - border, edge, confine. 84. wide open (phrase) - fully open; opened to the full extent. 85. undertake (verb) – engage in, become involved in, take part in; begin/start, embark on. 86. exploration (noun) – survey, research, investigation. 87. stick (verb) - become trapped, become immobilized, become fixed. 88. in the midst of (phrase) – in the middle of. 89. span (verb) – range over, spread over, extend over. 90. shores (noun) – a country/geographical area (surrounded by a coast). 91. coinage (noun) – innovation, origination, creation (of a a new word or phrase). 92. bring out (phrasal verb) – disclose, reveal, expose, become known. 93. bullying (noun) – intimidating, coercing, pressurizing/browbeating. 94. unilateralism (noun) – a method of taking decisions (on international relations) by a state (country) individually without considering other states (countries). 95. checkmate (verb) – frustrate, thwart, prevent, counter, foil completely. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM96. opportunistic (adjective) – selfish, self-centred, self-seeking, egocentric, inward-looking.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 01, 2020)

97. land grab (noun) - a process of obtaining land unethically & self- seekingly (selfishly).

98. thanks to (phrase) – as a result of, owing to, due to, because of. 99. chokepoint (noun) - a point of blockage.

100. revitalised (adjective) – re-energized, rejuvenated, renewed. 101. manoeuvre (noun) – (military) training activity, operation. 102. adventure (noun) – risky undertaking or venture.

103. costly (adjective) – catastrophic, ruinous, disastrous, damaging, devastating, crippling.

104. dissuade (verb) – discourage, deter, prevent. 105. salami-slice (verb) - reduce, diminish, decrease, cut back. 106. salami slice (strategy) (noun) – a strategy by which a dominant power attempts to establish its hegemony piece by piece. 107. stitch together (verb) – join together to create something quickly/roughly. 108. elevate (verb) – increase or raise the level of (something). 109. Quad/Quadrilateral (noun) I– The ‘Quadrilateral’ is described as four democracies (the United States, Japan, Australia and India) with a shared objective to ensure and support a “free, open and prosperous” Indo-Pacific region. 110. ideate (verb) - imagine, envisage, perceive, think. 111. consolidate (verb) – strengthen, reinforce, fortify. 112. comprehensive (adjective) – all-inclusive, broad-based, complete/thorough. 113. put out (phrasal verb) – publish, release, publicize/circulate. 114. make the cut (phrase) - equal or better the (standard) score to avoid elimination. 115. more so (phrase) – to a greater degree; to a greater extent. 116. envoy (noun) – diplomat, consul, ambassador. 117. affairs (noun) – concerns, matters, activities. 118.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM chessboard (noun) - a two-player strategy (board) game. Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 02, 2020)

1. undying (adjective) - continuing,

constant/permanent, lasting, inextinguishable. 2. ember (noun) - glowing coal, burning wood. 3. gender sensitivity (noun) - the process by which people are made

aware of how gender plays a role in life through their treatment of others. It opens up communications between the sexes to bring mutual

understanding and respect of each others’ roles. 4. enhance (verb) - improve, upgrade, strengthen. 5. bleak (adjective) – unpromising, unfavourable, disadvantageous.

6. pyre (noun) - a funeral pile of wood for burning dead body. 7. illuminate (verb) – light up, throw light on, cast light upon; clarify, elucidate, explain, reveal, make clear. 8. ghastly (adjective) – terrible, frightful, grim, horrible. 9. stand guard (phrase) - keep guard; to guard someone/something. 10. etch (verb) - imprint, inscribe, mark, engrave, fix/set permanently. 11. collective (adjective) – combined, united/joint, cooperative (by all people as a group). 12. allegedly (adverb) – apparently, ostensibly, purportedly, reportedly. 13. assault (verb) – rape, sexually assault; physically attack, beat, thrash. 14. succumb (verb) – die from, pass away as a result of, be a fatality of, fall victim to (a disease or injury). 15. cremate (verb) – dispose (of a dead person’s body) by burning after funeral ceremony. 16. the dead of night (phrase) - the midnight; the middle of the night. 17. keep away (phrasal verb) - make someone stay away from. 18. unconscionable (adjective) – unethical, immoral, unprincipled, wrong. 19. atrocity (noun) – act of barbarity/brutality, cruelty, inhumanity. 20. brutally (adverb) – cruelly, savagely, ruthlessly. 21. chore (noun) – a routine task/job. 22. fodder (noun) – fodder generally means food, particularly dried hay or straw, for cattle and other livestock). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. slash (verb) – cut, slit.

Note:

24. inhuman (adjective) – vicious/cruel, brutal, barbaric.

25. string (noun) – series, succession, chain, sequence. 26. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize, call attention to. 27. grim (adjective) – distressing, upsetting,

worrying, unpleasant, dismal, awful. 28. primarily (adverb) – basically, especially, particularly.

29. stringent (adjective) – strict/stern, severe, tough/rigorous. 30. in place (phrase) – established, set up, arranged. 31. Criminal Law (Amendment) Act (noun) - After Nirbhaya gang rape in

2012, in 2013 amendments were made to the Criminal law to lay down stringent punishments to deal with sex crimes against women, which is why the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, popularly came to be known as the 'Nirbhaya Act'. The new Act also recognised certain acts as offences which were hitherto dealt separately under IPC. These are acid attack (Sec 326B), sexual harassment (Sec 354A), act with intention to disrobe a woman (Sec 354B), voyeurism (Sec 354C), and stalking (Sec 354D). 32. Indian Penal Code (IPC) (noun) – The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is the official criminal code of India. It is a comprehensive code intended to cover all substantive aspects of criminal law. The draft was passed into law on 6 October 1860. The Code came into operation on 1 January 1862. The Indian Penal Code of 1860, sub-divided into 23 chapters, comprises 511 sections. IPC deals with crimes and punishments. 33. convicted (adjective) – declared guilty of a criminal offence. 34. convict (noun) - criminal, offender, lawbreaker. 35. Special Investigation Team (SIT) (noun) - a specialized team of officers in Indian law enforcement consisting of personnel trained to investigate serious crimes. 36. look into (verb) – investigate, explore, research, inquire about. 37. allegation (noun) – charge, accusation, indictment. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM38. level (verb) - direct (an allegation/accusation).

Note:

39. compensation (noun) – payment, repayment, settlement (for

loss/damage). 40. pledge (verb) – promise, give one’s word, vow/swear, give an assurance.

41. tacit (adjective) – hinted, suggested, implied, unspoken, unmentioned, unexpressed.

42. admission (noun) – acknowledgement, acceptance, confession. 43. vulnerable (adjective) – unsafe, unprotected, unguarded. 44. simmer (verb) - be angry, be incensed, be furious; fume, burn,

smoulder, brew (suppressed distress/tension). 45. on the ground (phrase) – in a situation/place where things are happening really/practically. 46. inevitable (adjective) – unavoidable, unpreventable. 47. humiliation (noun) – indignity, dishonour, insult, offence. 48. inequity (noun) – unfairness, partiality, favouritism, bias, prejudice, discrimination. 49. drop out (phrasal verb) - discontinue, abandon, give up, withdraw (study). 50. oppress (verb) - persecute, abuse, ill-treat. 51. on the rise (phrase) – increasing (in number). 52. slip (verb) – decline, drop, worsen, fall. 53. terribly (adverb) - extremely, awfully, dreadfully. 54. National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) (noun) – an Indian government agency responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Special and Local Laws (SLL). NCRB is headquartered in New Delhi and is part of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India. 55. account for (phrasal verb) – constitute, make up, comprise, form. 56. fast-track (verb) – increase or step up the progress of a project. 57. the least (determiner) - minimum, minimal. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM58. sordid (adjective) – disreputable, disgusting, abhorrent, dishonest. Note:

WORD LIST-2 (OCT 02, 2020) H 1. constrain (verb) – restrict, limit, restrain. 2. critique (noun) – analysis, evaluation, assessment, appraisal, review.

3. Amnesty International (noun) – a non-governmental organization with its headquarters in the United Kingdom focused on human rights. 4. halt (verb) – stop, end, cease, terminate.

5. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in. 6. excesses (noun) – uncontrolled behaviour; unrestricted conduct;

extreme, violent actions which are unacceptable. 7. enhance (verb) – improve, augment, strengthen. 8. activism (noun) – involvement; campaigning, championing/supporting

(to cause political or social change). 9. accountability (noun) – responsibility, liability, answerability. 10. freeze (verb) - suspend; prevent something (bank accounts) from being used for a period of time. 11. intrusive (adjective) – interrupting, unwanted, unwelcome; invasive. 12. scrutiny (noun) – examination, inspection, investigation. 13. interference (noun) – intervention, meddling, unwarranted involvement. 14. entity (noun) – organization, establishment. 15. denouement (noun) - the end result of a situation; the very end of a story; outcome, consequence, end result, ending, climax. 16. abrogation (noun) – abolition, repeal, cancellation (of a law/agreement). 17. take up (phrasal verb) – pursue, engage in, become involved in (an activity or course of action). 18. torture (noun) – infliction, abuse, torment. 19. abolition (noun) – termination, elimination, cancellation (of a system). 20. refugee (noun) – displaced person, asylum seeker, escapee/exile. 21. advocacy (noun) – backing, supporting, endorsing. 22. lead to (verb) – cause, give rise to, result in, bring on. 23. at loggerheads (phrase) – (two individuals or two groups of people) in a strong or violent disagreement about something. Engaged in a serious dispute and fail to come to an understanding of any kind. 24. regime (noun) – government. 25. authoritarian (adjective) – oppressive, dictatorial, totalitarian. 26. ranks (noun) – the people belonging to a group. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM27. join the ranks of (phrase) - to become a part/member of a large group. 28. pursuit (noun) – aspiration, quest, search. 29. objective (noun) – aim, intention, intent, purpose. 30. lopsided (adjective) – uneven, asymmetrical, unbalanced, one-sided.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (OCT 02, 2020) H 31. further (verb) - promote, advance, forward; back, foster, champion. 32. bound (by) (adjective) – obliged, compelled, required, constrained.

33. constitutionalism (noun) – limited/restrained/controlled government. 34. adversarial (adjective) – involving conflict or opposition. 35. constructive (adjective) – useful/helpful, productive,

practical/effective/beneficial. 36. rebut (verb) – repel, deny, disprove, prove false. 37. communique (noun) – official communication, press release, bulletin.

38. intimidation (noun) – frightening, threatening, oppression. 39. consistently (adverb) – always, each time, invariably. 40. trans- (prefix) – across.

41. exemplify (verb) – clarify, represent, illustrate (as a n example). 42. Foreign Contribution Regulations Act, 2010 (FCRA) (noun) – It regulates the acceptance and utilisation of foreign contribution by individuals, associations and companies. 43. stakeholder (noun) – a person with an interest in something. 44. rush through (verb) - handle or tackle something quickly/hurriedly; cope with something rapidly. 45. aspire (verb) - desire, aim for, hope for, have the objective of. 46. just (adjective) – fair-minded, equitable, impartial, unbiased, neutral. 47. build on (phrasal verb) - develop, improve, add detail to, enhance, refine. 48. demographic dividend (noun) – it is defined as a boost in economic productivity that occurs when there are growing numbers of people in the workforce relative to the number of dependents (or) it is the accelerated development that can arise when a population has a relatively large proportion of working-age people coupled with effective human capital investment. 49. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 50. reap (verb) - get, acquire, obtain, bring in, realize. 51. entrepreneurship (noun) – the process/activity of setting up a business. 52. spearhead (verb) – lead, head (an movement/protest); be in the forefront of. 53. gender equality (noun) - gender parity; It is the view that everyone should receive equal treatment and not be discriminated against based on WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMtheir gender. 54. regulatory (adjective) – governmental, supervisory, organizational, controlling. 55. framework (noun) – structure, system, composition, organization.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 02, 2020)

1. vitiate (verb) – destroy, impair, spoil, ruin.

2. self-effacing (adjective) – modest, introverted, shy; not seeking attention.

3. layman (noun) – non-professional, non-specialist, non-expert, amateur. 4. precede (verb) – come/go before, pave the way for, lead to.

5. seemingly (adverb) – as far as one knows, as far as one can see; evidently, apparently.

6. ascent (noun) – a rise to a higher (social) rank. 7. overshadow (verb) – outdo, outclass, outstrip, outshine; dominate, command.

8. predecessor (noun) – previous holder; forerunner, precursor, antecedent. 9. successor (noun) – inheritor, next-in-line, descendant. 10. consequently (adverb) – as a result, therefore, for this reason, because of that. 11. current (noun) - trend, direction/progress, tendency. 12. appropriation (noun) - acquiring, obtaining, gaining, securing. 13. echo (noun) – recollection, remembrance, repetition, reiteration. 14. eclipse (verb) - outshine, overshadow, surpass, exceed. 15. preoccupation (noun) – obsession, concern, fixation. 16. fabricate (verb) - forge, falsify, counterfeit. 17. set the bar (phrase) - set/fix a very high standard. 18. ailing (adjective) – unwell, ill, in poor health, infirm. 19. roving (adjective) - acting, designate. 20. unanimously (adverb) – without opposition, agreed to by everyone involved. 21. elevate (verb) - raise, lift up (to a higher position). 22. matter-of-fact (adjective) - practical, realistic, sensible, rational, reasonable. 23. conduct (noun) – behaviour, way of behaving, performance. 24. in the face of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, regardless of; when confronted with. 25. circumstances (noun) – situation, background, conditions, state of WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMaffairs. 26. shadow (noun) – protection, cover, shelter. 27. front (noun) – a particular situation.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 02, 2020)

28. premiership (noun) – the office/position of a prime minister; the head

of government. 29. put something in perspective (phrase) – to compare something with a

similar thing to give a clearer, more accurate idea. 30. tenure (noun) – incumbency, term of office, period in office. 31. amid (preposition) – in the middle of, surrounded by; during.

32. bout (noun) - spell, round, cycle. 33. scarcity (noun) – shortage, insufficiency, poverty.

34. albeit (conjunction) – though, even though, however. 35. decolonised (adjective) – to release a state (from a colony) to have autonomy and outright independence from the colonial rulers.

36. prosaically (adverb) - uninspiringly, commonly, usually, ordinaryly. 37. forex crisis (noun) – currency crisis; it takes place when a currency suddenly experiences volatility (inconstancy) that ends up causing speculation in the foreign exchange (forex) market. These crises can be caused by several elements, including currency pegs or monetary policy decisions, (Simply put, the term "currency peg" describes when one currency's value is fixed to another's currency's value). 38. provincial (adjective) - regional, territorial; narrow-minded, inward- looking. 39. friction (noun) – conflict, dispute, fighting/clashing. 40. surplus (noun) – excess, oversupply, overabundance. 41. deficit (noun) – shortfall, deficiency, shortage, lack, failure. 42. piecemeal (adjective) – disorganized, unplanned, unsystematic, unmethodical, step by step. 43. green revolution (noun) – it was the result of a sequence of scientific breakthroughs and development activities (in 1930s-1960s) that successfully increased food production. 44. systemic (adjective) – constructional, organizational, formational. 45. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 46. federal (adjective) – relating to a system of government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM47. monolithising (adjective) - relating to a large, non-discriminatory political/social system considered as indivisible. 48. clientele (noun) – clients, customers, consumers.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 02, 2020)

49. on one's last legs (phrase) - about to fall apart, about to collapse; about to fail, about to go bankrupt, near to ruin.

50. afflict (verb) – trouble, bother, burden, distress. 51. churn (noun) – disorder/disorganization, confusion, disruption/chaos. 52. satrap (noun) – local ruler, subordinate official, governor (of a

province in ancient persian empire). 53. affirmation (noun) – endorsement, confirmation, pronouncement. 54. notwithstanding (adverb) – nevertheless, nonetheless; in spite of,

despite, regardless of. 55. ambiguity (noun) – inexactness, doubtfulness, obscurity/opacity.

56. imprimatur (noun) – authorization, approval, seal of approval, endorsement. 57. weigh down (phrasal verb) – trouble, worry/bother, disturb. 58. stalwart (noun) – follower, supporter, upholder, defender. 59. factionalism (noun) – it refers to conflict and infighting between small groups (factions) within a larger one, especially in politics. 60. indecision (noun) - indecisiveness, irresolution, lack of resolution, hesitation,. 61. cliché (noun) – banality, overworked phrase/opinion; predictable thing. 62. abound (verb) – be in large numbers; be plentiful, be abundant, be numerous. 63. accidental (adjective) – unexpected, unforeseen, unanticipated. 64. stopgap (noun) – temporary, provisional, interim, short-term, makeshift (solution). 65. cardboard (noun as modifier) - artificial; lacking depth. 66. persisting (adjective) – continuing, remaining, lingering. 67. feud (noun) – argument, dispute, disagreement, fight. 68. farce (noun) – absurdity, sham, pretence/false display. 69. cross-section (noun) – a small group that represents different groups within the large group. 70. navigate (verb) – proceed, move, manage. 71. subdued (adjective) – restrained, controlled, toned down, muted. 72. Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) (noun) – the NAM was set up after the World War 2 with an aim to “create an independent path in world WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMpolitics that would not result in member States becoming pawns in the struggles between the major power blocs (Western/Capitalist bloc aligned with the USA or Eastern/Soviet bloc aligned with the former Soviet Union).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 02, 2020)

73. fittingly (adverb) – in a way something is suitable for certain

condition. 74. foray (noun) – a brief & active attempt to get involved in a new

activity/sphere. 75. the fruit (noun) – reward, benefit, advantages. 76. diplomacy (noun) – negotiation, discussion, talks, dialogue.

77. virtue (noun) – integrity, propriety, goodness/good point. 78. necessity (noun) – (essential) requirement, prerequisite, indispensable

thing. 79. reciprocal (adjective) – mutual, common, shared. 80. relatively (adverb) – comparatively, proportionately, somewhat, to a

certain extent/degree. 81. overdue (adjective) – long-delayed, not on time, long-pending. 82. mediation (noun) – conciliation, arbitration, intervention/negotiation. 83. content with (verb) – be unworried, be untroubled, be satisfied. 84. tribunal (noun) – a special court or arbitration panel set up to resolve a particular dispute. 85. the lion’s share (phrase) – most, the majority, the larger/greater part of something. 86. demarcated (adjective) - delimited, distinguished, separated, divided. 87. trope (noun) – motif, cliché; recurring concept, idea, motive, topic, subject (used many times). 88. infiltration (noun) – intrusion, incursion, trespassing, penetration. 89. mopping up (noun) - an act of completing the military invasion/seizure of an area by capturing/killing remaining enemy troops. 90. crossover (noun) – the method of attaining success in a different method. 91. confrontation (noun) – conflict, clash, fight, face-off. 92. materialise (verb) – happen, occur, take place. 93. ceasefire (noun) – a negotiated agreement that will be accompanied by other associated commitments to de-escalate the fighting; a temporary stoppage of a war, truce, armistice. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM94. hail (verb) – praise, applaud, commend, acclaim. 95. resolve (noun) – determination, resolution, commitment, decision, firmness of purpose.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 02, 2020)

96. indiscriminate (adjective) – thoughtless, careless, unsystematic,

unmethodical. 97. intercession (noun) - intervention, mediation, intermediation,

negotiation. 98. deteriorate (verb) – decline, degenerate, degrade. 99. outbreak (noun) – outburst, flaring up, breakout.

100. retreat (noun) – withdrawal, pulling back, back down. 101. advance (noun) – progress, improvement, development, advancement.

102. arc (noun) - path, trajectory (a curved one). 103. epitaph (noun) - slogan. 104. counterpart (noun) – equivalent, equal (person); fellow, peer.

105. status quo (noun) – the present situation, the current state, the existing state of affairs. 106. denouement (noun) - the end result of a situation; the very end of a story; outcome, consequence, end result, ending, climax. 107. sombre (adjective) – serious, stern, grim. 108. coffin (noun) - a long, wooden box in which a dead body is kept & buried or cremated. 109. testimony (noun) – evidence, proof, attestation/witness. 110. stature (noun) – reputation, status, position, standing. 111. personalised (adjective) – relating to something which is done to meet someone’s individual requirements. 112. resurrection (noun) – revival, restoration, renewal. 113. outsized (adjective) – huge, very large, massive. 114. narrative (noun) – a representation of a particular situation; portrayal/account. 115. grandiose (adjective) - magnificent, impressive, awe-inspiring, splendid. 116. rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively & persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language. 117. conviction (noun) - belief, opinion, view, thought, idea. 118.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM probity (noun) – integrity, honesty, morality.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-2 (OCT 02, 2020)

1. intercultural (adjective) - derived from different cultures. 2. proximity (noun) – closeness, nearness, presence, adjacency (in

relationship). 3. fruitful (adjective) – beneficial, valuable, advantageous.

4. intellectual (noun) – cultured, civilized, enlightened. 5. openness (noun) - frankness, honesty, candidness. 6. live up to (phrasal verb) – satisfy, fulfil, achieve, meet.

7. affirmation (noun) – assertion, statement, proclamation, pronouncement.

8. sanctify (verb) – approve, sanction, vindicate, endorse, justify. 9. first and foremost (phrase) - most importantly, more than anything else, first of all. 10. profoundly (adverb) – extremely, deeply, greatly. 11. humanity (noun) – humankind, the human race, people. 12. arm with (verb) - provide, furnish, equip. 13. alienated (adjective) – isolated, estranged, detached. 14. on the contrary (phrase) – conversely, just the opposite. 15. endow (verb) – give, provide, equip. 16. instrument (noun) – mechanism, apparatus, channel. 17. dissent (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, opposition. 18. pragmatic (adjective) – empirical, realistic/actual, practical. 19. in the eyes of (phrase) - in the view of; in the opinion of. 20. harmony (noun) – unity, solidarity, cooperation, agreement/concord. (social harmony-when people live side by side in peace and mutual respect). 21. soul force (noun) - satyagraha; passive resistance. 22. as a matter of fact (phrase) – actually, really, in fact. 23. constructive (adjective) – useful/helpful, productive, practical/effective/beneficial. 24. fanaticism (noun) – extremism, fundamentalism, dogmatism. 25. unjust (adjective) – biased, prejudiced, inequitable. 26. pursuit (noun) – aspiration, quest, search. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM27. infallible (adjective) – unfailing, faultless, error-free. 28. critic (noun) – censurer, attacker, fault-finder.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-2 (OCT 02, 2020)

29. authoritarian (adjective) – oppressive, dictatorial, totalitarian. 30. read (verb) – interpret, understand, analyse.

31. transcend (verb) – go beyond, rise above, cut across. 32. conventional (adjective) – normal, regular,

typical, traditional/standard. 33. distinction (noun) – difference, contrast, dissimilarity, variance. 34. solidarity (noun) – unity, unanimity, harmony, cooperation.

35. difference (noun) – dissimilarity, contrast, distinction. 36. compromise (verb) – undermine, weaken, lessen.

37. nationalism (noun) – it refers to a system (with narrow set of ideas) created by a group of people who believe their nation is superior to all others. It is also a perception of national superiority and an orientation toward national dominance- called as chauvinism (excessive nationalism). 38. constitutionalism (noun) – limited/restrained/controlled government. 39. vigilant (adjective) – watchful, careful, alert. 40. sultanization (noun) - the state of being a sultan (emperor/monarch). 41. contemporary (adjective) – modern, present-day. 42. just (adjective) - fair, equitable, impartial. 43. envision (verb) – visualize, imagine, envisage. 44. realm (noun) – area, field, domain (of activity). 45. hinge on (verb) – depend on, be based, be dependent. 46. individualism (noun) - independence, self-direction, self-reliance. 47. empathetic (adjective) – compassionate/ humane, sympathetic, understanding. 48. humanism (noun) – the positive promotion of humankind’s power, secular. 49. non-possession (noun) - non-ownership; lack of possession. 50. humility (noun) – modesty, humbleness, unassertiveness. 51. pluri-dimensional (adjective) – multi-dimensional. 52. pluralistic (adjective) – coexistent; (of people) exist in harmony irrespective of various differences. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM53. ahead of one's time (phrase) - futuristic, innovative, pioneer. 54. dogmatic (adjective) - assertive, insistent, adamant, uncompromising, inflexible.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-2 (OCT 02, 2020)

55. pathfinder (noun) - pioneer, groundbreaker, torchbearer. 56. common ground (phrase) – shared opinions, beliefs (or interests).

57. diverse (adjective) – very different, varying, multiple. 58. mono-cultural (adjective) – refer to a single homogeneous culture that

de-emphasizes diversity. 59. essentialist (adjective) - a doctrine that certain traditional concepts, ideals, and skills are essential to society.

60. dynamic (adjective) - vibrant, high-spirited, energetic. 61. civilization (noun) – culture, enlightenment, way of life.

62. bridge (verb) - join, link, connect, unite 63. critique (noun) – analysis, evaluation, assessment, appraisal, review. 64. nurture (verb) - encourage, promote, stimulate, develop, foster, cultivate. 65. speak of (phrasal verb) - mention, talk about, discuss, refer to. 66. exclusion (noun) – banning; rejection, ostracism, banishment. 67. fragile (adjective) - easily broken/destroyed, weak, risky, unreliable, insecure. 68. racial/ethnic purity (noun) – systematic attempt to eliminate other races from the population by sterilisation (sterilisation means the surgical procedure which permanently prevents a person’s capability of reproduction). 69. linguistic (adjective) – relating to language; lingual. 70. attribute (noun) - quality, feature, characteristic, trait, element, aspect. 71. rally (verb) - bring together, gather together, mobilize. 72. anti-monistic (adjective) – opposing monks (monkhood, is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work). 73. rootedness (noun) - the quality of being firmly established. 74. indianness (noun) – the quality/feeling of ‘being an Indian’. 75. planetary (noun) – global, international, intercontinental, universal. 76. companionship (noun) – friendship, solidarity, mutual support, amity. 77. self-centeredness (noun) – egocentricity, egocentrism, self- WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMabsorption, self-interest, selfishness. 78. votary (noun) - follower, adherent, supporter, upholder.

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 03, 2020)

1. diversity (noun) – the state/condition of having many different types of something; variety, range.

2. biodiversity (noun) – the existence of a number and variety of species (plants & animals) in a particular geographic region/environment. 3. summit (noun) – meeting, conference.

4. convention (noun) – treaty, agreement, accord, protocol. 5. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people

across a wide area. 6. green (verb) - make less damage to the environment. 7. convene (verb) – summon, call, assemble, gather together.

8. in the midst of (phrase) – in the middle of. 9. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. 10. spill over (phrasal verb) – (something like an emotion/bad condition) spread out or fan out & reach to an uncontrolled level. 11. reservoir (noun) – In infectious disease ecology and epidemiology, a natural reservoir, also known as a disease reservoir or a reservoir of infection, is the population of organisms (living things-plants/animals) or the specific environment in which an infectious pathogen (virus/bacteria) naturally lives and reproduces, or upon which the pathogen primarily depends for its survival. 12. take note (phrase) – pay attention, take into consideration, watch. 13. pathogen (noun) – bacteria/virus that causes disease. 14. call for (phrasal verb) – require, publicly ask/necessitate, demand. 15. destructive (adjective) - devastating, ruinous, disastrous, catastrophic. 16. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 17. conservation (noun) – preservation, protection, safeguarding. 18. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 19. spectacularly (adverb) – largely, extremely, obviously, unforgettably. 20. outlook (noun) – prospects, expectations, hopes, lookout. 21. well-being (noun) – healthy state/condition. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. depleted (adjective) – exhausted, used up, consumed; reduced, decreased, diminished.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 03, 2020)

23. ecological (adjective) – relating to the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment.

24. pursuit (noun) – aspiration, quest, search. 25. prosperity (noun) – wealth, good fortune, welfare. 26. fall by the wayside (phrase) – fail to continue in an attempt/try.

27. phase out (phrasal verb) – eliminate, remove, discontinue, get rid of (something in gradual stages). 28. subsidy (noun) – also called as subvention; a financial contribution

granted to help an industry or business, mostly given by a government, in order to keep the price of service/goods at a low level. 29. erode (verb) – undermine, weaken, destroy, spoil gradually.

30. fishery (noun) - areas of the sea where fish are caught in large quantities for commercial purposes. 31. species (noun) – living things (organisms); A group/breed/family of living organisms (animals & plants) with the individual having the same quality & can breed (in nature). 32. vulnerable (adjective) – weak, exposed, susceptible; at risk, unsafe, unprotected. 33. ecosystem (noun) – complex situation/environment. 34. surface water (noun) - water above ground, including streams, rivers, lakes etc., The ocean, despite being saltwater, is also considered surface water. 35. subsurface water (noun) - also called ground water; water that occurs below the surface of Earth. 36. marine (adjective) - relating to the sea. 37. stark (adjective) – clear, distinct, evident, obvious, striking. 38. World Wide Fund (WWF) (noun) - an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. 39. Living Planet Index (LPI) (noun) - a measure of the state of the world's biological diversity based on population trends of vertebrate species in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats. 40. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote. 41. precipitous (adjective) – sudden, unexpected, swift, abrupt. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM42. vertebrate (noun) - an animal that has a backbone or spinal column. 43. chart (verb) – outline, describe, detail. 44. course (noun) – plan of action, line of action, strategy, approach.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 03, 2020)

45. Paris Agreement/Accord (noun) – The Paris Agreement builds upon the Convention (agreement) and for the first time brings all nations into a

common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so.

46. flora (noun) - the plants in a particular region. 47. fauna (noun) - the animals in a particular region. 48. unregulated (adjective) – not restricted.

49. exploitation (noun) – utilization, use, making use of, making the most of, capitalization. 50. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually.

51. designated (verb) – identified, recognized, classified. 52. irritant (noun) – annoyance, irritation, problem. 53. extraction (noun) – removal/taking out, separation, obtaining, distillation (of resources from the natural environment). 54. unseemly (adjective) – improper, inappropriate, undignified; ill-advised. 55. due process (noun) – fair treatment (per established principles & procedures). 56. dispense with (phrasal verb) – discard, get rid of, do away with. 57. envisage (verb) – foresee, predict, forecast. 58. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (noun) – a process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development, taking into account inter-related socio-economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse. 59. indigenous (adjective) – native/local, domestic. 60. foster (verb) - strengthen, stimulate, advance, promote. 61. buffer zone (noun) – an area of land designated for environmental protection. 62. set (adjective) – likely, prepared, ready (to do something). 63. draw up (phrasal verb) – formulate, create, work out. 64. trajectory (noun) – approach, direction/course. 65. clean energy (noun) – renewable energy, green energy; energy generated from the natural resources (such as water, wind &solar energy). 66. freeze (noun) – suspension, restriction, curb, limitation. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM67. arid (adjective) – dry, dried up, waterless. 68. the enlightened (noun) – the informed, the educated, the knowledgeable, the learned, the wise.

Note:

1. brawl (noun) - fight, skirmish, scuffle, tussle.

2. toe-to-toe (phrase) – (of two people) fighting with each other very strongly/determinedly in a close and direct confrontation

(competition). 3. bipartisan (adjective) - involving cooperation between two (opposite & big) political parties.

4. bonhomie (noun) – friendliness, warmth, geniality/affability. 5. statesman (noun) – senior politician, respected political

figure, political leader. 6. conduct (noun) – behaviour, way of behaving, performance. 7. bar (noun) - standard or level. 8. uncivility (noun) - incivility, rudeness, discourtesy, impoliteness. 9. on display (phrase) – to show something for people to see. 10. undergird (verb) – provide support, bolster, reinforce/strengthen. 11. hostility (noun) – opposition, resentment, unkindness, unfriendliness. 12. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity, dearth. 13. spectacle (noun) – display, show. 14. extravaganza (noun) – display, spectacle, show, presentation, performance. 15. cognitive (adjective) – mental, emotional, intellectual, rational. 16. name-call (verb) – to abuse verbally. 17. disdain (noun) – contempt, scorn, disrespect, dislike. 18. wilfully (adverb) – deliberately, purposefully. 19. sidestep (verb) – avoid, evade, dodge. 20. passionate (adjective) – intense, impassioned, ardent, fervent. 21. segue (verb) – move/shift from one topic to another smoothly; smooth transition from one point to another one. 22. vector (noun) – number. 23. hardly (adverb) – barely, only just, narrowly, slightly. 24. cover oneself in glory (phrase) - perform very well. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM25. clown (noun) - fool, idiot; foolish person, funny man; joker. Note:

26. empathise (verb) – identify, sympathize, have insight into (others

feelings). 27. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in

mind. 28. penchant (noun) – passion, liking, desire, preference. 29. indulge in (verb) – become involved in (an undesirable activity).

30. acerbic (adjective) – sharp, stinging/razor-edged, satirical/sarcastic. 31. bombast (noun) – empty talk, humbug, bluster, rant.

32. make clear (phrase) - explain, clarify, elucidate. 33. radically (adverb) – completely, thoroughly, totally, entirely. 34. make sense (phrase) – be acceptable, be practical, be justifiable, be convincing, pass muster, hold water. 35. dig (in) one’s heels (phrase) – oppose, fight against, refuse to accept. 36. right-leaning (adjective) - leaning, inclination, bias, liking, tendency towards right-wing. 37. liberal stalwart (noun) – reliable, loyal & hard-working supporter, upholder, defender, advocate (of liberal views). 38. label (verb) - categorize, classify, describe. 39. white supremacist (noun) - a supporter who believes white people are inherently superior to people of other races in a society and therefore dominate them. 40. stand one's ground (phrase) - stand firm, be firm, be resolute, insist, be determined. 41. dismember (verb) - disjoint, cut off, break up, disintegrate. 42. kill off (phrasal verb) - get rid of, destroy completely. 43. consequence (noun) – result, outcome, effect; ramification, repercussion. 44. realm (noun) – area, field, domain (of activity). 45. immigration (noun) – the act of leaving one’s countries and moving to another country of which they are not natives, nor citizens, to settle or WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMreside there, especially as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. Note:

46. clean energy (noun) – renewable energy, green energy; energy

generated from the natural resources (such as water, wind &solar energy).

47. reproductive rights (noun) – Reproductive rights rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their

children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health.

48. bungling (adjective) – mismanaging, mishandling, messing up, incompetent. 49. ambiguous (adjective) – arguable, debatable, equivocal, doubtful. 50. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 51. speak for itself (phrase) - very clear, self- explanatory & not to need further explanation. 52. disastrous (adjective) – terrible/horrible, unfortunate, ill-fated, detrimental. 53. (leave) in one’s wake (phrase) – have a lingering or lasting effect (usually a negative one) as a result of one’s actions. 54. tack (noun) - approach, way, method; course of action, policy. 55. echo (noun) – repetition, reiteration, reproduction, imitation. 56. reflect (verb) – represent, display, demonstrate, be evidence of. 57. mainstream (noun) – something (certain beliefs/ideas/activities) which are accepted or recognized by most people as a normal or typical. 58. someone's to lose (phrase) - It means that someone is winning by so much, that the only way he could lose at that point would be if he defeated himself.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 03, 2020)

1. flag (verb) – indicate, identify, point out.

2. cess (noun) – a form of tax charged/levied over and above the base tax liability of a taxpayer. A cess is usually imposed additionally when the state or the central government looks to raise funds for specific

purposes. 3. Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India (noun) – it is

empowered to audit all expenses from the combined fund of the union or state governments, whether incurred within India or outside. 4. audit (noun) – inspection, appraisal, assessment.

5. (cess) pool (noun) – (cess) fund, reserve, accumulation. 6. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity, dearth. 7. transparency (noun) – clarity, straightforwardness, openness, honesty, unambiguity. 8. propriety (noun) – morality, correctness, rightness, ethicality. 9. compensation (noun) – payment, repayment, settlement (for loss/damage). 10. GST compensation (noun) – Under the GST law (In India), state governments are guaranteed full compensation for any revenue loss for the first five years after the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) in July 2017. The compensation is a gap between actual revenue collected and projected revenue. 11. Consolidated Fund of India (noun) – All revenues received by the Government by way of taxes like Income Tax, Central Excise, Customs and other receipts flowing to the Government in connection with the conduct of Government business i.e. Non-Tax Revenues are credited into the Consolidated Fund constituted under Article 266 (1) of the Constitution of India. Similarly, all loans raised by the Government by issue of Public notifications, treasury bills (internal debt) and loans obtained from foreign governments and international institutions (external debt) are credited into this fund. All expenditure of the government is incurred from this fund and no amount can be withdrawn from the Fund without authorization from the Parliament. 12. allude to (verb) – refer to, mention, speak briefly of, imply. 13. non-apportionment (noun) - non-distribution or non-allotment (in proper shares). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM14. at a time (phrase) - during. 15. raging (adjective) – severe, extreme, huge; strong. 16. compensate (verb) – recompense, repay, pay back, reimburse (for any revenue loss).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 03, 2020)

17. shortfall (noun) – deficit, inadequacy, deficiency, shortage.

18. instead (adverb) – rather, by contrast, as an alternative, as a substitute. 19. add fuel to the fire (phrase) – to make a bad situation worse; increase, magnify, amplify, augment, intensify, heighten (a difficult situation).

20. contend (verb) – claim, argue, affirm/assert. 21. surplus (noun) – excess, oversupply, overabundance.

22. appropriate (verb) – take over, assume, acquire, wrest. 23. distance (verb) – withdraw, detach, separate, dissociate, isolate. 24. macroeconomic (adjective) – relating to the branch of economics

concerned with large-scale factors (interest rates/national productivity). 25. levy (noun) – imposition, charging, collection (of a tax, fee, fine). 26. earmark (verb) – designate, reserve, set aside. 27. proceeds (noun) – profits, earnings, returns, income, revenue. 28. defray (verb) - pay, pay for, cover, liquidate. 29. trustee (noun) – administrator, agent; custodian, keeper. 30. subject to (adjective) - conditional on, contingent on, dependent on, 31. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 32. amount to (verb) – add up to, come to a total of, represent, be equal to. 33. designated (adjective) – identified, recognized, classified. 34. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, also. 35. in addition (phrase) – as well as, additionally, moreover. 36. understate (verb) – minimize, reduce, underrate. 37. revenue deficit (noun) – it arises when the government’s revenue expenditure exceeds the total revenue receipts. 38. fiscal deficit (noun) – the difference between total expenditure and total income of the government. 39. work out (phrasal verb) – develop, form, initiate/establish. 40. Gross domestic product (GDP) (noun) – a measure of economic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and service. 41. subsidy (noun) – also called as subvention; a financial contribution granted to help an industry or business, mostly given by a government, in order to keep the price of service/goods at a low level. 42. finance (verb) – fund, pay for. 43. irrigation (noun) – the process of (artificially) supplying water to farm WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMland to grow crops & plants. 44. Long Term Irrigation Fund (LTIF) (noun) – a fund under the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) for implementation of major and medium irrigation projects in India.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 03, 2020)

45. obfuscate (verb) – confuse, complicate, make unclear.

46. opaque (noun) – non-transparent, murky, muddied, ambiguous, cryptic. 47. surcharge (verb) - additional charge. 48. abolish (verb) - eliminate, get rid of, end, stop.

49. ostensible (adjective) – apparent, seeming, alleged, purported. 50. ring fence (verb) - reserve or set aside something (especially, money,

fund, etc) for a particular purpose and not use it for anything else. 51. evoke (verb) – invoke, give rise to, bring forth, bring to mind. 52. compliance (noun) – conformity, observation, adherence.

53. tax compliance (noun) – the degree to which a taxpayer complies (or fails to comply) with the tax rules of his or her country, for example by declaring income, filing a return, and paying the tax due in a timely manner. It simply refers to taxpayers’ decision to comply with tax laws and regulations by paying tax timely and accurately. 54. possibility (noun) – chance, probability. 55. add to (verb) – increase, magnify, intensify, amplify. 56. proliferation (noun) – escalation, rapid increase, spread of something. 57. inter- (prefix) – between. 58. fiscal (adjective) – financial. 59. negate (verb) – deny, dispute, call into question, contradict; invalidate, nullify, cancel. 60. adverse (adjective) – unfavourable, disadvantageous, bad. 61. generous (adjective) – kind, good-natured, soft-hearted. 62. peg (at) (verb) – fix, set, hold, limit (a price, rate, or amount) at a particular level. 63. discretionary (adjective) – optional, voluntary, non-mandatory, non- compulsory. 64. accrue (verb) – accumulate, collect, increase, augment, be added. 65. federalism/federal framework/system (noun) – a system of government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government. 66. constitute (verb) – form, compose, account for, represent. 67. gross (adjective) – flagrant, overt, blatant, glaring, obvious, evident; total, complete. 68. as much as (phrase) – almost, nearly the same as. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM69. merely (adverb) – only, simply, just. 70. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 71. obfuscation (noun) – making of something obscure or unclear to understand; evasiveness, confusion.

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 05, 2020)

1. unlock (noun) – a process of freeing something from restrictions. 2. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.

3. the vulnerable (noun) – a weak/neglected person who is in need of special care/support.

4. shift gear (phrase) - to change from one level (of activity) to another. 5. at a time (phrase) – during. 6. coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause

illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. 7. stringent (adjective) – strict/stern, severe, tough/rigorous. 8. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 9. subsequent (adjective) – following, ensuing, successive. 10. measure (noun) – course of action, action, procedure. 11. debilitate (verb) – weaken, disable, paralyse, undermine, impair. 12. livelihood (noun) – means of making a living with the basic necessities (food, water, shelter and clothing); means of support, subsistence, source of income. 13. case study (noun) - good, instructive example; record, evidence. 14. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote. 15. prevalence (noun) – it refers to the number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given time whereas “incidence” refers to the number of new cases that develop in a given WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMperiod of time. Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 05, 2020)

16. community transmission (noun) – community spread/transmission means spread of an illness/disease for which the source of infection is unknown. An infected person has no travel history to an affected area

and no known contact with a person previously diagnosed with a particular disease. It is possible the patient is exposed to a returning

traveler who is infected. 17. local transmission (cluster) (noun) – local spread/transmission means spread of an illness/disease for which the source of infection is

known. An infected person has travel history to an affected area. We could able to identify and trace individual cases, and ring-fence a cluster (of them) to prevent the spread of infection. 18. bound to (adjective) – certain/sure, very likely, guaranteed. 19. notably (adverb) – especially, particularly, strikingly, markedly. 20. indifference (noun) – unconcern, apathy, carelessness, disregard. 21. public behaviour (change) (noun) – (in public health) it refers to efforts put in place to change people’s personal habits and attitudes, to prevent disease. 22. social cost (noun) – a bad or unpleasant effect that a business has on people/society. 23. in the face of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, regardless of; when confronted with. 24. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 25. benign (adjective) – agreeable, approachable, considerate, helpful; favourable, advantageous. 26. recalcitrant (adjective) – non-compliant, uncooperative, wilfully disobedient. 27. persuasive (adjective) - convincing, effective, compelling, forceful. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM28. enforcement (noun) – imposition, implementation, execution. Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 05, 2020)

29. relaxation (noun) – moderation, modification. 30. asymptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with no symptoms.

31. symptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with symptoms.

32. pre-symptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with mild illness/symptoms. 33. enhanced (adjective) – increased, raised, intensified.

34. appeal (noun) - attractive/interesting quality. 35. emphasise (verb) – draw attention to, put stress on, underscore, highlight. 36. standardise (verb) - systematize, regulate. 37. fine-grained (adjective) - having great attention to detail. 38. carry out (phrasal verb) – conduct, perform, execute. 39. anonymised (adjective) - relating to the process of removing personally identifiable information from data sets, especially in the medical test results. 40. mortality (noun) – (in a particular time/for a cause) the rate/number of death. 41. caveat (noun) – warning, caution, condition. 42. lower one's guard (phrase) - to become less careful, to become less vigilant, to become less alert. 43. fatigue (noun) – tiredness, weariness, exhaustion. 44. preserve (verb) – protect, safeguard, maintain. 45. breakthrough (noun) – very important/significant development or progress.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMhttp://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

WORD LIST-2 (OCT 05, 2020) H 1. mixed signals (noun) - contradicting signals/indications. 2. cause (noun) - reason.

3. sustainable (adjective) – acceptable, reasonable, sensible, legitimate, well founded. 4. momentum (noun) – strength, energy, force.

5. pandemic-hit (adjective) – affected by pandemic. 6. grim (adjective) – distressing, upsetting, worrying, unpleasant, dismal, awful.

7. albeit (conjunction) – though, even though, however. 8. oversee (verb) – supervise, administer, manage. 9. beleaguered (adjective) – hard-pressed, troubled, suffering.

10. gross (adjective) – total, aggregate, whole, complete. 11. scale (verb) – increase (in size, number or extent). 12. fiscal (year) (noun) – financial year. 13. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 14. ease (verb) – reduce, lessen, decrease. 15. strive (verb) - try, attempt, make every effort. 16. semblance (noun) – similarity, equivalence, resemblance, likeness. 17. inventory (noun) - stock of a business; the goods and materials that a business holds for the ultimate goal of resale. 18. Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) (noun) – Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) is a monthly business survey data provided by IHS Markit. The monthly data are derived from surveys of senior executives at private sector companies. PMI data is used for accurate and timely insight into the health of a particular economy. The PMI data are used by financial and corporate professionals to better understand where economies and markets are headed, and to uncover opportunities. 19. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 20. build up (phrasal verb) – increase, improve, raise, augment. 21. IHS Markit (noun) – it is a global leader in information, analytics and solutions for the major industries and markets that drive economies worldwide. It partners with clients in business, finance and government to help them see the big picture with unrivaled insights that lead to well- WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMinformed, confident decisions. 22. buoy (verb) – support, uplift, encourage, stimulate. 23. outlook (noun) – prospects, expectations, hopes, lookout. 24. inward (adjective) – coming in from outside (the country).

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (OCT 05, 2020) H 25. inch up (phrasal verb) – move, ascend, advance, increase gradually. 26. merchandise (mass noun) – goods, commodities, produce.

27. iron ore (noun) – rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. 28. year-on-year (adjective) – year over year (for comparison).

29. backdrop (noun) – situation, scenario, context. 30. contraction (noun) – In economics, it refers to a decline in national output as measured by gross domestic product.

31. considerably (adverb) - greatly, significantly, substantially. 32. gauge (verb) - assess, estimate, evaluate, appraise, analyse. 33. durability (noun) – permanence, longevity, ability to last, strength.

34. cumulative (adjective) – collective, aggregate. 35. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 36. contentious (adjective) – controversial, disputable, debatable, disputed. 37. compensation (noun) – payment, repayment, settlement (for loss/damage). 38. GST compensation (noun) – Under the GST law (In India), state governments are guaranteed full compensation for any revenue loss for the first five years after the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) in July 2017. The compensation is a gap between actual revenue collected and projected revenue. 39. have one’s work/task cut out (phrase) – be dealt with a difficult task. 40. projection (noun) – estimate, forecast, prediction, calculation. 41. shortfall (noun) – deficit, inadequacy, deficiency, shortage. 42. recalibrate (verb) – reevaluate, reassess, rearrange. 43. in light of (phrase) - taking into consideration, considering, taking into account, keeping in mind, in view of. 44. uptick (noun) – a small increase or upward trend. 45. prognostication (noun) – prediction, forecast, projection. 46. hold the key (phrase) – to have control. 47. untangle (verb) – find a solution to, resolve, clear up, clarify. 48. logjam (noun) – unsettled situation. 49. trust deficit (noun) – lack of trust (on authorities-from societal point of WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMview). Situations with low levels of trust are not supportive and often counterproductive. People feel vulnerable and look at each other with suspicion. As a result, they are less open, since they fear that they will not be fairly treated by the other side.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 05, 2020)

1. Parliamentary Standing Committee/Parliamentary panel (noun) – it is

a committee (consisting of Members of Parliament) constituted usually on an annual basis to enable detailed consideration/discussion on all

bills (all proposed laws). 2. depose (verb) – give (evidence) under oath (in a written statement); swear, testify, attest, profess.

3. stand-off (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, impasse (in a dispute/conflict). 4. deposition (noun) – formal/written statement, sworn statement, affidavit, attestation, affirmation.

5. underline (verb) – underscore, emphasize, highlight. 6. status quo (noun) – the present situation, the current state, the existing state of affairs. 7. on the ground (phrase) – in a situation/place where things are happening really/practically. 8. transgression (noun) – infringement, contravention, breach, violation. 9. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign-policy. 10. domain (noun) – area/sphere of activity; field, area, sphere. 11. unilaterally (adverb) – used to indicate something done by a person/country without approval/agreement from other people/countries involved in the situation. 12. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 13. benchmark (noun) – standard, point of reference, criterion/model. 14. front (verb) – to act/serve as a cover for something. 15. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 16. move away from (phrasal verb) – change/alter one’s ideas/beliefs and so. 17. embrace (verb) – enfold, encircle, enclose; welcome, accept, adapt, take up. 18. at/in/to the forefront of (phrase) – be in a leading/front/important position in an important activity; spearhead, van guard, front line, leading position. 19. micro-management (noun) – controlling every part of an activity. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM20. delegation (noun) – diplomatic mission, commission, deputation. 21. stark (adjective) – clear, distinct, evident, obvious, striking. 22. division (noun) - disunity, conflict, discord, disagreement, difference. 23. exacerbate (verb) – intensify, increase, heighten, aggravate, worsen.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 05, 2020)

24. slugfest (noun) – fight/dispute (by much heavy punching/blows); fist

fighting. 25. best (adverb) – most sensibly, most prudently, most wisely; should,

ought to. 26. competence (noun) – authority, power, jurisdiction, ambit. 27. dimension (noun) – aspect, feature, side, element.

28. short of (phrase) – less than. 29. address (noun) - speech, discourse, talk. 30. conspicuous (adjective) – clearly visible, noticeable,

discernible/perceivable. 31. conspicuous by one's absence/silence (phrase) - noticeably not present where one should be. 32. laboured (adjective) - artificial, awkward, unconvincing, not spontaneous. 33. intrude (verb) – encroach, impinge, trespass, infringe. 34. post (noun) – border outpost, a military base/camp, command post (for border patrol). 35. convolute (verb) - complicate, confuse, make complex, make intricate. 36. gleefully (adverb) - joyfully, happily, cheerfully. 37. embarrass (verb) – shame, humiliate, discomfit. 38. interlocutor (noun) – a person who takes part in a dialogue or conversation. 39. at length (phrase) - in detail, in depth, fully, thoroughly. 40. authoritative (adjective) – official, legal, authorized. 41. accountability (noun) – responsibility, liability, answerability. 42. presiding officer (noun) – The Speaker (of the Parliament/Legislative Assembly). 43. prorogue (verb) – to postpone/terminate/suspend a session of a parliament without dissolving it. 44. grave (adjective) – terrible, awful, alarming, gloomy. 45. in contrast (to) (phrase) – in opposition to, be very different from. 46. surmise (noun) – assumption, supposition, opinion, view. 47. credence (noun) – acceptance, confidence; credibility, reliability. 48. compromise (verb) – undermine, weaken, lessen. 49. free hand (noun) - authority, right (to do something necessary). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM50. tie one's hands (phrase) - prevent one from acting freely. 51. give and take (phrase) – compromise, concession; cooperation/teamwork. 52. parley (noun) – negotiation, talk/dialogue, discussion.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 05, 2020)

53. hypothetically (adverb) - theoretically, speculatively, notionally,

suppositionally. 54. ingress (verb) – enter, access, intrude, advance.

55. delineate (verb) – describe, define, detail. 56. throw someone out (phrase) - expel, evict, force out, oust, remove. 57. clinch (verb) – secure, settle, confirm/conclude, close (a deal).

58. concession (noun) – compromise, adjustment, modification. 59. nudge (verb) – prompt, encourage, stimulate, inspire. 60. excuse (noun) – justification, defence, ostensible reason.

61. adverse (adjective) – unfavourable, disadvantageous, bad. 62. pull back (phrasal verb) – withdraw, retreat, disengage. 63. gung-ho (adjective) – enthusiastic, passionate, dedicated. 64. jingoistic (adjective) – hyper-nationalistic, super-patriotic, relating to extreme patriotism. 65. hyper-nationalist (adjective) – relating to extreme/excessive nationalism. 66. commentator (noun) – critic, analyst, observer. 67. hype up (phrasal verb) - publicize, advertise, promote, build up (excessively). 68. exaggerated (adjective) – overstated, excessive, overemphasized, amplified/overdone. 69. show someone in the greatest light (phrase) - to make someone seem to be the greatest one. 70. muscular (adjective) – strong, powerful, potent. 71. (keep) in the dark (phrase) – unaware of, ignorant of, uninformed about. 72. dissemination (noun) – spreading, circulation, distribution. 73. consequence (noun) – result, outcome, effect; ramification, repercussion. 74. going forward (phrase) - in the future. 75. raging (adjective) – severe, extreme, excessive, inordinate. 76. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. 77. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 78. plummet (verb) – fall sharply/steeply, go down, drop. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM79. shy of (adjective) - reluctant to do something. 80. public face (noun) – spokesperson. 81. aggravate (verb) – increase, worsen, exacerbate, compound.

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 06, 2020)

1. likely (adverb) - probably, in all probability, presumably, no doubt, doubtlessly. 2. face-to-face (phrase) – opposing each other, confronting each other,

facing each other. 3. constituency (noun) – territory, region, area, place (from where a

representative is elected by voters to a legislative body. 4. schedule (verb) - plan, organize, arrange. 5. circumstances (noun) – situation, background, conditions, state of

affairs. 6. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, give rise to, bring about. 7. displace (verb) – remove, unseat, oust, topple. 8. defection (noun) – desertion, absconding, decamping. 9. follow suit (phrase) – emulate, follow, take as an example/model. 10. fray (noun) – competition, contest. 11. absolute majority (noun) – more than half (of the seats/members in the legislative assembly). 12. on one’s own (phrase) – alone, all alone, by oneself, all by oneself. 13. in play (phrase) - in action, in effect; subject to being taken over by another. 14. wrest (verb) – take back (something with effort). 15. draw attention to (phrase) - emphasize, highlight, underscore; focus on. 16. sphere (noun) – an area of activity; a field of activity; domain, realm. 17. influence (noun) – power, authority, sway, leverage. 18. defector (noun) – betrayer, turncoat, traitor. 19. adversary (noun) – rival, enemy, nemesis/opponent, competitor. 20. effectiveness (noun) – success, efficacy, potency, power. 21. usurpation (noun) – seizure, taking over, appropriation. 22. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMpeople across a wide area. Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 06, 2020)

23. chaotic (adjective) – messy, disorganized, in disorder. 24. put the spotlight on (phrase) - to bring (public) attention to someone or something.

25. the spotlight (noun) – the public attention, the focus of public/media; the public eye.

26. considerable (adjective) – sizeable, substantial, significant. 27. distress (noun) - difficulty, hardship, trouble; suffering/pain. 28. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the

authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 29. brutality (noun) – cruelty, barbarity, inhumanity. 30. infamy (noun) – ill repute, ill fame, loss of reputation, censure, condemnation. 31. conduct (noun) - behaviour, way of behaving, performance. 32. betray (verb) – break one's promise to, be disloyal to, be unfaithful to, break faith with, let down. 33. mandate (noun) – authority, approval, authorization. 34. induct (verb) – admit to, allow into, introduce to (formally to a post). 35. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 36. clout (noun) – influence, power, control. 37. standing (noun) – status, reputation, social position. 38. infighting (noun) – (internal/hidden) dissent, dispute, strife, contention, conflict, friction, difference of opinion, disagreement. 39. regardless of (phrase) – irrespective of, without consideration of, notwithstanding, in spite of.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 06, 2020)

1. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of

people across a wide area. 2. unlock (verb) – free up (from restrictions); undo. 3. resort to (verb) – use, utilize, turn to, have recourse to.

4. irrational (adjective) – unreasonable, illogical, groundless. 5. optimism (noun) – hopefulness, hope, confidence, positive attitude,

buoyancy. 6. far from (phrase) – not, not at all, nowhere near. 7. case load (noun) – the number of cases to be handled by a doctor at

one time. 8. premise on (verb) - base on (something). 9. dip (verb) - decrease, fall, decline, diminish. 10. positivity (rate) (noun) – the proportion of positives to total tests done for a disease; the percentage of tests that are turning out to be positive for a disease. 11. ought to (modal verb) – must, should. 12. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) (noun) – the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research, is one of the oldest medical research bodies in the world. As early as in 1911, the Government of India set up the Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA) with the specific objective of sponsoring and coordinating medical research in the country. It was redesignated in 1949 as the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). The ICMR is funded by the Government of India through the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. 13. serology (noun) – a method of diagnostic examination of blood serum concerning immune system’s response to pathogens (pathogen is something, like bacteria/virus, that causes disease). (serum is an amber (yellowish-orange), watery fluid, rich in proteins, obtained from blood that has coagulated whereas plasma is a clear yellowish fluid part of the blood, contains blood clotting agents-Fibrinogen). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM14. expose (verb) – be subjected to something (infectious agents & others).

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 06, 2020)

15. reference (verb) - mention, refer to. 16. sort of (phrase) – kind of, somewhat, somehow.

17. herd immunity (noun) – it refers to a means (ways) of protecting a whole community from disease by immunizing a critical mass of its populace (population). It is also defined as a form of indirect

protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population are immune to an infection, thereby providing a

measure of protection for individuals who are not immune. 18. fortnight (noun) – a period of two weeks/fourteen days continuously. 19. certainly (adverb) – surely, definitely, unquestionably.

20. deceptive (adjective) – misleading, illusory, distorted. 21. plummet (verb) – fall sharply/steeply, go down, drop. 22. ascend (verb) – move up, raise, go up. 23. substantially (adverb) – considerably, significantly, largely. 24. projection (noun) – estimate, forecast, prediction, calculation. 25. ephemeral (adjective) - temporary, short-term, transitory, momentary, short-lived, brief. 26. undulation (noun) - the action of moving rising and falling or up and down. 27. take into account (phrase) – consider, note, pay regard to, bear in mind. 28. dynamic (adjective) - energetic, active, powerful, aggressive. 29. impose (verb) - force, thrust, inflict (an unwelcome decision). 30. stringent (adjective) – strict/stern, severe, tough/rigorous. 31. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 32. belie (verb) – contradict, be at odds with, call into question, disprove. 33. shutdown (noun) – closure of a (complete) system; closing down, winding up. 34. fathom (verb) - understand, comprehend, interpret, decipher (a WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMdifficult problem). 35. congregation (noun) – gathering, assembly, a mass/group (of people).

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 06, 2020)

36. open up (phrase) – make accessible. 37. conducive (adjective) – good for, helpful for, useful for.

38. catalyse (verb) – to cause/accelerate some action/process. 39. so-called (adjective) – commonly named. 40. artefact (noun) – the statistical analysis reflects an incomplete picture

of reality. 41. administer (verb) – manage, control, regulate.

42. conversely (adverb) – inversely, the other way round, oppositely/reciprocally. 43. hypothetical (adjective) – theoretical, speculative.

44. elapse (verb) – pass, go by, go past. 45. in retrospect (phrase) – looking back, on reflection, in/with hindsight. 46. infer (verb) – deduce, conclude; assume, understand. 47. exposure (noun) – In medicine, the condition of being subjected to something (infectious agents & others). 48. far more (phrase) - a lot more, much more. 49. disruption (noun) – disturbance, disorganization, turmoil, interruption. 50. epidemiologist (noun) – an expert in the study of how disease spreads and can be controlled. 51. forecast (verb) – predict, foresee, estimate, foretell. 52. Gross domestic product (GDP) (noun) – a measure of economic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and service. 53. ought (not) to (modal verb) – must (not), should (not). 54. prognosticate (verb) – forecast, predict, foretell. 55. ken (noun) - knowledge, understanding, comprehension, awareness, perception. 56. merely (adverb) – only, simply, just. 57. revive (verb) – restore, revitalize, renew, bring back. 58. economic sentiment (noun) – an economic indicator that measures how optimistic consumers feel about their finances and the state of WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMthe economy.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 06, 2020)

1. adventurism (noun) – the inclination/readiness to take risks in business or politics. 2. validity (noun) - legal acceptability, legality, legitimacy.

3. federalism/federal framework/system (noun) – a system of government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a

national government. 4. passage (noun) - enactment, ratification, authorization, approval, passing (of a bill into law).

5. produce (noun) – agricultural products as a whole. 6. empowerment (noun) – authorization, endorsement, entitlement. 7. affairs (noun) – concerns, matters, activities. 8. intra- (prefix) – within. 9. empowerment (noun) – authorization, endorsement, entitlement. 10. prerogative (noun) – right, privilege, entitlement. 11. perspective (noun) – outlook, viewpoint, approach. 12. extraordinary (adjective) – rare, unusual, uncommon, strange. 13. invoke (verb) – cite, refer to, adduce. 14. concurrent list (noun) – the list which includes the power to be considered by both the union and state government (as given in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India). 15. subject to (adjective) – conditional on, contingent on, dependent on. 16. provision (noun) – term, clause, requirement/condition. 17. expedient (adjective) – tactical/strategic; advantageous, beneficial. 18. fodder (noun) – fodder generally means food, particularly dried hay or straw, for cattle and other livestock). 19. oil cake (noun) - the solid residue remaining after any oilseed has been pressed to remove the vegetable oil; it is used, with other ingredients, as animal food. 20. concentrate (noun) - a concentrated form of something used as a cattle feed (a highly nutritious concentrate mixture containing all the nutrients). 21. gin (noun) - a machine used to separate cotton from its seeds. 22. dissent (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, opposition. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. heated (adjective) – passionate, spirited, vehement, intense. 24. table (verb) – submit, put forward, propose, suggest.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 06, 2020)

25. joint parliamentary committee (noun) – ad hoc (temporary) Committees appointed for a specific purpose (to examine irregularities and

aberrations, if any, and the consequences therefore in the implementation of Government decisions and policy prescriptions) and they (JPCs) cease to exist when they finish the task assigned to them and

submit a report. 26. contention (noun) – opinion, view, assertion/statement, declaration, affirmation.

27. entrust (verb) – give responsibility for, assign, confer on, vest in. 28. dissenting (adjective) – disagreeing, disapproving, opposing. 29. enumerate (verb) – list, itemize, mention (things one by one). 30. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually. 31. autonomy (noun) – independence, freedom; self rule. 32. render (verb) – make, cause to be, cause to become. 33. illusory (adjective) – imaginary, unreal, fake, bogus; misleading, misguided, untrue. 34. progressively (adverb) – steadily, gradually, in step by step manner. 35. pulverise (verb) – defeat utterly, annihilate, crush/vanquish. 36. pro tanto (adverb) - Latin, literally ‘for so much’; to such an extent. 37. abrogate (verb) - revoke, repeal, cancel, nullify. 38. deprive (verb) - oust, overthrow, remove. 39. deficit (noun) – shortfall, deficiency, shortage, lack, failure. 40. adverse (adjective) – unfavourable, disadvantageous, bad. 41. necessitate (verb) – require, need, demand. 42. eminent (adjective) - important, renowned, esteemed, distinguished. 43. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote. 44. spirit (noun) – real/true meaning, intention, essence. 45. eloquent (adjective) – expressive, revealing, significant, indicative. 46. elaboration (noun) – the act of adding more information to existing information. 47. explicitly (adverb) – clearly, unequivocally, directly. 48. vest (verb) - entrust, confer, grant, give. 49. unwarranted (adjective) – unjustified, unnecessary, unreasonable, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMuncalled for, groundless. 50. over time (phrase) - it describes something which happens gradually.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 06, 2020)

51. cultivation (noun) – the act of growing something, especially crops. 52. encroachment (noun) – infringement, intrusion, invasion, trespass, violation.

53. erosion (noun) – disintegration, deterioration, decline, undermining/weakening.

54. side step (verb) – avoid, evade, dodge. 55. unitary (adjective) – relating to a system of government in which power is provided to the central government.

56. federal (adjective) – relating to a system of government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government. 57. municipal (adjective) - local. 58. reactionary (adjective) - right-wing, conservative, rightist. 59. innocuous (adjective) – harmless, inoffensive, unobjectionable. 60. notwithstanding (adverb) – nevertheless, nonetheless; in spite of, despite, regardless of. 61. usurp (verb) – take over, appropriate, seize. 62. judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested. 63. uphold (verb) – protect, maintain, preserve. 64. repugnant to (adjective) – incompatible with, in conflict with, contrary to, at variance with. 65. ultra vires (adverb) - Latin, literally ‘beyond the powers’. Beyond one's legal power/authority. 66. dominant (adjective) – main, primary, most important, most prominent. 67. prevail (verb) – exist, be in existence, be present, be prevalent. 68. with regard to (phrase) – in respect of, concerning, with reference to. 69. regardless of (phrase) – irrespective of, without consideration of, notwithstanding, in spite of. 70. in summary (phrase) - briefly, in short, to come to the point. 71. ancillary (adjective) – additional, extra, supplementary/subsidiary. 72. subsidiary (adjective) – supplementary; subordinate, secondary. 73. purview (noun) – range, scope, ambit. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM74. in short (phrase) – briefly, in essence, in sum. 75. outrightly (adverb) – completely, entirely, fully.

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 07, 2020)

1. grapes of wrath (phrase) - anger, more specifically the growing anger that eventually leads to bloodshed; a violent condition.

2. wrath (noun) - extreme anger, rage, fury. 3. regime (noun) – government. 4. stigmatise (verb) – condemn, denounce, criticize; discredit,

dishonour, disgrace. 5. legitimate (adjective) – valid, reasonable, reliable.

6. outcry (noun) - uproar, clamour, protest. 7. conspiracy (noun) – (unlawful) plan, intrigue, collaboration/deception, deceitful strategy.

8. sedition (noun) – incitement (to riot/rebellion), agitation, trouble making/provocation. 9. insensitive (adjective) – uncaring, unconcerned, unsympathetic, harsh/cruel. 10. albeit (conjunction) – though, even though, however. 11. unsurprising (adjective) – to be expected, predictable, anticipated. 12. outrage (noun) – fury, anger, wrath, indignation, resentment. 13. spark (verb) – cause, bring about, trigger, prompt. 14. by the way (phrase) - incidentally, by the by, as it happens. 15. aftermath (noun) – consequences, effects, results, repercussions. 16. advocacy (noun) – backing, supporting, endorsing. 17. putative (adjective) – apparent, seeming, alleged, commonly regarded/considered. 18. foment (verb) – instigate, incite, provoke/stir up. 19. discord (noun) – strife, conflict, friction, hostility, disagreement, lack of agreement, lack of harmony. 20. recognition (noun) – acknowledgement, acceptance, admission.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMexample sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 07, 2020)

21. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote. 22. posture (noun) – position, approach, attitude, standpoint, view. 23. hostile (adjective) – opposed, inimical, averse.

24. attitude (noun) – viewpoint, perspective, standpoint, position, approach. 25. backlash (noun) – a strong negative reaction; adverse

response, counteraction. 26. empathy (noun) – compassion, sympathy, feeling. 27. first information report (FIR) (noun) – a written document prepared by

the police when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence. 28. dubious (adjective) – suspicious, questionable, doubtful. 29. crystallisation (noun) – formation, solidification. 30. Special Investigation Team (SIT) (noun) – a specialized team of officers in Indian law enforcement consisting of personnel trained to investigate serious crimes. 31. undo (verb) – cancel, reverse, revoke, nullify, invalidate. 32. fob off (phrasal verb) - put off, postpone, defer/delay, stall, prevent something (with an excuse/trick). 33. adverse (adjective) – unfavourable, disadvantageous, bad. 34. suo motu (phrase) – Latin term means “on its own motion”. It is used where a government agency acts on its own knowledge. 35. take cognisance of (phrase) – notice, attend to, take into account, give attention to. 36. swab (noun) - a piece of soft, absorbent material attached to a stick to take samples (specimens) of body fluids, clean wounds or apply medicines. 37. forensic (adjective) – relating to the application of scientific knowledge & methods to legal problems and legal proceeding.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 07, 2020)

38. reluctance (noun) – unwillingness, disinclination, hesitation, backwardness. 39. acknowledge (verb) – admit, accept, realize.

40. come up (phrasal verb) - occur or present itself unexpectedly. 41. suspicion (noun) – misgiving, doubt/qualm, distrust, scepticism.

42. narrative (noun) – a representation of a particular situation; portrayal/account. 43. resort to (verb) – use, utilize, turn to, have recourse to.

44. template (noun) – model, pattern/example, blueprint. 45. alleged (adjective) – supposed, reported, purported, unproven. 46. conspirator (noun) – conspirer, plotter/schemer, intriguer. 47. instigator (noun) - initiator, agitator, fomenter. 48. provision (noun) – term, clause, requirement/condition. 49. projection (noun) – the presentation something (theory) in a particular way. 50. theory (noun) – opinion, point of view, viewpoint, belief, idea. 51. constitute (verb) – form, compose, act as, function as. 52. overthrow (verb) – remove, topple, oust, unseat, bring down. 53. responsive (adjective) – open-minded, amenable, approachable, sympathetic. 54. endeavour (verb) – try, attempt, aim, seek. 55. healing touch (noun) – an energy therapy in which touch is used as part of the healing process, may increase one’s capability for recovery and healing. 56. the marginalised (noun) – the people who are treated as insignificant, treated as unimportant, neglected. 57. devastating (adjective) – destructive, ruinous, disastrous. 58. unregenerate (adjective) – wicked, evil, bad/wrong, outrageous. 59. hierarchy (noun) – ranking, grading; class system.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

WORD LIST-2 (OCT 07, 2020) H 1. vanquish (verb) – conquer, defeat, crush, quell, overcome. 2. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain

(type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. 3. face (verb) - beset, worry, distress, trouble, bother, confront.

4. assault (noun) – attack, offensive, onslaught. 5. frighteningly (adverb) – scaringly, horrifyingly, alarmingly, shockingly, appallingly.

6. obscure (adjective) – unknown, uncertain, vague. 7. coincidence (noun) – co-occurrence, coexistence, simultaneousness. 8. anoint (verb) - it (figuratively) means to nominate/choose somebody for

a leading or important position formally. 9. peel off (phrasal verb) - take off, strip off, remove. 10. confound (verb) - baffle, puzzle, perplex, bewilder, mystify, confuse. 11. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) (noun) - the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a bloodborne virus, causes a liver disease (Hepatitis C). The virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis (& liver cancer), ranging in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness. 12. stout (adjective) – determined, resolute, firm, stubborn. 13. endorsement (noun) – support, backing, approval. 14. scourge (noun) – affliction, bane, curse, plague. 15. (be) shorn of (verb) – have something cut off. 16. context (noun) – circumstances, conditions, situation. 17. (be) couched in (verb) – express, formulate, communicate, set forth, put across. 18. go after (phrasal verb) - pursue something; strive for, push/work towards, try to achieve (a goal). 19. pathogen (noun) – bacteria/virus that causes disease. 20. unwrap (verb) - unfasten, unbutton, untie; disclose, uncover. 21. puzzle (noun) – mystery, contradiction, irregularity/anomaly. 22. fatigue (noun) – tiredness, weariness, exhaustion. 23. hat trip (noun) - thanks, gratitude, appreciation, praise. 24. virologist (noun) – a specialist in virology (the study of viruses and viral diseases). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM25. geneticist (noun) - a biologist who studies genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms. 26. burn the midnight oil (phrase) - to study or work (with concentration or dedication) late into the night.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (OCT 07, 2020) H 27. accolade (noun) – acclaim, praise/tribute, approval. 28. characterise (verb) – identify, specify, describe.

29. RNA virus (noun) - a virus in which the genetic material is RNA. The RNA may be either double- or single-stranded. 30. Flavivirus (noun) - a family of RNA viruses transmitted by arthropod

vectors (mosquitos, flies, ticks & etc.,) that cause some important diseases, including dengue, yellow fever, various types of encephalitis, and hepatitis C. Flaviviruses have single-stranded RNA as their genetic

material. 31. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) (noun) - the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a bloodborne virus, causes a liver disease (Hepatitis B). It can cause

chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis B is considerably more common and causes more liver-related cancer and death worldwide than hepatitis C. The hepatitis B virus is also approximately 5-10 times more infectious than hepatitis C, and far more stable. 32. collaborate (verb) – join, cooperate, team up. 33. contract (verb) – become infected with, fall ill with, develop a disease. 34. mortality (noun) – (in a particular time/for a cause) the rate/number of death. 35. morbidity (noun) – an unhealthy state; abnormal/gloomy condition; the quality of being morbid. 36. screening (noun) – examination, testing (of a group of people for the symptoms of a disease). The process of identifying healthy people who may be at increased risk of disease or condition. 37. virtually (adverb) – practically, nearly, almost. 38. laureate (noun) – a person who is honoured with an award for outstanding achievement. 39. accomplishment (noun) – achievement, performance, attainment, feat. 40. lineage (noun) – family, descent, background. 41. substantially (adverb) – considerably, significantly, largely. 42. humanity (noun) – humankind, the human race, people. 43. debilitate (verb) – weaken, disable, paralyse, undermine, impair. 44. certainly (adverb) – surely, definitely, unquestionably. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM45. singular (adjective) – notable, extraordinary, remarkable, unique. 46. hold someone to ransom (phrase) – threaten, force, demand.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 07, 2020)

1. disintegration (noun) – breakdown, fragmentation, collapse. 2. the executive (noun) – the executive is a branch of government which

enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary. 3. take shape (phrase) – become clear/definite, become tangible, fall into

place. 4. cease (verb) – bring to an end/halt/stop, conclude, terminate.

5. cease to exist (phrase) - come to an end (gradually). 6. painstakingly (adverb) – with great care & thoroughness. 7. revealingly (adverb) - meaningfully, expressively, symbolically,

purposefully. 8. undo (verb) – cancel, reverse, revoke, nullify, invalidate. 9. edifice (noun) – a (complex) system/structure. 10. nexus (noun) – connection, link. 11. arguably (adverb) – possibly, conceivably, maybe, potentially. 12. pronounced (adjective) – noticeable, distinct, strong, conspicuous, striking. 13. machinery (noun) – organization, system, structure. 14. pursue (verb) – engage in, conduct, follow. 15. disarray (noun) – disorder, confusion, disorganization. 16. ultimately (adverb) – eventually, in the end, finally. 17. hollow (adjective) – pointless, valueless, worthless. 18. accompanying (adjective) – connected, related, linked. 19. imprisonment (noun) – incarceration, custody, confinement. 20. dread (verb) - fear, be afraid of, worry about. 21. arise (verb) - occur, happen, ensue, stem. 22. conviction (noun) – declaration of guilt, pronouncement of guilt, sentence. 23. synergy (noun) – collaboration, joint action, team work. 24. pursuit (noun) – aspiration, quest, search. 25. calling to account (phrase) - to ask or question one to explain about one's crimes/wrongdoings. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM26. guilty (adjective) – culpable, at fault, accountable/responsible for misconduct.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 07, 2020)

27. colloquially (adverb) – informally, familiarly, unofficially. 28. shambles (noun) – complete mess, disorder/disarray, disorganization.

29. morbid (adjective) - gruesome, horrible, ghastly, grotesque. 30. stark (adjective) – clear, distinct, evident, obvious, striking. 31. notorious (adjective) – infamous, ill-famed, with a bad reputation.

32. flee (verb) – run away, run off, take flight, escape. 33. awash (with) (adjective) - filled, flooded, overflowing,

fraught, swamped, rife. 34. allege (verb) – claim, assert, accuse, charge. 35. entourage (noun) – attendants, companions, bodyguard/escort.

36. condemn (verb) – prove to be guilty, prove one's guilt, incriminate, implicate. 37. sentence (verb) – punish, convict. 38. swiftly (adverb) – quickly, rapidly, fast. 39. mete out (phrasal verb) - dispense, give out, hand out (a punishment). 40. so much so (phrase) – to such a great extent/level/degree. 41. erstwhile (adjective) – old, previous, former, then. 42. hoarding (noun) – a large display board. 43. allegedly (adverb) – apparently, ostensibly, purportedly, reportedly. 44. The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (noun) - The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 was passed by the Parliament of India on 11 December 2019. It amended the Citizenship Act, 1955 by providing a path to Indian citizenship for illegal migrants of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian religious minorities, who had fled persecution from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan before December 2014. Muslims from those countries were not given such eligibility. 45. convict (verb) – declare guilty, give a sentence. 46. level (verb) - direct (a accusation). 47. allegation (noun) – charge, accusation, indictment. 48. scope (noun) – range, sweep, purview. 49. fashion (noun) – method, manner, way. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM50. jury (noun) - a group of people appointed to decide a verdict (on a court case). 51. executioner (noun) - hangman, official killer.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 07, 2020)

52. turn a blind eye (phrase) - overlook, disregard, neglect, ignore, gloss over.

53. indefinitely (adverb) – for an unspecified time/period, forever. 54. brutally (adverb) – cruelly, savagely, ruthlessly. 55. assault (verb) – rape, sexually assault; physically attack, beat, thrash.

56. rush (verb) – act rapidly/hurriedly. 57. conspiracy (noun) – (unlawful) plan, intrigue,

collaboration/deception, deceitful strategy. 58. in a bad light (phrase) - give a bad name to, disgrace, discredit. 59. judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is

vested. 60. disconnect (noun) - discrepancy, disagreement, lack of similarity, mismatch, lack of connection. 61. discernible (adjective) – visible, noticeable, identifiable. 62. bolster (verb) – fortify, support, reinforce/buttress. 63. executive power (noun) - the general power to carry out all the functions (lawmaking & etc) of a government in a state. 64. unsurprising (adjective) – to be expected, predictable, anticipated. 65. on display (phrase) - to show something for people to see. 66. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 67. seemingly (adverb) – as far as one knows, as far as one can see; evidently, apparently. 68. pendency (noun) – something pending; something remaining undecided. 69. Indian Penal Code (IPC) (noun) – The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is the official criminal code of India. It is a comprehensive code intended to cover all substantive aspects of criminal law. The draft was passed into law on 6 October 1860. The Code came into operation on 1 January 1862. The Indian Penal Code of 1860, sub-divided into 23 chapters, comprises 511 sections. IPC deals with crimes and punishments. 70. docket (noun) – a list of cases for hearing/trail/proceedings. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM71. exacerbate (verb) – intensify, increase, heighten, aggravate, worsen. 72. condemnation (noun) - sentencing; punishment. 73. magnify (verb) - increase, heighten, intensify.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 07, 2020)

74. anyone’s guess (phrase) – very difficult to predict. 75. legitimise (verb) – validate, legitimate, permit/endorse.

76. call into question (phrase) - doubt, distrust, mistrust, suspect. 77. move on (phrasal verb) - leave & start doing something new. 78. sway (noun) – influence, authority, power.

79. seminal (adjective) – influential, major, important. 80. as far as (phrase) – to the degree/extent that.

81. incarceration (noun) – imprisonment, confinement, custody. 82. heinous (adjective) – extremely bad & evil, shocking, horrible/wicked.

83. arrogate (verb) – assume, take over, acquire/claim (something without justification). 84. forfeiture (noun) – confiscation, loss, denial/giving up (a property or a right as a result of violating legality). 85. presumption (noun) – assumption, supposition, belief/expectation, conclusion. 86. footing (noun) – status, position, rank. 87. arrive at (verb) – attain, reach, accomplish (a conclusion or decision). 88. errant (adjective) – erring, offending, lawbreaking. 89. reparation (noun) - amends, restitution, redress. 90. cross-examination (noun) – interrogation, cross-questioning, probing. 91. be damned (verb) - be condemned (to suffer punishment). 92. amidst (preposition) – amid, in the middle of; during. 93. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 94. spiralling (adjective) – relating to the process of increase/decrease of something. 95. chaos (noun) – disorder, disarray, turmoil, disorganization, disruption. 96. vanguard (noun) – forefront, front line, driving force, spearhead. 97. progression (noun) – development, progress, advancement. 98. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM99. cynically (adverb) – ironically, desperately, in a distrustful way. 100. envious (adjective) – jealous, covetous, desirous.

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 08, 2020)

1. Quad/Quadrilateral (noun) – The ‘Quadrilateral’ is described as four

democracies (the United States, Japan, Australia and India) with a shared objective to ensure and support a “free, open and prosperous”

Indo-Pacific region. 2. decisive (adjective) – significant, important, major, critical/crucial. 3. considered (adjective) – carefully thought about, calculated,

contemplated, well-chosen. 4. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness

spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 5. departure (noun) – deviation, divergence, shift/change. 6. secrecy (noun) – confidentiality, furtiveness, privacy. 7. make public (phrase) – announce, communicate, make known, disseminate. 8. deliberation (noun) – consideration, thought/thinking, contemplation, discussion. 9. supply chain (noun) – a network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final buyer. 10. dispel (verb) – eliminate, remove, dismiss (a doubt or belief). 11. notion (noun) – idea, belief, view. 12. proactive (adjective) – aggressive, intense, passionate. 13. predecessor (noun) – previous holder; forerunner, precursor, antecedent. 14. conceive (verb) – think up, devise, come up with, formulate. 15. quarantine (noun) – a process of separating out people, animals and things (such as plants) from others for a period of time in order to control/restrict the spread of a contagious disease; Quarantine is imposed to separate and restrict the movement of persons, who may have been exposed to infectious disease, but not yet known to be ill. 16. undertake (verb) – begin, start, embark on; engage in, become WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMinvolved in, take part in. Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 08, 2020)

17. preoccupation (noun) – concentration, thinking, deep thought;

obsession, concern, fixation. 18. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border

between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal).

19. standoff (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, impasse (in a dispute/conflict). 20. probably (adverb) – most likely, in all likelihood, all things

considered, perhaps. 21. eagerness (noun) – keenness, fervour, enthusiasm. 22. prompt (verb) – give rise to, bring about, cause, trigger. 23. stop (noun) - stopping place, halt (during a journey). 24. make clear (phrase) - explain, clarify, elucidate. 25. counter (verb) – oppose, resist, tackle, confront. 26. aggression (noun) – hostility, belligerence, combativeness, warmongering, hawkishness. 27. multilateralism (noun) – a method of coordinating relations between ( a group of) three or more countries. 28. for the sake of (phrase) - for the purpose of, in order to improve/achieve; in the interest of. 29. collaborate (verb) – join, cooperate, team up. 30. Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (noun) - The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of modern China, officially known as the People’s Republic of China. 31. exploitation (noun) – taking advantage, utilization, misuse, unfair treatment, capitalization. 32. coercion (noun) – force/pressure, oppression, harassment, intimidation. 33. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM34. charter (noun) – constitution, code, canon, body of law. Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 08, 2020)

35. keen on (adjective) – enthusiastic about, interested in, passionate

about. 36. full-fledged/fully fledged (adjective) – fully established.

37. tension (noun) - strained relations, friction, antipathy, hostility, enmity. 38. downplay (verb) – play down, under emphasize, understate; make

something to look less important/significant. 39. import (noun) - importance, significance.

40. bound (by) (adjective) – obliged, compelled, required, constrained. 41. treaty (noun) – agreement, accord, pact, compact, protocol. 42. thus far (phrase) – until now, till date. 43. chart (verb) – outline, describe, detail. 44. strategic autonomy (noun) – the ability of a state (country) to pursue its national interests and adopt its preferred foreign policy without being constrained in any manner by other states. 45. bluster (noun/verb) – talking in an aggressive way; bullying, domineering. 46. borne (adjective) - carried by the thing mentioned. 47. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 48. rebuff (verb) – reject, refuse, decline. 49. unwise (adjective) – injudicious, ill-advised, ill-considered. 50. in terms of (phrase) – with regard to, as regards, in respect of, with reference to. 51. capacity building (noun) – capacity development; it has typically been defined as the development and strengthening of human and institutional resources. The United Nations Development Programme defines capacity as “the ability to perform functions, solve problems, and achieve objectives” at three levels: individual, institutional and societal. 52. impression (noun) – idea, opinion, view, notion, thought. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM53. stakeholder (noun) – a person with an interest in something. Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 08, 2020)

1. establish (verb) - prove, demonstrate, confirm, show to be true. 2. black hole (noun) – a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out. An extremely dense object from which no

light can escape. Anything that comes within a black hole’s “event horizon,” its point of no return, will be consumed, never to re-emerge,

because of the black hole’s unimaginably strong gravity. 3. as much as (phrase) – almost, nearly the same as. 4. ingeniously (adverb) - cleverly, creatively, innovatively.

5. field equation (noun) - In general theory of relativity the Einstein field equations (EFE; also known as Einstein's equations) relate the geometry of space time with the distribution of matter within it. 6. general theory of relativity (noun) – the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers (frames of reference), and that the speed of light in a vacuum was independent of the motion of all observers. 7. exhibit (verb) - display, show. 8. singularity (noun) – In the center of a black hole is a gravitational singularity, a one-dimensional point which contains a huge mass in an infinitely small space, where density and gravity become infinite and space-time curves infinitely, and where the laws of physics as we know them cease to operate. 9. infinitely (adverb) – without limit/bound/end. 10. event horizon (EH) (noun) – an event horizon (EH) is a region in spacetime beyond which events cannot affect an outside observer. In layman’s terms, it is defined as the shell of “points of no return”, i.e., the boundary at which the gravitational pull of a massive object becomes so great as to make escape impossible (or) The point of no return beyond which even light cannot escape the black hole’s gravitational attraction (or) The boundary of the region from which no WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMescape is possible. Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 08, 2020)

11. symmetry (noun) - symmetry in physics has been generalized to mean invariance-that is, lack of change-under any kind of transformation.

12. singularity theorem (noun) – The theorem implies that space-time singularities are to be expected if either the universe is spatially

closed or there is an ‘object’ undergoing relativistic gravitational collapse (existence of a trapped surface). The Penrose theorem implies that singularities must arise when a black hole is formed by

gravitational collapse. In addition to some technical assumptions, the proof of this theorem relies upon an energy condition and on the assumption of the existence of a trapped surface. Such a surface arises when the gravitational field of the collapsing body becomes so strong that outgoing light rays are pulled back toward the body. 13. trapped surface (noun) - a trapped surface is one where light is not moving away from the black hole. The boundary of the union of all trapped surfaces around a black hole is called an apparent horizon. 14. generic (adjective) – general, common, non-specific. 15. climate (noun) – atmosphere, situation. 16. supermassive black hole (noun) – the largest type of black hole, containing a mass of the order of hundreds of thousands, to billions of times, the mass of the Sun. 17. quasars (noun) - Quasi Stellar radio sources, abbreviated QUASARS, are the most dynamic and far-off objects in a collective known as active galactic nuclei (AGN). These radiant sources were formed approximately twelve billion years ago. Quasar formations take place by collision of galaxies, i.e., the central black holes merge to form a super-massive black hole. Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 08, 2020)

18. galaxy (noun) – star system, solar system. 19. extraterrestrial (adjective) – outside of the Earth; outside the Earth’s atmosphere.

20. milky way (proper noun) – the galaxy (star system) that contains our Solar System.

21. Sagittarius A* (noun) - a bright and very compact astronomical radio source at the Galactic Center of the Milky Way. The dense region in the centre of our galaxy-the Milky Way-is indeed a black hole is

named Sagittarius A*. 22. light year (noun) - a light-year is a unit of distance. It is the distance that light can travel in one year. Light moves at a velocity of about 300,000 kilometers (km) each second. 23. set up (phrasal verb) – establish, start/begin, inaugurate, create. 24. explore (verb) – examine, evaluate, look into. 25. pursue (verb) – engage in, conduct, follow. 26. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 27. keplerian orbit (noun) - kepler orbit, elliptical orbit; the motion of one body relative to another, as an ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola, which forms a two-dimensional orbital plane in three-dimensional space. 28. imply (verb) – say indirectly, suggest, indicate. 29. string together (verb) – add items to one another to form a series. 30. conviction (noun) – belief, thought, idea. 31. reiterate (verb) – repeat, say again, restate. 32. pursuit (noun) – aspiration, quest, search. 33. twinkle (noun) - flash, blink, twinkling, very short time, instant/moment.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 08, 2020)

1. underlying (adjective) – fundamental, basic, primary.

2. seemingly (adverb) – apparently, evidently, outwardly, supposedly. 3. deceive (verb) - cheat, trick, mislead. 4. atrocity (noun) – act of barbarity/brutality, cruelty, inhumanity.

5. weigh on your conscience (phrase) - to make you feel guilty. 6. conscience (noun) – sense of right and wrong, moral sense, inner

voice. 7. oppression (noun) – persecution, abuse, ill treatment, suppression. 8. cynical (adjective) – sceptical, doubtful, distrustful.

9. brazen (adjective) – bold and shameless; unashamed, unembarrassed; blatant/flagrant. 10. machinery (noun) – organization, system, structure. 11. oppressor (noun) – persecutor, intimidator, tormentor. 12. inhuman (adjective) – vicious/cruel, brutal, barbaric. 13. assault (verb) – rape, sexually assault; physically attack, beat, thrash. 14. eventually (adverb) – in the end, in due course, after some time. 15. hesitation (noun) - unwillingness, disinclination, reluctance. 16. first information report (FIR) (noun) – a written document prepared by the police when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence. 17. callous (adjective) – harsh, heartless, insensitive/ruthless. 18. deferred (adjective) – postponed, delayed; suspended. 19. neglect (noun) – negligence, carelessness, irresponsibility, laxity. 20. dying declaration (noun) - it is the statement of a person who had died explaining the circumstances of his death. 21. alarmingly (adverb) – disturbingly, worryingly. 22. haste (noun) – hurry, urgency, rush, quickness. 23. wilful (adjective) – deliberate, intentional, purposeful. 24. tyranny (noun) – absolute power, autocracy, dictatorship. 25. virtually (adverb) – practically, nearly, almost. 26. rough up (phrasal verb) – beat up, attack, manhandle/mistreat. 27. appalling (adjective) – shocking, horrible, horrific, terrible, awful. 28. make a mockery of (phrase) – make something to look foolish/absurd. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM29. constitutional democracy (noun) – a system of government based on popular sovereignty in which the structures, powers, and limits of government are set forth in a constitution.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 08, 2020)

30. discourse (noun) – discussion, conversation, communication,

expression, argument. 31. slippery (noun) – evasive, unreliable, unpredictable. 32. speech act (noun) – speech act is something expressed by an

individual that not only presents information, but performs an action as well. Speech acts include functions such as requests, apologies,

suggestions, commands, offers, and appropriate responses to those acts. 33. sophistry (noun) – trickery, deception, dishonesty, cheating; clever

(but false) argument. 34. populace (noun) – population, inhabitants, people/public. 35. illustrate (verb) – explain, elucidate, clarify. 36. mis-description (noun) - misleading or misguiding description. 37. on the face of it (phrase) – apparently, seemingly, evidently/ostensibly; at first glance. 38. sound (verb) - seem, appear, look. 39. incontrovertibly (adverb) - indisputably, undeniably, unquestionably, unarguably, unanswerably. 40. mercilessly (adverb) – ruthlessly, pitilessly, brutally/cruelly, heartlessly, inhumanly. 41. pulverise (verb) – defeat utterly, annihilate, crush/vanquish. 42. distinguish (verb) – differentiate, separate, set apart, make different. 43. demise (noun) – death, passing away. 44. speak of (phrasal verb) - mention, talk about, discuss, refer to, remark on, comment on. 45. grossly (adverb) – extremely, excessively. 46. persistently (adverb) – continuously, endlessly, relentlessly, permanently. 47. deliberately (adverb) – intentionally, purposely, knowingly/wittingly. 48. obfuscate (verb) – confuse, complicate, make unclear. 49. in the face of (phrase) – when confronted/faced with; despite, notwithstanding, regardless of. 50. outrage (noun) – fury, anger, wrath, indignation, resentment. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM51. ghastly (adjective) – terrible, frightful, grim, horrible. 52. accompany (verb) – occur with, be present with, coincide with, coexist with.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 08, 2020)

53. gruesome (adjective) – horrible, grim, dreadful/terrible.

54. falsehood (noun) – untruth, false statement, fake news. 55. evade (verb) – avoid, dodge, elude. 56. chilling (adjective) – frightening, terrifying, disturbing/horrifying.

57. propensity (noun) – tendency, inclination, predisposition, readiness. 58. aggression (noun) – hostility, belligerence, aggressiveness.

59. charred (adjective) – burned and become black (by fire). 60. account (noun) – explanation, narration, narrative, report, interpretation.

61. tizzy (noun) – disturbance, upset, confusion. 62. at hand (phrase) – near at hand, within reach, close at hand, available. 63. surely (adverb) – firmly, steadily, confidently, determinedly. 64. at the back of your mind (phrase) - being thought about something without you realizing it. 65. precisely (adverb) – exactly, absolutely, squarely. 66. attribute (verb) – ascribe, assign, connect/associate with. 67. probably (adverb) – most likely, in all likelihood, all things considered, perhaps. 68. prone (adjective) - susceptible, liable, inclined. 69. standing (adjective) – permanent, perpetual, everlasting, continuing. 70. precipitating (adjective) – sudden, hasty, rash, hurried, rushed, unanticipated. 71. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 72. ploy (noun) - cunning plan, scheme, tactic. 73. cover up (phrasal verb) – conceal, hide, camouflage (a mistake or crime). 74. aftermath (noun) – consequences, effects, results, repercussions. 75. atrocity (noun) – act of barbarity/brutality, cruelty, inhumanity. 76. deflect (verb) – deviate, distract, turn aside, aver, sidetrack. 77. perpetrator (noun) – someone who does immoral, harmful and illegal activity; offender, criminal, wrongdoer/evil-doer, culprit. 78. off the hook (phrase) - release someone from a difficult situation; free someone from an obligation; out of trouble, acquitted/cleared. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM79. omission (noun) – leaving out, exclusion, non-inclusion. 80. withhold (verb) – deny, refuse (to give), stop, hold back. 81. horrendous (adjective) – horrible, terrible, awful, shocking. 82. brutalise (verb) – attack, assault, beat, thrash.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 08, 2020)

83. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually.

84. reportedly (adverb) – supposedly, seemingly, apparently, allegedly. 85. battered (adjective) – attacked, thrashed, pummeled/beaten up. 86. criss-crossing (adjective) – intersecting.

87. outright (adjective) – out-and-out, absolute, complete, categorical, unequivocal.

88. paper over (phrase) - cover up, conceal, hide, camouflage, gloss over. 89. caste-ridden (adjective) – dominated/divided by caste. 90. imprison (verb) - incarcerate, put in prison, send to prison, jail.

91. consequence (noun) – result, outcome, effect; ramification, repercussion. 92. on account of (phrase) – because of, owing to, due to, by virtue of. 93. hierarchy (noun) – ranking, grading; class system. 94. homily (noun) – lecture, discourse, talk. 95. dimension (noun) – aspect, feature, side, element. 96. condemn (verb) – censure, criticize, castigate. 97. generalized (adjective) – not specific or specialized. 98. obliterate (verb) - destroy, wipe out, abolish, demolish, annihilate (something utterly). 99. discriminate (verb) – disfavour, be biased, treat differently; differentiate, distinguish, separate. 100. qualitatively (adverb) – in relation to the qualities of something. 101. obscure (adjective) – hide, conceal, cover, confuse, complicate, obfuscate. 102. in short (phrase) – briefly, in essence, in sum, to sum up, in a nutshell. 103. intertwine (verb) – connect, link, weave together closely. 104. foreground (verb) – highlight, bring/draw attention to. 105. de-emphasise (verb) – make light of, gloss over, underemphasize, downplay, understate. 106. narrative (noun) – a representation of a particular situation; portrayal/account. 107. emphasis (noun) – prominence, importance, significance. 108. legitimise (verb) – validate, legitimate, permit/endorse. 109.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM perpetuate (verb) - cause to continue something indefinitely, particularly a bad situation, an attitude/idea/belief, etc.; keep going, keep in existence, extend/prolong.

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 09, 2020) H 1. scissor (verb) - cut.

2. potential (noun) – possibility, potentiality, prospect. 3. gene editing (noun) - genome editing; a method that lets scientists change the DNA of many organisms, including plants, bacteria, and

animals. Editing DNA can lead to changes in physical traits and disease risk. These technologies act like scissors, cutting the DNA at a specific

spot. Then scientists can remove, add, or replace the DNA where it was cut. 4. pioneer (verb) - develop, introduce, start/begin.

5. Crispr-Cas9 (noun) – a genome editing tool (genetic scissor). CRISPR- Cas9 is a system used by bacterial cells to recognise and destroy viral DNA as a form of adaptive immunity. Using components of the CRISPR system, researchers can remove, add or alter specific DNA sequences in the genome of higher organisms. 6. Crispr revolution (noun) – a genome editing revolution; CRISPR (clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats). 7. speculation (noun) – prediction, guesswork, conjecture, supposition. 8. immune system (noun) – the immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs. Together they help the body fight infections and other diseases. 9. CRISPR-Cas immune system (noun) - The system, called CRISPR-Cas, provide sequence-specific adaptive immunity and fundamentally affect our understanding of virus–host interaction. CRISPR-based immunity acts by integrating short virus sequences in the cell's CRISPR locus, allowing the cell to remember, recognize and clear infections. 10. wherein (adverb) – in which. 11. clustered (adjective) - combined. 12. cleave (verb) – split, divide, bisect/separate into two. 13. genetic scissors (noun) - a special protein called Cas9 in a genome editing tool Crispr-Cas9, which now is often described in popular literature as ‘genetic scissor’. 14. open up (phrase) – create new opportunities/possibilities; make available, make accessible. 15. vast (adjective) – huge, extensive, massive. 16. window of opportunity (phrase) – lucky chance, good time, golden WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMopportunity. 17. Clinical trials 'in a dish' (CTiD) (phrase) - it involves testing medical therapies for safety or effectiveness in the laboratory with human tissue.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 09, 2020) H 18. clinical trial (noun) – a type of research that studies new tests and

treatments and evaluates their effects on human health outcomes. 19. inherited (adjective) – derived genetically from one’s parents or ancestors.

20. disorder (noun) – disease, sickness, illness, ailment, complaint, problem. 21. aggressive (adjective) – hostile, belligerent, bellicose, hawkish,

combative. 22. embryo (noun) – an early stage of development of unborn child. it develops from a single cell (called zygote) resulting from the

fertilization of the female egg cell by the male sperm cell. 23. lead to (verb) – cause, give rise to, result in, bring on. 24. furore (noun) – commotion, outcry uproar, agitation. 25. draw up (phrasal verb) – formulate, create, work out. 26. so far (phrase) – until now, up to the present, up to this point. 27. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 28. ethics (noun) – standards, principles, morality, rule of conduct. 29. primarily (adverb) – basically, especially, particularly. 30. yield (noun) - an amount produced of an agricultural product. 31. resistance (noun) – ability to fight off, ability to counteract/withstand, immunity from. 32. herbicide (noun) - a chemical that is used to destroy plants, particularly weeds. 33. domestication (noun) - the process to convert (animals, plants, etc.) to domestic uses; taming. 34. species (noun) – living things (organisms); A group/breed/family of living organisms (animals & plants) with the individual having the same quality & can breed (in nature). 35. agronomic (adjective) – relating to the science of farming & soil management. 36. bring in (phrasal verb) – cause, bring about, give rise to, create, produce. 37. sweeping (adjective) – complete/total, comprehensive, all-inclusive, all- embracing, far-reaching. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM38. breed (verb) – bring up, rear, raise, nurture. 39. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually, undeniably. 40. epoch (noun) – era, period, time.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 09, 2020)

1. uncertainty (noun) – unpredictability, unreliability, riskiness/precariousness.

2. monetary policy (noun) - monetary policy refers to the use of monetary instruments under the control of the central bank to regulate magnitudes such as interest rates, money supply and availability of

credit with a view to achieving the ultimate objective of economic policy.

3. overhaul (noun) – reorganization, restructuring, rearrangement. 4. bimonthly (adjective) – done every two months or twice a month. 5. envisage (verb) – foresee, predict, forecast, anticipate, expect.

6. culmination (noun) – end, conclusion, termination. 7. pulls and pressures (phrase) - relating to a situation which is quarrelsome or argumentative (on exerting/exercising influence on something & having too many demands for something). 8. The monetary policy committee (MPC) (noun) – it is a six-member panel that is expected to bring “value and transparency” to rate-setting decisions. It will feature three members from the RBI — the Governor, a Deputy Governor and another official — and three independent members to be selected by the Government. The MPC will meet four times a year to decide on monetary policy by a majority vote. 9. on the eve of (phrase) – a period or day before an important event. 10. defer (verb) - postpone, put off, delay. 11. constitute (verb) – create, set up, establish. 12. hunt (noun) – search, look, quest. 13. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 14. ample (adjective) – enough, sufficient, adequate, plenty of.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 09, 2020)

15. expedite (verb) – accelerate, speed up, step up, quicken. 16. academic (noun) – scholar, lecturer/professor, educator, instructor.

17. interplay (noun) – interaction, interchange, teamwork, cooperation. 18. fiscal policy (noun) – fiscal policy is how the government uses taxing and spending to expand or contract economic growth. It complements

central bank monetary policy. Fiscal policy, in simple terms, is an estimate of taxation and government spending that impacts the

economy. 19. noted (adjective) – eminent, famous, well known. 20. unexceptionably (adverb) - reasonably, satisfactorily, fairly.

21. pick (noun) – choice, selection, option. 22. lend (verb) – give, provide, impart, add. 23. holistic (adjective) – relating to an integrated approach that takes care of the “whole thing”, instead of certain parts in it. 24. deliberation (noun) – consideration, thought/thinking, contemplation, discussion. 25. effectively (adverb) – practically, virtually. 26. put something down to someone/something (phrase) - to consider that a problem/situation is caused by a particular person/thing. 27. bureaucratic (adjective) – governmental, ministerial, administrative. 28. lethargy (noun) – sluggishness, inertia, inactivity. 29. transpire (verb) – happen, occur, take place. 30. contraction (noun) – In economics, it refers to a decline in national output as measured by gross domestic product. 31. inflation (noun) – simply meaning “cost of living”; increase of price level of goods & services and vice versa decrease of currency value. 32. reign (verb) - prevail, exist, be present. 33. entail (verb) – necessitate, make necessary, require. 34. set up (phrasal verb) – establish, start/begin, inaugurate, create. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM35. stick (verb) – adhere, cling, be fixed, remain. Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 09, 2020)

36. unforeseen (adjective) – unpredicted, unexpected, unanticipated. 37. compensation (noun) – payment, repayment, settlement (for

loss/damage). 38. GST compensation (noun) – Under the GST law (In India), state governments are guaranteed full compensation for any revenue loss

for the first five years after the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) in July 2017. The compensation is a gap between actual

revenue collected and projected revenue. 39. shortfall (noun) – deficit, inadequacy, deficiency, shortage. 40. stance (noun) – position, outlook, perspective.

41. projection (noun) – estimate, forecast, prediction, calculation. 42. clumsy (adjective) – awkward, uncoordinated, insensitive/thoughtless. 43. lateral (adjective) – unorthodox, creative, imaginative, original, innovative, ingenious. 44. conjure up (phrasal verb) – produce, materialize, generate (by magic). 45. (fiscal) stimulus (noun) – Government measures, normally involving increased public spending and lower taxation, aimed at giving a positive jolt to economic activity. 46. stuttering (adjective) – relating to something which progress/develops in an irregular way. 47. mandarin (noun) – a powerful officer, civil servant, functionary/bureaucrat. 48. lose sight of (phrase) – pay no attention to, fail to consider, be lax about. 49. protracted (adjective) – prolonged, extended, lengthened/lengthy. 50. burnish (verb) – improve, enhance, augment/make better. 51. stricture (noun) – constraint, restriction, limitation, restraint. 52. revamp (adjective) - reorganization, restructuring, rearrangement, change.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 09, 2020)

1. atrocity (noun) – act of barbarity/brutality, cruelty, inhumanity. 2. narrative (noun) – a representation of a particular situation; portrayal/account.

3. brush aside (phrasal verb) – dismiss, disregard, ignore. 4. instigate (verb) – incite, egg on, trigger/provoke. 5. passive (adjective) – inactive, non-active, non-participative, non-

participating, uninvolved. 6. enforcement (noun) – imposition, implementation, execution.

7. rest upon (phrasal verb) - be based on, depend on, be dependent on, rely on. 8. inequality (noun) – Inequality is simply defined as “the state of not

being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities; imbalance, unevenness, disproportion, disparity. 9. legitimate (adjective) – valid, reasonable, reliable. 10. inheritance (noun) – the passing on of something (traits, properties, etc,.) from parents to their offspring; legacy, bequest, endowment. 11. criminalise (verb) – make something (an activity) illegal. 12. provisional (adjective) – temporary, interim, transitional. 13. dilemma (noun) – quandary, predicament, difficulty. 14. notion (noun) – idea, belief, thought, view. 15. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize, call attention to. 16. extraordinary (adjective) – rare, unusual, uncommon. 17. predecessor (noun) – a thing replaced by another thing. 18. untouchability (noun) – the practice of ostracising (excluding) a minority group by segregating them from the mainstream by social custom or legal mandate. 19. excreta (noun) – waste matter, foul matter, particularly urine & faeces. 20. routinise (verb) – subject to/cause something to be a routine. 21. humiliation (noun) – embarrassment, shame, indignity, dishonour, insult, offence. 22. discrimination (noun) – prejudice, intolerance, inequity, unfairness (against an individual or group of individuals by society and its institutions (basically in the procedures, policies or objectives) as a whole. 23. economic boycott (noun) – an economic boycott can mean consumers refusing to buy a certain product or to do business with a certain WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcompany. 24. exclusion (noun) – banning; rejection, ostracism, banishment. 25. disenfranchisement (noun) – the condition of being stripped of the right (to vote).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 09, 2020)

26. spectrum (noun) – wide range, gamut, ambit. 27. intangible (adjective) – impalpable, untouchable, invisible. 28. tangible (adjective) – touchable, palpable, distinct, real.

29. entitlement (noun) – right, prerogative, claim, title. 30. rather than (phrase) – instead of. 31. outrage (noun) – fury, anger, wrath, indignation, resentment.

32. rob (verb) - deprive, strip, divest/dispossess. 33. oblique (adjective) – indirect, inexplicit, implicit.

34. dog whistle politics (noun) – political messaging employing coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has an additional, different or more specific resonance for a targeted

subgroup. 35. paradoxically (adverb) – contradictorily, inconsistently, incongruously. 36. relevance (noun) – significance, importance. 37. albeit (conjunction) – though, even though, however. 38. biased (adjective) – prejudiced, partial, partisan, one-sided. 39. accumulated (adjective) – gathered, collected, amassed. 40. compel (verb) – force, coerce, pressurize, push. 41. insist on (verb) – demand forcefully, ask for, press/push for. 42. perennial (adjective) – everlasting/unending, endless, permanent. 43. pathology (noun) – (mental) abnormality, unhealthiness, malfunction. 44. co-morbidity (noun) – the presence of one or more additional conditions (diseases/problems) co-occurring/co-existing with a primary condition (disease/problem). 45. contemporary (adjective) – modern, present-day. 46. symmetrical (adjective) - consistent, regular, even. 47. contemporary (adjective) – modern, present-day. 48. jump-start (verb) - to help/support something (which is dull at present) to improve quickly; energize, motivate, stimulate, inspire, galvanize. 49. infamous (adjective) – notorious, disreputable, ill-famed. 50. explicitly (adverb) – clearly, unequivocally, directly. 51. invoke (verb) – cite, refer to, adduce. 52. instructive (adjective) – informative, instructional, informational, revealing. 53. stark (adjective) – clear, distinct, evident, obvious, striking. 54. contrast (noun) – difference, dissimilarity, contradiction. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM55. persistent (adjective) – continuous, constant, non-stop, lingering. 56. come into force (phrase) – come to effect (a new law, rule, change etc.). 57. apartheid (noun) – racial segregation/discrimination system in (South Africa); prejudice, bias, bigotry/inequity (racial segregation).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 09, 2020)

58. undeniable (adjective) – unquestionable, undebatable, inarguable. 59. centrality (noun) – the quality of being essential. 60. enmity (noun) – opposition, hatred/hate, bitterness.

61. opponent (noun) – rival, enemy, nemesis, contender/opposer. 62. assertiveness (noun) – forceful behaviour; dominance, authoritativeness. 63. mobility (noun) – adaptability, flexibility, versatility, adjustability.

64. narrow (verb) – diminish, decrease, reduce. 65. unbearable (adjective) – intolerable, unsupportable, unmanageable.

66. horrific (adjective) – dreadful, awful, terrible, appalling. 67. sexual assault (noun) – sexual misconduct, molestation, sexual interference, physical violence.

68. evolution (noun) – gradual development. 69. fatal (adjective) - deadly, lethal. 70. relentless (adjective) – continuing, constant, continuous, non-stop. 71. succession (noun) – sequence, series, chain. 72. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 73. National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) (noun) – an Indian government agency responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Special and Local Laws (SLL). NCRB is headquartered in New Delhi and is part of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India. 74. mute (verb) – restrain, subdue, silence, tone down. 75. in the face of (phrase) – when confronted/faced with; despite, notwithstanding, regardless of. 76. mobilisation (noun) – the act of bringing people/resources together for a particular cause. 77. activist (noun) – a person who supports a political or societal change/cause. 78. consensual (adjective) – relating to consensus/consent; in agreement with those who involved. 79. accompany (verb) – occur with, be present with, coincide with, coexist with. 80. regardless of (phrase) – irrespective of, without consideration of, notwithstanding, in spite of. 81. perpetrator (noun) – someone who does immoral, harmful and illegal activity; offender, criminal, wrongdoer/evil-doer, culprit. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM82. invariably (adverb) – always, every time, each time. 83. break with (verb) - act in a way that is not in line with others cases. 84. eerie (adjective) – strange, abnormal, unnatural, weird, bizarre. 85. coincidence (noun) – co-occurrence, coexistence, simultaneousness.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 09, 2020)

86. allegedly (adverb) – apparently, ostensibly, purportedly, reportedly. 87. batter (verb) – attack, thrash, pummel/beat up. 88. maim (verb) - injure, wound, hurt.

89. cover-up (noun) – an attempt to conceal a mistake/crime. 90. facilitator (noun) – a person/thing that encourages an action and makes it easier.

91. accomplice (noun) - associate, confederate, collaborator, accessory. 92. cremate (verb) – dispose (of a dead person’s body) by burning after

funeral ceremony. 93. revulsion (noun) – disgust, contempt, repulsion, aversion/hatred/dislike. 94. conversely (adverb) – inversely, the other way round,

oppositely/reciprocally. 95. surge (noun) – sudden increase, rise, growth. 96. stunning (adjective) – staggering, incredible, breathtaking. 97. stand/turn something on its head (phrase) - completely change the meaning of an idea or argument. 98. sedition (noun) – incitement (to riot/rebellion), agitation, trouble making/provocation. 99. conspiracy (noun) – (unlawful) plan, intrigue, collaboration/deception, deceitful strategy. 100. foment (verb) – instigate, incite, provoke/stir up. 101. jealousy (noun) - envy; the state of being jealous. 102. lodge (verb) – submit, present, file, enter, register (a complaint/claim/appeal, etc,). 103. in the shadow of (phrase) – in a situation when attention is influenced on someone/something (better known). 104. The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (noun) – The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 was passed by the Parliament of India on 11 December 2019. It amended the Citizenship Act, 1955 by providing a path to Indian citizenship for illegal migrants of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian religious minorities, who had fled persecution from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan before December 2014. Muslims from those countries were not given such eligibility. 105. deploy (verb) – use, utilize, employ. 106.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM trajectory (noun) – approach, direction/course. 107. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 108. anonymous (adjective) – nameless, incognito, unknown/unspecified.

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 10, 2020)

1. organic (adjective) - structured, organized, systematic, coordinated. 2. automatically (adverb) - spontaneously.

3. invite (verb) – ask for, call for, seek. 4. strong arm (adjective) – aggressive, forceful, coercive, oppressive (measures).

5. potent (adjective) – strong, powerful, mighty, formidable. 6. resistance (noun) – opposition, refusal, denial.

7. discriminatory (adjective) – biased, unfair, unjust, inequitable. 8. venture (verb) – dare to do something. 9. hold (verb) - rule, decide.

10. indefinite (adjective) - unknown, indeterminate, unspecified, uncertain. 11. blockade (noun) – barricade, barrier, obstacle/impediment. 12. ought to (modal verb) – must, should. 13. encroachment (noun) – infringement, intrusion, invasion, trespass, violation. 14. assertion (noun) – statement, declaration, affirmation, contention. 15. legislation (noun) – body of laws, rules, regulations, statutes. 16. on the face of it (phrase) – apparently, seemingly, evidently/ostensibly; at first glance. 17. arise from (verb) – occur, happen, ensue, stem (as a result of). 18. moot (adjective) – debatable, disputable, arguable; disputed, controversial. 19. content (noun) - subject matter, subject, point, substance. 20. conform to (verb) - comply with, abide by, adhere to. 21. form (noun) - official procedure, rule, regulation, convention. 22. deem (verb) – regard as, consider; view as. 23. (be) rooted in (verb) - embed, fix, firmly establish, implant. 24. derive something from (verb) - obtain, get, take, acquire. 25. legitimacy (noun) – legality, lawfulness; justification, validity, permissibility. 26. underlying (adjective) – fundamental, basic, primary. 27. perceive (verb) – discern, recognize, understand, observe, regard, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMview. 28. unjust (adjective) – unfair, biased, prejudiced, inequitable. 29. flash (adjective) - sudden (and showy).

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 10, 2020)

30. spontaneous (adjective) – automatic, knee-jerk, unthinking; unplanned, unpremeditated, impromptu.

31. road block (noun) – hindrance, obstruction. 32. call for (phrasal verb) – require, publicly ask/necessitate, demand. 33. prohibitory orders (noun) – it refer to orders issued by competent

authorities prohibiting certain things under various acts. 34. inevitable (adjective) – unavoidable, unpreventable.

35. deemed (adjective) – considered, judged, viewed. 36. curb (noun) – restraint, control/check, restriction, limitation. 37. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness

spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 38. lead to (verb) – cause, give rise to, result in, bring on. 39. adjudication (noun) – arbitration, settlement, resolution, verdict. 40. come across (phrasal verb) – seem, appear, look. 41. gratuitous (adjective) – unjustified, uncalled for, unwarranted, unprovoked. 42. offering (noun) - contribution, handout, gift. 43. de-legitimise (verb) – reverse/withdraw legitimate status of something. 44. designated (adjective) – identified, recognized, classified. 45. certitude (noun) – certainty, confidence, sureness, positiveness. 46. end up (phrasal verb) – come/appear, find oneself (to a particular course of action in the end). 47. undermine (verb) – reduce, diminish, impede, hinder. 48. dissent (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, opposition. 49. subject to (adjective) – conditional on, contingent on, dependent on; under the control of. 50. cause (noun) – reason, motive, purpose. 51. suppression (noun) – crackdown, clampdown, repression, quelling/quashing. 52. salutary (adjective) – good, helpful/useful, beneficial, practical, valuable. 53. point of view (noun) – position, perspective, viewpoint, standpoint, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMangle. 54. axiom (noun) – saying, adage, truism, accepted truth. 55. render (verb) – make, cause to be, cause to become.

Note:

1. show (noun) - pretence, outward/false appearance, semblance. 2. affairs (noun) – concerns, matters, activities.

3. rift (noun) - break, division, split; disagreement, difference of opinion (in relationship). 4. enthuse (verb) – motivate, spur/stimulate, encourage.

5. cadre (noun) – members of a group. 6. rival (noun) – opponent, adversary, contender, competitor.

7. exploit (verb) – take advantage of, make use of, utilize. 8. plank (noun) – a fundamental point. 9. compromise (noun) – agreement, deal, understanding, settlement. 10. tenure (noun) – incumbency, term of office, period in office. 11. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 12. consolidate (verb) – strengthen, make stronger, reinforce, fortify. 13. hold (noun) - power, control, influence, authority. 14. matter (verb) - be important, have influence. 15. shed (verb) – discard, reject, get rid of, do away with, abandon. 16. reluctance (noun) – unwillingness, disinclination, hesitation. 17. constitute (verb) – create, set up, establish. 18. steering committee (noun) – a group of high-level advisors who have been appointed to provide an organization or project with direction; advisory body. 19. avert (verb) – prevent, stop, avoid. 20. rebellion (noun) – defiance, disobedience, dissent, nonconformity, subversion. 21. irrespective of (adjective) – notwithstanding, without regard for, regardless of.

Note:

22. (be) shorn of (verb) – have something cut off. 23. charismatic (adjective) – strong in character, captivating, fascinating.

24. resolve (noun) – determination, resolution, commitment, decision, firmness of purpose. 25. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, also.

26. faction (noun) – group, side, camp. 27. spectacle (noun) – display, show.

28. circumstances (noun) – situation, background, conditions, state of affairs. 29. overarching (adjective) – all-inclusive, complete, all-embracing, comprehensive. 30. seemingly (adverb) – apparently, evidently, outwardly. 31. tilt (verb) – move, change, incline, lean. 32. in favour of (phrase) – in support of, encouraging of, approving of. 33. aspirant (noun) – candidate, applicant, entrant. 34. churning (adjective) – stirring, disturbing, agitating. 35. rule out (phrasal verb) – eliminate, reject, dismiss. 36. aide (noun) - right-hand person, second in command, companion, confidante. 37. ousted (adjective) – removed, expelled, dismissed (from power/office). 38. interim (adjective) – provisional, transitional, temporary. 39. contend with (phrasal verb) - deal with, cope with, face, grapple with (a difficult or unpleasant situation). 40. sweep (noun) - winning all seats in (an election).

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 10, 2020)

1. uncertain (adjective) – unpredictable, unsettled, unreliable; unsure, doubtful, dubious.

2. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

3. cyclical (adjective) – recurrent, recurring, regular, repeated. 4. no exception (phrase) – as usual, the same as, to be similar.

5. incumbency (noun) – period in office, tenure, rule/reign/occupancy. 6. shape up (phrasal verb) – improve, get better, progress. 7. cliff-hanger (noun) - a situation in which the final outcome

is suspenseful & unpredictable till the very end. 8. cloud (noun) – a state of trouble, problem, worry. 9. uncertainty (noun) – unpredictability, unreliability, riskiness/precariousness. 10. persist (verb) – continue, carry on, remain. 11. decisive (adjective) – deciding, conclusive, determining. 12. subsequently (adverb) – afterwards, later on, eventually. 13. disenchant (verb) – disappoint, disillusion, fed up, dissatisfy. 14. eventually (adverb) – in the end, in due course, after some time. 15. infighting (noun) – (internal/hidden) dissent, dispute, strife, contention, conflict, friction, difference of opinion, disagreement. 16. landslide (noun) – decisive (victory), runaway (victory), overwhelming majority. 17. backdrop (noun) – situation, scenario, context. 18. Great Depression (noun) – a worldwide economic depression that started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s (almost for 10 years until about 1939). Although it originated in the United States, the Great Depression caused drastic declines in output, severe unemployment, and acute deflation in almost every country of the world. 19. go on to (phrasal verb) – continue, proceed (to do something). 20. congestive heart failure (CHF) (noun) - it is a chronic progressive condition that affects the pumping power of your heart muscles. 21. take over (phrasal verb) – assume control of, take control of, take WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcharge of. 22. impeachment (noun) – the act of charging or accusing (a public official) with a crime done while in office.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 10, 2020)

23. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 24. mark (verb) – indicate, represent, signify.

25. inflation (noun) – simply meaning “cost of living”; increase of price level of goods & services and vice versa decrease of currency value. 26. downturn (noun) – decline, setback, crisis, tragedy.

27. embassy (noun) – the diplomatic office building in a foreign country where the ambassador & team live and work; consulate, mission.

28. hostage (noun) – captive, prisoner, detainee; a person under custody of someone as security for performance against a demand/pledge; pawn, security.

29. emblematic (adjective) – symbolic, representative, demonstrative. 30. erode (verb) – undermine, weaken, destroy, spoil gradually. 31. trounce (verb) – defeat utterly, crush, overwhelm. 32. incumbent (noun) – the current/present holder/occupant of an office. 33. polarise (verb) – separate into two opposing groups. 34. primary (noun) – (in the US) an election in which members of the same political party run against each other for the chance to be in a larger and more important election, especially presidential election. 35. social security (scheme/benefit) (noun) – (In India) social security schemes/benefits cover these (Pension, Health Insurance and Medical Benefit, Disability Benefit, Maternity Benefit, Gratuity) social insurances. The employers in the organized sector are entitled to coverage under these social security schemes. A large number of the Indian workers in the unorganized/informal sector may not have an opportunity to participate in each of these schemes. 36. bid (noun) – attempt, effort, endeavour/try. 37. rank (adjective) - outright, out-and-out, absolute. 38. notch up (phrasal verb) - score, achieve, attain/gain something. 39. catchphrase (noun) - slogan, saying, motto. 40. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 41. lead to (verb) – cause, give rise to, result in, bring on. 42. follow-through (noun) – continuing (an action) & bringing it to a conclusion. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM43. succession (noun) – sequence, series, chain. 44. address (verb) – deal with, handle, tackle, grapple with. 45. assassination (noun) – murder, killing.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 10, 2020)

46. incapacitate (verb) – disable, immobilize, deactivate. 47. pro tempore (adverb) - pro tem; temporarily, time being, for the

moment. 48. bipartisan (adjective) – involving cooperation between two (opposite & big) political parties.

49. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence.

50. in the throes of (phrase) – struggling with, grappling with, in the middle of. 51. inauguration (noun) – the formal admission of someone to office;

introduction, formation, beginning (of something). 52. president-elect (noun) - a president who has been elected but not yet installed would be referred to as a president-elect (e.g. President-elect of the United States). 53. thereafter (adverb) – after that, subsequently. 54. cast (verb) - enter, post, register (a vote). 55. surface (verb) – appear, come up, arise, emerge. 56. The Electoral College (noun) - it is a group of people that elects the president and the vice president of the United States. (The word “college” in this case simply refers to an organized body of people engaged in a common task.) 57. anoint (verb) – it (figuratively) means to nominate/choose somebody for a leading or important position formally. 58. jealously (adverb) – defensively, carefully, protectively. 59. preserve (noun) – domain, area/field, territory, department. 60. circumstances (noun) – situation, background, conditions, state of affairs. 61. expedient (adjective) – tactical/strategic; advantageous, beneficial. 62. bump up (phrasal verb) – move someone to a higher level. 63. play out (phrasal verb) – happen, occur, take place. 64. cocktail (noun) – mixture of different substances. 65. administer (verb) – apply, give (a drug). 66. therapeutic (noun) – the remedial treatment of disease/disorders; therapy, medical attention, medical care. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM67. virtual (adjective) – performing a task with the use of computer, especially over a network. 68. chaotic (adjective) – messy, disorganized, in disorder.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 10, 2020)

69. wrestle (verb) – grapple, fight, struggle/battle. 70. bout (noun) - contest, match, round/spell, competition.

71. mud-pit (noun) - a pit containing mud. 72. edifying (adjective) - improving your mind/knowledge. 73. scepticism (noun) – doubt, suspicion/mistrust, wariness, lack

of conviction. 74. integrity (noun) – honesty, uprightness, probity, fairness.

75. keen (adjective) - eager, desirous, ready. 76. push through (phrasal verb) – succeed in passing a law accepted by the people who oppose it.

77. ratification (noun) – approval, sanction, endorsement, finalization. 78. federal (adjective) – relating to a system of government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government. 79. filibuster (noun) - a tactic mainly in the United States’ Senate to delay or block legislative action on a bill or other matter by debating it at length; a way of delaying/preventing a vote on a bill. 80. invariably (adverb) – always, every time, each time. 81. across the aisle (phrase) – In this expression, the “aisle” refers to the actual physical walkway that divides the legislative (parliamentary) halls. Members of the two parties sit on opposite sides. 82. polarisation (noun) – separation of two contrasting groups (based on different opinions/beliefs). 83. politicisation (noun) – a state/condition/situation of something which is influenced/controlled by politics. 84. prolonged (adjective) – lengthy, extended, protracted. 85. impasse (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, stand-off. 86. boomerang (verb) - rebound, come back, reverse, backfire. 87. notoriously (adverb) – infamously, ill-reputedly, ill-famedly, noticeably (with a bad quality). 88. catalyse (verb) – to cause/accelerate some action/process. 89. old-time (adjective) - ancient, outdated, outmoded, out of date. 90. staunch (adjective) – loyal, committed, reliable, dependable, strong. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM91. fracture (verb) – break apart, divide, disintegrate. 92. speculative (adjective) – risky, uncertain, unpredictable. 93. immunity (noun) – protection, impunity, exemption from something.

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 12, 2020)

1. optimism (noun) – hopefulness, hope, confidence, positive attitude,

buoyancy. 2. hold (verb) – cause to stay at a certain value or level, keep something

unchanged. 3. sought (past tense) of seek (verb) – try, attempt, be intent on, aim at. 4. talk up (phrasal verb) - to talk about something in a method to make it

more interesting/attractive seemingly. 5. inflation (noun) – simply meaning “cost of living”; increase of price

level of goods & services and vice versa decrease of currency value. 6. monetary policy (noun) – monetary policy refers to the use of monetary instruments under the control of the central bank to regulate magnitudes such as interest rates, money supply and availability of credit with a view to achieving the ultimate objective of economic policy. 7. unequivocally (adverb) – clearly, well definedly; unambiguously, categorically, unmistakably. 8. prioritise (verb) – make a point of, highlight, call attention to (something as very important). 9. revival (noun) – improvement, rallying, picking up; comeback. 10. The monetary policy committee (MPC) (noun) – it is a six-member panel that is expected to bring “value and transparency” to rate-setting decisions. It will feature three members from the RBI — the Governor, a Deputy Governor and another official — and three independent members to be selected by the Government. The MPC will meet four times a year to decide on monetary policy by a majority vote. 11. unanimously (adverb) – without opposition, agreed to by everyone involved. 12. categorically (adverb) – absolutely, unquestionably, certainly, clearly, unequivocally, unambiguously. 13. accommodative (adjective) – accommodating, cooperative, helpful. 14. stance (noun) – position, opinion, standpoint. 15. revive (verb) – restore, revitalize, renew, bring back. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM16. durable (adjective) – able to withstand, strong, substantial. 17. mitigate (verb) – reduce, lessen, decrease, make less severe.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 12, 2020)

18. none-too- (phrase) – far from; not very.

19. subtly (adverb) – cleverly, astutely, shrewdly. 20. tilt away (phrasal verb) - change, deviate, diverge (from a course of

plan). 21. downplay (verb) – play down, under emphasize, understate; make something to look less important/significant.

22. front (noun) – a particular situation. 23. supply shock (noun) - a sudden and unexpected change in a cost

variable, such as oil prices, commodity prices or wages (or) an event that suddenly increases or decreases the supply of a commodity or service, or of commodities and services in general. 24. tolerance (band/level) (noun) - deviation, fluctuation, variation (band/level). 25. posit (verb) – put forward, set forth, present, propose. 26. dissipate (verb) – disappear, vanish, dissolve. 27. unlock (verb) – free up (from restrictions); undo. 28. supply chain (noun) – a network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final buyer. 29. project (verb) – forecast, predict, estimate, calculate. 30. forward-looking (adjective) – progressive, ambitious, reforming, dynamic. 31. dissent (verb) – to express opposite/disagreeing/conflicting opinions/ideas. 32. wording (noun) - expression, phrasing, words. 33. glean (verb) – obtain, get, take/gather, collect (information with difficulty). 34. dovish (adjective) – peaceful, diplomatic, accommodating. 35. leeway (noun) – freedom, scope/flexibility, latitude/elbow room. 36. tame (verb) – control, make less powerful, suppress. 37. go to great lengths (phrase) – to make a major effort or try very hard (to do something). 38. emphasise (verb) – draw attention to, put stress on, underscore, highlight. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM39. hump (noun) - bulge, swelling, outgrowth. 40. transient (adjective) – temporary, short-term or impermanent.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 12, 2020)

41. phenomenon (noun) – occurrence, event, happening.

42. look through (phrasal verb) - to go through or examine something. 43. impulse (noun) – (strong & sudden) urge/instinct, compulsion, need.

44. to one's feet (phrase) - to a firm/strong position. 45. liquidity (noun) – the availability of liquid assets; liquidity means liquid assets; cash; (liquid asset is an asset which can be easily

sold/converted into cash without losing its value); a measure of activity (i.e. the ability to buy or sell easily) in a market.

46. credit flow (noun) - availability of credit. 47. reiterate (verb) – repeat, say again, restate. 48. resource-strapped (adjective) - relating to someone who has less resource; poor, impoverished, disadvantaged, dispossessed, underprivileged. 49. resort to (verb) – use, utilize, turn to, have recourse to. 50. substantially (adverb) – considerably, significantly, largely. 51. contraction (noun) – In economics, it refers to a decline in national output as measured by gross domestic product. 52. forecast (verb) – predict, foresee, estimate, foretell. 53. assumption (noun) – belief, supposition, expectation, speculation, conjecture. 54. disquiet (noun) – uneasiness, agitation, restlessness, distress/concern. 55. projection (noun) – forecast, prediction, calculation. 56. overlook (verb) – miss, fail to notice, leave unnoticed. 57. persistence (noun) – continuance, continuity, permanency. 58. bottleneck (noun) – a condition which appears as not solvable and so delays the process; snag, difficulty/problem. 59. cost-push inflation (noun) - inflation caused by an increase in prices of inputs like labour, raw material, etc. 60. food price inflation (noun) - the rise in the prices of most goods and services of food & related things. 61. entrenched (adjective) – ingrained, established, embedded. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM62. outlook (noun) – prospects, expectations, hopes, lookout.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 12, 2020)

1. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize, call attention to.

2. multilateralism (noun) – a method of coordinating relations between (a group of) three or more countries.

3. willed (adjective) - bequeathed in a will (bequeath means to leave something in one's will). 4. legacy (noun) – bequest, inheritance, endowment.

5. exceptional (adjective) - outstanding, extraordinary, remarkable. 6. further (verb) - promote, advance, forward.

7. fraternity (noun) – brotherhood, solidarity, union, mutual support, friendship. 8. congress (noun) - the action of coming together. 9. abolition (noun) – termination, elimination, cancellation (of a system). 10. landmine (noun) – used figuratively to mean an explosive device/mine hidden under or on the ground. 11. address (verb) – deal with, handle, tackle, grapple with. 12. climate change (noun) – a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth. 13. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, also. 14. World Food Programme (WFP) (noun) - it is the food-assistance branch of the United Nations and the world's largest humanitarian organization focused on hunger and food security. Founded in 1961, it is headquartered in Rome. It is the leading humanitarian organization saving lives and changing lives, delivering food assistance in emergencies and working with communities to improve nutrition and build resilience. 15. hunger (noun) - lack of food, need for food. 16. disaster-struck (adjective) - hit, inflicted, affected by disaster. 17. take note (phrase) – pay attention, take into consideration, watch. 18. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM19. stave off (phrasal verb) – avert, prevent, avoid, rule out. 20. catastrophe (noun) – disaster, calamity, mishap, crisis. 21. fitting (adjective) – apt, appropriate, suitable.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 12, 2020)

22. tribute (noun) – praise, commendation, acclamation.

23. aid worker (noun) – humanitarian worker; aid workers help people in developing countries or conflict zones by providing support, food,

resources and infrastructure to people in need. 24. brave (verb) – bear, endure, withstand, sustain. 25. hazardous (adjective) – dangerous, perilous, unsafe.

26. starving (adjective) – dying of hunger, dying from lack of food, deprived of food, undernourished.

27. theatre (noun) – place of action, arena. 28. theatre (warfare) (noun) – the area of air, sea and land that is directly involved in war. 29. strife (noun) – disagreement, conflict, dispute; disruption, turmoil, agitation. 30. amphibious (adjective) – relating to a vehicle (an aircraft) that can take off and land on both land and water. 31. echo (verb) – repeat, say again, restate, reiterate. 32. laureate (noun) – a person who is honoured with an award for outstanding achievement. 33. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (noun) - a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security. Its Latin motto, fiat panis, translates to "let there be bread". It was founded in October 1945. 34. counsel (noun) - advice, guidance, direction, instruction. 35. resonate (verb) – resound, reverberate; evoke some feelings/emotions. 36. foster (verb) – encourage, promote, develop. 37. funding gap (noun) - a shortfall in capital needed to fund future operations or projects. 38. depressing (adjective) – upsetting, distressing, discouraging. 39. picture (noun) – situation, condition, circumstances. 40. undernourishment (noun) – it measures the share of the population that has a food (caloric) intake which is insufficient to meet the minimum energy requirements necessary for a given individual. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM41. strife-ridden (adjective) – dominated/divided by strife (violent conflict/dissent/discord/hostility). 42. acute (adjective) - severe, intense, serious.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 12, 2020)

43. humanitarian (adjective) – compassionate, humane, socially

concerned. 44. decade (noun) – a period of ten years.

45. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (noun) – The sustainable development goals (SDGs) are a new, universal set of goals, targets and indicators that UN member states will be expected to use to frame

their agendas and political policies over the next 15 years. 46. determination (noun) – will power, resolution, resolve.

47. festering (adjective) – annoying, upsetting; fuming, simmering, smouldering, brewing (suppressed distress). 48. mitigate (verb) – reduce, lessen, decrease, make less severe. 49. avert (verb) – prevent, stop, avoid. 50. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 51. solidarity (noun) – unity, unanimity, harmony, cooperation. 52. multilateral (adjective) – involving many different countries/parties/organizations. 53. conspicuous (adjective) – clearly visible, noticeable, discernible/perceivable. 54. equitable (adjective) – fair, impartial. 55. salutary (adjective) – good, helpful/useful, beneficial, practical, valuable. 56. unfetter (verb) - untie, unfasten, unhook (release from restrictions). 57. setback (noun) – problem, difficulty, issue, complication. 58. aspiration (noun) – desire, hope, wish, ambition, goal. 59. lack (verb) – be without, be in need of, require, be short of. 60. institutional (adjective) – systematic, methodical, structured, regulated. 61. espouse (verb) – support, champion, endorse, advocate, approve. 62. shun (verb) – avoid, ignore, reject, eschew. 63. militarism (noun) – the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM64. green (verb) – make something less harmful to the environment. 65. spirit (noun) – real/true meaning, intention, essence.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 12, 2020)

1. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness

spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

2. collective (adjective) – combined, united/joint, cooperative (by all people as a group). 3. consciousness (noun) – awareness, knowledge, realization,

recognition. 4. Spanish flu (noun) – The Spanish flu, also known as the 1918 flu

pandemic, was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. Lasting from February 1918 to April 1920, it infected 500 million people–about a third of the world’s population at the time. 5. eventually (adverb) – in the end, in due course, after some time. 6. look at (phrasal verb) – study, analyse, scrutinize. 7. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 8. influenza (noun) – it is commonly known as “the flu”, is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. 9. certainly (adverb) – surely, definitely, unquestionably. 10. significantly (adverb) – notably, importantly, seriously, crucially. 11. enormous (adjective) – huge, vast, very large, massive. 12. strike (verb) – (of a disaster) affect, afflict, attack, come upon. 13. archive (noun) - records, annals, chronicles, accounts. 14. autobiography (noun) - the story of a person's life, written by that person. The life history of an individual, written by someone else. 15. lay (verb) – to produce the basic (principles, ideas structures, etc.) from which something much larger develops. 16. devote (verb) – allocate, assign, allot, commit. 17. affairs (noun) – concerns, matters, activities. 18. come across (phrasal verb) – find by chance, run across, come upon. 19. autumn (noun) - autumn season. (the four seasons-spring, summer, fall/autumn, and winter). 20. epidemic (noun) – widespread disease/illness. 21. afflict (verb) – trouble, bother, burden, distress. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. veritable (adjective) – true, precise, correct, exact, factual. 23. scourge (noun) – affliction, bane, curse, plague. 24. distinction (noun) – difference, contrast, dissimilarity, variance.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 12, 2020)

25. peasant (noun) – agricultural worker, small farmer.

26. sweep (verb) - affect (an area) quickly and completely. 27. mercy (noun) – blessing, boon, favour.

28. household (noun) – family, house. 29. overshadow (verb) – outdo, outclass, outstrip, outshine; dominate. 30. Quit India Movement (noun) - a movement launched at the Bombay

session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British

rule in India. 31. lead to (verb) – cause, result in, bring on, bring about. 32. remarkably (adverb) – strikingly, exceptionally, incredibly. 33. toll (noun) – number, count, sum total (of deaths/casualties). 34. amount to (verb) – add up to, come to, total, be equal to, represent. 35. sink (verb) - ignore, overlook, disregard, forget. 36. trace (noun) - indication of something. 37. amidst (preposition) – amid, in the middle of; during. 38. Rowlatt Act (noun) – The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act; The act, passed on March 18th, 1919, censored the press in India, allowed the British to imprison indefinitely without trial and prohibited “suspects” from gathering in public. it was passed ostensibly to subserve the war effort, but in effect curbed individual liberties, notably those relating to freedom of assembly and speech. 39. massacre (noun) – carnage, mass murder, mass killing. 40. Non-Cooperation Movement (noun) - The Non-cooperation movement was launched on 5th September, 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi with the aim of self-governance and obtaining full independence as the Indian National Congress withdraw its support for British reforms following the Rowlatt Act of 21 March 1919, and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 13 April 1919. 41. illustrate (verb) – explain, elucidate, clarify. 42. ravage (noun) – devastation, ruin, damage, wreckage, havoc. 43. fade (verb) – disappear, vanish, diminish/decrease. 44. suppressed (adjective) – repressed, controlled, stifled, subdued. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM45. unrest (noun) – disruption, agitation, turmoil, disorder, chaos. 46. resentment (noun) – bitterness, indignation, enmity, hatred/hate. 47. consequent (adjective) – subsequent, following, resultant, ensuing.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 12, 2020)

48. inability (noun) – lack of ability, incapability, ineffectiveness.

49. succour (noun) – aid/help/support, assistance, relief (during difficulty).

50. account (noun) – explanation, narration, interpretation. 51. popular (adjective) – public, social, societal; widespread, general, common (opinion by the majority of the people).

52. hold attention (phrase) - to keep interested in something. 53. communism (noun) – socialism, collectivism.

54. the Cold War (noun) – The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States and a group of countries) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and a group of countries). 55. colonialism (noun) – the act of controlling & exploiting a country/territory (& its people) by another country/territory. 56. Great Depression (noun) – a worldwide economic depression that started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s (almost for 10 years until about 1939). Although it originated in the United States, the Great Depression caused drastic declines in output, severe unemployment, and acute deflation in almost every country of the world. 57. riveting (adjective) – engrossing; compelling/engaging, interesting. 58. at large (phrase) – as a whole, generally, extensively. 59. academia (noun) – the community related to the education, research, etc. 60. epidemiologist (noun) – an expert in the study of how disease spreads and can be controlled. 61. discipline (noun) - subject, field of study, branch of knowledge. 62. Black Death (Plague) (noun) - a devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s. 63. devastate (verb) – wreck, ruin, destroy; shatter, traumatize, distress. 64. lasting (adjective) – long-lasting, long-term, permanent. 65. assert (verb) – declare, announce, pronounce, state. 66. decisively (adverb) – conclusively, categorically, definitely. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM67. disenchantment (noun) – disappointment, dissatisfaction, discontent. 68. slip out (phrasal verb) - remove, discard, shed, divest oneself of.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 12, 2020)

69. premature (adjective) – untimely, early, too soon/too early; ill-timed,

hasty. 70. far from (phrase) – not, not at all, nowhere near.

71. assertion (noun) – statement, declaration, affirmation, contention. 72. absolute (adjective) – total, entire, full. 73. leave alone (phrase) – stop disturbing something, stop interfering

with something. 74. substantial (adjective) – considerable, significant, large.

75. ineptitude (noun) – inability, incapability, lack of skill/ability. 76. migrant (noun) – a person who moves from one region to another – either within a country or across national borders in order to find work or better living conditions. 77. time will tell (phrase) - the truth will only be established at some time in the future. 78. move on (phrasal verb) – leave & start doing something new. 79. trek (noun) – a long journey on foot, walk. 80. rage (verb) – be at its height, be uncontrollable; reach a high degree of intensity. 81. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 82. ironically (adverb) – paradoxically, unexpectedly, strangely. 83. pre-eminent (adjective) – important, distinguished, prominent. 84. accord (verb) – give, grant, present. 85. catch (verb) - become infected with, contract, get, become ill with. 86. conduct (noun) – behaviour; handling, controlling, overseeing of an activity. 87. sway (verb) – dominate, control, influence. 88. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually, undeniably. 89. perish (verb) – die, expire, be killed suddenly (particularly in an accident). 90. instinct (noun) – (natural) tendency, inclination, urge/desire. 91. carry on (phrasal verb) – continue, proceed, progress, keep going, get going. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM92. thrust (verb) – force, push, propel, impel.

1. stake (noun) - share, interest, involvement, concern (in a situation/system).

2. accommodative (adjective) – willing to adjust/adapt to differences (with the aim of getting a consensus); accommodating, agreeable, adaptive.

3. often (adverb) – frequently, repeatedly, many times. 4. expediency (noun) – advantage, utility, benefit, usefulness.

5. intrinsic (adjective) – integral, inherent, fundamental, essential. 6. legislation (noun) – body of laws, rules, regulations, statutes. 7. in the making (phrase) – burgeoning, developing, growing, up and coming. 8. break with (phrasal verb) - end relations with someone. 9. tally (noun) – total, count. 10. at least (phrase) – at the minimum, no less than. 11. ally (noun) – partner, supporter, confederate. 12. alliance (noun) – coalition, partnership (for mutual benefit). 13. deride (verb) – ridicule, mock, make fun of/insult. 14. indecision (noun) – indecisiveness, irresolution, lack of resolution. 15. policy paralysis (noun) - it refers to a situation where important laws and reforms are not passed because of lack of commitment on part of the government or inability of the government to reach a consensus. 16. discourse (noun) – discussion, talk, debate, argument. 17. conversely (adverb) – inversely, the other way round, oppositely/reciprocally. 18. decisiveness (noun) – the ability to make decisions quickly & successfully.

Note:

19. triumphalist (adjective) – relating to an attitude or a belief that a particular doctrine, religion, culture, social system is superior to and

should triumph all over others. 20. gracious (adjective) – courteous, diplomatic, well mannered. 21. far-reaching (adjective) – widespread, sweeping, extensive, important,

significant. 22. consequence (noun) – result, outcome, effect; ramification,

repercussion. 23. robust (adjective) – strong, powerful. 24. inclusive (adjective) – all-embracing, overall; all- inclusive, comprehensive. 25. hindrance (noun) – obstacle, impediment, block. 26. amplify (verb) – raise, intensify, escalate. 27. communitarian (adjective) – relating to a philosophy that emphasizes the connection between the individual and the community. 28. linguistic (adjective) – relating to language; lingual. 29. flag (verb) – indicate, identify, point out. 30. lead to (verb) – cause, result in, bring on, bring about. 31. induct (verb) – admit to, allow into, introduce to, swear into (a post/position formally). 32. enhance (verb) – increase, raise, intensify. 33. widely (adverb) – broadly, extensively, thoroughly. 34. polity (noun) – a politically organized society. 35. consultative (adjective) – advisory, consulting, counseling.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 13, 2020)

1. feat (noun) – achievement, accomplishment, attainment.

2. stick to the script (phrase) - to continue to follow the existing plan and not deviate from what is usual/normal.

3. circumstances (noun) – situation, background, conditions, state of affairs. 4. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness

spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

5. accustom to (verb) - adapt, adjust, attune, accommodate. 6. embrace (verb) – welcome, accept, adapt, take up. 7. endure (verb) – tolerate, bear, put up with, accept. 8. retractable (adjective) - able to be drawn back. 9. reportedly (adverb) – supposedly, seemingly, apparently, allegedly. 10. Coupe des Mousquetaires (noun) - (English: The Musketeers' Trophy); the trophy awarded to the winner of the Men's Singles competition at the French Open. 11. demolition (noun) - heavy/crushing defeat, conquest, rout. 12. mouth-watering (adjective) - attractive, appealing, tempting. 13. far from (phrase) – not, not at all, nowhere near. 14. coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. 15. distressed (adjective) – suffering, anguished, shattered, broken- hearted. 16. negate (verb) – make ineffective, neutralize, cancel out invalidate, nullify. 17. potentially (adverb) – likely, may be, possibly, probably. 18. inhibiting (adjective) - preventing, hindering, hampering. 19. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM20. excellence (noun) – skill, talent; high quality, brilliance. 21. opponent (noun) – rival, enemy, nemesis, contender/opposer. 22. gun for (phrasal verb) - to make a great effort to win something.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 13, 2020)

23. come to the fore (phrase) - to become visible.

24. longevity (noun) - lasting power, durability, continuity, permanence. 25. drive (noun) – determination, ambition, motivation, push, will power

(to achieve something). 26. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt (obtain or achieve something). 27. central (noun) - key, crucial, vital.

28. absolute (adjective) – decisive, definite, categorical, unequivocal, outright.

29. peak (noun) - the point of highest activity/achievement. 30. evolve (verb) – develop, progress, advance. 31. cat and mouse game (phrase) - a contrived/measured action involving constant pursuit, near captures, and repeated escapes. 32. spruce up (verb) – make smarter/neater, put in order. 33. slump (noun) – decline, tumble, drop, steep fall. 34. better (verb) - improve, upgrade, enhance. 35. break out (phrasal verb) – escape from, abscond from, flee from. 36. draw into (phrasal verb) – get, make it, make one’s way. 37. culmination (noun) – climax/conclusion, pinnacle/high point, crowning moment. 38. wing (noun) - an attacking player positioned near to one of the sidelines. 39. fortnight (noun) – a period of two weeks/fourteen days continuously. 40. first-strike (tennis) (noun) – (in tennis) It means statistically, a player hits a more aggressive shot within the first four shots of a rally, is more likely to win the point. 41. perfect (verb) – improve, make perfect, polish, hone, consummate; achieve/accomplish. 42. Pole (noun) - a native of Poland. 43. fell (verb) – knock down, topple, defeat. 44. astute (adjective) – clever, intelligent, smart, wise. 45. ruthless (adjective) – unforgiving, relentless, steely. 46. all-out (adjective) – intense, aggressive, vigorous, powerful. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM47. nimble-footed (adjective) – agile/deft, active, flexible. 48. craftiness (noun) - artfulness.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 13, 2020)

1. federalism/federal framework/system (noun) – a system of government

in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government. 2. partisan (adjective) – biased, prejudiced, one-sided.

3. live through (phrasal verb) – survive, undergo, experience (an unpleasant experience or period).

4. reprise (noun) – reiteration, repeating, iteration. 5. difference (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, misunderstanding.

6. re-enactment (noun) - the repetition of a past event. 7. stress (noun) – strain, pressure, tension, worry. 8. supplant (verb) – supersede, displace/replace, substitute/take over. 9. herald (verb) – publicize, declare, make public, announce, usher in. 10. theatrical (adjective) – exaggerated, melodramatic, overacted, showy, histrionic. 11. invocation (noun) – citation, mention, calling on. 12. tryst with destiny (phrase) – Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, delivered his "Tryst with Destiny" speech on the eve of independence (15th, Aug 1947, towards mid night on 14th, Aug 1947). It is considered to be one of the greatest speeches of the 20th century. This phrase means that "independence/freedom of India destined to happen". Literally 'tryst with destiny' means "to make a secret deal with something that is in destined for us". 13. seeming (adjective) – professed, supposed, so-called; apparent, ostensible. 14. vindication (noun) – justification, rationalization. 15. singularity (noun) – distinctiveness, individuality, particularity; peculiarity, oddity, eccentricity. 16. make one's own (phrase) - adapt, assume, acquire. 17. miscued (adjective) – miscalculated, mistaken. 18. triumphalism (noun) – an attitude or a belief that a particular doctrine, religion, culture, social system is superior to and should triumph all over others. 19. live on (phrasal verb) - to continue to exist. 20. acolyte (noun) – assistant, helper, attendant. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM21. premise upon (verb) – base on (something). 22. ideological (adjective) – relating to a system of ideas. 23. rather than (phrase) – instead of. 24. pragmatic (adjective) – empirical, realistic/actual, practical.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 13, 2020)

25. accumulate (verb) – gather, collect, amass.

26. alarming (adjective) – worrying, disturbing, shocking/distressing. 27. Comptroller and Auditor-General (CAG) of India (noun) – it is empowered to audit all expenses from the combined fund of the union or

state governments, whether incurred within India or outside. 28. cess (noun) – a form of tax charged/levied over and above the base tax

liability of a taxpayer. A cess is usually imposed additionally when the state or the central government looks to raise funds for specific purposes.

29. remedy (verb) - put right, set right, rectify, solve, resolve. 30. shortfall (noun) – deficit, inadequacy, deficiency, shortage. 31. yield (noun) – profit, gain, return, revenue, dividend. 32. violation (noun) – breach, breaking, non-observance. 33. revelation (noun) – disclosure, announcement, surprising fact. 34. run dry (phrase) - (of a source) used up, exhausted, spent, depleted, utilized. 35. gratuitously (adverb) – unjustifiably. 36. go along (phrasal verb) - continue or progress. 37. onus (noun) – responsibility, duty; burden, liability, obligation. 38. absolute (adjective) – decisive, definite, categorical, unequivocal, outright. 39. sovereign (noun) – head of state; supreme ruler. 40. vastly (adverb) – extremely, immensely, exceedingly, hugely/largely. 41. fiscal deficit (noun) – the difference between total expenditure and total income of the government. 42. surmise (verb) – assume, conjecture, suppose. 43. contemplate (verb) – think about, consider, give thought to. 44. stem from (phrasal verb) – originate from, arise/come from, emanate from. 45. legitimate (adjective) – valid, reasonable, reliable. 46. perspective (noun) – outlook, viewpoint, approach. 47. artifice (noun) - trickery, trick/tactic, deception, dishonesty. 48. fiscal (adjective) – financial. 49. jeopardy (noun) – peril, danger, risk/difficulty. 50. sanction (verb) – approve, support, endorse. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM51. bargain (noun) – agreement, arrangement, understanding, deal. 52. conditionality (noun) – It refers to the conditions/requirements attached to the provision of loans, debt relief, or foreign aid by the provider to the recipient.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 13, 2020)

53. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit.

54. dogma (noun) – principle, rule, belief. 55. percentage point (noun) – the difference between two percentages is termed as percentage point. (for example: “Interest Rates Jump From

10% to 12%”. In this case, the interest rate increased by “2 percentage points” or you can say that the interest rate is increased by 20%).

56. subsequently (adverb) – afterwards, later on, eventually. 57. tranche (noun) – part, section, portion (of something, particularly money).

58. Ease of Doing Business (Ranking) (noun) – Ease of doing business is an index annually published by the World Bank. Economies are ranked on their ease of doing business, from 1–190. A high ease of doing business ranking means the regulatory environment is more conducive to the starting and operation of a local firm. The rankings are determined by sorting the aggregate scores on 10 topics. Doing business ranking is based on quantitative indicators on regulation for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. 59. devise (verb) – formulate, come up with, create. 60. prospect (noun) – hope, chance, possibility, probability, outlook. 61. pride (oneself) (verb) – be proud of, revel in, take satisfaction in, delight in. 62. index (noun) – indicator, guide, mark, measure. 63. indifferent (adjective) – unconcerned about, uncaring about, casual about, uninterested in. 64. sustainability (noun) – avoidance of the depletion of natural resources in order to maintain an ecological balance. 65. manipulation (noun) – manoeuvre, stratagem, intrigue/ploy/trick. 66. seemingly (adverb) – apparently, evidently, outwardly. 67. push through (phrasal verb) – succeed in passing a law accepted by the people who oppose it. 68. agrarian (adjective) – relating to cultivating/farming. 69. regulatory (adjective) – governmental, supervisory, organizational, controlling. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM70. evaluation (noun) – assessment, analysis, appraisal. 71. ingrained (adjective) – entrenched, established, deep-rooted, firmly fixed.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 13, 2020)

72. asymmetry (noun) – lack of equality, non-uniformity, unevenness, lack

of symmetry. 73. remedy (noun) – solution, answer, antidote/panacea. 74. malaise (noun) – trouble, uneasiness, unhappiness, depression.

75. aggravate (verb) – increase, worsen, exacerbate; annoy, irritate. 76. overwhelm (verb) – engulf, swamp, overrun,

overpower/inundate; overburden, beset. 77. fragile (adjective) – easily broken/destroyed, weak, risky, unreliable, insecure.

78. build up (phrasal verb) – establish, set up, form. 79. federal (adjective) – relating to a system of government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government. 80. come into force (phrase) – come to effect (a new law, rule, change etc.). 81. tier (noun) – grade, level, step, echelon. 82. explicit (adjective) – clear, detailed, definite, categorical. 83. paradigm (noun) – model, pattern, example. 84. resilience (noun) – strength, toughness; the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties. 85. factional (adjective) – partisan, sectarian, group. 86. synthesis (noun) – combination, union, amalgam, mixture. 87. hegemonic (adjective) – dominant in a context. 88. terrain (noun) - territory. 89. reluctant (adjective) – unwilling, disinclined, unenthusiastic. 90. concede (verb) – admit, acknowledge, accept. 91. linguistic (adjective) – relating to language; lingual. 92. industrialisation (noun) – the extensive development of industries in a region, country, culture, etc. 93. flounder (verb) – struggle, have difficulty, be confused, be in difficulties, be in dire straits. 94. peel off (phrasal verb) – leave, abandon (a group). 95. faction (noun) – group, side, camp. 96. parlous (adjective) – awful, difficult, uncertain. 97. polity (noun) – a politically organized society. 98. consolidation (noun) – the process of combining a number of things into WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMa single more effective one; unification. 99. relevance (noun) – significance, importance. 100. underline (verb) – emphasize, underscore, highlight. 101. cue (noun) – hint, indication.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 13, 2020)

102. make a difference (phrase) – be important, have a significant effect on,

to cause a change; signify. 103. subsume (verb) – include, incorporate, absorb, encompass. 104. wedge (verb) - force, thrust, push.

105. fault line (noun) – a divisive issue; a difference of opinion. 106. on occasion (phrase) - occasionally, sometimes, from time to time, now

and then. 107. inattention (noun) – lack of concentration, inattentiveness, negligence, disregard.

108. relatively (adverb) – comparatively, proportionately, somewhat, to a certain extent/degree. 109. benign (adjective) – gracious, kind; agreeable, helpful; favourable, advantageous, beneficial. 110. reservoir (noun) – reserve, stock, accumulation. 111. yield (verb) - produce, provide, give. 112. surplus (noun) – excess, oversupply, overabundance. 113. fuel (verb) - stimulate, encourage, intensify. 114. frontier (noun) – limit, border. 115. tail-end (noun) - the last part of something. 116. aggrandisement (noun) – exaggeration, magnification, overplaying, amplification. 117. splinter (verb) - separate, break away (in to a smaller groups). 118. parallel (noun) – similarity, comparison, correlation. 119. mosaic (noun) – mixed bag, mixture/patchwork, collection of diverse elements. 120. coalesce (verb) - come together to form a larger group/community; unite, join, combine, merge, grow together as a whole. 121. overweening (adjective) - high-handed, domineering, overbearing.

Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 14, 2020)

1. slim (adjective) - very small.

2. stimulus (noun) – impetus, boost, incentive, fillip. 3. spur (verb) – motivate, stimulate, encourage, urge, galvanize.

4. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

5. loosen the purse strings (phrase) – to increase the spending of money. 6. measure (noun) – course of action, action, step, procedure.

7. consumer demand (noun) - the willingness and ability of consumers to purchase a quantity of products in a given period of time, or at a given point in time. 8. capital spending/capital expenditure (CAPEX) (noun) – the money spent on the acquisition of assets like land, buildings, machinery, equipment, as well as investment in shares. 9. designed (adjective) - planned (in detail for a particular purpose). 10. tweak (noun) - (fine/minute) adjustment, modification, alteration, change. 11. Leave Travel Concession (LTC) (noun) - Leave Travel Concession (LTC) is granted to Central Government employees for travel to various parts of the country and home as well. The number of home travel visits allowed are two. This is made available every four years. One of the hometown visits can be substituted with an “All India visit”, if needed. 12. reckoning (noun) – opinion, view, estimation. 13. spurt (noun) – sudden increase, rise, surge. 14. prop up (phrasal verb) – support, assist, help someone/something from the decline. 15. ailing (adjective) – failing, in poor condition, weak, poor. 16. slip (verb) – decline, drop, worsen, fall. 17. clamour (noun) – protest, complaint, outcry/commotion. 18. bleak (adjective) – unpromising, unfavourable, disadvantageous. 19. exchequer (noun) – funds/resources/finances, treasury, coffers. 20. Gross domestic product (GDP) (noun) – a measure of economic WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMactivity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and service.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 14, 2020)

21. fiscal (adjective) – financial.

22. persuasive (adjective) – convincing, effective, compelling, forceful. 23. envisage (verb) – foresee, predict, forecast, anticipate, expect.

24. enhance (verb) – increase, raise, intensify. 25. extant (adjective) – present, existent, existing. 26. laudable (adjective) – praiseworthy, commendable, admirable.

27. get something going (phrase) - start, initiate, initialize, set in motion. 28. plague (verb) - afflict, worry, trouble.

29. pay off (phrasal verb) - pay a debt in full. 30. dues (noun) – payment, contribution (which is (long) pending). 31. on offer (phrase) – available. 32. set aside (phrasal verb) – earmark, withhold; save, reserve, put aside. 33. Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (or) Self-reliant India Mission (noun) – the special economic package totaling Rs 20 lakh crore by the Indian government to tide over the Covid-19 crisis and it would focus on land, labour, liquidity and laws. It would benefit labourers, farmers, honest tax payers, MSMEs and cottage industry. This economic package would be around the 10 per cent of India’s GDP. 34. in order to (phrase) – with the purpose/aim of. 35. leeway (noun) – freedom, scope/flexibility, latitude/elbow room. 36. pervade (verb) – fill, spread through; be present throughout. 37. push (noun) – drive, initiative, campaign. 38. perk (noun) – a benefit (perquisite/bonus/gratuity/reward/extra) someone gets from the job (apart from regular wages/salary). 39. avail (verb) – use, utilize, take advantage of (an opportunity/resources). 40. due to (phrase) – because of, owing to, on account of, as a result of. 41. nudge (noun) – push, prod, encouragement. 42. prescriptive (adjective) - limiting, narrow, binding, enforceable; insistent, dogmatic. 43. overlook (verb) – miss, fail to notice, leave unnoticed. 44. reluctance (noun) – unwillingness, disinclination, hesitation. 45. discretionary (adjective) – optional, voluntary, non-mandatory, non- WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcompulsory. 46. visibility (noun) - clarity.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 14, 2020)

47. prospects (noun) – possibilities, potential, expectations, outlook.

48. quiver (noun) - (figuratively) a number of resources or strategies; Literally, quiver is an archer's portable case for holding arrows.

49. expedite (verb) – accelerate, hasten, speed up, quicken. 50. conjure (verb) - bring to mind, call to mind, call up, evoke; suggest. 51. trickle down (phrasal verb) – pass on benefits to the people at the

bottom of the pyramid (by those at top of the system). 52. intact (adjective) – unspoiled, unimpaired, undamaged.

53. International Monetary Fund (IMF) (noun) - an international organization of 189 countries, headquartered in Washington, D.C., working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. 54. urge (verb) – advise, recommend, advocate, suggest. 55. fiscal discipline (noun) – the ability of government to balance revenues and expenditures. 56. (sovereign credit) rating (noun) - it is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency and evaluates the credit worthiness of the issuer (country or government) of debt. 57. (credit) rating agency (CRA) (noun) – a credit rating agency is an entity which assesses the ability and willingness of the issuer company for timely payment of interest and principal on a debt instrument. 58. downgrade (noun) – reduction (in status/rank/importance); downward. 59. underlying (adjective) – fundamental, basic, primary. 60. edifice (noun) – a (complex) system/structure. 61. crumble (verb) – disintegrate, collapse, break down, fragment. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM62. inevitable (adjective) – unavoidable, unpreventable. Note:

1. Caucasus (noun) - a mountainous region (of south-eastern Europe and

south-western Asia) between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and mainly occupied by Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.

2. rebel (noun) - agitator, insurgent, subversive; dissenter, dissident. 3. ceasefire (noun) – a negotiated agreement that will be accompanied

by other associated commitments to de-escalate the fighting; a temporary stoppage of a war, truce, armistice. 4. truce (noun) – an ad-hoc (temporary/makeshift) arrangement, arrived

at by the combatants (fighters), to pause the fighting. 5. cessation of hostilities (phrase) – it means that the combatants are willing to stop fighting and to restrain their forces. 6. ongoing (adjective) - continuous, continuing, non-stop, unending, unceasing. 7. self-declared (adjective) - declared by oneself. 8. risk (verb) - endanger, imperil, jeopardize, put in danger. 9. Russia-mediated (adjective) - arbitrated or conciliated by Russia's intervention. 10. crumble (verb) – disintegrate, collapse, break down, break up, fragment. 11. amid (preposition) – in the middle of, surrounded by; during. 12. emboldened (adjective) – encouraged, motivated; strengthened, fortified. 13. back (verb) – support, endorse, approve, advocate. 14. determined (adjective) - insistent on, fixed on, firm about, committed to. 15. press ahead (phrasal verb) - continue, keep going, carry on (one's action). 16. offensive (noun) - act of aggression, attack, assault, onslaught, drive, invasion. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM17. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. Note:

18. ethnic (adjective) – relating to a population subgroup (cultural,

national, traditional/folk) with a common national or cultural tradition. 19. autonomous (adjective) – self-governing, self-ruling, independent.

20. province (noun) – territory, region, state (of a country). 21. recede (verb) – diminish, lessen, decrease, retreat.

22. trigger (verb) – cause, provoke, stir up, bring about. 23. disintegration (noun) – breakdown, fragmentation, collapse. 24. enclave (noun) – (a portion of) territory; area, region.

25. de facto (adjective) – Latin, literally ‘of fact’; existing, actual, effective. 26. influence (noun) – power, authority, sway, leverage, weight, rank. 27. ever since (phrase) - continuously from a particular time in the past until now. 28. far more (phrase) – a lot more, much more. 29. intervention (noun) – the process of intervening in something; involvement, interference. 30. linguistic (adjective) – relating to language; lingual. 31. bond (noun) - relationship, partnership, association. 32. ally (noun) – partner, supporter, confederate. 33. Ottoman (Empire) (noun) – The Ottoman Empire (1301-1922) was the one of the largest and longest lasting Empires in history. It was an empire inspired and sustained by Islam, and Islamic institutions. It was an Islamic kingdom centered in Turkey. 34. invade (verb) – occupy, conquer, capture, seize, take over, annex. 35. Transcaucasia (noun) - also known as the South Caucasus, is a geographical region in the vicinity of the southern Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Transcaucasia roughly corresponds to modern Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM36. leg (noun) - part, stage, phase, segment. Note:

37. geopolitical (adjective) – relating to the study of the geographical

factors (a country’s position on the earth, size, climate, and natural resources & etc,.) in world politics and inter-state relations. 38. reach (noun) - jurisdiction, authority, sway; range/extent.

39. Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) (noun) - an intergovernmental military alliance that was signed on 15 May 1992.

In 1992, six post-Soviet states belonging to the Commonwealth of Independent States-Russia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan-signed the Collective Security Treaty.

40. ties (noun) – bond, association, relationship. 41. weight (noun) – value; importance, significance. 42. pit against (verb) - set against, match against, put in opposition to, put in competition with. 43. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (noun) – NATO was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. 44. front (noun) – a particular situation. 45. neutrality (noun) – non-alignment, non-participation, non- involvement (in a conflict, disagreement, etc.). 46. take sides (phrase) – support/back, side with, ally with, favour. 47. spill into (verb) - overflow, run, flow. 48. volatile (adjective) – unpredictable, turbulent, uncertain, inconstant. 49. call off (phrasal verb) – cancel, abandon, shelve/drop. 50. hostilities (noun) – fighting, conflict, armed conflict, combat, warfare, war 51. open up (phrasal verb) – make something available. 52. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign- policy. 53. channel (noun) - method, medium, instrument, mechanism (for WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcommunication). Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 14, 2020)

1. Arab world (noun) - the Arabic-speaking countries; it is the 22

member countries of the League of Arab States. 2. elusive (adjective) – difficult to find, difficult to achieve; indistinct/intangible.

3. two-state solution (noun) - The two-state solution refers to a political deal in which Israel and a Palestinian state exist separately.

4. single-state solution (noun) - The single-state solution refers to a political deal in which Israel and a Palestinian state exist together. 5. geopolitical (adjective) – relating to the study of the geographical

factors (a country’s position on the earth, size, climate, and natural resources & etc,.) in world politics and inter-state relations. 6. Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (noun) - an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the "liberation of Palestine" through armed struggle, with much of its violence aimed at Israeli civilians. 7. fulminate (verb) – protest/rail, criticize, castigate, declaim, denounce angrily. 8. depict (verb) – portray, represent, illustrate. 9. Abrahamic (adjective) - relating to 3 religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) that revere Abraham, the Biblical patriarch. 10. gleefully (adverb) – joyfully, happily, cheerfully. 11. mint (verb) – create, devise, produce, frame. 12. Abraham accord (noun) – it is a tready of peace, diplomatic relations and full normalization between the United Arab Emirates and the State of Isreal. It is signed in the White House on Tuesday (15th Sep, 2020) by the UAE, Bahrain and Israel, under U.S. President Donald Trump’s mediation. 13. patriarchal (adjective) – cultures or societies that are controlled by men. 14. flourish (verb) – develop, improve, progress, evolve, thrive, prosper. 15. millennium (noun) – a period of a thousand years. 16. 2nd millennium BCE/BC (noun) - The 2nd millennium BC spanned the years 2000 through 1001 BC. In the Ancient Near East, it marks WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMthe transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age. (BCE (Before Common Era) and BC (Before Christ) mean the same thing).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 14, 2020)

17. Judaism (noun) – the religion of the Jewish people (based

on monotheism-the belief that there is only one God). 18. Semitic (adjective) - relating to a group of languages, principally Arabic, Hebrew, Amharic and Aramaic.

19. fulcrum (noun) – essential role, central role, main role. 20. Ottoman Empire (noun) – The Ottoman Empire (1301-1922) was the

one of the largest and longest lasting Empires in history. It was an empire inspired and sustained by Islam, and Islamic institutions. It was an Islamic kingdom centered in Turkey.

21. thanks to (phrase) – as a result of, owing to, due to, because of. 22. cartography (noun) – the science or art of making or drawing maps. 23. constitute (verb) – create, set up, establish. 24. commonality (noun) – commonness, resemblance, similarity, similitude, similar nature. 25. nationalism (noun) – it refers to a system (with narrow set of ideas) created by a group of people who believe their nation is superior to all others. It is also a perception of national superiority and an orientation toward national dominance- called as chauvinism (excessive nationalism). 26. sow (verb) – plant the seeds. 27. utter (verb) – voice, express, deliver, say. 28. seditious (adjective) – provocative, agitational; dissident/insurgent. 29. foster (verb) – encourage, promote, develop. 30. infancy (noun) – beginnings, early days/stages. 31. critique (noun) – analysis, evaluation, assessment. 32. reportedly (adverb) – supposedly, seemingly, apparently, allegedly. 33. Arab League (noun) – The Arab League or the League of Arab States is a regional organization in the Arab world, which is located in Africa and Western Asia. The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 initially with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMLebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria and now it has 22 member states. Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 14, 2020)

34. collaboration (noun) – cooperation, alliance, partnership.

35. sovereignty (noun) – authority, supreme power, domination. 36. wear down (phrasal verb) - damage, erode, destroy. 37. disillusion (noun) - dissatisfaction, disenchantment, disappointment.

38. cynicism (noun) – disbelief, pessimism, doubtfulness. 39. emanate from (verb) – arise, originate, stem, derive.

40. duality (noun) – doubleness, dualism, duplexity. 41. in word and deed (phrase) - in what somebody says and does. 42. mystification (noun) - confusion.

43. light at the end of the tunnel (phrase) - a hopeful sign/indication that a bad or unpleasant situation will end soon. 44. attribute (verb) – ascribe, assign, connect/associate with. 45. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (noun) - The UNDP is the United Nations' global development network. It is helping to achieve the eradication of poverty, and the reduction of inequalities and exclusion. It helps countries to develop policies, leadership skills, partnering abilities, institutional capabilities and build resilience in order to sustain development results. 46. empowerment (noun) – authorization, endorsement, entitlement. 47. participatory (adjective) – involving by participation. 48. prevalence (noun) – commonness, widespread presence, generality, universality. 49. infra- (prefix) - from Latin meaning "below". 50. admittedly (adverb) – actually, truly/verily, indeed. 51. uprising (noun) – insurgency, rioting, rebellion. 52. necessarily (adverb) – inevitably, certainly, surely, undoubtedly. 53. tenacity (noun) – persistence, determination, resolve. 54. backer (noun) – supporter, upholder, defender. 55. Arab Peace Initiative (API) (noun) – The API aims to achieve a comprehensive peace in the Middle East. Arab countries, led by Saudi Arabia, are offering to normalize relations with Israel in return for a WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMfull withdrawal to the pre-1967-war borders and a fair solution for the Palestinians.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 14, 2020)

56. de facto (adjective) – Latin, literally ‘of fact’; existing,

actual, effective. 57. make public (phrase) – announce, communicate, make known, disseminate.

58. channel (noun) – method, medium, instrument, mechanism (for communication).

59. ambassador (noun) – envoy, diplomat, consul. 60. intelligence (noun) – (military) information. 61. candid (adjective) - direct, straightforward, forthright.

62. shed/throw light on (phrase) - explain, elucidate, clarify. 63. suspicion (noun) – misgiving, doubt/qualm, distrust, scepticism. 64. ostensible (adjective) – apparent, seeming, alleged, purported. 65. commentator (noun) – critic, analyst, observer. 66. hail (verb) – praise, applaud, commend, acclaim. 67. breakthrough (noun) – very important/significant development or progress. 68. spell out (phrasal verb) – explain, make clear, elucidate/clarify. 69. outflank (verb) – circumvent, bypass, throw off. 70. hostile (adjective) – opposed, inimical, averse. 71. hostility (noun) – opposition, resentment, enmity, aversion, antipathy. 72. further (verb) – promote, advance, forward, develop. 73. aura (noun) - distinctive character. 74. bestow on (verb) - confer on, present to, award to, give, grant. 75. protagonist (noun) – supporter, advocate/champion, proponent. 76. jolt (verb) – push, knock, nudge, shake. 77. respondent (noun) – a person who replies to something (questionnaire etc,). 78. in step with (phrase) - in agreement with, in accordance with. 79. orientation (noun) – attitude, inclination, direction, aim/intention. 80. premise on (verb) – base on (something). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM81. incremental (adjective) – gradual, phased, step-by-step. Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 14, 2020)

82. furtherance (noun) – promotion, furthering/forwarding, development.

83. inevitably (adverb) – unavoidably, certainly, definitely. 84. annexation (noun) – under international law, annexation is forcible acquisition of territory by one state at the expense of another state;

seizure, occupation, takeover, appropriation (of territory). 85. West Bank (noun) – It is a significant amount of land located on the

west bank of the River Jordan and surrounded by Israel to the north, west and south. Jordan lies to its east. The West Bank has been occupied by Israel since the 1967 Middle East war, but decades of

difficult on-off talks between Israel and the Palestinians – both of whom assert rights there – have left its final status unresolved. 86. defer (verb) – put off, postpone, delay; shelve, suspend. 87. way out (phrase) - solution, way of escape. 88. high and dry (phrase) - destitute, helpless, without/assistance, without resources; in difficulties, forsaken, abandoned. 89. disown (verb) – reject, deny, abandon, renounce. 90. in sight (phrase) – near at hand, close to being realized; visible, noticeable. 91. variant (noun) – different form or version of something. 92. apartheid (noun) – racial segregation/discrimination system in (South Africa); prejudice, bias, bigotry/inequity (racial segregation). 93. sooner or later (phrase) - eventually, in the end, finally. 94. prick (verb) - incite, urge, spur, inspire. 95. conscience (noun) – sense of right and wrong, moral sense, inner voice. 96. linguistic (adjective) – relating to language; lingual. 97. homogeneity (noun) – uniformity, similarity, likeliness. 98. attendant (adjective) – connected, associated, related. 99. forsake (verb) – renounce, give up, abandon/discard. 100. lamentation (noun) - grieving, mourning, sorrowing. 101. wailing (adjective) – weeping, crying. 102. eventually (adverb) – in the end, in due course, after some time. 103. forthcoming (adjective) – imminent, impending, coming, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMapproaching. 104. cousin (noun) – a thing related to another.

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 15, 2020)

1. intemperate (adjective) – immoderate, inordinate, unwarranted, unreasonable, unjustifiable.

2. communalise (verb) - make communal. 3. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness

spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 4. mock (verb) - ridicule, deride, tease, scorn, make fun of, make a

monkey of. 5. jibe (noun) – insult, insulting or unkind remark, barb.

6. secularism (noun) – the belief that religion should not have a strong influence in education or other public parts of society. 7. tenet (noun) – principle, belief, doctrine/rule. 8. disgraceful (adjective) – shameful, shocking, dishonourable, unacceptable. 9. purportedly (adverb) – allegedly, reportedly, supposedly. 10. seek (verb) – ask for, request, demand. 11. accompanying (adjective) – connected, related, linked. 12. scorn (noun) - contempt, derision, mockery; insult, jibe, insulting or unkind remark. 13. reduce (verb) - bring someone to a lower level/state. 14. condemn (verb) – destine, doom, fate, ordain, foreordain (to endure or accept something unpleasant). 15. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 16. secular (adjective) – non-religious. 17. votary (noun) - a devoted follower of someone or something; adherent, supporter, advocate, champion, disciple. 18. intent (noun) – aim, purpose, objective. 19. premise (noun) – proposition, assumption, assertion. 20. envisage (verb) – foresee, predict, forecast, anticipate, expect. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM21. interfere (verb) – handle, meddle, intervene (unwantedly). 22. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, also.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 15, 2020)

23. at any rate (phrase) – in any case, anyhow, anyway. 24. warped (adjective) – abnormal, strange; distorted/twisted.

25. track record (noun) – previous performance, previous accomplishments, previous achievements.

26. privilege (verb) – give a special advantage. 27. fealty (noun) – allegiance/adherence, faithfulness, obedience/loyalty. 28. propriety (noun) – morality, correctness, rightness, good manners.

29. swearing-in (noun) – an official ceremony in which a person is taking oath and admitted into a new official job.

30. dubious (adjective) – suspicious, questionable, doubtful. 31. pre-empt (verb) – forestall, anticipate, get in before. 32. alliance (noun) – coalition, partnership. 33. wade into (something) (phrasal verb) – to get involved in a difficult situation (argument, debate, fight & etc) without thinking about the possible consequences. 34. unbecoming (adjective) – inappropriate, unfitting, unsuitable (behaviour). 35. descend into (verb) - decline, degenerate, slide, fall, drop. 36. grandstanding (noun) – a way of speaking or acting to get attention from the spectators (people) and then influencing them. 37. reiterate (verb) – repeat, say again, restate. 38. credentials (noun) – identities, qualities; history, past. 39. tussle (noun) – argument, disagreement, quarrel, contention. 40. call out (phrasal verb) – criticize someone for something (bad/incorrect) publicly and ask them to justify/explain it. 41. ill-advised (adjective) – ill-considered, ill-judged, misguided, badly planned. 42. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 43. in this regard (phrase) – in connection with the aspect/consideration/point referred earlier. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM44. retreat (verb) – change one's decision, change one's mind, change one's attitude.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 15, 2020)

1. spectacle (noun) – display, show. 2. tussle (noun) – argument, disagreement, quarrel, contention. 3. escalate (verb) – increase, rise, intensify, heighten, become more

serious. 4. escalation (noun) – intensification; an increase in the intensity of something.

5. ongoing (adjective) – continuous, continuing, non-stop, unending, unceasing. 6. judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is

vested. 7. propriety (noun) – morality, correctness, rightness, good manners. 8. stretch (verb) – extend, bend, strain, distort. 9. allegation (noun) – charge, accusation, indictment. 10. be bandied about (verb) – spread, discuss, propagate, rumour (an idea in a casual way). 11. distinctly (adverb) – clearly, noticeably, precisely, loud and clear. 12. overtones (noun) – connotation, hidden meaning/implication, association. 13. allegedly (adverb) – apparently, ostensibly, purportedly, reportedly. 14. hostile (adjective) – opposed, inimical, averse. 15. explosive (adjective) - fiery, intense, vehement; highly charged. 16. embarrassingly (adverb) – awkwardly; humiliatingly, shamefully. 17. defamatory (adjective) – defaming, abusive, disparaging/insulting. 18. incite (verb) – provoke, trigger, instigate, provoke, stir up/egg on. 19. derogatory (adjective) – disparaging, belittling, disrespectful, discrediting. 20. conspiracy (noun) – (unlawful) plan, intrigue, collaboration/deception, deceitful strategy. 21. allege (verb) – claim, assert, accuse, charge. 22. loyalist (noun) – supporter, admirer, champion. 23. predecessor (noun) – previous holder; forerunner, precursor, antecedent. 24. rival (noun) – opponent, adversary, contender, competitor. 25. slew of (noun) – a large number of, lot, range. 26. regime (noun) – government. 27. petitioner (noun) – supplicant, pleader, applicant, claimant. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM28. reluctant (adjective) – unwilling, disinclined, unenthusiastic. 29. pursue (verb) – engage in, conduct, follow. 30. offence (noun) – breach, violation of the law.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 15, 2020)

31. perpetrator (noun) – someone who does immoral, harmful and illegal activity; offender, criminal, wrongdoer/evil-doer, culprit. 32. abet (verb) – to encourage/help someone to do something wrong/illegal.

33. in a light (phrase) - so as to give a specified impression. 34. lend oneself to (verb) - adapt oneself to, accommodate oneself to; be suited to, be adaptable to.

35. interpretation (noun) – understanding, reading, meaning, explanation. 36. ominous (adjective) – threatening, menacing, unfavourable, unpromising, gloomy.

37. give rise to (phrase) - bring about, cause, result in. 38. seek (verb) – try, attempt. 39. presumably (adverb) – probably, in all likelihood, undoubtedly. 40. missive (noun) - message, report, announcement. 41. in turn (phrase) – in succession, successively. 42. dilemma (noun) – quandary, predicament, difficulty. 43. undue (adjective) – excessive, extreme, immoderate. 44. credence (noun) – acceptance, confidence, belief, trust, reliance. 45. disgruntled (adjective) – aggrieved, dissatisfied, unhappy/disappointed. 46. litigant (noun) – a person who is involved in a legal case; litigator, petitioner, complainant. 47. bias (noun) – prejudice, partiality; favouritism, unfairness, one- sidedness. 48. misconduct (noun) - misbehaviour, wrongdoing, criminality, unlawfulness. 49. probably (adverb) – most likely, in all likelihood, all things considered, perhaps. 50. in accordance with (phrase) – in agreement with, in conformity with, in line with. 51. regardless of (phrase) – irrespective of, without consideration of, notwithstanding, in spite of. 52. recrimination (noun) - a situation in which people are accusing each other; an act of accusing someone who has accused you; mutual accusation(s), counter-accusation(s), countercharge, counterattack, retaliation. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM53. can ill-afford (phrase) – to prevent something from happening because it would be embarrassing and cause problems (if it happens). 54. undermine (verb) – reduce, diminish, impede, hinder.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 15, 2020)

1. (the) weak link (phrase) – least dependable member (of a group); a vulnerable person or thing within an organization/system.

2. necessity (noun) – (essential) requirement, prerequisite, indispensable thing. 3. capacity building (noun) – capacity development; it has typically been

defined as the development and strengthening of human and institutional resources. The United Nations Development Programme

defines capacity as “the ability to perform functions, solve problems, and achieve objectives” at three levels: individual, institutional and societal.

4. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 5. voluntary organisation/sector (noun) – it is also referred to as nonprofit organizations, NGOs (non-government organizations); a group of individuals who enter into an agreement, usually as volunteers, to form a body (or organization) to accomplish a purpose. a voluntary organization is an organization in which whether its workers are paid/unpaid, is initiated & governed by its own members without external control. 6. workforce (noun) – workers, employees. 7. reach (noun) – range or extent (of someone's effect/influence). 8. probable (adjective) – most likely, possible, expected. 9. and so on (phrase) - and similar things, etc, et cetera. 10. catalyst (noun) – something which trigger/cause/give rise to an event suddenly/unexpectedly; stimulus, motivation, fillip, encouragement. 11. influence (verb) – affect, have an effect on. 12. Continuous Professional Development of Teachers (CPDT) (noun) - a planned, continuous and lifelong process whereby teachers try to develop their personal and professional qualities, and to improve their knowledge, skills and practice, leading to their empowerment, the improvement of their agency and the development of their organisation and their pupils. 13. in-service training (IST) (noun) - The programme which develops skills and knowledge within the teachers so that they can perform WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMtheir duties effectively and with respect to the standard of working field is called as an In-service training programme for teachers.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 15, 2020)

14. pedagogy (noun) – teaching, tutoring, coaching/training. 15. ask (oneself) (verb) – think about, mull over, ponder.

16. notion (noun) – idea, belief, concept. 17. curriculum (noun) – syllabus, course of studies, subjects. (curricula is the plural form of curriculum).

18. irrelevant (adjective) – immaterial, unrelated, not germane, unimportant/insignificant.

19. subject to (verb) - likely to suffer from, easily affected by, at risk of. 20. stress (noun) – strain, pressure, tension, worry. 21. appropriateness (noun) – rightness, aptness, propriety, suitability,

usefulness. 22. criterion (noun) – basis, standard, norm. (criteria is the plural form of criterion). 23. framework (noun) – structure, system, composition, organization. 24. stipulation (noun) - condition, precondition, requirement, provision. 25. National Curriculum Framework (NCF) (noun) - NPE proposed a national framework for curriculum as a means of evolving a national system of education capable of responding to India’s diversity of geographical and cultural milieus while ensuring a common core of values along with academic components. The National Curriculum Framework 2005 (NCF 2005) is the fourth National Curriculum Framework published in 2005 by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) in India. The NCF 2005 serves as a guideline for syllabus, textbooks, and teaching practices for the schools in India. 26. Right to Education (RTE) Act (noun) – the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE) is an Act, of the Parliament of India enacted on 4 August 2009 under Article 21-A in the Constitution of India, which provides free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMfourteen years as a Fundamental Right. Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 15, 2020)

27. National Education Policy (NEP) (noun) – The National Education Policy, 2020 is meant to provide an overarching vision and

comprehensive framework for both school and higher education across the country. It is only a policy, not a law; implementation of its proposals depends on further regulations by both States and the

Centre as education is a concurrent subject. 28. worthwhile (adjective) – valuable, helpful, useful.

29. exploration (noun) – research, investigation. 30. constructivist (approach) (noun) – it refers to the idea that learners construct knowledge for themselves. It is a theory of learning

suggesting that learners create their own knowledge of the topics they study rather than receiving that knowledge as transmitted to them by some other source. Constructivist teaching is based on the belief that learning occurs as learners are actively involved in a process of meaning and knowledge construction as opposed to passively receiving information. 31. productive (adjective) – valuable, effective, worthwhile, useful, helpful. 32. aesthetics (noun) – it refers to a set of principles underlying the works (of a particular art movement). 33. nutrition (noun) – the process in which necessary food is received/obtained by the living things to grow and be healthy. 34. collaboration (noun) – cooperation, alliance, partnership. 35. vocational (adjective) – relating to job or work & its related skills. 36. literacy (noun) – the ability to read and write. 37. gender sensitivity (noun) – the process by which people are made aware of how gender plays a role in life through their treatment of others. It opens up communications between the sexes to bring mutual understanding and respect of each others’ roles. 38. profusion (noun) - a large quantity of something; a lot of, a host of. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM39. consistent with (adjective) – compatible, agreeing, in tune/line with. Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 15, 2020)

40. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize, call attention to. 41. relative (adjective) – reasonable, a fair degree of, considerable.

42. weightage (noun) – importance, significance, value. 43. liberty (noun) – freedom, independence. 44. fraternity (noun) – brotherhood, solidarity, union, mutual support,

friendship. 45. secularism (noun) – the belief that religion should not have a strong

influence in education or other public parts of society. 46. zeal (noun) – passion, fervour, eagerness, interest. 47. emphasise (verb) – draw attention to, put stress on, underscore,

highlight. 48. insight (noun) – perception, understanding, comprehension, realization/recognition. 49. bring about (phrasal verb) – cause to happen, make happen, result in, give rise to. 50. accomplish (verb) – achieve, complete, fulfil. 51. plethora (noun) – lot, too many; excess, abundance, surplus. 52. layman (noun) – non-professional, non-specialist, non-expert, amateur. 53. repertoire (noun) – collection, stock, range. 54. contextual (adjective) – relating to the conditions that make the setting of something (an event/idea). 55. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 56. imperative (adjective) – vitally important, crucial, essential. 57. outline (verb) - indicate, summarize. 58. so far (phrase) – until now, up to the present, up to this point. 59. pay attention (phrase) – heed, attend, be attentive, concentrate on. 60. merit (noun) – advantage. 61. demerit (noun) – disadvantage. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM62. sheer (adjective) – utter, complete, total, absolute, outright. Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 16, 2020)

1. deluge (noun) – severe flood, torrent; downpour/torrential rain. 2. swamp (verb) – flood, inundate, deluge, drench (with water).

3. depression (noun) – a synoptic (short) scale tropical disturbance which forms in the monsoon circulation regime. It refers to low

pressure system; It is an important rain producing system of monsoon period. 4. downpour (noun) – a heavy rainfall.

5. Skymet (noun) - a private Indian company that provides weather forecast and solutions to Indians.

6. surpass (verb) – be greater than, exceed, outdo/eclipse. 7. meteorological (adjective) – relating to the branch of science that deals with phenomena (events) of the atmosphere or weather. 8. span (noun) - duration. 9. bound to (adjective) – certain/sure, very likely, guaranteed. 10. no exception (phrase) – as usual, the same as, to be similar. 11. incessant (adjective) – continuous, non-stop, unceasing, unending, unabating. 12. irrigation (noun) – the process of (artificially) supplying water to farm land to grow crops & plants. 13. breach (verb) – break, break through, burst, burst through, rupture, split. 14. storm (noun) – low-pressure weather system. 15. disproportionately (adverb) – excessively, unduly, inordinately, unevenly. 16. maroon (verb) – strand, leave isolated, leave behind, abandon. 17. rescue (verb) – save, come to the aid/help of. 18. turmoil (noun) – disorder, turbulence, confusion, trouble, chaos. 19. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity, dearth. 20. mitigation (noun) – alleviation, reduction; lessening. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM21. plague (verb) - afflict, cause suffering to, torment, trouble, beset. Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 16, 2020)

22. storm water (noun) – inundated/flood water produced after a heavy rainfall.

23. encroachment (noun) – infringement, intrusion, invasion, trespass, violation.

24. exacerbate (verb) – intensify, increase, heighten, aggravate, worsen. 25. inundation (noun) – flooding, flood water, covering/flooding with water.

26. unblock (verb) – unclog, remove an obstruction from a drain. 27. decade (noun) – a period of ten years.

28. antiquated (adjective) – outdated, old-fashioned, obsolete. 29. sewerage (noun) - sewage; waste water & foul matter. 30. remodel (verb) – change/alter, overhaul, reconstruct. 31. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, also. 32. watershed (noun) – also called a drainage basin or catchment; It’s a land area that channels/directs rainfall and snowmelt to creeks, streams, and rivers. 33. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in. 34. regrettably (adverb) – unluckily, sadly, unhappily. 35. urbanisation (noun) – a process of creating urban areas. It is a result of population migration from rural areas in addition to natural urban demographic growth. 36. mitigate (verb) – reduce, lessen, decrease, make less severe. 37. take into account (phrase) – consider, note, pay regard to, bear in mind. 38. hydrogeology (noun) - the study of groundwater; the study of the movement and storage of water in the crust of Earth and other rocky planetary bodies. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM39. take place (phrase) – happen, occur, transpire. Note:

WORD LIST-2 (OCT 16, 2020) H 1. showdown (noun) – confrontation, face-off, clash.

2. unlikely (adjective) – not likely, improbable, questionable. 3. die down (phrasal verb) – come to an end, stop, dwindle,

diminish/reduce. 4. reversal (noun) – turnaround, change, backtracking. 5. decree (noun) – order, law, dictum, fiat.

6. censor (verb) - redact, delete some contents of a book & etc. officially.

7. acknowledgement (noun) – acceptance, admission, realization. 8. in the wake of (phrase) - as a result of some event, especially an unpleasant one; in the aftermath of, as a consequence of, on account

of, because of, owing to. 9. address (verb) – deal with, handle, tackle, grapple with. 10. authoritarian (adjective) – oppressive, dictatorial, totalitarian. 11. monarchy (noun) – kingdom, sovereign state; a form of government in which a country is ruled by someone who rules for life and usually receives their position from another person when that person dies. 12. lèse-majesté (noun) - a French term meaning "to do wrong to majesty", is an offence against the dignity of a reigning sovereign (monarch/supreme ruler, king, queen) or against a state; treason. 13. coup (noun) – a sudden and violent regime change, seizure of power, (illegal) takeover of power. 14. back (verb) - support, endorse, uphold, champion. 15. tighten your grip (phrase) – to start to control someone/something more stringently. 16. grip (noun) – control, power, hold. 17. crack down on (phrasal verb) – get tough on, take severe measures against, clamp down on. 18. dissent (noun) – objection, protest, opposition. 19. erode (verb) – undermine, weaken, destroy, spoil gradually. 20. erosion (noun) – disintegration, deterioration, decline, undermining/weakening. 21. outbreak (noun) – outburst, flaring up, breakout, sudden appearance/occurrence of something. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. woes (noun) – trouble, difficulty, problem. 23. trigger (verb) – cause, provoke, stir up, bring about. 24. call for (phrasal verb) – require, necessitate, demand, ask for.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (OCT 16, 2020) H 25. clip (verb) – remove, cut out, trim/reduce.

26. three-finger salute (noun) - gesture made with the 3 middle fingers raised as a symbol of resistance/defiance against the government.

27. resistance (noun) – defiance, opposition, confrontation; refusal, denial. 28. trilogy (noun) – a group of three related novels (or something else

such as. films, stories etc). 29. motorcade (noun) – procession, march, cortège (of motor cycles).

30. designate (verb) – identify, recognize, state, classify. 31. sweeping (adjective) – complete/total, comprehensive, all-inclusive, all-embracing, far-reaching.

32. resolve (noun) - determination, resolution, firmness of purpose, will power, firmness. 33. absolute power (noun) - complete authority. 34. influence (noun) – power, authority, sway, leverage, weight. 35. ascend (verb) – move up, raise, go up, make one's way up. 36. throne (noun) – a ceremonial chair; seat of state, royal seat. 37. extravagance (noun) – luxury, indulgence, self-indulgence, comfort. 38. oppression (noun) – persecution, abuse, ill treatment, suppression. 39. dismiss (verb) – reject, deny, pay no heed to, disregard, brush off. 40. the point of no return (phrase) - a point in a course of action beyond which reversal is not possible. 41. in turn (phrase) – successively, sequentially; because of that, as a result of that. 42. set the stage for (phrase) – prepare the circumstances for beginning of something. 43. brutal (adjective) – severe, harsh. 44. suppress (verb) – control, contain, restrain, stifle. 45. right-wing (adjective) – conservative, rightist, alt-right. 46. thug (noun) – gangster, violent person, criminal, murderer. 47. massacre (verb) - murder, kill, destroy, decimate (many people). 48. ask (oneself) (verb) – think about, mull over, ponder. 49. turn (noun) – development, incident, occurrence, happening, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcircumstance, phenomenon. 50. reach out (phrasal verb) – contact someone to obtain/offer help/assistance/cooperation. 51. seek (verb) - ask for, appeal for, request.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 16, 2020)

1. multilateralism (noun) – a method of coordinating relations between ( a group of) three or more countries.

2. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

3. solidarity (noun) – unity, harmony, consensus, like-mindedness, cooperation. 4. paradox (noun) – contradiction, mystery, conundrum, anomaly.

5. at a time (phrase) - during. 6. salience (noun) – important quality. 7. cross-national (adjective) – relating to, or involving two or more nations.

8. nation-state (noun) – a state (country) in which a great majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. The nation state is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political boundaries. An independent state which consists of people from one particular national group. 9. rage (verb) – be at its height, be uncontrollable; reach a high degree of intensity. 10. pool (verb) – combine, put together, merge/join. 11. affordable (adjective) – reasonable, competitive. 12. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. 13. parallel (adjective) – similar, equivalent, comparable. 14. under way (phrase) – going on, continuing, in progress. 15. COVAX (noun) – COVAX is co-led by Gavi, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and WHO. Its aim is to accelerate the development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccines, and to guarantee fair and equitable access for every country in the world. 16. domain (noun) – area/sphere of activity. 17. at stake (phrase) – at issue, at risk; or in question. 18. collaboration (noun) – cooperation, alliance, partnership. 19. collective (adjective) – combined, united/joint, cooperative (by all people as a group). 20. nationalist (adjective) – patriotic. 21. fuel (verb) – incite, fan, provoke, goad (an emotion). 22. opportunism (noun) – expediency, exploitation, taking WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMadvantage, pragmatism, realism. 23. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 24. contend with (phrasal verb) - deal with, cope with, face, grapple with (a difficult or unpleasant situation).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 16, 2020)

25. in the making (phrase) – burgeoning, coming, growing, developing. 26. dilemma (noun) – quandary, predicament, difficulty.

27. loom (verb) – emerge, appear, become visible, reveal itself, take a threatening shape. 28. World Food Programme (WFP) (noun) – it is the food-assistance branch

of the United Nations and the world’s largest humanitarian organization focused on hunger and food security. Founded in 1961, it is headquartered in Rome. It is the leading humanitarian organization

saving lives and changing lives, delivering food assistance in emergencies and working with communities to improve nutrition and build resilience.

29. hunger (noun) – lack of food, need for food. 30. malnutrition (noun) – undernourishment, undernutrition, poor/unhealthy/inadequate diet. 31. perennially (adverb) – permanently; continually, constantly. 32. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. 33. substantial (adjective) – considerable, significant. 34. malnourished (adjective) – suffering from malnutrition (under nutrition, poor/unhealthy/inadequate diet). 35. consequence (noun) – result, outcome, effect; ramification, repercussion. 36. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 37. catastrophe (noun) – disaster, calamity, mishap, crisis. 38. conscience (noun) – sense of right and wrong, moral sense, inner voice. 39. condemn (verb) – censure, criticize, castigate, blame. 40. humanity (noun) – humankind, the human race, people. 41. wretchedness (noun) - unhappiness, very bad/poor condition, cheerlessness. 42. deprivation (noun) – poverty, impoverishment, hardship, destitution. 43. nudge (verb) – push, prod, encourage. 44. humanitarian crisis (noun) – it is also called as humanitarian disaster; a situation with high levels of human suffering in which basic human welfare is in danger on a large scale. 45. multilateral (adjective) – involving many different countries/parties/organizations. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM46. pale (adjective) – seem less significant or important, seem less serious. 47. shadow (noun) - trace, hint, suggestion. 48. nevertheless (adverb) – notwithstanding, nonetheless, in spite of that, however.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 16, 2020)

49. keep alive (phrasal verb) – keep going, continue, sustain. 50. notion (noun) – idea, belief, concept.

51. mobilise (verb) – (of people) bring together for a particular cause. 52. deprive of (verb) – dispossess, strip of, deny, prevent from having. 53. overdue (adjective) – long-delayed, not on time, long-pending.

54. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 55. anachronistic (adjective) – old-fashioned, bygone, outmoded. 56. fabric (noun) – the basic/fundamental structure.

57. advocate (noun) – champion, upholder, supporter, backer. 58. prosperity (noun) – wealth, good fortune, welfare. 59. join hands (phrase) – work together with.

60. address (verb) – deal with, handle, tackle, grapple with. 61. inter- (prefix) – between. 62. hybrid (adjective) – composed/combined of different elements. 63. equitable (adjective) – fair, impartial. 64. propitious (adjective) - favourable, auspicious, promising, optimistic, advantageous, hopeful. 65. going forward (phrase) - in the future. 66. contestation (noun) – discussion, exchange of views, discourse, argument/disputation. 67. rather than (phrase) – instead of. 68. disarmament (noun) – demilitarization, limitation or reduction of arms, deactivation of military weapons. 69. climate change (noun) – a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth. 70. run-up to (noun) – a period of time just before an important event. 71. concede (verb) – admit, acknowledge, accept. 72. delegation (noun) – a body of delegates/representatives; diplomatic mission, commission, deputation. 73. supposedly (adverb) – seemingly, apparently, allegedly. 74. invariably (adverb) – always, every time, each time. 75. common denominator (noun) – a feature shared by all members of a group. 76. globalisation (noun) – the process of making the trade of goods and services equivalent in all nations. 77. dynamics (noun) – basic/fundamental cause or force which triggers WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMchange within a system. 78. in terms of (phrase) – with regard to, regarding/concerning, in connection with. 79. stall (verb) – obstruct, block, interrupt, stop, halt, restrict.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 16, 2020)

80. galloping (adjective) – racing, hurrying, speeding/rushing. 81. there is no escape (phrase) - used to say that something is definitely

true/real and cannot be rejected. 82. imperative (noun) – necessary condition, precondition, essential requirement.

83. contemporary (adjective) – modern, present-day. 84. blur (verb) – make indistinct/unclear, make vague, unfocus. 85. indispensable (adjective) – essential, necessary, needed/required;

significant, important. 86. robust (adjective) – strong, powerful. 87. thread (noun) – theme, subject, subject matter, direction.

88. speak of (phrasal verb) – mention, talk about, discuss, refer to, remark on, comment on. 89. take into account (phrase) – consider, note, pay regard to, bear in mind. 90. connectedness (noun) – the state of being connected. 91. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, give rise to, bring about. 92. collateral (adjective) – incidental, accidental, unintended, resultant. 93. yield (noun) – profit, gain, return, dividend. 94. incremental (adjective) – gradual, phased, step-by-step. 95. toxic (adjective) – fatal, deadly; poisonous, harmful, dangerous. 96. expose (verb) – make vulnerable, make subject, subject, lay open. 97. bankrupt (verb) – ruin, make bankrupt, impoverish, reduce to destitution. 98. bankrupt (adjective) – relating to an individual or organisation who is declared as bankrupt by the court when the party (individual/organisation) can no longer meet debt payments to creditors. 99. insolvent (adjective) – relating to a condition in which the financial difficulties of an individual or organisation are such it is unable to pay its debts; collapsed, defaulting. 100. debilitate (verb) – weaken, disable, paralyse, undermine, impair. 101. cross-domain (adjective) – relating to the systems from different domains interact in information exchange, services, and/or goods to achieve their own or common goals. 102. in order to (phrase) – with the purpose/aim of. 103. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote. 104. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity, dearth. 105.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM frustrate (verb) – discourage, dishearten, depress, dissatisfy; irritate, annoy. 106. erupt (verb) – appear, emerge, break out, flare up. 107. coercion (noun) – force/pressure, oppression, harassment, intimidation.

1. Valley (noun) – a low area between hills or mountains typically with

a river running through it. Valley is a metonym of Jammu & Kashmir in this context (Metonym is used as an alternative for something else

with which it is closely related/associated). 2. voice (noun) – representative, mouthpiece, spokesperson, means of expression.

3. alliance (noun) – coalition, partnership. 4. voice (noun) – opinion, view, feeling, desire.

5. moderation (noun) – an act of avoiding something (behaviour/expression) to become extreme or intense. 6. voice of moderation (noun) - a person/representative expressing things that are reasonable and moderate. 7. Gupkar Declaration (noun) – it is a resolution issued after an all-party meeting on August 4, 2019 at the Gupkar residence of NC president Farooq Abdullah. They vowed to fight collectively for the restoration of Jammu and Kashmir’s special status as guaranteed by the constitution under Article 370. 8. restoration (noun) – reinstitution, re-establishment, return. 9. statehood (noun) – the condition of being an independent state. 10. coincide with (verb) – coexist, concur, happen together. 11. detention (noun) – imprisonment, confinement/incarceration, house arrest, captivity, custody. 12. anticipate (verb) – expect, foresee, predict. 13. repeal (verb) - revoke, invalidate, cancel, nullify. 14. vow (verb) – affirm, pledge, promise/swear, make a commitment. 15. reiterate (verb) – repeat, say again, restate. 16. pledge (noun) – vow, promise, commitment, assurance, agreement. 17. the coming together (noun) - convergence, confluence, union.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

18. rival (noun) – opponent, adversary, contender, competitor.

19. meeting point (noun) - meeting place or assembly point; a place where people meet.

20. perception (noun) – understanding/interpretation, idea/thought, belief, discernment. 21. face-off (noun) – clash, conflict, confrontation, skirmish.

22. reflection (noun) – serious thought, consideration, contemplation, deliberation.

23. alienation (noun) – isolation, detachment, estrangement/separation. 24. mainstream (noun) – something (certain beliefs/ideas/activities) which are accepted or recognized by most people as a normal or typical. 25. reckless (adjective) – careless, thoughtless, incautious/heedless. 26. maturing (verb) - develop/grow, evolve, reach maturity. 27. progressive (adjective) – forward-looking, forward- thinking, dynamic, advanced. 28. opportunistic (adjective) – selfish, self-centred, self-seeking, egocentric, inward-looking. 29. out of step (phrase) - at odds, at variance, in disagreement, out of harmony, at loggerheads, in opposition. 30. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, also. 31. echo (verb) – repeat, say again, restate, reiterate. 32. take centre stage (phrase) - to be at the centre of attention; to be in a very important position. 33. autonomy (noun) – independence, freedom; self rule, self- determination. 34. self-determination (noun) – autonomy, independence, freedom. 35. overwhelm (verb) – overrun, overpower; overburden, beset. Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 17, 2020)

36. turn out (phrasal verb) – transpire, emerge; happen.

37. actor (noun) – participants (in an action). 38. temper (verb) – moderate, modify, tone down, mitigate, soften.

39. strident (adjective) – in an excessively forceful way; high-pitched, loud & harsh. 40. notional (adjective) – ideal, supposed, assumed.

41. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt. 42. delegitimise (verb) – reverse/withdraw legitimate status of something.

43. separatist (noun) – dissident, nonconformist, sectarian. 44. unleash (verb) – let loose, release, set free. 45. dimension (noun) – aspect, feature, side, element. 46. evidently (adverb) – obviously, palpably, seemingly, apparently. 47. domination (noun) – complete control, power, authority, influence. 48. accommodation (noun) – settlement, compromise, adjustment, adaptation. 49. the way forward (phrase) – something (a plan/action) that leads to success in the future. 50. heartland (noun) – the most important part of a field of activity; the central part of something. 51. incentive (noun) – motivation, encouragement, stimulus, impetus. 52. on the ground (phrase) – in a situation/place where things are happening really/practically. 53. integration (noun) – unity. 54. advance (verb) – promote, further, support. 55. enduring (adjective) – long-lasting, permanent. 56. formidable (adjective) – impressive, strong, powerful, mighty. 57. sentiment (noun) – way of thinking, attitude, point of view, general opinion/belief.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 17, 2020)

1. amid (preposition) – in the middle of, surrounded by; during. 2. uncertainty (noun) – unpredictability, unreliability,

riskiness/precariousness. 3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) (noun) – an

international organization of 189 countries, headquartered in Washington, D.C., working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high

employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.

4. World Economic Outlook (WEO) (noun) - A Survey by the IMF staff usually published twice a year in the months of April and October. It presents IMF staff economists' analyses of global economic developments during the near and medium term. 5. call for (phrasal verb) – require, necessitate, demand, ask for. 6. sum up (phrasal verb) – summarize, outline, recap, put in a nutshell. 7. ascent (noun) – rise, upward movement, take-off (to a higher level/rank). 8. extract (verb) – force, squeeze, wrest, obtain (by threat). 9. toll (noun) – number, count, sum total (of deaths/casualties). 10. accompany (verb) – occur with, be present with, coincide with, coexist with. 11. evisceration (noun) – deprivation (something) of its essential content. 12. prognosticate (verb) – forecast, predict, foretell. 13. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 14. rage (verb) – be at its height, be uncontrollable; reach a high degree of intensity. 15. unenviable (adjective) – difficult, undesirable, unpleasant. 16. gamely (adverb) – bravely, firmly, resolutely. 17. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim. 18. forecast (noun) – prediction, indication, projection, prognosis, speculation, calculation (of future events or trends). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM19. project (verb) – forecast, predict, estimate, calculate. 20. shrink (verb) – lessen, reduce, decrease. 21. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 17, 2020)

22. contraction (noun) – In economics, it refers to a decline in national output as measured by gross domestic product.

23. drop (noun) - decrease, reduction, decline, downturn. 24. rebound (verb) – recover.

25. Gross domestic product (GDP) (noun) – a measure of economic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and service.

26. out-turn (noun) - achievement, accomplishment, return; result, consequence, outcome.

27. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 28. prudent (adjective) – wise, sensible, well judged. 29. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 30. ascend (verb) - move up, raise, go up. 31. out of one's depth (phrase) - in a condition that is beyond one's capacity/ability. 32. plunge (verb) – fall/drop, plummet, tumble, nosedive suddenly & uncontrollably. 33. resurgence (noun) – reoccurrence/recurrence, reappearance, reemergence. 34. progression (noun) – development, progress, advancement. 35. unevenness (noun) - inconsistency, irregularity, asymmetry disparity. 36. magnify (verb) – increase, heighten, intensify. 37. set (adjective) – ready, prepared, equipped. 38. scar (noun) – mark, lasting effect of an emotion; (damage, shock, suffering). 39. heal (verb) - set right, patch up, resolve, correct (an undesirable situation). 40. hold back (phrasal verb) – hinder, hamper, inhibit, impede, obstruct. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM41. balance sheet (noun) – a statement that shows the financial condition of a company at a particular point in time. 42. impair (verb) – damage, diminish, reduce, weaken, decrease.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 17, 2020)

43. human capital (noun) – intangible collective resources (like skills, education, knowledge, experience, capacity & attributes) possessed

by individuals and groups within a given population. 44. contend (verb) – claim, argue, state.

45. cumulative (adjective) – collective, aggregate. 46. relative to (phrase) – in comparison with. 47. set back (phrasal verb) – delay, hold back, slow down, decelerate.

48. inequality (noun) – Inequality is simply defined as “the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities;

imbalance, unevenness, disproportion, disparity. 49. imperative (adjective) – vitally important, crucial, essential. 50. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. 51. income divergence (noun) - income differences, income inequality. 52. visibility (noun) – clarity. 53. stress (verb) – emphasize, draw attention to, focus attention on, underline, highlight. 54. persist (verb) – continue, carry on, keep going. 55. vulnerable (adjective) – relating to a weak/neglected person who is in need of special care/support; at risk, unsafe, unprotected. 56. forbearance (noun) – temporary postponement of (tax/debt) payments granted by the government/bank. It is to give taxpayers/customers extra time to make their tax/debt payments; nonenforcement. 57. regulatory forbearance (noun) – A regulatory policy (i.e., a policy implemented by central banks and other regulatory authorities) that permits banks and financial institutions to continue operating even when their capital is fully depleted. Regulators give banks extended periods of time during which they have to comply with regulatory requirements (by securing new capital funds). 58. stressed (adjective) – relating to the firms which have defaulted on their debt obligation. 59. viable (adjective) – manageable, feasible, operational. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM60. insularity (noun) – the quality of being interested in own country and not willing to accept anything (ideas, culture, etc,.) from outside of it. 61. protract (verb) - prolong, extend, lengthen, stretch out.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 17, 2020)

1. pickle (noun) – difficulty, trouble, crisis.

2. checks and balances (plural noun) – a system in which all departments of a government organization have right to

amend/limit the powers of the other departments in order to avoid dominance of one department. 3. bureaucrat (noun) – a powerful officer, public/government

servant, office-bearer, civil servant, functionary, mandarin. 4. mud-slinging (noun) - an act of making malicious (nasty/hurtful)

statements or comments, especially against a political opponent; character assassination, defamation, dirty politics. 5. smear (verb) - blacken, defame, damage, vilify, slander, libel (someone’s good name or reputation, particularly with untrue statements made public). 6. judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested. 7. traumatic (adjective) – stressful, painful, distressing, disturbing. 8. warring (adjective) – opposing/conflicting, aggressive, hostile. 9. chieftain (noun) – leader, head, master. 10. suck in (phrasal verb) – to become involved in something. 11. embed (verb) – incorporate, include; insert/fix. 12. allegation (noun) – charge, accusation, indictment. 13. buff (noun) - enthusiast, fan, addict. 14. catapult (noun) – slingshot; a device that can throw objects at a high speed. 15. gibbet (noun) - a structure with a projecting arm at the top. 16. shredded (adjective) – relating to something cut/tear something into small pieces. 17. spin (verb) - rotate, turn round, go round, swing. 18. castle (noun) – fortress, fort, stronghold. 19. evoke (verb) – invoke, give rise to, bring forth, bring to mind. 20. parallel (adjective) – equivalent, similar, resembling. 21. convention (noun) – custom, practice, tradition. 22. hold (verb) – be the case, be in force, be in effect. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. the executive (noun) – the executive is a branch of government which enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 17, 2020)

24. the legislature (noun) – a deliberative body of persons, usually

elective, who are empowered to make, change, or repeal the laws of a country or state.

25. acknowledge (verb) – admit, accept, realize. 26. organ (noun) – department. 27. swing (verb) – sway, oscillate, move back and forth.

28. emphasise (verb) – draw attention to, put stress on, underscore, highlight.

29. consequent (adjective) – subsequent, following, resultant, ensuing. 30. absolute (adjective) – complete, total, out-and-out, outright. 31. integrity (noun) – honesty, uprightness, probity, fairness. 32. traverse (verb) – go across, cut across, pass over. 33. offload (verb) – transfer, shift, jettison/divest. 34. damning (adjective) – reproving, condemning; strong. 35. proximity (noun) – closeness, nearness, presence, adjacency (in relationship). 36. adversely (adverb) – unfavourably, disadvantageously, badly. 37. influence (verb) – affect, have an effect on, persuade. 38. roster (noun) – a list of the people of a team/organisation. 39. portfolio (noun) – position, duties. 40. invariably (adverb) – always, every time, each time. 41. adverse (adjective) – unfavourable, disadvantageous, bad. 42. Special Investigation Team (SIT) (noun) – a specialized team of officers in Indian law enforcement consisting of personnel trained to investigate serious crimes. 43. to make mention of (phrase) - to talk about, write about, or refer to (something briefly). 44. negate (verb) – make ineffective, cancel out invalidate, nullify. 45. slew of (noun) – a large number of, lot, range. 46. presumably (adverb) – probably, in all likelihood, undoubtedly. 47. gag order (noun) – gagging order; it is an order, typically a legal order by a court or government, restricting information or comment from being made public or passed onto any unauthorized third party. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM48. misstep (noun) – mistake, blunder, false step. 49. missive (noun) – message, report, announcement.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 17, 2020)

50. insider (noun) – a member of any group of people of limited number

and generally restricted access; member, staff member, employee. 51. insider knowledge (noun) - insider knowledge is seen as a source of

practical information that is contrary to the standard or official advice, delivered in the form of tips from insiders. 52. make a killing (phrase) - gain, profit, be successful.

53. unveil (verb) – present, disclose, make public. 54. owing to (phrase) – because of, as a result of, on account of.

55. in the face of (phrase) – when confronted/faced with; despite, notwithstanding, regardless of. 56. precedent (noun) – model, exemplar, example, pattern; previous example/instance, prior instance. 57. injunct (verb) – order, direct, rule, instruct. 58. fatal (adjective) – deadly, lethal. 59. first information report (FIR) (noun) – a written document prepared by the police when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence. 60. tenet (noun) – principle, belief, doctrine/rule. 61. transparency (noun) – clarity, straightforwardness, openness, honesty, unambiguity. 62. accountability (noun) – responsibility, liability, answerability. 63. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually. 64. alleged (adjective) – supposed, claimed, professed, purported. 65. land grab (noun) – a process of obtaining land unethically & self- seekingly (selfishly). 66. galling (adjective) – annoying, irritating, vexing. 67. meekly (adverb) – gently, softly/humbly, submissively. 68. consent (verb) - agree to, assent to, allow, accept. 69. gag (verb) – prevent, silence, muzzle (someone from spreading news/information). 70. clog (verb) - fill up, block, obstruct. 71. sentinel (noun) – sentry, security guard. 72. watch (noun) – guard, vigil, observation, lookout; stint, turn. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM73. extinction (noun) – destruction, elimination, eradication, disappearance, removal. 74. onus (noun) – responsibility, duty; burden, liability, obligation.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 17, 2020)

75. evolve (verb) – develop, progress, advance.

76. brotherly (adjective) - friendly, kindly, amicable. 77. absolution (noun) - discharge, clearing, release, exoneration.

78. Pandora’s box (noun) – a source of something (problems, troubles, difficulties, etc). 79. dog (verb) – trouble, disturb, worry.

80. fall short of (phrase) – fail to meet/reach; be deficient/inadequate/insufficient.

81. probity (noun) – integrity, honesty, morality. 82. august (adjective) – acclaimed, venerable, distinguished, highly regarded. 83. pater familias (noun) - Latin, literally ‘father of the family’; the male head of a family. (materfamilias is the female head of a family) 84. Master of the Roster (noun) – it refers to the privilege (right) of the Chief Justice to constitute Benches to hear cases. In November, 2017, when a Constitution Bench, led by the Chief Justice of India Dipak Misra, declared that “the Chief Justice is the master of the roster and he alone has the prerogative (privilege/right) to constitute the Benches of the Court and allocate cases to the Benches so constituted. roster (noun) – a list of the people of a team/organisation. 85. decisive (adjective) – deciding, conclusive, determining. 86. say (noun) – authority, voice, sway. 87. watchdog (noun) – inspector/supervisor, observer, ombudsman. 88. pushback (noun) – resistance, opposition, disagreement, force back, repulse drive. 89. level against (phrasal verb) – direct (an accusation/charge). 90. make clear (phrase) - explain, clarify, elucidate. 91. stringent (adjective) – strict/stern, severe, tough/rigorous. 92. expeditious (adjective) – quick, speedy, swift. 93. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 94. bestow (verb) - confer on, give, grant, present to. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM95. ombudsman (noun) - defender, preserver, guardian.

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 19, 2020)

1. timeline (noun) – schedule (to carry out or execute a process/procedure). 2. compensation (noun) – payment, repayment, settlement (for

loss/damage). 3. GST compensation (noun) – Under the GST law (In India), state

governments are guaranteed full compensation for any revenue loss for the first five years after the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) in July 2017. The compensation is a gap between actual

revenue collected and projected revenue. 4. due (adjective) – to be paid, payable (now). 5. albeit (conjunction) – though, even though, however. 6. inexplicably (adverb) – in a way something can not be accountable/explainable/understandable. 7. deadlock (noun) – stalemate, impasse, checkmate/stand-off. 8. bridge (verb) – make a difference smaller; join, link, connect, unite. 9. shortfall (noun) – deficit, inadequacy, deficiency, shortage. 10. cess (noun) – a form of tax charged/levied over and above the base tax liability of a taxpayer. A cess is usually imposed additionally when the state or the central government looks to raise funds for specific purposes. 11. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 12. recap (verb) - summarize, sum up. 13. inflow (noun) – a flow of a large amount of something (e.g. money) to a particular place. 14. bear (verb) - tolerate, put up with, accept (a difficult situation). 15. coffers (noun) – funds, reserves/resources, treasury/exchequer. 16. Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) (noun) – it is defined as a measure, in monetary terms, of the volume of all goods and services produced within the boundaries of the State during a given period of WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMtime, accounted without duplication. Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 19, 2020)

17. tack (noun) – approach, way/method, process. 18. end up (phrasal verb) – come/appear, find oneself (to a particular course of action in the end).

19. assert (verb) - claim, declare, announce, state something confidently. 20. fiscal deficit (noun) – the difference between total expenditure and

total income of the government. 21. government debt (noun) - public debt, national debt and sovereign debt; it is the amount of money that a government owes to outside

debtors/lenders (these can include individuals, businesses, and even other governments). 22. change of heart (phrase) - change one's mind, have second thoughts, have a rethink, think again, think differently. 23. bring in (phrasal verb) – cause, bring about, create, produce. 24. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 25. odd (adjective) – unusual, strange, weird, bizarre, uncommon. 26. strike (verb) – come into the mind suddenly; occur to, hit one's mind unexpectedly. 27. South & North Block (noun) – South Block is a metonym of the Prime Minister’s Office. North Block is a metonym of the Ministry of Finance, India. (The Secretariat Building (consists North & South Block) or Central Secretariat is where the Cabinet Secretariat is housed, which administers the Government of India. The South Block houses the Prime Minister’s Office, Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of External Affairs). The North Block primarily houses the Ministry of Finance and the Home Ministry). (Metonym is used as an alternative for something else with which it is closely related/associated). 28. mandarin (noun) – a powerful officer, civil servant, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMfunctionary/bureaucrat. Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 19, 2020)

29. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 30. surface (verb) – appear, come up, arise, emerge.

31. soon after (phrase) - shortly after, immediately. 32. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the

authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority.

33. over the course of (phrase) - during the process of. 34. stress (verb) – emphasize, underscore, make a point of, insist on. 35. push up (phrasal verb) - increase, raise. 36. fiscal (adjective) – financial. 37. fiscal math (noun) – the application of mathematical methods to financial problems. 38. dry up (phrasal verb) – dwindle, disappear, vanish, fade away, wane, come to nothing. 39. cool off (phrasal verb) - become calm (again), to return to a normal state/condition, especially after a state of agitation/protest. 40. sought (past tense) of seek (verb) – ask for, demand, request. 41. fiscal (noun) - financial year. 42. cash flow (noun) – the amount of cash or cash-equivalent which the company receives or gives out by the way of payment(s) to creditors is known as cash flow. 43. imperative (adjective) – vitally important, crucial, essential. 44. sustain (verb) – continue, carry on, keep up, keep going, maintain. 45. fragile (adjective) – easily broken/destroyed, weak, risky, unreliable, insecure. 46. for now (phrase) - for the time being, for the moment. Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 19, 2020)

1. nutritional indices (noun) - evaluation and measurement

of nutritional variables in order to assess the level of nutrition or the nutritional status of the individual.

2. nutritional status/rank (noun) – nutritional status has been defined as an individual’s health condition as it is influenced by the intake and utilization of nutrients.

3. indices plural of index (noun) – indicator, guide, mark, measure. 4. deficit (noun) – deficiency, shortage, undersupply.

5. nutritional deficiency (noun) - it occurs when the body is not getting enough nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. 6. call for (phrasal verb) – require, publicly ask/necessitate, demand. 7. revamped (adjective) – overhauled, reorganized, restructured, revived. 8. Public Distribution System (PDS) (noun) – The Public Distribution System (PDS) in the country facilitates the supply of food grains and distribution of essential commodities to a large number of poor people through a network of Fair Price Shops at a subsidized price on a recurring basis. 9. dispel (verb) – eliminate, remove, dismiss. 10. hubris (noun) – excessive pride, vanity, self-importance, feeling of superiority/arrogance, self-confidence. 11. persisting (adjective) – continuing, lasting, prolonging. 12. hunger (noun) – lack of food, need for food. 13. wasting (or) thinness (noun) – low weight for height. Wasted children who are thin for their height. 14. stunting (noun) – low height for age. Stunted children typically have short heights and low body masses for their age group. 15. Global Hunger Index (GHI) (noun) - a tool for comprehensively measuring and tracking hunger at global, regional, and national levels. GHI scores are based on the values of four component indicators: the share of the population with insufficient caloric intake (undernourishment), wasting (under five), stunting (under five) and child mortality. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM16. in the company of (phrase) - together with. 17. unedifying (adjective) – distasteful; unpleasant, undesirable (public event).

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 19, 2020)

18. assessment (noun) – evaluation, appraisal, analysis.

19. BRICS countries (plural noun) - the acronym coined to associate five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and

South Africa. The BRICS members are known for their significant influence on regional affairs. 20. inferior (adjective) – lower in rank/status, below/beneath someone.

21. mortality (noun) – (in a particular time/for a cause) the rate/number of death.

22. critique (verb) - deal with, tackle, handle; criticize. 23. flawed (adjective) – defective, faulty, distorted, inaccurate. 24. genetics (noun) – a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms; inherited characteristics. 25. determinant (noun) – factor, issue, concern, point, matter. 26. narrow (adjective) – narrow-minded, inward-looking, illiberal, parochial. 27. National Family Health Survey 2015-16 (NFHS-4) (noun) - the fourth in the NFHS series, NFHS-4 provides information on population, health, and nutrition for India and each state and union territory. All four NFHS surveys have been conducted under the stewardship of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India. 28. appetite (noun) – liking, desire, craving, hunger, passion. 29. radical (adjective) – fundamental, basic, essential. 30. transformation (noun) – change, modification, amendment. 31. nutrition (noun) – the process in which necessary food is received/obtained by the living things to grow and be healthy. 32. pay attention (phrase) – heed, attend, be attentive, concentrate on. 33. (dietary) diversity (noun) – It is defined as the number of different foods or food groups consumed over a given reference period. It is a strong predictor of micronutrient adequacy and overall diet quality. 34. widely (adverb) – generally, commonly, broadly, by all. 35. calorie (noun) - a calorie is a unit of energy. In nutrition, calories refer WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMto the energy people get from the food and drink they consume, and the energy they use in physical activity.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 19, 2020)

36. diverse diet (noun) - different or varied foods (providing a mix of

macronutrients and micronutrients). 37. deprivation (noun) – poverty, impoverishment, hardship, destitution.

38. aggravate (verb) – compound, worsen, exacerbate, escalate. 39. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of

people across a wide area. 40. inflation (noun) – simply meaning “cost of living”; increase of price

level of goods & services and vice versa decrease of currency value. 41. depleted (adjective) – reduced, decreased, diminished; exhausted, used up, consumed. 42. meagre (adjective) – small, little, paltry, inadequate/deficient. 43. chronic (adjective) – persistent, long-standing, long-term. 44. undernourishment (noun) – it measures the share of the population that has a food (caloric) intake which is insufficient to meet the minimum energy requirements necessary for a given individual. 45. stand at (verb) – be at a particular level. 46. acute (adjective) – severe, intense, serious. 47. drop (noun) – decrease, reduction, decline, downturn. 48. percentage point (noun) – the difference between two percentages is termed as percentage point. (for example: “Interest Rates Jump From 10% to 12%”. In this case, the interest rate increased by “2 percentage points” or you can say that the interest rate is increased by 20%). 49. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 50. prosperity (noun) – wealth, good fortune, welfare. 51. yield (verb) – give, provide, produce. 52. far (adverb) – considerably, noticeably, markedly. 53. dividend (noun) – benefit, advantage, gain. 54. food security (noun) – it is defined as a condition that exists when “all people, at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. 55. National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA) (noun) - an Act of WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMthe Parliament of India which aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two thirds of India's 1.2 billion people.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 19, 2020)

56. merely (adverb) – only, simply, just.

57. mitigation (noun) – alleviation, reduction; lessening. 58. cereal (noun) – food grains (rice, wheat, millet, maize & etc).

59. nourishment (noun) – nutrition, nutriment. 60. micronutrient (noun) – minerals and vitamins are called micro nutrients since they are needed by our body in small (trace) amounts.

61. course (noun) – course of action, method of working, approach. 62. pursuit (noun) – quest for, search for.

63. incline (verb) – prefer, have a preference for, have a liking for, with a tendency. 64. deprive of (verb) – dispossess, strip of, deny, prevent from having. 65. insist on (verb) – demand forcefully, ask for, call for, press/push for. 66. biometric (adjective) – relating to the metrics with human (physical & behavioural) characteristics used for identification and access control. 67. lead to (verb) – cause, result in, bring on, bring about. 68. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) (noun) - a government programme/scheme in India which provides food, preschool education, primary healthcare, immunization, health check- up and referral services to children under 6 years of age and their mothers. 69. sustained (adjective) – continuous, non-stop, continuing. 70. intervention (noun) – the process of intervening in something; involvement, interference. 71. underscore (verb) – underline, emphasize, highlight. 72. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) (noun) - Established in 1975, The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) provides research-based policy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition in developing countries. 73. scholar (noun) – academic, intellectual, expert/pundit, learned person. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM74. nutritious (adjective) – wholesome, healthy, nourishing. Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 19, 2020)

1. centre stage (noun) – centre of attention, spotlight, public eye. 2. take centre stage (phrase) – to be at the centre of attention; to be in a very important position.

3. design (noun) – intention, aim, purpose, objective, plan. 4. gubernatorial (adjective) – Relating to a governor.

5. over-reach (noun) – an act of trying to do too much. 6. crowd in on (phrasal verb) – overwhelm, preoccupy, dominate, overpower (someone).

7. at the height of (phrase) – at the most extreme part/point of something. 8. cold (adjective) – characterized by the feeling of fear, panic, or horror. 9. Raisina Hill (noun) - used as a metonym for the seat (headquarters) of the Government of India, it is a part of the Lutyens' area of New Delhi, housing India's most important government buildings, including Rashtrapati Bhavan, the official residence of the President of India and the Secretariat building housing the Prime Minister's Office and several other important ministries. (Metonym is used as an alternative for something else with which it is closely related/associated). 10. overseer (noun) – supervisor, controller, superintendent/head of department. 11. in no uncertain terms (phrase) - clearly, definitely, certainly. 12. fracas (noun) – disturbance, quarrel, scuffle. 13. federal (adjective) – relating to a system of government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government. 14. licence (noun) - freedom. 15. activism (noun) – involvement; campaigning/supporting (to cause political or social change). 16. intrigue (verb) - plot, collude, conspire. 17. have the distinction of (phrase) – be different from others of a similar type (because of a great quality/achievement). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM18. licentiate (noun) – a person holding a licence to practise a particular profession/job.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 19, 2020)

19. counterpart (noun) – equivalent, equal (person); fellow, peer. 20. propriety (noun) – morality, correctness, rightness, good manners. 21. by-now (adjective) - at some time in the near past.

22. unnerving (adjective) – disconcerting, unsettling, discomfiting, disturbing.

23. a bag of tricks (phrase) - a set of brilliant plans/techniques. 24. of course (phrase) – certainly, absolutely; as you would expect, needless to say.

25. embroil (verb) – involve, entangle, mix up. 26. unsavoury (adjective) – disreputable, unpleasant, disagreeable. 27. discretion (noun) – choice, option, preference, disposition. 28. invariably (adverb) – always, every time, each time. 29. disfavour (verb) - disapprove. 30. unambiguously (adverb) – undeniably, unquestionably, undebatably. 31. be vested with (verb) – give (someone) the legal right. 32. incline (verb) – tend to have a particular opinion. 33. instrument (noun) – mechanism, apparatus, system, means (to achieve/attain something). 34. content (adjective) – satisfied. 35. distinguished (adjective) - eminent, famous, renowned, prominent. 36. equilibrium (noun) – balance, symmetry, equality, evenness. 37. assumption (noun) – belief, supposition, expectation, speculation, conjecture. 38. endow (verb) – give, provide, equip. 39. statesman (noun) – senior politician, respected political figure, political leader. 40. elude (verb) – evade, avoid, get away from, dodge, slip away from. 41. appointee (noun) – one who is appointed to a job/position; representative, delegate, office holder. 42. predictably (adverb) – as expected, as anticipated. 43. prone to (adjective) – susceptible, vulnerable, liable, inclined; at risk of. 44. bidding (noun) - command, order, instruction. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM45. inevitably (adverb) – unavoidably, certainly, definitely. 46. dissolve (verb) – dismiss, disestablish, disband, abolish.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 19, 2020)

47. the legislature (noun) – a deliberative body of persons, usually elective, who are empowered to make, change, or repeal the laws of a country or state.

48. taint (verb) - tarnish, damage, spoil, ruin, vitiate. 49. partisan (adjective) – biased, prejudiced, one-sided.

50. consideration (noun) – thought, deliberation, analysis, examination. 51. absurdly (adverb) - ridiculously, farcically, laughably. 52. whimsically (adverb) - unusually, playfully, mischievously.

53. rampant (adjective) – widespread, present everywhere/pervasive, unrestrained/out of control. 54. proclivity (noun) – liking, inclination, tendency/leaning. 55. withhold (verb) – deny, refuse (to give), stop, hold back. 56. assent (noun) – approval, consent, sanction, agreement, acceptance. 57. accede to (verb) – agree to, consent to, accept. 58. His Excellency (noun) - expression used for addressing governors. 59. lumpenisation (noun) - an act of disfranchising/dispossessing someone/something from the (socioeconomic) class or status. 60. blatantly (adverb) – flagrantly, glaringly, openly. 61. probably (adverb) – most likely, in all likelihood, all things considered, perhaps. 62. nuisance (noun) – inconvenience, irritant, problem. 63. come in handy (phrase) – to be useful. 64. delegation (noun) – assignment, giving, committal, devolution, deputation. 65. hostile (adjective) – opposed, inimical, averse. 66. demonstratively (adverb) - openly. 67. brawl (verb) – fight, skirmish, scuffle, tussle. 68. bureaucrat (noun) – a powerful officer, public/government servant, office-bearer, civil servant, functionary, mandarin. 69. hit-and-run (adjective) - relating to a tactical principle using short surprise attacks, withdrawing before the enemy can respond in force, and constantly maneuvering to avoid full engagement with the enemy. 70. whip up (phrasal verb) - excite, evoke/provoke, stimulate, encourage WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM(strong emotions in someone intentionally). 71. cloud (noun) – trouble, problem, worry; menace/threat, gloom.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 19, 2020)

72. utterance (noun) – remark, comment, word, expression, statement. 73. call for (phrasal verb) – require, publicly ask/necessitate, demand. 74. affairs (noun) – concerns, matters, activities.

75. wink (noun) - signal, indication, sign. 76. mockingly (adverb) - derisively, teasingly, insultingly.

77. secular (adjective) – non-religious. 78. taunt (noun) – insult, barb, gibe. 79. secularism (noun) – the belief that religion should not have a strong

influence in education or other public parts of society. 80. oath (noun) – vow, sworn statement, promise/pledge. 81. dispensable (adjective) - unnecessary, unessential, replaceable. 82. imply (verb) – say indirectly, suggest, indicate. 83. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 84. jurist (noun) – an expert in law. 85. scholar (noun) – academic, intellectual, expert/pundit, learned person. 86. Forty-Second Amendment (noun) - The 42nd Amendment changed the description of India from a "sovereign democratic republic" to a "sovereign, socialist secular democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation". The Forty-Second Amendment officially known as The Constitution Act, 1976, was enacted during the Emergency by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi. 87. poke (verb) - prod, nudge, rouse. 88. prod (verb) - rouse, stimulate, motivate, persuade. 89. pinprick (verb) – annoy, irritate, vex. 90. war of attrition (noun) – a military strategy consisting of aggressive attempts to win a war by wearing down (weakening) the enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in personnel and materiel. 91. skirmish (noun) – a small or minor fight/conflict; tussle/quarrel, squabble. 92. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM93. arrogance (noun) – egotism, self-importance. 94. meddlesomeness (noun) - interference, meddling. 95. reflection (noun) – indication, display, demonstration.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 19, 2020)

96. subscribe to (verb) – agree with, be in agreement with, support/endorse. 97. maximalist (adjective) – relating to an approach of a

person/organisation (particularly in politics) with extreme thoughts and not ready to compromise.

98. obligation (noun) – duty, responsibility, commitment. 99. institutionalise (verb) – set up a standard practice (in an organisation/culture).

100. federalism/federal framework/system (noun) – a system of government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government. 101. over and above (phrase) – in addition to, as well as, besides. 102. primacy (noun) – importance, priority, preference, first place. 103. allergic to (adjective) - averse, opposed, hostile. 104. unintimidated (adjective) - unfrightened, fearless. 105. to that end (phrase) - for that reason, with that goal. 106. eyesore (noun) – defect, blot, blemish, mess. 107. contrived (adjective) - deliberate, calculated, intentional, designed. 108. dust-up (noun) – quarrel, argument, fight, dispute, disagreement. 109. itch (verb) - long, yearn, need. 110. intolerance (noun) – prejudice, bias, bigotry/partisanship, discrimination. 111. recurring (adjective) - happening repeatedly; reappearing/reoccurring. 112. nightmare (noun) – very unpleasant or frightening experience; ordeal, horror, torment. 113. get rid of (phrase) – remove, discard, eliminate, wipe out. 114. righteous (adjective) – justifiable, legitimate, defensible, supportable. 115. deploy (verb) – use, utilize, employ. 116. old-fashioned (adjective) – old, out of date, outdated. 117. lust (noun) – greed, desire, thirst, appetite. 118. overbearing (adjective) – dominating, oppressive, high-handed. 119.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM wannabe (adjective) - aspiring/wanting to look or act like someone else.

1. coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause

illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms,

fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death.

2. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of

people across a wide area. 3. forecast (noun) – prediction, indication, projection, prognosis, speculation, calculation/estimate (of future events or trends). 4. induce (verb) – cause, produce, effect, bring about. 5. worst-case scenario (noun) – the most serious or severe possible thing (environment, circumstances or outcome) that could happen in any given situation. 6. well-regarded (adjective) – well-respected, well-esteemed, well- acclaimed. 7. infectious (adjective) – communicable, transmittable, spreadable. 8. modelling (noun) – the modelling of infectious diseases is a tool that has been used to study the mechanisms by which diseases spread, to predict the future course of an outbreak and to evaluate strategies to control an epidemic. 9. forecast (verb) – predict, foresee, estimate, foretell. 10. course (noun) – progression, development, progress, furtherance. 11. tidings (noun) - news, report, announcement, information. 12. caseload (noun) – the number of cases to be handled by a doctor at one time. 13. drop (verb) – decrease, lessen, reduce. 14. extinguish (verb) – eradicate, eliminate, wipe out, remove, put an end to. 15. scrupulous (adjective) – careful, diligent, attentive; honest, high- WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMminded, righteous. 16. caveat (noun) – warning, caution, condition.

Note:

17. assumption (noun) – belief, supposition, expectation, speculation,

conjecture. 18. mutation (noun) – a significant and basic “alteration” in the DNA

sequence. 19. antibody (noun) – it is also called ‘immunoglobulin’; a protective protein produced mainly by plasma (blood) cells in

the immune system in response to the presence of antigens (disease causing organisms (bacteria & viruses) and other harmful/toxic

foreign substances like insect venom). 20. durable (adjective) – able to withstand, strong, resistant; lasting, enduring, persisting. 21. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 22. containment (noun) – an act of keeping something (harmful) under control (it means quickly identifying cases of coronavirus through testing, placing infected individuals in isolation, tracking who infected persons might have been in contact with and potentially quarantining those who came into contact with infection so that the disease doesn’t continue to spread). 23. suffice (verb) – be enough, be sufficient, be adequate. 24. outbreak (noun) – outburst, flaring up, breakout, sudden appearance/occurrence of something. 25. overwhelm (verb) – engulf, swamp, overrun, overpower/inundate; overburden, beset. 26. probabilistic (adjective) - based on a theory of probability (chance, probable event, possibility). 27. pre-print (noun) – a full draft of a research paper that is shared publicly before it has been peer reviewed/has been sent to press for publication. 28. peer-review (noun) – a process by which something research or WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMpublication is evaluated by a group of experts in the appropriate field.

Note:

29. quotidian (adjective) – ordinary, common, normal, everyday,

mundane. 30. rely on (phrasal verb) – depend on; resort to, have recourse to.

31. Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious and Recovered (SEIR) Model (noun) - it is a category of models which estimates, within a population, those Susceptible, Exposed, Infected and Recovered and simplifies

the mathematical modelling of infectious diseases. 32. comprehension (noun) -

understanding, apprehension, knowledge/awareness. 33. scores of (noun) – a lot, a large number, great quantities. 34. subscribe to (verb) – agree with, be in agreement with, support/endorse. 35. rigour (noun) – attention to detail, diligence, accuracy/precision. 36. reiterate (verb) – repeat, say again, restate. 37. ought (not) to (modal verb) – must (not), should (not). 38. literally (adverb) – exactly; verbatim, word for word, line for line. 39. critique (verb) – evaluate, assess/analyse, explore, investigate; deal with, handle. 40. dwell on (phrasal verb) – (of one's attention) linger over, think about, mull over. 41. for instance (phrase) – as an example. 42. dip (noun) – decrease, fall/drop, reduction. 43. accelerated (adjective) – hastened, expedited, quickened. 44. clinical trial (noun) – a type of research that studies new tests and treatments and evaluates their effects on human health outcomes. 45. potential (adjective) – possible, likely, probable. 46. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. 47. behavioural change (noun) – (in public health) it refers to efforts put in place to change people’s personal habits and attitudes, to prevent disease. 48. to this end (phrase) - in order to achieve a particular goal/aim WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM(mentioned previously).

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 20, 2020)

1. affirmative action (noun) – it means positive steps taken to increase the representation of (women and) minorities in areas of employment,

education, and culture from which they have been historically excluded. 2. in the face of (phrase) – when confronted/faced with; despite, notwithstanding, regardless of.

3. resistance (noun) – defiance, opposition, confrontation; refusal, denial. 4. presumably (adverb) – probably, in all likelihood, undoubtedly, seemingly.

5. count (verb) – consider, regard, view as. 6. uncertainty (noun) – unpredictability, unreliability, riskiness/precariousness. 7. factor in (phrasal verb) – take into account, take into consideration, consider, regard. 8. the lowest common denominator (noun) – the ordinary people; the general public. 9. cater to (phrasal verb) – provide someone with what is needed, accommodate, serve, satisfy. 10. avowedly (adverb) – openly, stated/admitted publicly. 11. standardise (verb) – systematize, regulate. 12. go on to (phrasal verb) – continue, proceed (to do something). 13. ideal (noun) – principle, standard, belief, conviction. 14. laborious (adjective) - difficult, tough/formidable; laboured/strained. 15. time-consuming (adjective) – arduous, demanding, challenging. 16. bound to (adjective) – certain/sure, very likely, guaranteed. 17. a level playing field (phrase) - a situation in which everyone has a fair and equal opportunity to succeed, and no one has an advantage over the other. 18. pedagogy (noun) – teaching, tutoring, coaching/training. 19. stream (noun) – branch, group, trade, track (as a field of study based on ability). 20. bring in (phrasal verb) – cause, bring about, create, produce. 21. overarching (adjective) – all-inclusive, complete, all-embracing, comprehensive. 22. therein (adverb) – in that place/respect. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. inequity (noun) – bias, prejudice, discrimination, favouritism. 24. circumstances (noun) – situation, background, conditions, state of affairs.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 20, 2020)

25. disadvantaged (adjective) – underprivileged, depressed, needy, impoverished, dispossessed.

26. for instance (phrase) – as an example. 27. rest (verb) – relax, take a rest, ease off, slow down, pause. 28. endeavour (noun) – activity, pursuit, exercise, undertaking, mission;

aim/effort. 29. subsidise (verb) – support, finance, contribute to, provide finance for. (it generally means “pay part of the cost of something, so that it is available

at a lower price”). 30. equitable (adjective) – fair, impartial. 31. scenario (noun) – situation. 32. bridge the gap (phrase) – to connect two disconnected or dissimilar things in a logical way (in order to resolve the problem). 33. yawning (adjective) – large, huge, great, big; wide open. 34. exorbitantly (adverb) - excessively, unreasonably, prohibitively, inordinately, immoderately, disproportionately. 35. overemphasis (noun) - exaggeration, magnification, overestimation, overvaluation, aggrandizement. 36. wanton (adjective) – deliberate, wilful, malicious/cruel, unjustifiable. 37. politicisation (noun) – a state/condition/situation of something which is influenced/controlled by politics. 38. exacerbate (verb) – intensify, increase, heighten, aggravate, worsen. 39. acute (adjective) – severe, intense, serious; awful, terrible, bad. 40. deficiency (noun) – defect, fault/flaw, shortcoming, weak point. 41. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 42. notwithstanding (adverb) – nevertheless, nonetheless; in spite of, despite, regardless of. 43. welfare state (noun) – a form of government in which the state protects and promotes the economic and social well-being of the citizens, based upon the principles of equal opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for citizens unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. A system wherein the WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMgovernment agrees to underwrite certain levels of employment, income, education, medical, social security and housing for all its citizens. 44. affordability (noun) – the cost/price of something.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 20, 2020)

1. polarisation (noun) – separation of two contrasting groups (based

on different opinions/beliefs). 2. exclusivism (noun) – the doctrine that one religion is the only true religion, or that one religious sect is the only true version of a larger

religion. 3. foster (verb) – encourage, promote, support, nurture.

4. orthodoxy (noun) – doctrine, belief, practice, dogma; traditionalism/conservatism. 5. front (noun) – a particular situation.

6. silence (verb) – suppress, mute, restrain, stifle, muffle/muzzle. 7. academic (noun) – scholar, lecturer/professor, educator, instructor. 8. malign (verb) – defame, vilify, libel, speak ill of, blacken someone's character. 9. manic (adjective) – frenzied, hectic, intense; mad, insane. 10. backlash (noun) – a strong negative reaction; adverse response, counteraction. 11. affluent (adjective) – wealthy, rich, well-to-do, well off. 12. unanticipated (adjective) - unpredicted, unforeseen, unlooked for. 13. profound (adjective) – deep, serious, difficult, intense. 14. outweigh (verb) – be greater than; take priority over, prevail over; offset, cancel out. 15. play upon (phrasal verb) - exploit, take advantage of, make use of, misuse (someone's feelings unfairly). 16. vile (adjective) - wicked, evil, cruel, heinous. 17. instinct (noun) – (natural) tendency, inclination, urge/desire. 18. secular (adjective) – non-religious. 19. extremist (adjective) – radical, fanatic, dogmatist, bigot, hardliner. 20. allegedly (adverb) – apparently, ostensibly, purportedly, reportedly. 21. design (noun) – intention, aim, purpose, objective, plan. 22. demography (noun) – the structure of populations, especially human beings. 23. intolerance (noun) – prejudice, bias, bigotry/partisanship, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMdiscrimination. 24. construct (verb) – devise, design, contrive, work out.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 20, 2020)

25. abound (verb) – be in large numbers; be plentiful, be numerous; be full of.

26. long-standing (adjective) – long-established, deep-rooted, fixed, persistent, continuing (for a long time).

27. trigger (verb) – cause, provoke, stir up, bring about. 28. harassment (noun) – persecution, persistent annoyance, coercion/intimidation.

29. inter- (prefix) – between. 30. hysterical (adjective) – overwrought, unrestrained/uncontrolled,

emotional/frenzied. 31. embed (verb) – incorporate, include; insert/fix. 32. assumption (noun) – belief, supposition, expectation, speculation, conjecture. 33. compatibility (noun) – like-mindedness, similarity, togetherness, agreement, affinity, closeness, harmony. 34. temperament (noun) – disposition, nature, character. 35. trump (verb) – outdo, outperform, be better than. 36. wrath (noun) – extreme anger, rage, fury. 37. emphasise (verb) – draw attention to, put stress on, underscore, highlight. 38. take the wind out of someone's sails (phrase) - If you take the wind out of someone’s sails, you keep them from reaching their objectives. You create a barrier or block them in some way. 39. impregnable (adjective) – unconquerable, undefeatable, unassailable. 40. incontestable (adjective) – unquestionable, indisputable, undeniable. 41. realist (adjective) – denoting the theory of realism (pragmatism, practicality, matter-of-factness). 42. disconnect (noun) – discrepancy, disagreement, lack of similarity, mismatch, lack of connection. 43. elite (noun) – high society people; the group of most powerful people in a society. 44. tolerate (verb) - allow, permit, authorize, agree, approve. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM45. communal harmony (noun) - it means that people of different religions, castes, creeds, sex and different background live together in the society with love and peace amongst them.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 20, 2020)

46. egalitarian (adjective) – common, equal, fair.

47. ground (noun) – reason, factor, basis, rationale, premise. 48. conservative (adjective) – traditionalist, traditional, conventional, orthodox.

49. covertly (adverb) – secretly, secretively, stealthily, furtively. 50. prey upon (phrasal verb) - exploit, take advantage of; victimize,

intimidate, harass, persecute, hound. 51. communalism (noun) – adherence/obedience to one’s own ethnic group (against the principle/practice of living together in a wider

society). 52. juxtaposition (noun) – comparison, contrast; closeness. 53. asphyxiate (verb) - suffocate, choke, smother, stifle; die (by a lack of oxygen). 54. conservatism (noun) – conservatism in a broad sense, as a social attitude, has always existed. It expresses the instinctive human fear of sudden change, and tendency to habitual action. 55. at odds with (phrase) – inconsistent, in conflict, in opposition, contrary to. 56. portrayal (noun) – narrative, representation, characterization, depiction. 57. simplistic (adjective) – oversimple/oversimplified, schematic, facile. 58. myth (noun) – (false) belief, idea, notion; story. 59. facilitate (verb) – make easy, make possible; assist, help/aid. 60. intermingle (verb) – mix, mingle, unite together. 61. virtual (adjective) – effective, practical. 62. proximity (noun) – closeness, nearness, presence, adjacency (in relationship). 63. enrage (verb) – make angry, provoke, incite, infuriate. 64. orthodox (adjective) – traditional, conventional, doctrinal, mainstream, conformist. 65. intolerant (adjective) – hypersensitive; inflexible, dogmatic, uncompromising, unforgiving, unsympathetic. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM66. acknowledge (verb) – admit, accept, realize.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 20, 2020)

67. epic (noun) – long poem/story; the Mahabharata and the

Ramayana are the two main epics of India. 68. speak of (phrasal verb) - mention, talk about, refer to. 69. mythical (adjective) – traditional.

70. archetype (noun) – prototype, representative, model. 71. counter-current (noun) - counterflow, whirlwind/eddy (circular

movement). Figuratively to refer confusion, disturbance, commotion. 72. trait (noun) – characteristic, attribute, feature. 73. stubborn (adjective) – inflexible, uncooperative, difficult, resolute.

74. metropolitan (noun) – a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing. 75. social boycott (noun) – the act of intentionally refusing to deal with a person by the majority of society. 76. give way to (phrase) - yield, give in; be replaced by, be succeeded by, be superseded by. 77. accommodation (noun) – arrangement, settlement, compromise, adjustment, adaptation. 78. reconciliation (noun) – restoration of harmony, rapprochement, resolution, agreement. 79. insuperable (adjective) - insurmountable, unconquerable, unassailable. 80. fanatical (adjective) – extremist, dogmatic, sectarian, bigoted. 81. dogma (noun) – principle, rule, belief. 82. in short (phrase) – briefly, in essence, in sum. 83. exaggerated (adjective) – overstated, excessive, overemphasized, amplified/overdone. 84. springboard (noun) - something which provides support or motivation to do a particular course of action. 85. hostility (noun) – opposition, resentment, enmity, aversion, antipathy. 86. voice (noun) – opinion, view, feeling, desire. 87. rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively & WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMpersuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 20, 2020)

88. backing (noun) – support, assistance, cooperation, approval, sanction.

89. pass off (phrasal verb) – deceive, make up, pretend, misrepresent/misreport, falsify. 90. sectarian (adjective) – denoting a sect (a group of people); factional,

partisan. 91. curb (verb) – control, contain, restrict, limit.

92. commentator (noun) – critic, analyst, observer. 93. predominantly (adverb) – mainly, mostly, commonly. 94. discourse (noun) – discussion, conversation, communication,

expression. 95. surfeit (noun) – excess, abundance; too much, more than enough. 96. polarised (adjective) – separated into opposing two. 97. climate (noun) – atmosphere, mood/temper, situation. 98. chastise (verb) – punish, discipline. 99. stand by (phrasal verb) - support, back, uphold, champion. 100. passively (adverb) - in a way by not taking an active part in something; indirectly. 101. at best (phrase) - only, merely, simply. 102. at worst (phrase) - in the most serious case. 103. disruptor (noun) – a person/thing that effects the shift of fundamental expectations and behaviors. 104. at stake (phrase) – at issue, at risk; or in question. 105. gender equality (noun) – gender parity; It is the view that everyone should receive equal treatment and not be discriminated against based on their gender. 106. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, also. 107. irrespective of (adjective) – notwithstanding, without regard for, regardless of. 108. undermine (verb) – reduce, diminish, impede, hinder. 109. resistant (adjective) – opposed to, averse to, hostile to. 110. inveterate (adjective) – hardcore, hardened, chronic; long- WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMestablished, deep-rooted.

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 21, 2020) H

1. heckler (noun) - a person who embarrasses a performer/speaker with irrelevant & impolite comments. 2. veto (noun) – a right/power to reject a decision/proposal; rejection,

dismissal, denial, ban, prohibition. 3. biopic (noun) - a film that dramatizes the life of a non-fictional

(real) or historically-based person or people. 4. be subject to (verb) – susceptible to, liable to, open to, disposed to, prone to.

5. stymie (verb) – prevent, stop, hamper, thwart, impede, hinder. 6. opposition (noun) - objection, obstruction, criticism.

7. section (noun) – part, division, wing, group (within a larger body of people). 8. versatile (adjective) – all-round, multifaceted, multitalented, multiskilled. 9. whitewash (verb) – suppress, cover up, obscure, conceal (something deliberately). 10. genocide (noun) – mass murder, massacre, racial killing. 11. voice (noun) – opinion, view, feeling, comment. 12. contend (verb) – claim, argue, state. 13. jeopardise (verb) – put at risk, put in danger, endanger. 14. alienate (verb) – set apart, isolate, set against, separate, cut off, divide. 15. essay (verb) – attempt, make an effort, try/strive, seek. 16. scale Himalayan peaks (or) scale new heights (phrase) - achieve great success (in particular activity). 17. determination (noun) – will power, resolution, resolve. 18. unrelenting (adjective) – continuous, unceasing, persistent, non-stop. 19. point (noun) - extent, level, stage. 20. traitor (noun) – betrayer, double-dealer, defector. 21. keep out of (phrasal verb) – to not become involved in (something). 22. onslaught (noun) – attack, offensive, assault/aggression. 23. evoke (verb) – invoke, give rise to, bring forth, bring to mind. 24. aficionado (noun) - expert, authority, specialist. 25. convincing (adjective) – strong, sound, believable. 26. resemblance (noun) – similarity, likeness, sameness, identicalness. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM27. bewitching (adjective) – enchanting, attractive, delightful. 28. bag (verb) – get, secure, obtain, acquire. 29. showcase (verb) - display, exhibit, unveil, show to the public.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 21, 2020) H

30. backdrop (noun) – situation, scenario, context. 31. ethnic (adjective) – relating to a population subgroup (cultural, national, traditional/folk) with a common national or cultural

tradition. 32. shook past tense of shake (verb) – upset, disturb; weaken, undermine,

damage. 33. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 34. exponent (noun) – advocate, supporter, proponent.

35. cow (usually be cowed) (verb) - frighten or threaten someone to do something; intimidate, browbeat, bully, overawe.

36. intolerance (noun) – bigotry, narrow-mindedness, discrimination, dogmatism, illiberality, hypersensitivity. 37. prevail over (phrasal verb) – conquer, triumph, be victorious, gain mastery, prove superior. 38. venture (noun) – undertaking/involving (in a risky job/work/business). 39. old chestnut (phrase) – (relating to) something which is boring & tiresome due to its continuous recurrence. 40. resurrect (verb) – relaunch, reinstitute, bring back. 41. screen (verb) - show, telecast, broadcast (a film). 42. portrayal (noun) – narrative, representation, characterization, depiction. 43. give up (phrasal verb) – abandon, forgo, renounce, relinquish, discontinue. 44. footage (noun) - part of a kineme/film recording a particular event. 45. resonate (verb) – resound, reverberate; evoke some feelings/emotions. 46. no-brainer (noun) – something which demands little/no effort mentally. 47. bear on (phrasal verb) – to have an effect on something; be concerned with, have to do with, be connected with. 48. triumph (noun) – victory, win, success. 49. grief (noun) – sorrow, sadness, pain, heartbreak. 50. run down (phrasal verb) - criticize someone or something unfairly. 51. monumental (adjective) – impressive, outstanding, remarkable, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMmagnificent. 52. detractor (noun) – critic, fault-finder, censurer. 53. prevail (verb) – be in force, be in effect, be established, be the case.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (OCT 21, 2020) H 1. triumph (noun) – victory, win, success.

2. inclusive (adjective) – all-embracing, all-inclusive, with everyone included, comprehensive. 3. decisive (adjective) – deciding, conclusive, determining.

4. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 5. coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs

of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and

even death. 6. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 7. centre-left (adjective) – moderately left-wing (party). 8. popular vote (noun) - it simply refers to a democratic vote which has been put to an entire electorate (voters), which could be in the form of an election or referendum; public vote. 9. project (verb) – forecast, predict, estimate, calculate. 10. proportional representation (noun) – this refers to an electoral system in which the distribution of seats corresponds closely with the proportion of the total votes cast for each party. This is a more complicated but representative system than the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system, which is used in India. If a party gets 40% of the total votes, for example, a perfectly proportional system would allow it to get 40% of the seats. Some countries used a combination of the proportional representation system and the FPTP system. 11. centre-right (adjective) – moderately right-wing (party). 12. coalition (noun) - alliance, union, partnership. 13. nationalist (adjective) – extremely patriotic. 14. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 15. volcanic eruption (noun) – it occurs when hot materials from the Earth's interior are thrown out of a volcano. Volcanic eruptions can be quite calm and effusive (pouring out of molten rock), or they can be WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMexplosive. Effusive eruptions produce lava flows, while explosive eruptions produce ash and pyroclastic (denoting fragments of rock) density currents.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (OCT 21, 2020) H 16. outbreak (noun) – outburst, flaring up, breakout, sudden

appearance/occurrence of something. 17. de facto (adjective) – Latin, literally ‘of fact’; existing, actual, effective. 18. referendum (noun) – public vote; a direct vote in which people cast

ballots to decide on a specific issue or policy. 19. (case) fatality rate/ratio (CFR) (noun) – in epidemiology, the proportion of people who die from a particular disease compared to all individuals

diagnosed with the disease over a certain period of time. 20. community transmission (noun) – community spread/transmission means spread of an illness/disease for which the source of infection is

unknown. An infected person has no travel history to an affected area and no known contact with a person previously diagnosed with a particular disease. It is possible the patient is exposed to a returning traveler who is infected. 21. local transmission (cluster) (noun) – local spread/transmission means spread of an illness/disease for which the source of infection is known. An infected person has travel history to an affected area. We could able to identify and trace individual cases, and ring-fence a cluster (of them) to prevent the spread of infection. 22. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 23. normalcy (noun) – a normal condition; normality, regularity. 24. liberal (adjective) – unbigoted, broad-minded, open-minded. 25. buck (verb) – resist, oppose, contradict, defy, fight against. 26. conservative (noun) – right-winger, reactionary, rightist. 27. anti-immigrant (adjective) - voicing opposition to immigrants (non- natives, foreigners, migrants). 28. far-right (adjective) – relating to the extreme right wing of a political party or group; extremely conservative, rightist. Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

WORD LIST-2 (OCT 21, 2020) H 29. crisis-ridden (adjective) - dominated by crisis.

30. empathetic (adjective) – compassionate/ humane, sympathetic, understanding. 31. run (verb) - be in charge of, manage, administer, govern.

32. reach out (phrasal verb) – contact someone to obtain/offer help/assistance/cooperation. 33. back (verb) – support, endorse, approve, advocate.

34. assault rifle (noun) – assault weapon; It is originally built for military special operations as a fully automatic/semiautomatic weapon/firearm. (semi-automatic gun/rifle is a firearm (like AR-15, AK-47) which fires

one round for each trigger pull, whereas “automatic rifle” is a firearm (such as MG-34, M16) which fires more than one cartridge with a single pull of the trigger. These firearms are often referred to as “assault weapons or rifles, based on their rapid-fire capability). 35. alleviate (verb) – reduce, control, mitigate/moderate. 36. climate change (noun) – a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth. 37. humane (adjective) – compassionate, considerate, sympathetic, kind- hearted. 38. (be) couple with (verb) – combine, integrate, connect, incorporate, link. 39. transform (verb) - change/alter, modify, convert. 40. emphatic (adjective) – clear, definite, firm, decisive. 41. cost (noun) – sacrifice, loss (needed to achieve/get something). 42. contraction (noun) – In economics, it refers to a decline in national output as measured by gross domestic product. 43. loom (verb) – emerge, appear, become visible, take a threatening shape. 44. loom large (phrase) – be imminent/close, about to happen (and something which has a lot of importance/attention). 45. live up to (phrasal verb) – satisfy, fulfil, achieve, meet. Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 21, 2020)

1. offset (verb) – even up, counterbalance, equalize, neutralize; make amends for, compensate for.

2. dilution (noun) – reduction in value/power/force of something. 3. flawed (adjective) – defective, faulty, distorted, inaccurate. 4. turn (noun) – a change in a situation; circumstance, phenomenon.

5. dilute (verb) – diminish, reduce, decrease, lessen. 6. offset policy (noun) - Under the offset policy, the foreign defence entities, for all contracts worth more than 300 crore,

were mandated to spend at least 30 per cent of the total contract value in India through procurement of components, transfer of technologies or setting up of research and development facilities.

7. reportedly (adverb) – supposedly, seemingly, apparently, allegedly. 8. Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India (noun) – it is empowered to audit all expenses from the combined fund of the union or state governments, whether incurred within India or outside. 9. table (verb) – submit, put forward, introduce. 10. contend (verb) – claim, argue, state. 11. setback (noun) – problem, difficulty, issue. 12. augment (verb) – improve, make better, boost, enhance. 13. address (verb) – deal with, handle, tackle, grapple with. 14. tie up loose ends (phrase) – to complete the last few minor details of a project such that the task is entirely finished. 15. in order to (phrase) – with the purpose/aim of. 16. recognition (noun) – appreciation, commendation, acclaim. 17. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 18. way out (phrase) - solution, way of escape. 19. dilemma (noun) – quandary, predicament, difficulty. 20. soft credit (noun) - a credit for a donation that a Contact or Account did not make themselves, but may have somehow influenced. 21. sweeten (verb) – make acceptable, make agreeable, mitigate, relieve, ease. 22. proprietary knowledge/information (noun) - Proprietary information, also known as a trade secret, is information a company wishes to keep confidential. 23. embed (verb) – incorporate, include; insert/fix. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM24. geopolitics (noun) – the study of the geographical factors (a country’s position on the earth, size, climate, and natural resources & etc,.) in world politics and inter-state relations.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 21, 2020)

25. technical knowhow (noun) – intellectual property; proprietary knowledge.

26. know-how (noun) – knowledge, expertise, skill. 27. weigh-in (noun) - costing a specified amount. 28. considerably (adverb) – greatly, very much, a lot.

29. fixity (noun) - stability, durability, persistence, dependability. 30. stick to (verb) – abide by, hold to, comply with. 31. path dependency (noun) - a phenomenon whereby history matters; what

has occurred in the past persists because of resistance to change. The resistance to change could be based on the financial implications or because policymakers are making cautious or uninformed decisions.

32. render (verb) – make, cause to be, cause to become. 33. lack (verb) – be without, be in need of, require, be short of. 34. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 35. relative (adjective) – reasonable, a fair degree of, considerable. 36. consideration (noun) – thought, deliberation, analysis, examination. 37. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim. 38. buying power (noun) – purchasing power; the ability of a person or organization to buy things, based on the amount of money available with them. 39. clause (noun) – term, condition, provision, requirement. 40. instrument (noun) – mechanism, apparatus, system, means (to achieve/attain something). 41. indigenisation (noun) – the process of bringing something under the control of the native people. 42. tweak (verb) – adjust, modify, alter. 43. offset undertaking/company/partner (noun) – a partner/company/undertaking in India for the foreign defence firms to encourage technology transfers and setting up of production units in the country (as per the guidelines pertaining to Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP). 44. merely (adverb) – only, simply, just. 45. put in place (phrase) – initiate, usher in, bring in. 46. henceforth (adverb) – from this time on, in future, from now on. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM47. monopoly (noun) – exclusive/complete control of something by a person/organisation.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 21, 2020)

48. to begin with (phrase) – at first, at the outset, at the beginning. 49. give up (phrasal verb) – abandon, forgo, renounce, relinquish,

discontinue. 50. death knell (noun) – used to refer to the approaching destruction or failure of something.

51. prospects (noun) – possibilities, potential, expectations, outlook. 52. self-reliance (noun) – self-sufficiency, self-support, self-sustenance. 53. lamentable (adjective) - unfortunate, distressing, grievous, appalling.

54. upfront (adjective) – (of a payment) made in advance. 55. pay for itself (phrase) – earn/save enough money to cover the cost of its purchase.

56. potential (adjective) – possible, likely, probable. 57. spill-over (noun) - repercussion, consequence, outcome (unexpected one). 58. undoubtedly (adverb) – admittedly, doubtless, beyond question. 59. short-lived (adjective) – brief, short, short-term, temporary, transitory. 60. parallel (adjective) – equivalent, similar, resembling. 61. heft (noun) – influence, ability; weight/strength. 62. lightweight (noun) – nobody, nothing, amateur. 63. much-touted (adjective) – praised, supported, commended highly. 64. National Civil Aircraft Development (NCAD) (noun) – The National Civil Aircraft Development (NCAD) project was first proposed as the Indian regional transport aircraft programme in 2007. State-owned air framer Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL) and research and development agency National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) undertook separate studies at that time. The programme for development of a 90 seater aircraft will have two phases namely, design & development phase and manufacturing phase. 65. Regional Transport Aircraft (RTA) (noun) – it is a project of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL). India intends to develop a Regional Transport Aircraft (RTA) with a seating capacity for 70-90 passengers that could be manufactured in the country in a cost-effective manner. The aircraft will be used to connect cities over 500km apart and CSIR-National Aerospace WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMLaboratories (CSIR-NAL) has been asked to carry out feasibility studies for the project.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 21, 2020)

66. come up with (phrasal verb) – produce, put forward, present/submit. 67. indigenously (adverb) – in an indigenous (originating from native/local)

manner, something is produced in a particular region/country. 68. non-starter (noun) – failure, fiasco, catastrophe/mess. 69. whopping (adjective) – huge, massive, very large.

70. paltry (adjective) – small, meagre, inadequate, insufficient. 71. plummet (verb) – fall sharply/steeply, go down, drop. 72. primarily (adverb) – basically, especially, particularly.

73. threshold (noun) – limit, the level (to react to something). 74. hitherto (adverb) – previously, earlier, so far/thus far, until now. 75. vibrant (adjective) – high-spirited, energetic, dynamic.

76. cluster (noun) – a group (of people/things considered as a unit). 77. undo (verb) – cancel, reverse, revoke, nullify, invalidate. 78. virtually (adverb) – practically, nearly, almost. 79. scrap (verb) - discard, remove, dispense with, eliminate. 80. voluntarily (adverb) – intentionally, knowingly. 81. ambitious (adjective) – determined, enthusiastic, aspiring. 82. interest (noun) – benefit, advantage. 83. Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (or) Self-reliant India Mission (noun) – The term was coined by the Prime Minister of India, Mr Narendra Modi during his address to the nation on May 12, 2020. He called this campaign as Aatma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan (Self- Reliant India Movement). He also defined five pillars of Aatmanirbhar Bharat – Economy, Infrastructure, System, Demography and Demand. He stressed that it is time to become vocal for our local products and make them global. Under this campaign, a special economic package has been released by the government, which will benefit various segments including cottage industry, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), labourers, middle class, and industries, among others.

Note: WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 22, 2020) H 1. public health (noun) – the branch of medicine handling public health; public health is also the science of protecting and improving the health of people and their communities through education, policy making

and research for disease and injury prevention. 2. messaging (noun) - the process of sending a message or communication,

especially electronically. 3. potential (adjective) – possible, likely, probable. 4. reversal (noun) – turnaround, (adverse) change, backtracking.

5. explode (verb) – increase suddenly, escalate, heighten, multiply. 6. gathering (noun) - assembly, meeting, convention. 7. funeral (noun) – burial (ceremony), cremation, laying to rest.

8. throng (verb) – crowd round, gather, assemble together. 9. grasp (verb) – take advantage of, seize/grab (the opportunity), act on. 10. in spite of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, regardless of. 11. call (noun) – demand, appeal, need, necessity. 12. mask up (phrasal verb) - to wear a mask or face covering. 13. visibility (noun) – clarity. 14. mosaic (noun) – mixed bag, mixture/patchwork, collection of diverse elements. 15. standardised (adjective) – systematized, regulated. 16. (contact) tracing (noun) – it is defined as the identification and followup of persons who may have come into contact with a person infected with the virus. 17. isolation (noun) – a complete separation from others of a person known or reasonably believed to be infected with communicable diseases. 18. broad-brush (adjective) – lacking in detail, incomplete, insufficient. 19. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote. 20. incidence (noun) – it refers to the number of new cases that develop in a given period of time whereas prevalence refers to the number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given time. 21. positivity rate (noun) – the proportion of positives to total tests done for a disease; the percentage of tests that are turning out to be positive for a disease. 22. metric (noun) – (statistical) data that measure results. 23. absolute (adjective) – total, complete, entire. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM24. lax (adjective) – negligent, careless, heedless, unmindful, inattentive, casual. 25. drown (verb) – make inaudible, overpower, overwhelm, override, bury. 26. emphasis (noun) – prominence, importance, significance.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 22, 2020) H 27. anxious (adjective) – worried, concerned, distressed, bothered. 28. picture (noun) – situation, condition, circumstances. 29. near-normality (noun) - a situation/condition in which everything is

almost normal. 30. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize, call attention to.

31. drop/lower one's guard (phrase) – to become less careful, to become less vigilant, to become less alert. 32. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a

particular disease. 33. live with (phrasal verb) - accept, tolerate, endure (something unpleasant).

34. endemic (adjective) – (of a disease) prevalent in or restricted to a particular location. 35. toll (noun) – number, count, sum total (of deaths/casualties). 36. stand at (verb) – be at a particular level. 37. inconsequential (adjective) – insignificant, unimportant, inessential. 38. the new normal (phrase) – an earlier unusual situation that becomes a standard now. 39. acknowledged (adjective) - accepted, agreed (as legitimate). 40. defence (noun) – protection, shielding, safeguarding; security. 41. hygiene (noun) – cleanliness. 42. in parallel (phrase) – happening at the same time. 43. predominantly (adverb) – mainly, mostly, commonly. 44. commercialise (verb) – take advantage of something (an activity) to make a profit. 45. universal coverage (noun) – it means that all individuals and communities receive the health services they need without suffering financial hardship. 46. jeopardy (noun) – peril, danger, risk/difficulty. 47. steep (adjective) – sharp, sudden, rapid. 48. insurer (noun) - an entity which provides insurance is known as an insurer or insurance company. 49. circumstances (noun) – situation, background, conditions, state of affairs. 50. centre around (verb) – focus on, concentrate on, be based on. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM51. theme (noun) – idea, message, concept. 52. efficacy (noun) – effectiveness, efficiency, power/ability to give estimated results.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (OCT 22, 2020) H 1. socialist (noun) – a person who is following the principles of

socialism; leftist, left-winger. 2. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote.

3. emphatic (adjective) – clear, definite, firm, decisive. 4. oust (verb) – remove, dislodge, overthrow. 5. exit poll (noun) - a poll or survey of voters exiting/leaving

polling stations after casting their votes. 6. hand-picked (adjective) – specially chosen/selected.

7. popular vote (noun) – it simply refers to a democratic vote which has been put to an entire electorate (voters), which could be in the form of an election or referendum; public vote.

8. rival (noun) – opponent, adversary, contender, competitor. 9. concede (verb) – admit, acknowledge, accept (defeat in a contest). 10. indigenous (adjective) – native/local, domestic. 11. stand down (phrasal verb) – withdraw, resign, leave, quit, step down (from a position or office). 12. right-wing (adjective) – conservative, rightist, ultra-right, alt-right, traditional. 13. Senator (noun) - a member of the Senate (the upper house or chamber in some bicameral legislative systems. (for example in the US, Australia, Canada). 14. acting (adjective) - substitute, deputy, temporary. 15. roll back (phrasal verb) – reverse the progress of something. 16. go after (phrasal verb) – take actions to criticize/punish someone. 17. mobilise (verb) – (of people) bring together for a particular cause. 18. carry forward (phrasal verb) – have something to continue/handle at a later stage (to make progress). 19. pro- (pre-fix) – favouring; supporting. 20. legacy (noun) – something received from a predecessor or from the past. 21. portray (verb) – describe, depict, represent. 22. elite (noun) – high society people; the group of most powerful people in a society. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. privatisation (noun) – transfer of a business, industry, academic institutions or service from public to private ownership and control. 24. equity-oriented (adjective) - equity-focused; aimed/designed/intented to have equity.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (OCT 22, 2020) H 25. free market (noun) - a type of economic system that is controlled by

the market forces of supply and demand, as opposed to government controls that involve price-cutting monopolies. It is different from a

regulated market or command economy. In the latter, a central government agency decides the supply and demand, which means the market does not operate freely. In a free market, a majority of

companies and properties are owned by individuals or entities in the private sector instead of the state.

26. conservatism (noun) – (political) views/opinions that support free enterprise, private ownership, and socially traditional ideas. 27. credit (verb) – recognize, accredit, praise, acclaim.

28. turn around (phrasal verb) – change course, reverse direction. 29. step up (phrasal verb) – speed up, increase, accelerate, quicken. 30. public investment (noun) – the money/resources that a government spends on public projects and services. 31. nationalise (verb) – change ownership (of an industry/business) from private sector to the public ownership of a national government or state. 32. back (verb) – support, endorse, approve, advocate. 33. turbulence (noun) – instability, troubles, disturbance, confusion. 34. bid (noun) – attempt, effort, endeavour/try. 35. referendum (noun) – public vote; a direct vote in which people cast ballots to decide on a specific issue or policy. 36. legitimacy (noun) – legality, lawfulness; justification, validity, permissibility. 37. candidacy (noun) – the state/condition/fact of being a candidate, particularly in an election; candidate-ship. 38. ouster (noun) – removal, dismissal, unseating. 39. battered (adjective) – damaged, impaired, spoiled. 40. on track (phrase) – on course, on target, on schedule. 41. run (verb) – be in charge of, manage, administer, govern. 42. interim (adjective) – provisional, transitional, temporary. 43. keep at bay (phrase) – prevent someone/something from coming WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMnearer. 44. galvanize (verb) - motivated, stimulated, energized, inspired, awakened.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 22, 2020) WP 1. pothole (noun) - hole, hollow, cavity; difficult/awkward situation. 2. superhighway (noun) - infobahn; Internet-type communications network that would allow to quickly access and exchange information

via voice, data, video and other services. 3. National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) (noun) - an umbrella

organization for all retail payments in India. It was set up with the guidance and support of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Indian Banks Association (IBA).

4. rational (adjective) – sensible, logical, reasonable, coherent. 5. ground (noun) – reason, factor, basis, rationale, foundation.

6. relegate (verb) – downgrade, lower; degrade/reduce to. 7. background (noun) – less important position, out of the public eye, out of the spotlight/limelight, backstage. 8. debit (noun) - an amount of money removed from a bank account. A debit entry to a bank account will decrease its value. 9. credit (noun) – an amount of money added to a bank account. A credit entry to a bank account will increase its value. 10. embrace (verb) – welcome, accept, adapt, take up. 11. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) (noun) - a scheme launched by Government of India on 1 January 2013 to transfer the benefits and subsidies of various social welfare schemes like LPG subsidy, MNREGA payments, Old Age Pension, Scholarships etc. directly in the bank account of the beneficiary. 12. subject to (adjective) – conditional on, contingent on, dependent on; under the control of. 13. forbearance (noun) – temporary postponement of (tax/debt) payments granted by the government/bank. It is to give taxpayers/customers extra time to make their tax/debt payments; nonenforcement. 14. regulatory forbearance (noun) – A regulatory policy (i.e., a policy implemented by central banks and other regulatory authorities) that permits banks and financial institutions to continue operating even when their capital is fully depleted. Regulators give banks extended periods of time during which they have to comply with regulatory requirements (by securing new capital funds). 15. versatility (noun) - adaptability, flexibleness, all-roundedness. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM16. phenomenal (adjective) – exceptional, extraordinary, remarkable. 17. fintech (noun) – it is the shortened version of the phrase Financial Technology, which is now used to describe businesses that offer financial services using software and modern technology.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 22, 2020) WP 18. steer (verb) – guide, conduct, direct, lead. 19. evolution (noun) – progress, advancement, development. 20. pilot (verb) – test, trial, examine.

21. succinctly (adverb) – concisely, shortly, clearly. 22. thrust (noun) – driving force, motive force, impetus, push, drive.

23. Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) (noun) - a system where there is continuous and real-time settlement of fund-transfers, individually on a transaction by transaction basis (without netting). 'Real Time' means

the processing of instructions at the time they are received; 'Gross Settlement' means that the settlement of funds transfer instructions

occurs individually. 24. finality (noun) - the quality of being final or definitely settled irreversibly; completeness, decisiveness. 25. Harshad Mehta scam (noun) - Securities Scam; systematic fraud of around Rs.4,000 crore that involved bank receipts and stamp papers leading the stock market to crash. 26. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, also. 27. substantially (adverb) – considerably, significantly, largely. 28. National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) (noun) - a nation-wide centralised payment system owned and operated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). 29. round the clock (phrase) - all day and all night (without stopping). 30. bring about (phrasal verb) – cause to happen, make happen, result in, give rise to. 31. Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) (noun) - It was established on April 12, 1992 in accordance with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992. It is the regulator of the securities and commodity market in India owned by the Government of India. 32. regulator (noun) – an association that supervises a particular business activity. 33. contemplate (verb) – think about, consider, give thought to. 34. underlying (adjective) – fundamental, basic, principal, primary. 35. consideration (noun) – factor, issue, point, concern. 36. proceeds (noun) – profits, earnings, returns, income, revenue. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM37. in turn (phrase) – successively, sequentially; because of that, as a result of that. 38. broaden (verb) – expand, enlarge, extend. 39. deepen (verb) – grow, increase, intensify, strengthen.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 22, 2020) WP 40. umbrella (modifier) – something (coalition) that has many different parts/elements. 41. umbrella system/organization (noun) - an association of related

institutions who work together formally to coordinate activities or pool resources.

42. sterling (adjective) – excellent, outstanding, admirable. 43. robust (adjective) – strong, powerful. 44. seed (verb) - cause (something) to begin.

45. reinforce (verb) – strengthen, fortify, bolster up, underpin. 46. set up (phrasal verb) – establish, start/begin, inaugurate, create.

47. moot (verb) – put forward, present, propose, suggest. 48. Bangirocentralen (BGC AB) (noun) - a not-for-profit organisation owned by eight Swedish banks for providing retail payment and related services. 49. proposition (noun) – theory, concept, premise, idea, assumption. 50. public goods (noun) – goods/services that are commonly provided to all people within a society or community. There are two important aspects for public goods-non rivalry (doesn’t reduce availability for A if B consume it) and non-excludability (no one is excluded from consumption). 51. apprehension (noun) – anxiety, worry, uneasiness, misgiving, disquiet. 52. sovereign (noun) – supreme authority, head of state. 53. gyration (noun) - rotation, revolution, turning, circling. 54. dilute (verb) – diminish, reduce, decrease, lessen. 55. outfit (noun) – group, organisation. 56. entranced (adjective) - enchanted, bewitched, captivated, mesmerized. 57. formidable (adjective) – impressive, strong, powerful, mighty. 58. viz. (adverb) – namely, specifically, in other words. 59. Unified Payments Interface (UPI) (noun) - a system that powers multiple bank accounts into a single mobile application (of any participating bank), merging several banking features, seamless fund WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMrouting & merchant payments into one hood. It also caters to the “Peer to Peer” collect request which can be scheduled and paid as per requirement and convenience.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 22, 2020) WP 60. Immediate Payment Service (IMPS) (noun) - an emphatic service which allow transferring of funds instantly within banks across India which is not only safe but also economical. IMPS

offer an instant, 24*7 interbank electronic fund transfer service capable of processing person to person, person to account and person

to merchant remittances via mobile, internet and ATMs. It is a multichannel and multidimensional platform that make the payments possible within fraction of seconds with all the standards and integrity

maintained for security required for even high worth transactions. 61. endorsement (noun) – support, backing, approval.

62. accolade (noun) – acclaim, praise/tribute, approval. 63. distinction (noun) – importance, significance, excellence. 64. path breaking (adjective) – innovative, pioneering, ingenious. 65. preserve (verb) – protect, safeguard, maintain. 66. withstand (verb) – stand firm against, stand up to, fight; live through, endure, tolerate. 67. windfall (noun) - a lot of money that you win or get unexpectedly; bonanza, jackpot, unexpected fortune/gain. 68. retrograde (adjective) – unprogressive, negative, reverse/regressive. 69. surplus (noun) – excess, oversupply, overabundance. 70. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 71. prescribe (verb) – stipulate, lay down, specify, set down. 72. Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) (noun) - the sum total of all the charges and taxes that a digital payment entails (requires). For instance, the MDR includes bank charges (processing fees), which a bank charges customers and merchants for allowing payments to be made digitally. 73. prescription (noun) – (authoritative) recommendation, instruction, order, direction. 74. implicitly (adverb) – indirectly, tacitly, understandably, in a implied/hinted way. 75. current account savings account (CASA) deposit (noun) - CASA deposit is the amount of money that gets deposited in WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMthe current and savings accounts of bank customers. 76. incumbent on (adjective) – necessary, compulsory, required, obligatory. 77. left out past participle of leave out (phrasal verb) – fail to include; exclude, omit, miss out.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 22, 2020) WP 78. adverse (adjective) – unfavourable, disadvantageous, bad. 79. dichotomy (noun) – difference, contrast, contradiction. 80. induce (verb) – cause, produce, effect, bring about.

81. segmentation (noun) - division/separation into a different parts. 82. cartel (noun) – a group of manufacturers/businesses fixing a high

price to avoid competition and to make more money. 83. ceiling (noun) – upper limit, maximum, highest permissible level. 84. corrective action (noun) - action to eliminate the cause of a detected

non-conformity or other undesirable situation. 85. a level playing field (phrase) – a situation in which everyone has a

fair and equal opportunity to succeed, and no one has an advantage over the other. 86. imperfection (noun) - defect, fault, deficiency. 87. utility (noun) – use, usefulness, advantage, benefit. 88. cost-volume-price data (noun) - it is a data used to find out how changes in variable and fixed costs affect a firm's profit. 89. reckon (verb) - consider, regard, view. 90. float funds (noun) - the money in a bank that has usually been credited to the bank, but not the customer. Float refers to ‘the amount of money tied up between the time a payment is initiated and cleared funds become available in the company’s bank account’. 91. drain (noun) – loss/expenditure of a particular resource. 92. default (noun) – non-payment, failure to pay. 93. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 94. exploitation (noun) – taking advantage, utilization, misuse, unfair treatment, capitalization. 95. run into (phrasal verb) – reach (a amount), extend to, be as high as. 96. pervasive (adjective) – common, general, widespread, prevalent, ubiquitous, omnipresent. 97. at the cost of (phrase) - by sacrificing/losing/giving up something. 98. win-win (adjective) – relating to a situation in which each party will WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMgain something.

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 23, 2020) H 1. unrest (noun) – disruption, agitation, turmoil, disorder, chaos. 2. popular (adjective) - public, societal, social. 3. sentiment (noun) – thought, view/opinion, belief, idea/feeling.

4. popular sentiment (noun) - beliefs or attitudes that most people have; general voice, vox populi, people's voice.

5. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 6. mammoth (adjective) – something which is huge, massive, mighty, colossal.

7. rally (noun) – mass meeting, gathering, assembly (to show support for a cause). 8. call for (phrasal verb) – require, publicly ask/necessitate, demand.

9. inflation (noun) – simply meaning “cost of living”; increase of price level of goods & services and vice versa decrease of currency value. 10. puppet (noun) – pawn; a person under someone’s control. 11. solidarity (noun) – unity, unanimity, harmony, cooperation. 12. rig (verb) – manipulate/conduct something fraudulently, particularly elections. 13. harassment (noun) – persecution, persistent annoyance, coercion/intimidation. 14. put pressure on (phrase) – to try to influence/persuade someone to do something in a certain method. 15. judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested. 16. subvert (verb) – undermine, weaken, impair, damage. 17. omnipotent (adjective) – all-powerful, totalitarian, autocratic (with great power/influence). 18. establishment (noun) – a powerful group within a particular area of activity. 19. drop (verb) – give up, abandon, discontinue (a course of action). 20. rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively & persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language. 21. chafe (verb) - become irritated & lose patience (because of rules and restrictions); feel annoyed, feel frustrated, be impatient. 22. curb (noun) – restraint, control/check, restriction, limitation. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. the establishment (noun) – the powers that be, the authorities, the regime, bureaucracy, officialdom. 24. well worn (adjective) – hackneyed, clichéd, banal/overused/old. 25. script (noun) – a plan of action.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 23, 2020) H 26. prosecutor (noun) – a lawyer who presents the government’s case against someone accused of a crime. 27. money laundering (noun) – a secret act of moving illegally acquired

funds into legal bank accounts or investments. 28. extradite (verb) – to surrender a fugitive (a person who has escaped from

being confined/accused of crime) from one (country’s) jurisdiction to another by mutual agreements between the two countries; hand over, deport, banish/expel.

29. charge (verb) – accuse, indict, prosecute, put on trial. 30. try (verb) – hear, investigate (a case) and make a formal judgement on it; pass judgement on, adjudge, adjudicate.

31. take the stage (phrase) - to be or become the centre of attention. 32. swing into action (phrase) – begin/start acting on something quickly. 33. disrespect (verb) – insult. 34. mausoleum (noun) – a building which contains the grave/tomb/burial chamber of a famous person (for example: The Taj Mahal is the world's most famous mausoleum). 35. erupt (verb) – appear, emerge, break out, flare up. 36. reportedly (adverb) – supposedly, seemingly, apparently, allegedly. 37. carry out (phrasal verb) – conduct, perform, execute. 38. first information report (FIR) (noun) – a written document prepared by the police when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence. 39. echelon (noun) – level, rank, grade (in an organization). 40. back (verb) – support, endorse, approve, advocate. 41. outrage (noun) – fury, anger, wrath, indignation, resentment. 42. en masse (adverb) – in a mass, all together, as a group. 43. humiliation (noun) – embarrassment, shame, indignity, dishonour, insult, offence. 44. mete out (phrasal verb) – dispense, give out, hand out (a punishment). 45. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 46. stand-off (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, impasse (in a dispute/conflict). 47. boil (noun) - a state of great activity. 48. on the boil (phrase) – refer to a situation which is very strong or active. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM49. hold someone's feet to the fire (phrase) - put pressure on someone to do something, to hold someone accountable, to force someone to obey/follow (your command).

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 23, 2020)

1. indigenously (adverb) – in an indigenous (originating from native/local)

manner, something is produced in a particular region/country. 2. scale up (phrasal verb) – increase (in size or number). 3. thanks to (phrase) – as a result of, owing to, due to, because of.

4. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

5. rise to the occasion (phrase) – to try (very) hard to succeed in dealing with a difficult situation. 6. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) (noun) – the apex body in

India for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research, is one of the oldest medical research bodies in the world. As early as in 1911, the Government of India set up the Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA) with the specific objective of sponsoring and coordinating medical research in the country. It was redesignated in 1949 as the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). The ICMR is funded by the Government of India through the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. 7. sensitivity (noun) – In medical diagnosis, test sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease (true positive rate). 8. specificity (noun) – in medicine diagnosis, the ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disease (true negative rate). 9. dilute (verb) – diminish, reduce, decrease, lessen. 10. accuracy (noun) - exactness, correctness, perfection. 11. carry out (phrasal verb) – conduct, perform, execute. 12. antigen (noun) – disease causing organisms (bacteria & viruses) and other harmful/toxic foreign substances like insect venom that induce an immune response in the body. 13. rapid antigen test (RAT) (noun) – It is a test on swabbed nasal samples that detects antigens (foreign substances that induce an immune response in the body) that are found on or within the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is a point-of-care test, performed outside the conventional laboratory setting, and is used to quickly obtain a diagnostic result. In a WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMreliable rapid antigen detection test, the maximum duration for interpreting a positive or negative test is 30 minutes.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 23, 2020)

14. Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) (noun) - It

is a scientific research institute devoted primarily to biological research. It is a part of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India. The institute was founded in 1977 as the Center for Biochemical

Technology with a primary focus on biochemical research, but has since shifted its research focus to integrative biology. 15. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) (noun) - founded

in 1942, the CSIR is an autonomous body that has emerged as the largest research and development organisation in India. It has 37 research centers and 39 field stations or augmentation focuses spread the

country over. The innovative work exercises of CSIR incorporate different fields, for example, aerospace engineering, Structural engineering, ocean sciences, Life sciences, metallurgy, chemicals, mining, food, petroleum, leather, and environment. 16. hand out (phrasal verb) – give out, issue, provide; impose/inflict (a misfortune/penalty). 17. lead to (verb) – cause, result in, bring on, bring about. 18. open up (phrasal verb) – make something accessible/available. 19. around the corner (phrase) – coming soon, coming up, approaching, forthcoming. 20. asymptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with no symptoms. 21. symptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with symptoms. 22. pre-symptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with mild illness/symptoms. 23. on demand (phrase) – when required; when needed; when asked for. 24. advisory (noun) – official communication, announcement, notification, press release, bulletin.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 23, 2020)

25. RNA virus (noun) – a virus in which the genetic material is RNA.

The RNA may be either double- or single-stranded. 26. swab (noun) – a piece of soft, absorbent material attached to a stick to take samples (specimens) of body fluids, clean wounds or apply

medicines. 27. amplification (noun) - the action/process of making multiple copies of a gene/ DNA sequence.

28. vital (adjective) – key, essential, important. 29. far (adverb) – much, considerably, markedly, noticeably. 30. superior (noun) - better, good-quality, high-quality, top-quality.

31. infrastructure (noun) – structure, framework, organization, mechanisms. 32. rely on (phrasal verb) – depend on; resort to, have recourse to. 33. readily (adverb) - easily, with ease, without difficulty, effortlessly. 34. protocol (noun) – procedure, convention, rules of conduct. 35. saliva (noun) – watery liquid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth. 36. rather than (phrase) – instead of. 37. isolation (noun) – separation, segregation, setting apart. 38. validation (noun) – the action of declaring something is officially acceptable. 39. non-invasive (adjective) – (of medical procedures) not involving medical tools that break the skin or physically enter the body. 40. probably (adverb) – most likely, in all likelihood, all things considered, perhaps. 41. reliance on (noun) – confidence in, dependence, belief in. 42. personnel (noun) – staff, employees, workforce.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 23, 2020) WP 1. drive (verb) – force, press, pressurize, urge. 2. bargain (noun) – agreement, arrangement, understanding, deal. 3. forum (noun) – meeting, gathering, conference.

4. regime (noun) – government. 5. pay off (phrasal verb) - be advantageous to, be beneficial to, be

profitable to. 6. Paris Agreement/Accord (noun) – The Paris Agreement builds upon the Convention (agreement) and for the first time brings all nations into a

common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so. The Paris Agreement central aim is to strengthen the

global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre- industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius. 7. climate change (noun) – a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth. 8. mobilise (verb) – Bring (resources) into use for a particular purpose/cause. 9. Green Climate Fund (GCF) (noun) - The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is the world’s largest dedicated fund helping developing countries reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and enhance their ability to respond to climate change. It was set up by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2010. GCF has a crucial role in serving the Paris Agreement, supporting the goal of keeping average global temperature rise well below 2 degrees C. 10. climate adaptation (noun) - adapting to life in a changing climate – involves adjusting to actual or expected future climate. The goal is to reduce our vulnerability to the harmful effects of climate change (like sea-level encroachment, more intense extreme weather events or food insecurity). 11. renewable technology (noun) - the (very) method /way with which we sustainably harness the earth’s natural resources (solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources etc.) to power consumers. 12. push (noun) – drive, initiative, campaign. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM13. ratification (noun) – approval, sanction, endorsement, finalization. 14. legacy (noun) – it refers to something being passed down from earlier generations. The legacy project is something of value for future generations.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 23, 2020)

15. push for (verb) - demand, insist on, call for, campaign for. 16. bid (noun) – attempt, effort, endeavour/try. 17. ratify (verb) – approve, sanction, endorse, validate.

18. protocol (noun) – procedure, convention, rules of conduct. 19. mark (verb) – indicate, represent, signify, signalize. 20. revoke (verb) – cancel, repeal/reverse, abrogate, nullify.

21. contingent on (adjective) - dependent, conditional. 22. conveniently (adverb) – suitably, favourably, advantageously. 23. predecessor (noun) – previous holder; forerunner, precursor, antecedent.

24. calculation (noun) – assessment, judgement; projection, prediction. 25. make one’s way (phrase) – proceed to a particular place. 26. brief (noun) – instructions, directions, briefing. 27. itinerary (noun) – a planned journey/route, way, path. 28. make no bones about (phrase) - not to try to conceal your feelings/emotions. 29. mission (noun) – journey, voyage, tour. 30. thwart (verb) – prevent, hamper/hinder, obstruct/block. 31. Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (noun) – The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of modern China, officially known as the People’s Republic of China. 32. Quad/Quadrilateral (noun) – The ‘Quadrilateral’ is described as four democracies (the United States, Japan, Australia and India) with a shared objective to ensure and support a “free, open and prosperous” Indo-Pacific region. 33. collaborate (verb) – join, cooperate, team up. 34. exploitation (noun) – taking advantage, utilization, misuse, unfair treatment, capitalization. 35. coercion (noun) – force/pressure, oppression, harassment, intimidation. 36. in contrast (to) (phrase) – in opposition to, be very different from. 37. align (verb) - join/unite, combine, team up, cooperate, collaborate. 38. by no means (phrase) – not at all, in no way, certainly not. 39. relentless (adjective) – continuing, constant, continuous, non-stop. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM40. aggression (noun) – hostility, belligerence, combativeness, warmongering, hawkishness.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 23, 2020)

41. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle

(Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 42. disengage (verb) – withdraw, pull out, leave, move out, retreat. 43. People’s Liberation Army (PLA) (noun) – People’s Liberation

Army (PLA) is the armed forces of the country of China and Communist Party of China (CPC). It is one of the largest military forces in the world.

44. occupy (verb) - capture, seize, take possession of, invade (a place). 45. bilaterally (adverb) – between two countries involved. 46. prompting (noun) - encouragement, inducement, suggestion. 47. accrue (verb) – grow, increase, augment, build up, be added. 48. tenuous (adjective) – weak/shaky, insubstantial, unconvincing, unsatisfactory. 49. for one (phrase) – used for highlighting that someone is thinking in a particular way, even if other people are not. 50. The Electoral College (noun) – it is a group of people that elects the president and the vice president of the United States. (The word “college” in this case simply refers to an organized body of people engaged in a common task). 51. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote. 52. probable (adjective) – most likely, possible, expected, anticipated. 53. nominee (noun) – candidate. 54. ties (noun) – bond, association, relationship. 55. brink (noun) – edge/verge/end (of something). 56. dust off (phrasal verb) - bring something back to use (again) after a long period of time. 57. rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively & persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language. 58. weight (noun) – value; importance, significance. 59. hardly (adverb) – barely, only just, narrowly, slightly. 60. endear (verb) – inspire, attract, cherish/charm. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM61. solidarity (noun) – unity, unanimity, harmony, cooperation. 62. rally (noun) – mass meeting, gathering, assembly (to show support for a cause).

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 23, 2020)

63. front (noun) – a particular situation. 64. South & North Block (noun) – South Block is a metonym of the Prime Minister’s Office. North Block is a metonym of the Ministry of Finance,

India. (The Secretariat Building (consists North & South Block) or Central Secretariat is where the Cabinet Secretariat is housed, which administers the Government of India. The South Block houses the Prime

Minister’s Office, Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of External Affairs). The North Block primarily houses the Ministry of Finance and the Home Ministry). (Metonym is used as an alternative for something

else with which it is closely related/associated). 65. the elephant in the room (phrase) - it is mostly used to refer to a serious problem — one which people are aware of, but choose to ignore. They think that if they do not talk about it, the problem will somehow disappear. 66. pose (verb) – raise, ask, put (a question/matter for consideration). 67. maritime (adjective) – of or related to the sea. 68. sphere (noun) – an area of activity; a field of activity; domain, realm. 69. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) (noun) - Established in 1985, it is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia. Its member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. 70. Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for Geo-Spatial cooperation (BECA) (noun) - BECA agreement will allow India to use US expertise on geospatial intelligence and to enhance military accuracy of automated hardware systems and weapons like cruise, ballistic missiles and drones. This is the third foundational agreement to be signed between India and the US after the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) and the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) in 2016 and 2018 respectively. 71. pave the way for (phrase) – clear the way for, usher in, set the scene for. 72. cede (verb) – give up, concede, surrender, relinquish (territory). 73. area/sphere of influence (phrase) - domain, province, territory (under WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMsomeone's authority/power/influence). 74. counter (verb) – oppose, resist, tackle, confront. 75. infrastructure (noun) – structure, framework, organization, mechanisms.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 23, 2020) WP 76. Millenium Challenge Corporation(MCC) (noun) - a bilateral United States foreign aid agency established by the U.S. Congress in 2004, that is designed to use a new approach toward foreign aid. It is an innovative

and independent U.S. foreign assistance agency that is helping lead the fight against global poverty. 77. key (adjective) - basic, fundamental, essential.

78. at a time (phrase) - during. 79. debt relief (noun) – measures to reduce debt as a means to make it easier

for the borrower to repay it. (debt = money owed to others, arrears, bill, financial obligation, liability, outstanding payment). 80. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind.

81. constraint (noun) – restriction, limitation, restraint. 82. stave off (phrasal verb) – avert, prevent, avoid, rule out. 83. (make) inroads into (phrase) – progress/advance into (a new area/territory). 84. continental (adjective) – belonging to a continent (mainland). 85. on one’s own (phrase) – alone, all alone, by oneself, all by oneself. 86. expedite (verb) – accelerate, hasten, speed up, quicken. 87. keep/put pressure on (phrase) – to try to influence/persuade someone to do something in a certain method. 88. in this regard (phrase) – in connection with the aspect/consideration/point referred earlier. 89. Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) (noun) – The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is a U.S. trade program designed to promote economic growth in the developing world by providing preferential duty-free entry for thousands of products from 129 designated beneficiary countries and territories. 90. exemption (noun) – exclusion, relief, exception. 91. Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) (noun) - it is a U.S. federal law that imposes economic sanctions on Iran, Russia and North Korea. The bill came into effect on August 2, 2017, with the intention of countering perceived aggressions against the U.S. government by foreign powers. It accomplishes this goal by preventing U.S. companies from doing business with sanctioned entities. 92. sanctions (noun) – action taken, or an order given to force a country to obey international laws by limiting or stopping trade with that country, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMby not allowing economic aid for that country, etc. 93. calculated (adjective) – intentional, purposeful, preconceived, deliberate. 94. consolidate (verb) – strengthen, make stronger, reinforce, fortify. 95. pay-off (noun) – outcome, development, end result.

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 24, 2020)

1. take on (phrasal verb) - oppose, challenge, confront.

2. aggrieved (adjective) – distressed, disgruntled, discontented, unhappy, angry. 3. legislative (adjective) – governmental, parliamentary, law-making,

policy-making. 4. measure (noun) – course of action, action, step, procedure.

5. override (verb) – overrule, overturn, disregard, ignore, reject. 6. epitomise (verb) – symbolize, represent, illustrate. 7. liberalise (verb) – to make something (regulations/norms) less strict.

8. agony (noun) – pain, suffering, torture. 9. transition (noun) – change. 10. flag (verb) – indicate, identify, point out. 11. consequence (noun) – result, outcome, effect; ramification, repercussion. 12. informed (adjective) – sagacious, intelligent, learned, knowledgeable. 13. far-reaching (adjective) – widespread, sweeping, extensive, important, significant. 14. hub (noun) – centre, centre of activity, focal point. 15. eventually (adverb) – in the end, in due course, after some time. 16. walk out (phrasal verb) - depart, leave suddenly. 17. grave (adjective) – terrible, awful, alarming, gloomy. 18. detriment (noun) – disadvantage, impairment, loss, prejudice. 19. prejudice (noun) – discrimination, partiality, intolerance, bigotry. 20. cite (verb) – refer to, adduce, make reference to, invoke. 21. census (noun) – an official survey. 22. handicap (verb) – impede, hinder, obstruct. 23. produce (noun) – agricultural products as a whole. 24. Minimum Support Price (MSP) (noun) – it is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to give guaranteed price and assured market to the farmers and protect them from the price fluctuations and market imperfections. The guaranteed price and assured market are expected to encourage higher investment and in adoption of modern farming practices. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM25. harass (verb) – torment, trouble, disturb, persecute, bother, annoy. 26. bid (noun) – attempt, effort, endeavour/try.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 24, 2020)

27. persuade (verb) – convince, influence, motivate, make certain.

28. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim. 29. offence (verb) – violation, breach, illegal act. 30. overturn (verb) – negate, void, repeal, cancel.

31. Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMC) (noun) – a marketing board established by a state government in India to

ensure farmers are safeguarded from exploitation by large retailers, as well as ensuring the farm to retail price spread does not reach excessively high levels.

32. key (adjective) – basic, fundamental, essential. 33. in the teeth of (phrase) – in spite of (opposition). 34. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually. 35. concurrent list (noun) – the list which includes the power to be considered by both the union and state government (as given in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India). 36. subject to (adjective) – conditional on, contingent on, dependent on; under the control of. 37. provision (noun) – term, clause, requirement/condition. 38. repugnant to (adjective) – incompatible with, in conflict with, contrary to, at variance with. 39. assent (noun) – approval, consent, sanction, agreement, acceptance. 40. come into force (phrase) – come to effect (a new law, rule, change etc.). 41. invoke (verb) – cite, refer to, adduce. 42. stretch (verb) – bend, distort, extend the scope of (something). 43. circumstances (noun) – situation, background, conditions, state of affairs. 44. groundswell (noun) - the sudden increase of a certain feeling/opinion among a large section of people. 45. cavalier (adjective) – casual, unconcerned; without concern for something important or serious. 46. centralised (adjective) – controlled by a single authority. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM47. ill-service (verb) - perform something (a service) badly. 48. diverse (adjective) – including people from a range of different social and ethnic backgrounds.

Note:

1. hit where it hurts (phrase) - to do or say something to someone that

will hurt them the most. 2. curb (noun) – restraint, control/check, restriction, limitation. 3. tighten the screws (phrase) – to apply more pressure on

someone/something. 4. immigration (noun) – the act of leaving one’s countries and moving to

another country of which they are not natives, nor citizens, to settle or reside there, especially as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. 5. on-site (adjective) - happening or situated at a particular place or site.

6. B1 visa/temporary visa (noun) - it permits several companies to send their technology professionals for a short stay (up to 6 months) to complete jobs on site in the U.S. 7. H-1B visa (noun) – it permits a foreign professional (with a (min. 4 years) university degree or its equivalent) to work in specialty occupations (or skilled employments) in the United States (issued for a max of 6 years in total). 8. under the guise of (phrase) – outward appearance; pretence, false show, disguise. 9. personnel (noun) – staff, employees, workforce. 10. potentially (adverb) – likely, may be, possibly, probably. 11. undercut (verb) - undermine, weaken, impair, damage. 12. prospects (noun) – possibilities, chances, opportunities, potential. 13. close on the heels of (phrase) - close behind, soon after, immediately after, following closely. 14. issuance (noun) – an act of issuing/providing something. 15. fallout (noun) – adverse results/consequence; after-effects, repercussions. 16. migration (noun) – the (temporary) movement of people from one region to another – either within a country or across national WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMborders in order to find work or better living conditions. Note:

17. take up (phrasal verb) – become involved in, engage in, take part

in; accept, say yes to, agree to. 18. potential (adjective) – possible, prospective, future, probable. 19. to date (phrase) - until now, so far, up to this point, hitherto.

20. retaliatory (adjective) – revenging, vengeful, avenging. 21. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly.

22. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign- policy. 23. parley (noun) – negotiation, talk/dialogue, discussion.

24. South & North Block (noun) – South Block is a metonym of the Prime Minister’s Office. North Block is a metonym of the Ministry of Finance, India. (The Secretariat Building (consists North & South Block) or Central Secretariat is where the Cabinet Secretariat is housed, which administers the Government of India. The South Block houses the Prime Minister’s Office, Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of External Affairs). The North Block primarily houses the Ministry of Finance and the Home Ministry). (Metonym is used as an alternative for something else with which it is closely related/associated). 25. emphasise (verb) – draw attention to, put stress on, underscore, highlight. 26. key (adjective) – basic, fundamental, essential. 27. pillar (noun) – mainstay, strength. 28. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 29. strategic partnership (noun) – it is a long-term interaction between two countries based on political, economic, social and historical factors. 30. bridge the gap (phrase) – to connect two disconnected or dissimilar things in a logical way (in order to resolve the problem). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM31. impart (verb) - pass on, convey, communicate, disseminate. Note:

32. competitive edge (noun) - a factor which gives (a person, a company)

an advantage over enemies, rivals, etc. 33. backdrop (noun) – situation, scenario, context. 34. clampdown (noun) – crackdown, suppression, prevention/restriction;

restraint. 35. rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively &

persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language. 36. drive (verb) – force, press, pressurize, urge.

37. cadence (noun) – rhythm, tempo, pulse. 38. drumbeat (noun) – forceful pushing (for a cause). 39. protectionism (noun) – the use of tariff and non-tariff restrictions on imports to protect domestic producers from foreign competition. 40. owing to (phrase) – because of, as a result of, on account of. 41. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 42. spike (verb) – increase sharply. 43. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 44. drop off (phrasal verb) - decrease, make less, reduce, fall. 45. alleged (adjective) – supposed, claimed, professed, purported. 46. mitigate (verb) – reduce, lessen, decrease, make less severe. 47. alongside (preposition) – together with. 48. lose ground (phrase) – lose one’s advantage. 49. federal (adjective) – relating to a system of government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government. 50. hardly (adverb) – barely, only just, narrowly, slightly. 51. regardless of (phrase) – irrespective of, without consideration of, notwithstanding, in spite of. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM52. business as usual (phrase) – routine, regularity, normal pattern. Note:

1. outlier (noun) - a person/thing detached from the main group. 2. high table (noun) – a group with most important people. It exactly

means (particularly in a dining hall of a college) a table put on a raised platform for most important people. 3. uphold (verb) – confirm, endorse/approve, vindicate/validate.

4. charter (noun) – constitution, code, canon, body of law. 5. backdrop (noun) – situation, scenario, context.

6. turbulent (adjective) – unstable, unsettled, tumultuous, chaotic. 7. as far as someone/something is concerned (phrase) – regarding a particular person or situation. 8. in terms of (phrase) - with regard to, concerning, in respect of, with reference to. 9. the common good (phrase) – the benefit/advantage of all people in society. 10. indispensable (adjective) – essential, necessary, needed/required; significant, important. 11. uncontested (adjective) – unchallenged, unopposed, undisputed. 12. clamour (noun) – protest, complaint, outcry/commotion. 13. address (noun) – speech, talk, discourse. 14. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 15. the Cold War (noun) – The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States and a group of countries) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and a group of countries). 16. know/learn the ropes (phrase) - to know or learn how to do something. 17. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign- policy. 18. influence (noun) – power, authority, sway, leverage, weight. 19. moderating (adjective) – arbitrating, mediating. 20. armed conflict (noun) – a conflict in which weapons are used. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM21. disentangle (verb) – disengage, detach, disconnect.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 24, 2020)

22. superpower (noun) – a nation which is very powerful and possesses military, political or economic might (power) with dominant status on

the globe. (like the Soviet Union (erstwhile) or United States of America). 23. rivalry (noun) – opposition, antagonism, friction, enmity.

24. in parallel (phrase) – happening at the same time. 25. learn the hard way (phrase) - learn from the unpleasant experience

(or) learn by making mistakes. 26. impartially (adverb) – neutrally, unbiasedly, equitably, fairly. 27. strive (verb) – try, attempt, make every effort.

28. colonialism (noun) – the act of controlling & exploiting a country/territory (& its people) by another country/territory. 29. racism (noun) – the belief that a particular race is superior or inferior to another. 30. disarmament (noun) – demilitarization, limitation or reduction of arms, deactivation of military weapons. 31. moral high ground (noun) – ethical or political parlance/expression/phrase, refers to the status of being respected for remaining moral, and adhering to and upholding a universally recognized standard of justice or goodness. 32. impractical (adjective) – unrealistic, unworkable, unfeasible. 33. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 34. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 35. in essence (phrase) - basically, fundamentally, essentially. 36. loss of face (phrase) - humiliation, loss of pride, shame, disgrace, discredit. 37. definitive (adjective) – most reliable, most perfect, best, finest. 38. privilege (verb) – give a special advantage. 39. contact (noun) – communication, connection, association. 40. spell (verb) – lead to, result in, bring about, cause. 41. mark (verb) – indicate, represent, signify, signalize. 42. disintegration (noun) – breakdown, fragmentation, collapse. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM43. unrivalled (adjective) – unequalled, unparalleled, matchless. 44. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, also.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 24, 2020)

45. climate (noun) – atmosphere, mood/temper, situation. 46. pragmatism (noun) – common sense, realism, matter-of-factness.

47. hitherto (adverb) – previously, earlier, so far/thus far, until now. 48. Zionism (noun) – the national movement for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland and the resumption of Jewish sovereignty in

the Land of Israel. Zionist is a supporter of zionism. 49. militancy (noun) – belligerency,

combativeness, contentiousness/defiance (usually to support a cause). 50. embolden (verb) – encourage, motivate; strengthen, fortify. 51. checkmate (verb) – frustrate, thwart, prevent, counter, foil

completely. 52. sovereignty (noun) – authority, supreme power, jurisdiction. 53. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (noun) – NATO was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. 54. authorisation (noun) – permission, consent, approval, clearance. 55. call for (phrasal verb) – require, publicly ask/necessitate, demand. 56. expose (verb) – reveal, uncover, lay bare. 57. humiliate (verb) – embarrassing, degrading, crushing, humbling. 58. red line (noun) – boundary, limit. 59. resolutely (adverb) – firmly, purposefully. 60. stand against (phrasal verb) - to oppose someone or something. 61. consequence (noun) – result, outcome, effect; ramification, repercussion. 62. Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (noun) – The NPT is a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM63. stoutly (adverb) – strongly/heavily, vigorously, determinedly. 64. backdoor (noun as modifier) – against the rules, incorrect, improper, unethical.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 24, 2020)

65. comprehensive (adjective) – all-inclusive, broad-based, complete/thorough.

66. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 67. adverse (adjective) – unfavourable, disadvantageous, bad. 68. winds of change (phrase) – influential events/actions that result in

significant political/social changes. 69. remarkably (adverb) – strikingly, exceptionally, incredibly.

70. avenue (noun) – way, path, direction, route. 71. shine (verb) – be excellent, be very good, be successful. 72. thanks to (phrase) – as a result of, owing to, due to, because of.

73. liberalisation (noun) – removal or loosening of restrictions on something, typically an economic or political system. 74. globalisation (noun) – the process of making the trade of goods and services equivalent in all nations. 75. stakeholder (noun) – a person with an interest in something. 76. non-state actor (noun) – an individual or organization that has significant political influence. 77. climate change (noun) – a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth. 78. dimension (noun) – aspect, feature, side, element. 79. scale up (phrasal verb) – increase (in size or number). 80. humanitarian (adjective) – compassionate, humane, socially concerned. 81. Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (noun) - a proposed treaty which intends to criminalize all forms of international terrorism and deny terrorists, their financiers and supporters access to funds, arms, and safe havens. 82. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 83. reservation (noun) – doubt, qualm. 84. provision (noun) – term, clause, requirement/condition. 85. equitable (adjective) – fair, impartial. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM86. intrigue (noun) – planning, conspiracy, collusion. 87. mastermind (verb) - plan, conduct, organize, arrange.

88. compromise (noun) - agreement, understanding, settlement, deal. 89. veto (noun) – a right/power to reject a decision/proposal; rejection,

dismissal, denial, ban, prohibition. 90. weather (verb) - survive, withstand, endure, come through, live through (a difficult period).

91. on account of (phrase) – because of, owing to, due to, by virtue of. 92. unabated (adjective) – non-stop, unceasing, unending.

93. slowdown (noun) – economic decline, recession, slump/depression. 94. pertinent (adjective) – relevant, appropriate, applicable. 95. mount (verb) – increase, grow, rise, escalate. 96. punitive (adjective) – disciplinary, corrective, retributive. 97. say (noun) – authority, voice, sway. 98. abstain (verb) - refrain, desist, hold back. 99. in the midst of (phrase) – in the middle of. 100. disdain (noun) – contempt, scorn, disrespect, dislike. 101. multilateral (adjective) – involving many different countries/parties/organizations. 102. equation (noun) – association, connection; the situation. 103. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. 104. aggressive (adjective) – hostile, belligerent, bellicose, hawkish, combative. 105. foray (noun) – a brief & active attempt to get involved in a new activity/sphere. 106. scenario (noun) – situation. 107. table (verb) – submit, put forward, introduce. 108. of its kind (phrase) – similar to what has been mentioned/told. 109. proximity (noun) – closeness, nearness, presence, adjacency (in relationship). 110. counter balance (verb) – offset, neutralize, equalize, make up WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMfor, compensate for, nullify. Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 27, 2020)

1. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) (noun) – The Financial Action

Task Force (FATF) is the global money laundering and terrorist financing watchdog. The inter-governmental body sets international

standards that aim to prevent these illegal activities and the harm they cause to society. 2. mandated (adjective) - mandatory, compulsory, binding, required.

3. watchdog (noun) – inspector/supervisor, observer, ombudsman. 4. grey/watch list (noun) – a list of countries on observation due to their

“strategic deficiencies” in countering terror-financing and money- laundering. The countries put on grey/watch list by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) will be subjected to direct monitoring and intense scrutiny by the International Co-operation Review Group (ICRG) on terror financing. 5. project (verb) – forecast, predict, estimate, calculate. 6. take off (phrasal verb) – remove, discard, divest oneself of, shrug off. 7. jurisdiction (noun) – territory, region, province, area. 8. money laundering (noun) – a secret act of moving illegally acquired funds into legal bank accounts or investments. 9. stricture (noun) – constraint, restriction, limitation, restraint, barrier. 10. procure (verb) – obtain, get, acquire. 11. plenary (noun) – assembly, conference, meeting (attended by all participants). 12. push for (verb) – demand, insist on, call for, campaign for. 13. on-site (adjective) – happening or situated at a particular place or site. 14. drop (verb) – give up, abandon, discontinue (a course of action/proposal). 15. backer (noun) – supporter, upholder, defender. 16. entity (noun) – organization, establishment, operation, unit/body. 17. fugitive (adjective) – relating to a person who has escaped from being confined or imprisoned. 18. pursue (verb) – engage in, conduct, follow. 19. conviction (noun) – pronouncement of guilt, sentence, judgement. 20. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM21. crack down on (phrasal verb) – get tough on, take severe measures against, clamp down on.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 27, 2020)

22. channel (noun) – method, medium, instrument, agency.

23. narcotics (noun) – addictive drugs, illegal drugs. 24. smuggling (noun) - the illegal transportation of objects, substances,

etc. across an international border in violation of applicable laws or other regulations. 25. broader superlative adjective of broad (adjective) – comprehensive,

inclusive, extensive, wide-ranging. 26. dividend (noun) – benefit, advantage, gain.

27. to begin with (phrase) – at first, at the outset, at the beginning. 28. downgrade (verb) – lower in status/rank/importance, demote. 29. blacklist (noun) – a list of countries which the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) judges to be non-cooperative in the global fight against money laundering and terrorist financing. 30. accountable (adjective) – responsible, liable, answerable. 31. legislative (adjective) – governmental, parliamentary, law-making, policy-making. 32. push (noun) – drive, initiative, campaign. 33. in line with (phrase) – in alignment with, in accordance with. 34. interim (noun) – meantime, meanwhile, intervening time, interval. 35. refrain from (verb) – stop oneself, abstain, desist from, hold back. 36. amenable to (adjective) – receptive, responsive, reactive, susceptible, vulnerable. 37. course (noun) – plan of action, course of action, method of working, procedure, approach. 38. shelter (verb) - protect, keep safe, secure. 39. cross-border (adjective) – across a border between two countries. 40. eventual (adjective) - final, ultimate, concluding, end. 41. dismantle (verb) – demolish, destroy, disassemble, break up. 42. infrastructure (noun) – structure, framework, organization, mechanism. 43. prolonged (adjective) – lengthy, extended, protracted. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM44. realisation (noun) – fulfilment, achievement, accomplishment, attainment.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 27, 2020)

1. clear the air (phrase) - make the air cleaner & fresher; (figuratively) reduce the tense situation; restore harmony, make peace, reconcile

differences. 2. gratuitous (adjective) – unjustified, uncalled for, unwarranted, needless, unnecessary.

3. attention (noun) - observation, attentiveness, notice, heedfulness, scrutiny; care.

4. scathing (adjective) – scornful, severely critical, harsh, severe (in criticizing someone). 5. description (noun) – explanation, illustration, representation,

interpretation. 6. filthy (adjective) - unclean, dirty, foul, contaminated, polluted. 7. embarrassment (noun) – shame, humiliation, awkwardness; problem. 8. provoke (verb) – cause, give rise to, produce, prompt, trigger. 9. fierce (adjective) – intense, powerful, vehement. 10. nationalistic (adjective) – patriotic, nationalist; chauvinistic, jingoistic. 11. backlash (noun) – a strong negative reaction; adverse response, counteraction. 12. in response to (phrase) - regarding, concerning. 13. look at (phrasal verb) – consider, see, view. 14. trigger (verb) – cause, bring about, generate, give rise to. 15. stubble (noun) – dried stalks, straw (of a grain like wheat, rice & etc). 16. cudgel (noun) – a short heavy stick/club with a rounded head used as a weapon. 17. pick/take up the cudgels (phrase) - support someone or something strongly; to defend someone against an accusation; argue on behalf of someone or something. 18. readily (adverb) – willingly, without hesitation, quickly; easily, without difficulty, effortlessly. 19. of course (phrase) – certainly, absolutely; as you would expect, needless to say. 20. dismantle (verb) – demolish, destroy, disassemble, break up. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM21. incongruent (adjective) – incompatible, unworthy, undeserved. 22. pledge (verb) – promise, give one’s word, vow/swear, give an assurance.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 27, 2020)

23. Paris Agreement/Accord (noun) – The Paris Agreement builds upon the Convention (agreement) and for the first time brings all nations

into a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so. The Paris Agreement central aim is to

strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees

Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius. 24. pull out (phrasal verb) – withdraw, leave, get/move out.

25. resolve (noun) - determination, willpower, firmness, resolution, courage. 26. stature (noun) – reputation, status, position, standing. 27. particulate matter (PM) (noun) – a mixture of extremely small (hazardous) solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. 28. hazardous (adjective) – dangerous, perilous, unsafe. 29. mounting (adjective) – increasing, growing, escalating. 30. so far (phrase) – until now, up to the present, up to this point. 31. brazen (it) out (phrasal verb) - to act or behave confidently & shamelessly (even after doing something wrong & also by not admitting that); put a bold face on it, be defiant, be unashamed. 32. lifespan (noun) – a time duration of existence of something. 33. correlation (noun) – similarity, parallel, resemblance. 34. dimension (noun) – aspect, feature, side, element. 35. contend (verb) – claim, argue, state. 36. microgramme/microgram (noun) - a unit of mass equal to one millionth (1×10−6) of a gram. 37. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. 38. exposure (noun) – In medicine, the condition of being subjected to something (infectious agents & others). 39. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM40. address (verb) – deal with, handle, tackle, grapple with. 41. chronic (adjective) – persistent, long-standing, long-term.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 27, 2020)

42. Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) fuel standard (noun) - The Central government had announced that from April 1, 2020, all vehicles sold

in India should comply with Bharat Stage-VI, or BS-VI emission standards. The Bharat Stage emission standards are the legal limits on the amount of air pollutants like carbon monoxide and particulate

matter that a vehicle in India can emit. Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) fuel's sulphur content is much lower than BS-IV fuel. It is reduced to 10

mg/kg max in BS-VI from 50 mg/kg under BS-IV. However, BS-VI fuel is expected to be costlier that BS-IV fuel. Vehicles that are compliant with BS-VI will also be more expensive.

43. potentially (adverb) – likely, may be, possibly, probably. 44. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 45. conspicuous (adjective) – clearly visible, noticeable, discernible/perceivable. 46. unlock (noun) – a process of freeing something from restrictions. 47. reverse (verb) – alter, change. 48. ephemeral (adjective) – temporary, short-term, transitory, momentary, short-lived, brief. 49. revert to (verb) – return, go back, change back. 50. transition (noun) – change. 51. mobility (noun) – transportability. 52. green mobility (noun) – green mobility is sustainable transportation (e.g. walking/cycling) that allows the basic access needs of individuals and societies to be met safely and in a manner consistent with human and eco-system health, and with equity within and between generations. Green mobility is affordable, operating efficiently, offering choice of transport mode, and supporting a vibrant economy. 53. remedy (noun) – solution, answer, antidote/panacea. 54. farm mechanisation (noun) - the introduction of machines or WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMautomatic devices into farm activity. 55. impetus (noun) – motivation, encouragement; stimulus, boost. 56. hasten (verb) – push forward, advance, accelerate, expedite.

Note:

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 27, 2020)

1. call a spade a spade (phrase) - call/say something "as it is"; speak/say the truth directly/straightforwardly even if it is an embarrassing or

unpleasant one). 2. obligation (noun) – duty, responsibility, commitment. 3. equilibrium (noun) – balance, symmetry, equality, evenness.

4. rite (noun) - ceremony, ritual, observance, worship. 5. one and all (phrase) - everyone, each and every one, without

exception. 6. meritorious (adjective) – commendable, admirable, praiseworthy, laudable, deserving.

7. a place in the sun (phrase) - a good, successful, advantageous or favourable position. 8. induct (verb) – admit to, allow into, introduce to, swear into (a post/position formally). 9. elite (noun) – high society people; the group of most powerful people in a society. 10. count (verb) – matter, enter into consideration, be significant. 11. calibre (noun) – quality, merit, distinction, character, excellence, worth. 12. competence (noun) – ability, expertise, skill, prowess, mastery, talent. 13. clan (noun) – group, faction, coterie, society. 14. speak up (phrase) – to express one’s opinion (in support/against someone/something) openly. 15. inclusive (adjective) – all-embracing, all-inclusive, with everyone included, comprehensive. 16. call (noun) – demand, appeal, need, necessity. 17. preside over (verb) – be in charge of, be responsible for, manage/organize. 18. go on to (phrasal verb) – continue, proceed (to do something). 19. tale (noun) – story. 20. Nehruvian (adjective) – relating to the (political) ideologies/policies WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMof Jawaharlal Nehru. 21. requisite (adjective) - necessary, required, essential.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 27, 2020)

22. temperament (noun) – disposition, nature, character, personality, spirit.

23. egalitarian (adjective) – common, equal, fair. 24. have the distinction of (phrase) – be different from others of a similar type (because of a great quality/achievement).

25. elevation (noun) – promotion, upgrading, advancement. 26. token (adjective) - symbolic, emblematic, indicative.

27. aggressive (adjective) – hostile, belligerent, bellicose, hawkish, combative. 28. Ambedkarites (noun) - followers of the philosophy of B. R.

Ambedkar. 29. assertion (noun) – statement, declaration, affirmation, contention. 30. bear/keep in mind (phrase) – take into account, be mindful, remember/consider. 31. dispensation (noun) – system, organization, arrangement. 32. strata plural form of stratum (noun) – level, class, echelon/rank. 33. unimpeded (adjective) – unrestricted, unblocked, unlimited. 34. parochialism (noun) – narrow-mindedness, localism, provincialism. 35. conduct (verb) – behave, perform, act (in a specified way). 36. well-tutored (adjective) - fully instructed; properly taught. 37. self-proclaimed (adjective) – self-confessed, declared, acknowledged, admitted. 38. charismatic (adjective) – strong in character, captivating, fascinating. 39. saviour (noun) – someone/something saving (people) from danger/difficulty; rescuer, liberator, deliverer. 40. shy (verb) - shy away, recoil, pull back, back away, draw back, withdraw. 41. gesture (noun) – action, deed, sign. 42. urbane (adjective) – courteous, polite, charming. 43. cosmopolitan (adjective) – relating to people who are from different cultural, ethnic, or religious background and they co-exist and interact with each other because they live in proximity. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM44. over-awe (verb) - discourage, intimidate, scare, frighten. 45. intimidate (verb) – frighten, scare, overawe.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 27, 2020)

46. chancellery (noun) - the position, office, or department of a chancellor.

47. nobility (noun) – virtue, goodness, honesty, decency, integrity. 48. under way (phrase) – going on, continuing, in progress. 49. repay one's debt (phrase) - do something (a feeling of gratitude for a

service) in return. 50. turn out (phrasal verb) – transpire, emerge; happen.

51. custodian (noun) – curator, guardian; caretaker/protector. 52. rein in (phrasal verb) – restrict, control, limit, restrain. 53. constitutional morality (noun) – the principle of constitutional

morality basically means to bow down to the norms of the Constitution and not to act in a manner which would become violative of the rule of law or reflectible of action in an arbitrary manner. 54. cherished (adjective) – revered, adored, admired/esteemed. 55. virtue (noun) – integrity, propriety, goodness/good point. 56. gratifyingly (adverb) - satisfactorily, acceptably, pleasingly. 57. errant (adjective) – erring, offending, law-breaking. 58. patronage (noun) – support, backing, encouragement, advocacy. 59. establishment (noun) – the powers that be, the authorities, the system, the ruling class, the regime. 60. fall/run afoul of (phrase) – get into trouble, come into conflict with, go against (by not following rules/standards). 61. take over (phrasal verb) – assume control of, take control of, take charge of. 62. stand up to (phrasal verb) – defy, confront, challenge, oppose openly. 63. go along with (phrasal verb) - agree to, comply with, concur with, cooperate with. 64. invoke (verb) – cite, refer to, adduce. 65. get rid of (phrase) – remove, discard, eliminate, wipe out. 66. memoir (noun) – autobiography, life story, recollections/experiences. 67. autobiography (noun) – the story of a person’s life, written by that person. The life history of an individual, written by someone else. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM68. tick off (phrasal verb) - reprimand, rebuke, castigate, criticize, censure.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 27, 2020)

69. conduct (noun) – behaviour; handling, controlling, overseeing of an activity.

70. mute (adjective) – silent, uncommunicative, close-mouthed. 71. spectator (noun) – onlooker, viewer, observer. 72. rough up (phrasal verb) - beat up, attack, assault someone physically.

73. behest (noun) – instruction, requirement, demand, wish/desire. 74. vindictive (adjective) – vengeful, revengeful, avenging/unforgiving.

75. rebuke (noun) - criticism, censure, reproval. 76. implicit (adjective) – implied, indirect, understood inherent, inbuilt, underlying.

77. recall (verb) – officially order (someone) to return; call back, bring back. 78. shabby (adjective) – contemptible, shameful, unfair, unkind. 79. calculation (noun) – assessment, judgement. 80. watch (noun) – guard, vigil, observation, lookout; stint, turn. 81. speak one's mind (phrase) - express one's opinions/views directly/straightforwardly. 82. envisage (verb) – foresee, predict, forecast, anticipate, expect. 83. leave alone (phrase) – stop disturbing something, stop interfering with something. 84. set yourself up as something (phrasal verb) – to say that you are a particular type/kind of person. 85. wiggle room (noun) – freedom, scope/latitude, elbow room. 86. to have one's presence felt (phrase) - to have a strong effect on other people/the situation. 87. discomfort (noun) – embarrassment, uneasiness, trouble/problem, vexation, agitation. 88. push-over (noun) – weak-ling, unworthy/feeble opponent. 89. no wonder (phrase) – little wonder; it is not surprising. 90. disparagingly (adverb) – derogatorily, disrespectfully, dishonourably. 91. activist (adjective) – relating to a person who supports a political or societal change/cause. 92. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM93. pulpit (noun) – stand, platform, stage. 94. inherent (adjective) – implicit, intrinsic, fundamental, basic.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 27, 2020)

95. strut (verb) - walk stiffly; walk proudly. 96. over-inflated (adjective) - excessive.

97. banquet (noun) – dinner, elaborate meal/treat/dining. 98. horrify (verb) - shock, scare, frighten, appal. 99. posse (noun) - gang, band, group.

100. non-alignment (noun) – lack of alliance; lack of affiliation. 101. instrument (noun) – mechanism, apparatus, system, means (to

achieve/attain something). 102. pursuit (noun) – quest for, search for. 103. autonomy (noun) – independence, freedom; self rule, self-

determination. 104. cosy up to (phrasal verb) - try to be friendly to someone, usually with the intention of getting some benefit. 105. coterie (noun) - faction, set, sect, fellowship. 106. go off the reservation (phrase) - to act outside the bounds/limits of something (control/propriety/acceptance). 107. in the face of (phrase) – when confronted/faced with; despite, notwithstanding, regardless of. 108. resolute (adjective) – determined, firm, resolved, strong-minded. 109. rectitude (noun) – principle, moral virtue, morality, integrity. 110. confidence motion/trust vote (noun) – a confidence motion, or a vote of confidence, or a trust vote, is sought by the government in power on the floor of the House in order to prove the majority. 111. solitary (adjective) – single, lone, sole, only. 112. nudge (verb) – push, prod, encourage. 113. dead set against (phrase) - completely opposed to. 114. thrive on (phrasal verb) - to enjoy something, particularly one that other people find unpleasant; to be successful at something particularly one that other people find difficult. 115. dynamic (adjective) - active, powerful, strong, effective. 116. interlock (verb) - engage, interconnect, join. 117. functionary (noun) – official, administrator, office-holder. 118.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM end up (phrasal verb) – come/appear, find oneself (to a particular course of action in the end).

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 28, 2020)

1. compound (adjective) – complex. 2. conundrum (noun) – problem, difficulty, quandary/dilemma.

3. waiver (noun) – deferral, rejection, renunciation (with no stipulations/restrictions).

4. bear (verb) - prop up, support, shoulder, absorb. 5. compound interest (noun) - compound interest refers to interest calculated on principal and the interest accumulated. It can thus be

regarded as "interest on interest". 6. simple interest (noun) - simple interest refers to interest calculated on

principal (amount of a loan) only. 7. avail (verb) – use, utilize, take advantage of (an opportunity/resources). 8. aggregate (adjective) - total, combined, whole. 9. outstanding (adjective) – unpaid, unsettled, overdue. 10. borrowing (noun) - an act of receiving money from another party with the agreement that the money will be repaid with interest; an act of accepting a loan. 11. not a day/moment too soon (phrase) - almost too late, at the critical moment, just in time. 12. spell out (phrasal verb) – explain, make clear, elucidate/clarify. 13. spur (verb) – motivate, stimulate, encourage, urge, galvanize. 14. admonition (noun) – warning, caution, caveat. 15. expedite (verb) – accelerate, hasten, speed up, quicken. 16. pointedly (adverb) – directly, unambiguously, unquestionably. 17. reference (verb) - mention, refer to. 18. festival of lights (phrase) - another term for Diwali/Deepavali. 19. in someone's hands (phrase) - if something is in someone's hands, they are responsible for it. 20. end up (phrasal verb) – come/appear, find oneself (to a particular WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcourse of action in the end). Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 28, 2020)

21. non-banking financial company (NBFC) (noun) – a company incorporated under the Companies Act 2013 or 1956 which is

engaged in the business of loans and advances, acquisition of stocks, equities, debt etc issued by the government or any local authority. The

main objective of this type of a company is to accept deposits under any scheme or manner. 22. credit (verb) – add (an amount of money) to an account.

23. have one’s work/task cut out (phrase) – be dealt with a difficult task. 24. pick out (phrasal verb) - choose, select, single out, hand-pick.

25. consumer durables (noun) – manufactured products/goods (such as TV, fridge, AC, motorbike, car & etc) which last for an extended period of time. 26. non-performing assets (NPAs) (noun) – bad loans, troubled accounts, stressed loans; an account where principal and/or interest remains overdue for a period of time. 27. ex gratia (adjective) - Latin, literally ‘from favour’. An ex gratia payment is one that is given as a favour or gift instead of legal obligation/liability. 28. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim. 29. equity (noun) - fairness, justness, justice. 30. moratorium (noun) – a temporary suspension of an activity; embargo, ban, prohibition. 31. evoke (verb) – invoke, give rise to, bring forth, bring to mind. 32. disquiet (noun) – uneasiness, agitation, restlessness, distress/concern. 33. notwithstanding (adverb) – nevertheless, nonetheless; in spite of, despite, regardless of. 34. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 35. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMthe authority.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (OCT 28, 2020)

36. stand to (phrasal verb) – be in a position, be ready (where one is likely to do something).

37. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind.

38. hardship (noun) – financial distress, suffering, affliction, trouble, torment, misfortune. 39. endure (verb) – suffer, tolerate, bear; go through, experience.

40. regulatory (adjective) – governmental, supervisory, organizational, controlling.

41. woes (noun) – trouble, difficulty, problem. 42. substantial (adjective) – considerable, significant. 43. categorise (verb) – class, group, list. 44. fiscal (adjective) – financial. 45. accrue (verb) – accumulate, collect, increase, augment, be added. 46. enterprise (noun) – company, firm, organization. 47. viable (adjective) – manageable, feasible, effective. 48. resume (verb) – restart, recommence, begin again, start again. 49. succour (noun) – aid/help/support, assistance, relief (during difficulty). 50. vulnerable (adjective) – relating to a weak/neglected person who is in need of special care/support; at risk, unsafe, unprotected. 51. moral hazard (noun) – In economics, moral hazard occurs when an entity has an incentive to increase its exposure to risk because it does not bear the full costs of that risk. For example, when a corporation is insured, it may take on higher risk knowing that its insurance will pay the associated costs. 52. well-heeled (adjective) – wealthy, rich, affluent. 53. all eyes are on (phrase) - used to mention that a particular person/thing is presently the focus of public interest/common concern WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMamong citizens. Note:

WORD LIST-2 (OCT 28, 2020) H 1. dead letter (noun) – a law which has not been cancelled but is ineffectual in practice. 2. referendum (noun) – public vote; a direct vote in which people cast

ballots to decide on a specific issue or policy. 3. give yourself a chance (phrase) - a way of telling someone "not to

hurry". 4. chart out (phrasal verb) - to set up a plan, method, or course for something.

5. inclusive (adjective) – all-embracing, all-inclusive, with everyone included, comprehensive.

6. conservative (adjective) – right-wing, reactionary, traditionalist, ultra- right. 7. dictatorship (noun) – totalitarianism, absolute rule, autocracy. 8. bid (noun) – attempt, effort, endeavour/try. 9. in favour of (phrase) – in support of, encouraging of, approving of. 10. charter (noun) – constitution, code, canon, body of law. 11. hurdle (noun) – obstacle, difficulty, problem, impediment. 12. transition (noun) – change. 13. principally (adverb) – mainly, mostly, chiefly, substantially. 14. aide (noun) – right-hand person, second in command, companion, confidante. 15. fraudulent (adjective) – dishonest, unlawful, unethical, unprincipled. 16. plebiscite (noun) – public vote, ballot, popular vote. 17. take away (phrasal verb) – remove, take out. 18. enshrine (verb) – to enclose in, preserve, treasure, protect (as valuable). 19. conservative (adjective) – traditional, conventional, orthodox, old- fashioned, unchanging. 20. free-market (noun) – a type of economic system that is controlled by the market forces of supply and demand, as opposed to government controls that involve price-cutting monopolies. It is different from a regulated market or command economy. In the latter, a central government agency decides the supply and demand, which means the market does not operate freely. In a free market, a majority of WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcompanies and properties are owned by individuals or entities in the private sector instead of the state. 21. stay on (phrasal verb) – remain, exist, be present, continue to be there (after others have left).

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (OCT 28, 2020) H 22. thrive (verb) – grow, develop, progress, advance (vigorously). 23. lead to (verb) – cause, result in, bring on, bring about. 24. concentration (noun) – accumulation, aggregation, collection.

25. minuscule (adjective) – very small, insignificant, negligible. 26. trigger (verb) – cause, bring about, generate, give rise to.

27. erupt (verb) – appear, emerge, break out, flare up. 28. snowball (verb) – increase, rise, escalate rapidly. 29. abolition (noun) – termination, elimination, cancellation (of a

system). 30. indigenous (adjective) – native/local, domestic.

31. overhaul (noun) – reorganization, restructuring, rearrangement. 32. far-reaching (adjective) – widespread, sweeping, extensive, important, significant. 33. delegate (noun) - a member/representative of a committee. 34. faction (noun) – group, division, sector. 35. reserve (verb) - make a reservation for, arrange for, secure (for a particular person). 36. heated (adjective) – intense, fiery, spirited, vehement. 37. dark era (noun) - a period/stage marked by dictatorship, a lack of enlightenment/advanced knowledge. 38. U.S.-backed (adjective) – supported by the U.S. 39. coup (noun) – a sudden and violent regime change, seizure of power, (illegal) takeover of power. 40. unleash (verb) – let loose, release, set free. 41. reign of terror (noun) – a period of ruthless/merciless repression or bloodshed. 42. result in (verb) – cause, bring on, bring about, give rise to. 43. execution (noun) - the death penalty, being put to death, killing. 44. detention (noun) – imprisonment, confinement/incarceration, captivity, custody. 45. torture (noun) – infliction of pain, torment, ill treatment. 46. legitimate (adjective) – valid, reasonable, reliable. 47. imperative (noun) – necessary condition, precondition, essential requirement. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM48. right (verb) - rectify, correct, put right, set right. 49. systemic (adjective) – constructional, organizational, formational. 50. elite (noun) – high society people; the group of most powerful people in a society.

Note:

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 28, 2020)

1. complexity (noun) – complication, problem, difficulty. 2. negotiation (noun) – bargaining.

3. federalism/federal framework/system/architecture (noun) – a system of government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government.

4. lie in (phrasal verb) – be present, be contained, exist. 5. follow suit (phrase) – emulate, follow, take as an example/model. 6. on the same page (phrase) - in agreement.

7. plumb the depths (phrase) – reach the lowest possible level/point, experience the worst extremes, reach rock bottom. 8. tussle (noun) – argument, disagreement, quarrel, contention.

9. federation (noun) - coalition between state and central governments. 10. diversity (noun) – variety, range, mixture. 11. interest (noun) – concern, matter. 12. badge (noun) – sign, symbol, indication. 13. keep on ticking (phrase) - to continue to function despite suffering setbacks. 14. fiscal (adjective) – financial. 15. destination-based tax (noun) - basically a tax can either be origin based or destination based. Origin based tax or production tax is levied where goods or services are produced. Destination based tax or consumption tax are levied where goods and services are consumed. The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a destination-based tax. 16. overhaul (verb) – rebuild, remodel, rework, restructure, revamp. 17. give up (phrasal verb) – abandon, forgo, renounce, relinquish, discontinue. 18. bargain (noun) – agreement, arrangement, deal. 19. compensation (noun) – payment, repayment, settlement (for loss/damage). 20. transition (noun) – change. 21. make up for (phrase) – atone for, make amends for; offset, balance, neutralize, even up. 22. empower (verb) – authorize, allow, entitle. 23. strain (noun) – pressure, stress, demand/burden. 24. slowdown (noun) – economic decline, recession, slump/depression. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM25. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 26. induce (verb) – cause, produce, effect, bring about.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 28, 2020)

27. plummet (verb) – fall sharply/steeply, go down, drop. 28. lead to (verb) – cause, result in, bring on, bring about.

29. shortfall (noun) – deficit, inadequacy, deficiency, shortage. 30. in turn (phrase) – in succession, successively. 31. in place (phrase) – established, set up, arranged.

32. have/hold the whip hand (phrase) - have power/control over someone else in a particular situation. 33. stare at (verb) – look fixedly.

34. incentive (noun) – motive, reason. 35. blur (verb) – make indistinct/unclear, make vague, unfocus. 36. blur the lines (phrase) - when you 'blur the lines' between something,

you make it difficult for people to see or be aware of where the boundaries are. In this case, 'the lines' are the differences that separate two things, like ideas, situations, or beliefs. You can 'blur the lines' between right and wrong; or between 'true and false'. 37. overturn (verb) – cancel, reverse, repeal, withdraw, override, overrule. 38. fragile (adjective) – easily broken/destroyed, weak, risky, unreliable, insecure. 39. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 40. averse to (adjective) - opposed to, against, hostile to. 41. succour (noun) – aid/help/support, assistance, relief (during difficulty). 42. with (no) strings attached (phrase) – without any special conditions or restrictions or provisions. 43. for instance (phrase) – as an example. 44. fiscal deficit (noun) – the difference between total expenditure and total income of the government. 45. universalisation (noun) – the process of making something available for all. 46. Ease of Doing Business (Ranking) (noun) – Ease of doing business is an index annually published by the World Bank. Economies are ranked on their ease of doing business, from 1–190. A high ease of doing business ranking means the regulatory environment is more conducive to the starting and operation of a local firm. The rankings are determined by sorting the aggregate scores on 10 topics. Doing business ranking is WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMbased on quantitative indicators on regulation for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 28, 2020)

47. obligate (verb) - require, compel/force, pressurize, put under an obligation.

48. trust deficit (noun) – lack of trust (on authorities-from societal point of view). Situations with low levels of trust are not supportive and often counterproductive. People feel vulnerable and look at each other with

suspicion. As a result, they are less open, since they fear that they will not be fairly treated by the other side. 49. deadlock (noun) – stalemate, impasse, checkmate/stand-off.

50. add fuel to the fire (phrase) – to make a bad situation worse; increase, magnify, amplify, augment, intensify, heighten (a difficult situation). 51. statement of intent (noun) - a formal statement that the author has a

serious intention of doing something under specified conditions, and at a specified time. It is also called a letter of intent or a memo of agreement. 52. subsequently (adverb) – afterwards, later on, eventually. 53. disinclination (noun) - reluctance, unwillingness, slowness. 54. deliberate (adjective) – intentional, planned, conscious, purposeful. 55. unionised (adjective) - belonging to an union (of state governments). 56. exploit (verb) – take advantage of, make use of, utilize. 57. asymmetry (noun) – lack of equality, non-uniformity, unevenness, lack of symmetry. 58. division (noun) - disunity, disunion, conflict, discord, disagreement. 59. reluctant (adjective) – unwilling, disinclined, unenthusiastic. 60. stick to (verb) – abide by, hold to, comply with. 61. relent (verb) – change one’s mind, abandon, mitigate, abate, decrease. 62. friction (noun) – conflict, dispute, fighting/clashing. 63. hollowness (noun) - emptiness, worthlessness, uselessness. 64. hype (noun) - propaganda, exposure, publicity. 65. puzzle (noun) – mystery, contradiction, irregularity/anomaly. 66. budget spending (noun) - the estimated expenditure/spending of the government during a given fiscal year. 67. fiscal responsibility (noun) – the act of creating, optimizing and WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMmaintaining a balanced budget. Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 28, 2020)

68. Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act (noun) – Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act enacted in

2003 by the parliament, establishes financial discipline to reduce fiscal deficit. The FRBM Act aims to introduce transparency in India’s fiscal management systems. The Act’s long-term objective is for India to

achieve fiscal stability and to give the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) flexibility to deal with inflation in India. The FRBM Act was enacted to introduce more equitable distribution of India’s debt over the years.

69. value-added tax (VAT) (noun) - a consumption tax that is levied on a product repeatedly at every point of sale at which value has been added. 70. shrink (verb) – lessen, reduce, decrease.

71. discretionary (adjective) – optional, voluntary, non-mandatory, non- compulsory. 72. affairs (noun) – concerns, matters, activities. 73. counter-intuitive (adjective) – the opposite of someone’s intuition/common-sense; relating to something which does not happen in the way you would expect it to. 74. autonomy (noun) – independence, freedom; self rule, self-determination. 75. normative (adjective) – relating to a standard/norm, particularly of behaviour. 76. centralise (verb) – concentrate, bring under one roof, consolidate, control (under one authority). 77. grievance (noun) – complaint, problem, objection/protest. 78. take up (phrasal verb) – become involved in, engage in, take part in; accept, say yes to, agree to. 79. intra- (prefix) – within. 80. channel (noun) – method, medium, instrument, agency. 81. locus (noun) - location, place, position. 82. dissent (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, opposition. 83. centralisation (noun) – the process of having functions, powers, people or things only in a central location or authority. 84. consolidate (verb) – strengthen, make stronger, reinforce, fortify. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM85. fractious (adjective) – argumentative, quarrelsome, contentious, controversial, difficult (to control), disagreeable.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 28, 2020)

86. colour (verb) - influence, affect, distort (in a negative way). 87. means (noun) – method, way, mode.

88. in contrast to (phrase) – in opposition to, be very different from. 89. inaugurate (verb) - initiate, begin, start, originate. 90. seemingly (adverb) – apparently, evidently, outwardly.

91. cordial (adjective) – friendly, affable/amiable, pleasant. 92. ironically (adverb) – paradoxically, unexpectedly, strangely. 93. call the shots (phrase) - to be the person who commands/controls a

situation or course of action; be in charge, be the boss, be in the driving seat. 94. migration (noun) – relocation.

95. memoir (noun) – autobiography, life story, recollections/experiences. 96. underline (verb) – underscore, emphasize, highlight. 97. limelight (noun) – the focus of attention, public attention, public notice. 98. bring about (phrasal verb) – cause to happen, make happen, result in, give rise to. 99. precursor (noun) – a similar thing that existed before; antecedent, predecessor. 100. put in place (phrase) – establish, set up, create/form. 101. influence (verb) – affect, have an effect on, persuade. 102. make a difference (phrase) – be important, have a significant effect on, to cause a change. 103. accede to (verb) – agree to, consent to, accept. 104. prospects (noun) – possibilities, chances, opportunities, potential. 105. compact (noun) - treaty, pact, accord, agreement, deal. 106. foresee (verb) – anticipate, predict, envisage, envision. 107. heft (noun) – influence, ability; weight/strength. 108. status quo (noun) – the present situation, the current state, the existing state of affairs. 109. state of affairs (phrase) – condition, circumstances, situation. 110. framework (noun) – structure, system, composition, organization. 111. undermine (verb) – reduce, diminish, impede, hinder. 112.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM over time (phrase) - it describes something which happens gradually.

1. ties (noun) – bond, association, relationship. 2. interfere (verb) – handle, meddle, intervene (unwantedly).

3. mechanism (noun) – procedure, process, method/technique. 4. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries.

5. footing (noun) - underpinning, support, basis on which something is established. 6. on a firm footing (phrase) - well supported.

7. ostensibly (adverb) – apparently, seemingly, supposedly. 8. wrap up (phrasal verb) - complete/conclude something. 9. Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA) for Geo-Spatial cooperation (noun) – BECA agreement will allow India to use US expertise on geospatial intelligence and to enhance military accuracy of automated hardware systems and weapons like cruise, ballistic missiles and drones. This is the third foundational agreement to be signed between India and the US after the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) and the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) in 2016 and 2018 respectively. 10. facilitate (verb) – make easy, make possible; assist, help/aid. 11. interoperability (noun) – operability of (military) equipment together by a group. 12. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) (noun) – it refers to crude oil inventories (or stockpiles) held by the government of a particular country, as well as private industry, to safeguard the economy and help maintain national security during an energy crisis. 13. renewable energy (noun) – clean energy, green energy; energy generated from the natural resources (such as water, wind &solar energy). 14. cyberspace (noun) – it refers to the virtual computer world, and more specifically, an electronic medium that is used to facilitate online WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcommunication. Note:

15. counter-terrorism (noun) – anti-terrorism; actions taken to combat or prevent terrorism.

16. counter-narcotics (plural noun) - actions taken to combat or prevent narcotics.

17. narcotics (noun) – addictive drugs, illegal drugs. 18. sustained (adjective) – continuous, non-stop, continuing. 19. irreversible (adjective) – unchangeable, invariable, irrevocable.

20. cross-border (adjective) – across a border between two countries. 21. soil (noun) - territory. 22. bring someone to justice (phrase) - send someone to trial for a crime; convict, adjudge, declare guilty. 23. perpetrator (noun) – someone who does immoral, harmful and illegal activity; offender, criminal, wrongdoer/evil-doer, culprit. 24. tenor (noun) – the general content/meaning. 25. make clear (phrase) - explain, clarify, elucidate. 26. import (noun) – implicit/indirect meaning, significance, importance. 27. counter (adjective) – opposing, opposite. 28. coalition (noun) – alliance, union, partnership. 29. Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (noun) – The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of modern China, officially known as the People’s Republic of China. 30. further (verb) - promote, advance, facilitate, assist; expedite, hasten. 31. in this regard (phrase) – in connection with the aspect/consideration/point referred earlier. 32. make a reference to (phrase) - to talk about briefly. 33. aggression (noun) – hostility, belligerence, combativeness, warmongering, hawkishness. 34. destabilise (verb) – undermine, weaken, damage, unsettle, upset.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

35. People’s Liberation Army (PLA) (noun) – People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is the armed forces of the country of China and

Communist Party of China (CPC). It is one of the largest military forces in the world.

36. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle

(Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 37. counter (verb) - oppose, resist, tackle, confront. 38. sovereignty (noun) – authority, supreme power, jurisdiction. 39. poll-proof (adjective) - designed to resist the result of an election. 40. regardless of (phrase) – irrespective of, without consideration of, notwithstanding, in spite of. 41. reaffirm (verb) – assert, state, assure again strongly. 42. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 43. interlocutor (noun) – a person who takes part in a dialogue or conversation. 44. take forward (phrasal verb) – deal with, cope with, tackle, address. 45. in keeping with (phrase) – in accordance with, in agreement with, in line with/true to. 46. conspicuous (adjective) – clearly visible, noticeable, discernible/perceivable. 47. in response to (phrase) – regarding, concerning. 48. sobering (adjective) – serious/sensible, thoughtful; logical/realistic, pragmatic. 49. strategic autonomy (noun) – the ability of a state (country) to pursue its national interests and adopt its preferred foreign policy without being constrained in any manner by other states. 50. neighbour (noun) – adjacent/bordering country.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

1. participation (noun) - engagement, contribution, involvement.

2. stability (noun) - steadiness, firmness, sureness, secureness, solidity. 3. notify (verb) - announce, declare, communicate, publish, report.

4. erstwhile (adjective) – old, previous, former, then. 5. nullify (verb) – cancel, invalidate, annul, repeal/revoke. 6. hamper (verb) – hinder, obstruct, impede.

7. landholding (noun) - possession of land. 8. designated (adjective) – identified, recognized, classified.

9. enclave (noun) – (a portion of) territory; area, region. 10. advance (verb) – promote, support, further, forward. 11. irony (noun) – paradox, incongruity, peculiarity; contradiction, a strange/funny situation where things are happening the other way around (than expected). 12. accommodate (verb) – adjust, adapt, attune, assimilate, come to accept. 13. context (noun) – circumstances, conditions, situation. 14. measured (adjective) – thoughtful, careful, considered. 15. provision (noun) – term, clause, requirement/condition. 16. regulate (verb) – supervise, oversee, administer, keep an eye on. 17. safeguard (verb) - protect, shield, shelter, defend. 18. demography (noun) – the structure of populations, especially human beings. 19. ethnicity (noun) – a category of people who identify with each other based on common language, ancestral, social, cultural, or national experiences. 20. mark (verb) – indicate, represent, signify. 21. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity, dearth.

Note:

22. accentuate (verb) – highlight, underline, focus attention on.

23. alienation (noun) – isolation, detachment, estrangement/separation. 24. deliberate (adjective) – intentional, planned, conscious, purposeful.

25. demographic (adjective) – the statistical study/structure of populations, especially human beings. 26. engineering (noun) – organization, planning, management.

27. dominate (verb) - control, influence, command. 28. Valley (noun) – a low area between hills or mountains typically with

a river running through it. Valley is a metonym of Jammu & Kashmir in this context (Metonym is used as an alternative for something else with which it is closely related/associated). 29. nervous (adjective) - anxious, worried, frightened. 30. precarious (adjective) – risky, dangerous, unsafe; hazardous, perilous, unreliable. 31. heavy hand (noun) - oppression, suppression, repression. 32. unilateralism (noun) – a method of taking decisions (particularly on international relations) by a state (country) individually without considering other states (countries). 33. wisdom (noun) – understanding, common sense, insight/foresight, judgement/discernment. 34. push through (phrasal verb) – succeed in passing a law accepted by the people who oppose it. 35. measure (noun) – action, step, procedure. 36. volatility (noun) – fluctuation, inconsistency, unpredictability. 37. buttress (verb) – support, strengthen, reinforce, fortify. 38. robust (adjective) – strong, powerful.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 29, 2020) WP

1. walk the talk (phrase) – to do the things you have said you would do. 2. The Indo-Pacific region (noun) - the Indo-Pacific region refers to the confluence (convergence) of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which

interconnect in Southeast Asia. 3. counter (verb) – oppose, resist, tackle, confront. 4. strategic (adjective) - relating to achieving long-term or overall military

goals. 5. trump (verb) – beat, be better than, outshine, outperform. 6. override (verb) – outweigh, supersede, offset, outbalance, take priority

over, be more important than. 7. amplify (verb) – raise, intensify, escalate. 8. The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD)/The Quad (noun) – an informal strategic forum between the United States, Japan, Australia and India that aims to strengthen the defence and security cooperation amongst these four countries. It was initially proposed by former Japan PM Abe in order to check China’s growing influence and assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region. 9. alliance (noun) - union, association (set up for mutual benefits between countries). 10. captivate (verb) - fascinate, attract, lure. 11. mandarin (noun) – a powerful officer, civil servant, functionary/bureaucrat. 12. court (verb) - woo, provoke, invite, seek the company of. 13. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in. 14. decisive (adjective) – deciding, conclusive, determining. 15. powerhouse (noun) – a person/country with a lot of energy, power & influence. 16. modest (adjective) – small, limited, scanty, meagre. 17. at best (phrase) – only, merely, simply. 18. forum (noun) – meeting, gathering, conference. 19. interlink (verb) - entangle, interweave, intertwine. 20. construct (noun) – idea. 21. more so (phrase) – to a greater degree; to a greater extent. 22. centre around (verb) – focus on, concentrate on, be based on. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. geographic (adjective) - territorial. 24. put differently (phrase) – express differently, put/express in other words. 25. take out (phrasal verb) - remove, detach, separate. 26. equation (noun) – association, connection; the situation.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 29, 2020) WP

27. rationale (noun) – reason, basis, logic. 28. picture (noun) – situation, condition, circumstances. 29. sustain (verb) – continue, carry on, keep going, keep alive, keep in

existence. 30. geopolitical (adjective) – relating to the study of the geographical factors (a country’s position on the earth, size, climate, and natural resources &

etc,.) in world politics and inter-state relations. 31. drastically (adverb) – extremely; seriously, desperately, substantially. 32. nucleus (noun) - centre, focal point, midpoint.

33. hesitant (adjective) – uncertain, undecided, dubious, sceptical, reluctant. 34. articulation (noun) – expression, declaration, statement. 35. inherently (adverb) – essentially, fundamentally, basically, primarily, naturally. 36. subtle (adjective) – delicate, sensitive, clever, accurate, razor-sharp. 37. undertone (noun) – implication, suggestion, hint/trace. 38. infancy (noun) – beginnings, early days/stages. 39. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign-policy. 40. signalling (noun) – the idea that one party convincingly conveys some political information (ideologies) to another (only to show off selfishly, instead of making better society). 41. let alone (phrase) – to say nothing of; not to mention. 42. paradoxically (adverb) – contradictorily, inconsistently, incongruously. 43. aggressive (adjective) – hostile, belligerent, bellicose, hawkish, combative. 44. resolute (adjective) – determined, firm, resolved, strong-minded. 45. pose (verb) – raise, ask, put (a question/matter for consideration). 46. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) (noun) - The Belt and Road Initiative, formerly known as One Belt One Road or OBOR for short, is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013 to invest in nearly 71 countries and international organizations. It is also referred to as “21st century silk road”. From South-east Asia to Eastern Europe and Africa, Belt and Road includes 71 countries that account for half the world’s population and a quarter of global GDP. 47. far more (phrase) - a lot more, much more. 48. much more (phrase) - a lot more. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM49. thought-out (adjective) – thoroughly considered. 50. might (noun) – strength, force, power. 51. flip side (noun) - other side. 52. stress (noun) – pressure, burden, tension, strain, anxiety.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 29, 2020) WP

53. inherent (adjective) – implicit, intrinsic, fundamental, basic. 54. unilateral (adjective) – relating to a method of taking decisions (particularly on international relations) by a state (country) individually

without considering other states (countries). In general, it is relating to the decision taken individually without consulting with the others concerned.

55. pursuit (noun) – quest for, search for. 56. associated (adjective) - connected, related. 57. hurdle (noun) – obstacle, difficulty, problem, impediment.

58. notwithstanding (adverb) – nevertheless, nonetheless; in spite of, despite, regardless of. 59. ponder (verb) – think about, consider, review, reflect on. 60. going forward (phrase) - in the future. 61. kick in (phrasal verb) – come into effect. 62. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 63. for one (phrase) – to emphasize that a particular person is definitely viewing in a specific way, even if other people are not. 64. Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) (noun) – a proposed agreement between the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its free trade agreement (FTA) partners. The pact aims to cover trade in goods and services, intellectual property, etc. 65. flagship (adjective) – most important. 66. free trade (noun) – a policy to eliminate barriers/limits/regulations against imports and exports. 67. potentially (adverb) – likely, may be, possibly, probably. 68. backdrop (noun) – situation, scenario, context. 69. barring (preposition) – except for, with the exception of, apart from, other than, excluding. 70. trilateral (adjective) – involving three nations/parties/groups. 71. go a long way (phrase) – achieve great success; to be helpful for a significant amount of time. 72. decouple (verb) – separate, detach, disengage, dissociate. 73. pursue (verb) – engage in, conduct, follow. 74. determination (noun) – will power, resolution, resolve. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM75. reach (noun) - capacity, capability; authority, sway, influence. 76. consideration (noun) – thought, deliberation, analysis, examination. 77. fall short (phrase) – fail to meet/reach; be deficient/inadequate/insufficient.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 29, 2020) WP

78. dwarf (verb) – dominate, overshadow, outshine. 79. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 80. slowdown (noun) – economic decline, recession, slump/depression.

81. in the wake of (phrase) – as a result of some event, especially an unpleasant one; in the aftermath of, as a consequence of, on account of, because of, owing to.

82. sort of (phrase) – to some extent, somewhat, somehow, slightly. 83. sustainably (adverb) – reasonably, sensibly, legitimately. 84. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in

a group, agreement, concurrence. 85. elite (noun) – high society people; the group of most powerful people in a society. 86. the Cold War (noun) – The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States and a group of countries) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and a group of countries). 87. crucible (noun) – severe situation; trial, test, ordeal. 88. non-alignment (noun) – a term used for an international organization who do not want to officially align themselves with, or against, any major power bloc (group of countries). 89. strategic autonomy (noun) – the ability of a state (country) to pursue its national interests and adopt its preferred foreign policy without being constrained in any manner by other states. 90. embrace (verb) – welcome, accept, adapt, take up. 91. unapologetic (adjective) – not showing regret or shame. 92. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 93. undergo (verb) – go through, experience, be subjected to. 94. constrain (verb) – restrict, limit, restrain. 95. posture (noun) – position, approach, attitude, standpoint, view.

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 30, 2020)

1.H collision (noun) – conflict, clash, opposition, disagreement. 2. livelihood (noun) – means of making a living with the basic necessities (food, water, shelter and clothing); means of support, subsistence, source of income.

3. misgovernance (noun) - misgovernment, mismanagement, mishandling (of something, particularly a country/state/public authority/institution). 4. disunity (noun) - discord, disharmony, conflict, division, strife, friction.

5. patchy (adjective) – erratic, irregular, fluctuating, uneven. 6. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people

across a wide area. 7. enthusiasm (noun) – eagerness, excitement, spirit; interest/passion. 8. competitiveness (noun) - the ability of someone to compete with others; the desire to be more successful than others; aggression, killer instinct (to succeed/win). 9. arena (noun) – a place of activity. 10. calculation (noun) – assessment, judgement, projection, prediction, expectation (of a situation). 11. on the back foot (phrase) – in a defensive position, off balance, at a disadvantage. 12. cash in on (phrase) - take advantage of, exploit. 13. by all accounts (phrase) – supposedly, apparently, seemingly. 14. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim, strive (to achieve something). 15. chart (verb) – outline, describe, detail. 16. profess (verb) – declare, announce, proclaim, assert, state, maintain. 17. reinforce (verb) – strengthen, fortify, bolster up, underpin. 18. alliance (noun) – coalition, partnership. 19. put the spotlight on (phrase) – to bring (public) attention to someone or something. 20. the spotlight (noun) – the public attention, the focus of public/media; the public eye. 21. ally (noun) – partner, supporter, confederate. 22. fire (noun) - criticism, censure, condemnation, castigation. 23. considerable (adjective) – substantial, appreciable, significant, much. 24. let someone loose on (phrase) - allow someone to do what they want in a particular place or situation without controlling them. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM25. fish in troubled waters (phrase) – involve (oneself) in a dangerous situation in the hope of gaining some personal advantage. 26. at the very least (phrase) – to put it mildly, without any exaggeration, taking pessimistic view.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 30, 2020)

27.H tent (noun) - camp, base, shelter/umbrella, cover/roof. 28. (keep) in order (phrase) - to make sure that a group of people or things remains in the correct arrangement; proper, right. 29. fuel (verb) – incite, fan, provoke, goad (an emotion).

30. friction (noun) – discord, disharmony, disunity, strife, conflict, disagreement, dissension. 31. inherent (adjective) – implicit, intrinsic, fundamental, basic.

32. inherent failure (noun) - it means a failure of someone/something to perform their intended function due to physical reasons and/or situations/circumstances.

33. vulnerability (noun) – weakness/defencelessness, frailty, unprotectedness, susceptibility. 34. fortnight (noun) – a period of two weeks/fourteen days continuously. 35. mixed bag (noun) – something having a mixture of (advantages and disadvantages) different things. 36. legacy (noun) – something received from a predecessor or from the past. 37. callow (adjective) - immature, inexperienced, unseasoned. 38. battle-hardened (adjective) – having experience of battle. 39. sceptic (noun) - cynic, doubter, questioner. 40. rally (verb) – get together, work together, act together. 41. strike a chord (phrase) – cause/arouse someone to feel emotion/sympathy. 42. it matters (the most) (phrase) - it is to be (the most) important; it makes a (lot of) difference. 43. mock (verb) - ridicule, scorn, laugh at, make fun of, make a monkey of. 44. come around (phrasal verb) - change one's mind, be converted (to), be won over (by), agree with. 45. invoke (verb) – cite, refer to, adduce. 46. turn away (phrasal verb) – avoid facing someone/something; reject, rebuff. 47. deploy (verb) – use, utilize, employ. 48. trope (noun) – motif, cliché; recurring concept, idea, motive, topic, subject (used many times). 49. formidable (adjective) – impressive, strong, powerful, mighty. 50. breach (verb) – break, break through, burst, burst through, rupture, split. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM51. so far (phrase) – until now, up to the present, up to this point. 52. imperiousness (noun) – high-handedness, overbearance, commanding behaviour.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 30, 2020)

1. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness

spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

2. disruption (noun) – disturbance, interruption, suspension, obstruction. 3. marginal (adjective) – small, minor, insignificant. 4. structured (adjective) - arranged, organized, ordered (to a plan).

5. rely on (phrasal verb) – depend on; resort to, have recourse to. 6. sibling (noun) – brother or sister.

7. unsettling (adjective) - disturbing, upsetting, distressing. 8. Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) (noun) - This is an annual survey that aims to provide reliable estimates of children’s enrolment and basic learning levels for each district and state in India. ASER has been conducted every year since 2005 in all rural districts of India. It is the largest citizen-led survey in India. It is also the only annual source of information on children’s learning outcomes available in India today. 9. prompt (verb) – give rise to, bring about, cause, trigger. 10. remedial (adjective) – corrective, restorative, reparative. 11. measure (noun) – course of action, action, step, procedure. 12. interim (noun) – meantime, meanwhile, intervening time, interval. 13. come up with (phrasal verb) – produce, put forward, present/submit. 14. striking (adjective) - unmistakable, distinctive, strong. 15. finding (noun) - conclusion, result. 16. enrolment (noun) - the act of enrolling/joining at an institution (school or college). 17. percentage point (noun) – the difference between two percentages is termed as percentage point. (for example: “Interest Rates Jump From 10% to 12%”. In this case, the interest rate increased by “2 percentage points” or you can say that the interest rate is increased by 20%). 18. suspension (noun) – interruption, stoppage, termination. 19. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMthe authority. 20. marked (adjective) - noticeable, distinct, striking, clear.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 30, 2020)

21. drop out (phrasal verb) – withdraw from, give up, cancel.

22. digital divide (noun) - the gap between the people who access computer/the internet and those who don’t access them.

23. stand out (phrasal verb) – be noticeable, be visible, be obvious. 24. starkly (adverb) – clearly, distinctly, strikingly; completely. 25. underscore (verb) – underline, emphasize, highlight.

26. facilitate (verb) – make easy, make possible; assist, help/aid. 27. intervention (noun) – the process of intervening in something;

involvement, interference. 28. respect (noun) - aspect, particular, point, way. 29. going forward (phrase) – in the future. 30. opt (verb) - choose, select, pick, decide on, go for. 31. hybrid (adjective) – composed/combined of different elements. 32. bridge (verb) – make a difference smaller; join, link, connect, unite. 33. aid (noun) – help, assistance, support. 34. enable (verb) – allow, permit, give permission to. 35. transmission (noun) - broadcasting, telecasting, televising, airing. 36. broaden (verb) – expand, enlarge, extend. 37. a host of (noun) – lot, large number, great quantity. 38. feasible (adjective) – practicable, viable, realistic. 39. advance (verb) – promote, support, further, forward. 40. host (verb) – present, provide, give. 41. curriculum (noun) – syllabus, course of studies, subjects. (curricula is the plural form of curriculum). 42. curriculum-based (adjective) - based on the syllabus/subjects. 43. beam (verb) – broadcast, transmit, transmit, disseminate, show. 44. out-of-the-box (adjective) – creative, innovative, unconventional, out of the ordinary, unusual. 45. substitute (noun) - alternative, replacement. 46. zero (academic) year (noun) – a zero academic year is one during which no academic activities are conducted, including exams and classes. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM47. wary (adjective) – cautious, careful, circumspect.

Note:

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 30, 2020)

1. deepen (verb) – grow, increase, intensify.

2. optics (noun) – (typically in a political situation) the way in which an event is recognized by the public. 3. ties (noun) – bond, association, relationship.

4. come of age (phrase) - if something has come of age, it has become fully established; if something has come of age, it has reached its full

successful development. 5. counterpart (noun) – equivalent, equal (person); fellow, peer. 6. spell out (phrasal verb) – explain, make clear, elucidate/clarify.

7. highlight (noun) - main feature, focal point, most interesting part. 8. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement; meeting, session. 9. summit (noun) – meeting, conference. 10. virtually (adverb) – practically, nearly, almost. 11. unambiguous (adjective) – unarguable, undebatable, unquestionable. 12. ups and downs (phrase) – unpredictability, instability, uncertainties. 13. modest (adjective) – small, ordinary, simple. 14. the Cold War (noun) – The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States and a group of countries) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and a group of countries). 15. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 16. minute (noun) - an official memorandum/contract/agreement (which is recommending a course of action). 17. institute (verb) – begin/start. 18. set up (phrasal verb) – establish, start/begin, inaugurate, create. 19. overhang (noun) – a situation which is lingering, indecisive and it is also having (a negative effect). 20. cast a shadow over/on (phrase) – spoil, diminish, let down. 21. perception (noun) – understanding/interpretation, idea/thought, belief, discernment. 22. difference (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, misunderstanding. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. come to a head (phrase) - reach a crisis, come to a climax, reach a critical point, reach a turning point. 24. slew of (noun) – a large number of, lot, range.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 30, 2020)

25. sanctions (noun) – action taken, or an order given to force a country

to obey international laws by limiting or stopping trade with that country, by not allowing economic aid for that country, etc. 26. condemnation (noun) – censure, criticism, castigation, stricture.

27. span (verb) – range over, last, extend over (a period of time). 28. bring about (phrasal verb) – cause to happen, make happen, result in,

give rise to. 29. lay out (phrasal verb) – outline, draw up, formulate. 30. mechanism (noun) – procedure, process, method/technique.

31. intelligence (noun) – (military) information. 32. humanitarian (adjective) – compassionate, humane, socially concerned. 33. non-proliferation (noun) - prevention of the spread of something (nuclear weapons, weapons technology & etc.). 34. gather momentum (phrase) – to get strength; to become stronger, to become effective. 35. hurdle (noun) – obstacle, difficulty, problem, impediment. 36. at play (phrase) - active as something to be considered. 37. progressive (adjective) – forward-looking, forward- thinking, dynamic, advanced. 38. open up (phrasal verb) – make something available/accessible. 39. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 40. diaspora (noun) – the people who spread/scatter from their own country to places across the world. 41. bipartisan (adjective) – involving cooperation between two (opposite & big) political parties. 42. composition (noun) – formation, structure, arrangement. 43. caucus (noun) – (in the US) a party-organized gathering of members to discuss their presidential preferences, elect local party leadership and discuss issues that make up the party’s platform. A closed meeting of supporters or members of a specific political party or movement. It is also defined as hours-long voting meeting run by a political party. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM44. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 30, 2020)

45. Senate (noun) - the upper house or chamber in some bicameral

legislative systems. (for example in the US, Australia, Canada). 46. acquisition (noun) – obtaining, acquiring/procuring, appropriation. 47. baby step (noun) - a very small step.

48. estranged (adjective) – alienated, hostile, disaffected/antagonized. 49. carry forward (phrasal verb) – have something to continue/handle at a

later stage (to make progress). 50. heavy lifting (noun) – difficult work. 51. legacy (noun) – something received from a predecessor or from the

past. 52. push (noun) – effort. 53. hesitation (noun) – unwillingness, disinclination, reluctance. 54. take forward (phrasal verb) – deal with, cope with, tackle, address. 55. elevate (verb) – raise, lift up (to a higher position/level). 56. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 57. comprehensive (adjective) – all-inclusive, broad-based, complete/thorough. 58. strategic partnership (noun) – it is a long-term interaction between two countries based on political, economic, social and historical factors. 59. constrain (verb) – restrict, limit, restrain. 60. shy away from (phrasal verb) – avoid, recoil, withdraw nervously (due to fear/surprise/pain/dislike). 61. prod (verb) - stimulate, motivate, encourage. 62. reluctant (adjective) – unwilling, disinclined, unenthusiastic. 63. bureaucracy (noun) – officials (in the administration, government, the establishment) as a group. 64. Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA) for Geo-Spatial cooperation (noun) – BECA agreement will allow India to use US expertise on geospatial intelligence and to enhance military accuracy of automated hardware systems and weapons like cruise, ballistic missiles and drones. This is the third foundational agreement to be signed between India and the US after the Logistics Exchange WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMMemorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) and the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) in 2016 and 2018 respectively.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 30, 2020)

65. geospatial (adjective) – relating to an information tied/connected to a

particular location. 66. General Security Of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA) (noun) - It provides for specific measures to ensure security standards

for safeguarding critical information shared by the U.S. with India. It was signed by the two countries in 2002.

67. End Use Monitoring Agreement (EUMA) (noun) - EUMA will allow the US to periodically carry out an inspection and inventory of all articles transferred to India. It was agreed to between India and the

U.S., in 2009. 68. drag one’s feet (phrase) - delay, procrastinate, postpone action, put off doing something. 69. ground (noun) – reason, factor, basis, rationale, foundation. 70. jeopardise (verb) – put at risk, put in danger, endanger. 71. strategic autonomy (noun) – the ability of a state (country) to pursue its national interests and adopt its preferred foreign policy without being constrained in any manner by other states. 72. induct (verb) – allow into, introduce to. 73. Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) (noun) - India and the U.S. inked the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) in 2016 that allows their militaries use each other’s bases for repair and replenishment of supplies as well as provide for deeper cooperation. 74. Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) (noun) - India and the U.S. signed another pact called COMCASA (Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement) in 2018 that provides for interoperability between the two militaries and provides for sale of high end technology from the U.S. to India. 75. encryption (noun) – the process of encoding a message or information to protect from unauthorized person. 76. fuss (noun) – excessive/unnecessary excitement, activity; uproar, disturbance. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM77. break away (phrasal verb) – leave, split with, come apart, separate from. 78. label (noun) - identification, tag, designation.

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 30, 2020)

79. invariably (adverb) – always, every time, each time.

80. adversary (noun) – rival, enemy, nemesis/opponent, competitor. 81. categorise (verb) – class, group, list. 82. spuriously (adverb) - falsely, fraudulently.

83. convergence (noun) – coming together, intersection, confluence (a process of merging).

84. The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD)/The Quad (noun) – an informal strategic forum between the United States, Japan, Australia and India that aims to strengthen the defence and security cooperation

amongst these four countries. It was initially proposed by former Japan PM Abe in order to check China’s growing influence and assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region. 85. moot (verb) – put forward, present, propose, suggest. 86. peter out (phrasal verb) – disappear or decrease gradually; fade away, come to an end, taper off. 87. Five Eyes (FVEY) (noun) – it is the multilateral intelligence-sharing alliance. The “five” in the 5 Eyes refers to the five Anglophone (English-speaking) countries that Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK, and the US. These countries are parties to the multilateral UKUSA Agreement, a treaty for joint cooperation in signals intelligence. 88. (be) caught up in (phrasal verb) – become involved in (something unintended). 89. non-alignment (noun) – a term used for an international organization who do not want to officially align themselves with, or against, any major power bloc (group of countries). 90. guiding principle (noun) – a set of moral values/beliefs that helps you to make decisions in a difficult situation. 91. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign- policy. 92. impinge on (verb) – influence, have an effect on, encroach on. 93. hijack (verb) – commandeer, seize/take over, expropriate, confiscate. 94. tie up (phrasal verb) – bind, attach, join, connect, link. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM95. ideological (adjective) – relating to a system of ideas. 96. prisoner (noun) – a person who feels confined/trapped by a situation. 97. in-person (adjective) – physical, personal, actual.

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 31, 2020) H 1. descend into (verb) – decline, degenerate, deteriorate, slide, fall/drop.

2. civilisational (adjective) – relating to civilisation (culture, customs, way of life). 3. chaos (noun) – disorder, disarray, turmoil, disorganization, disruption.

4. behead (verb) – cut off the head of, decapitate, to remove the head of. 5. suburb (noun) – outlying district, residential area, outskirts.

6. context (noun) – circumstances, conditions, situation. 7. satirical (adjective) – mocking, ironic, sarcastic/ridiculing. 8. prophet (noun) - a person who is believed to be sent by God to Earth

(to say the things that God wants to tell people). 9. caricature (noun) – cartoon. 10. agony (noun) – pain, suffering, misery. 11. give in (phrasal verb) – surrender, yield, submit/capitulate. 12. strike (verb) – attack, affect, afflict. 13. serve (verb) - act as, function as. 14. credible (adjective) – believable, acceptable, reasonable, convincing. 15. intelligence gathering (noun) – the process of collecting (military/politics) information. 16. deradicalisation (noun) – the measures taken to motivate someone (with extreme views) to adapt less radical (extreme) views in their political or religious beliefs. 17. combative (adjective) - aggressive, belligerent, hostile, bellicose. 18. posture (noun) – position, approach, attitude, standpoint, view. 19. run (noun) - a continuous spell/period of a particular situation or condition. 20. needless to say (phrase) - as you would expect, of course, obviously, clearly. 21. drive a wedge between (phrase) - to cause misunderstanding or quarrel between two people and damage their good relationship. 22. polarised (adjective) – separated into opposing two. 23. feed into (verb) – influence, contribute to. 24. far-right (adjective) – relating to the extreme right wing of a political party or group; extremely conservative, rightist. 25. Islamophobic (adjective) – (of a person) having an unreasonable fear WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMand dislike of Muslims. 26. narrative (noun) – a representation of a particular situation; portrayal/account.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (OCT 31, 2020) H 27. implacable (adjective) – unappeasable, unpacifiable, unforgiving.

28. imperative (noun) – necessary condition, precondition, essential requirement. 29. counter-terrorism (noun) – anti-terrorism; actions taken to combat or

prevent terrorism. 30. ideology (noun) – beliefs, ideas, principles.

31. arena (noun) – a place of activity. 32. drive (verb) – force, compel, prompt, urge, goad. 33. perverted (adjective) - abnormal, immoral, wrong, evil/bad.

34. interpretation (noun) – understanding, reading, meaning, explanation. 35. unleash (verb) – let loose, release, set free. 36. subscribe to (verb) – agree with, be in agreement with, support/endorse. 37. worldview (noun) – ideology, principles, values, school of thought. 38. minuscule (adjective) – very small, insignificant, negligible. 39. potent (adjective) – strong, powerful, mighty, dominant. 40. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 41. embrace (noun) – approval, adoption, integration. 42. vicious (adjective) – brutal, ferocious, savage, violent, dangerous. 43. mindful (adjective) – aware of, conscious of, heedful of. 44. sow (verb) – cause, bring about, give rise to, trigger, provoke. 45. discord (noun) – strife, conflict, friction, hostility, disagreement, lack of agreement, lack of harmony. 46. posit (verb) – put forward, set forth, present, propose. 47. secularism (noun) – the belief that religion should not have a strong influence in education or other public parts of society. 48. equality (noun) – fairness, justness, impartiality. 49. radical (adjective) – extreme, extremist, fanatical. 50. Islamism (noun) – Islamic fundamentalism; it is defined as the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life. Islamism is not a form of the Muslim faith. It is, rather, a political ideology. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM51. medieval (adjective) – primitive, ancient, undeveloped, uncivilized, rough/cruel. 52. equip (verb) – prepare, qualify, suit (for a particular task).

Note:

1. forecast (noun) – prediction, indication, projection, prognosis, speculation, calculation (of future events or trends).

2. draw to an end (phrase) - finish, terminate, close, end. 3. meteorological (adjective) – relating to the branch of science that deals with phenomena (events) of the atmosphere or weather.

4. withdrawal (noun) - retreat, departure, ending, stopping (of monsoon). 5. associated (adjective) – connected, related, corresponding.

6. surplus (noun) – excess. 7. surpass (verb) – be greater than, exceed, outdo/eclipse. 8. long period average (LPA) (noun) - LPA is the average rainfall received by the country as a whole during the south-west monsoon, for a 50-year period. The current LPA is 88 cm, based on the average rainfall over years 1951 and 2000. 9. consecutive (adjective) - successive, continuous. 10. meteorologist (noun) – weatherman, weather forecaster. 11. speak of (phrasal verb) – mention, talk about, refer to. 12. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 13. epoch (noun) – era, period, time. 14. drought (noun) – shortage, scarcity, deficiency. 15. handful (adjective) – few, one or two, a small number. 16. In that light (phrase) - in view of that; in consideration of that. 17. munificent (adjective) – generous, bountiful, liberal, open/big-handed. 18. imply (verb) – say indirectly, suggest, indicate. 19. landslide (noun) – mudslide, earthfall. 20. ought to (modal verb) – must, should.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited H WORD LIST-2 (OCT 31, 2020)

21. commensurate (adjective) – equivalent, equal, corresponding, comparable, proportional.

22. long-due (adjective) - long-pending. 23. onset (noun) – start, beginning, arrival. 24. reckoning (noun) – opinion, view, estimation.

25. factor in (phrasal verb) – take into account, take into consideration, consider, regard.

26. preparedness (noun) – readiness. 27. herald (verb) – publicize, declare, make public, announce, usher in. 28. advent (noun) – arrival, appearance, emergence. 29. bring in (phrasal verb) – cause, bring about, create, produce. 30. peninsular (adjective) – describing a part of land surrounded by water on its three sides, but connected to the mainland. 31. shower with (verb) - provide (a number of things) all at once towards something. 32. unfolding (noun) – developing, growing, emerging, transpiring. 33. simulate (verb) - produce a computer model (of weather). 34. tune (verb) - attune, adapt, adjust, fine-tune. 35. go beyond (phrasal verb) – to go past something, to do more than required. 36. build on/upon (phrasal verb) – use something as a basis/base for; be based on, rely on, turn to, trust in. 37. vagary (noun) – peculiarity, oddity, eccentricity, unpredictability. 38. resilience (noun) – strength, toughness; the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties.

Note:

WP ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 31, 2020)

1. sponge city (noun) - The idea of a sponge city is to make cities more permeable so as to hold and use the water which falls upon it. Sponge cities absorb the rain water, which is then naturally filtered by the soil

and allowed to reach urban aquifers. This allows for the extraction of water from the ground through urban or peri-urban wells. This water can be treated easily and used for city water supply.

2. traction (noun) - popularity, acceptance, currency. 3. dichotomy (noun) – lack of consistency, conflict, difference, contradiction; division.

4. unbridled (adjective) – unrestrained, unconstrained, uncontrolled. 5. avarice (noun) - greed, rapacity, materialism. 6. untrammelled (adjective) – uncontrolled, unconstrained, unrestricted. 7. urbanisation (noun) – a process of creating urban areas. It is a result of population migration from rural areas in addition to natural urban demographic growth. 8. currency (noun) - the duration in which something is in use; prevalence, circulation, dissemination. 9. in the wake of (phrase) – as a result of some event, especially an unpleasant one; in the aftermath of, as a consequence of, on account of, because of, owing to. 10. torrential (adjective) – (of rain) severe, heavy, copious, relentless. 11. hutment (noun) - a group of huts. 12. flush away (phrasal verb) - remove, dispose of something by flushing. 13. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 14. come to a standstill (phrase) – to slow down and stop/halt completely. 15. synonymous with (adjective) – closely associated with. 16. climate change (noun) – a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth. 17. anticipate (verb) – expect, foresee, predict. 18. bring someone/something to their/its knees (phrase) - to overpower someone/something and make their/its condition extremely weak. 19. persistence (noun) – continuance, continuity, dependability, changelessness. 20. cliched (adjective) - ordinary, hackneyed, unremarkable. 21. restitute (verb) – to return, to restore, to re-establish, to reinstate. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. profoundly (adverb) – extremely, deeply, greatly. 23. disabling (adjective) - damaging, impairing, weakening. 24. account (noun) – explanation, narration, interpretation. 25. trans- (prefix) – across.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 31, 2020) WP

26. unwavering (adjective) – steady, firm, resolute; steadfast, persistent, unflagging. 27. draw attention away from (phrase) - deflect attention, detract attention

and divert attention. 28. discharge (verb) – allow (water) to flow out from where it has been blocked) release, dispense, send out.

29. bluntly (adverb) – straightforwardly, directly, candidly, forthrightly. 30. sluice (noun) – culvert, a water channel/trough. 31. bund (noun) - embankment, bank, causeway.

32. breach (verb) – break, break through, burst, burst through, rupture, split. 33. antiquated (adjective) – outdated, old-fashioned, obsolete. 34. to begin with (phrase) – at first, at the outset, at the beginning. 35. address (verb) – deal with, handle, tackle, grapple with. 36. left out past participle of leave out (phrasal verb) – exclude, omit, miss out. 37. description (noun) – explanation, illustration, representation, interpretation. 38. influence (verb) – affect, have an effect on, persuade. 39. recurring (adjective) – happening repeatedly; reappearing/reoccurring. 40. conduct (noun) – behaviour; handling, controlling, overseeing of an activity. 41. faceless (adjective) – anonymous, impersonal; characterless, unremarkable. 42. neglect (verb) - disregard, ignore, pay no attention to. 43. incremental (adjective) – gradual, phased, step-by-step. 44. ecological (adjective) – relating to the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment. 45. wetland (noun) - an area of land that is saturated with water; areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. 46. disavow (verb) – deny, disclaim, reject. 47. ecosystem (noun) – a biological community of interacting organisms; living things, living beings. 48. pay attention (phrase) – heed, attend, be attentive, concentrate on. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM49. terrain (noun) – territory. 50. permeable (adjective) – porous, penetrable, absorbent, absorptive. 51. concerted (adjective) – coordinated, collaborative, joint; forceful, intense, strong.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 31, 2020) WP

52. metropolitan (noun) – a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing.

53. mitigate (verb) – reduce, lessen, decrease, make less severe. 54. water security (noun) - the capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water for

sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne pollution and water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of

peace and political stability. 55. so as to (phrase) – in order to. 56. aquifer (noun) – an underground layer of water-bearing rock. 57. peri-urban (adjective) – also called rurban space (blend of rural and urban), outskirts; relating to an area immediately next to a city (especially in Africa). 58. imply (verb) – say indirectly, suggest, indicate. 59. contiguous (adjective) – neighbouring, adjacent, bordering/abutting. 60. bio-diversity (noun) – the existence of a number and variety of species (plants & animals) in a particular geographic region/environment. 61. Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) (noun) - The Government of India has launched it in June 2015 with the mission to provide basic services (e.g. water supply, sewerage, urban transport) to households and build amenities in cities which will improve the quality of life for all, especially the poor and the disadvantaged. 62. National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) (noun) - a central sector scheme of the Government of India, was launched on 21st January 2015 with the aim of bringing together urban planning, economic growth and heritage conservation in an inclusive manner & with the objective of preserving the heritage character of the City. 63. characterise (verb) – identify, specify, describe. 64. commons (noun) - the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMa habitable earth. 65. regardless of (phrase) – irrespective of, without consideration of, notwithstanding, in spite of.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (OCT 31, 2020) WP

66. watershed (noun) - also called a drainage basin or catchment; It’s a land area that channels/directs rainfall and snowmelt to creeks, streams, and rivers.

67. enunciate (verb) – pronounce, articulate; express/state. 68. contour (noun) – outline, shape, form. 69. bound (by) (adjective) – obliged, compelled, required, constrained.

70. jurisdiction (noun) – territory, region, province, area. 71. irrigation (noun) – the process of (artificially) supplying water to farm land to grow crops & plants.

72. lasting (adjective) – long-lasting, long-term, permanent. 73. irreversible (adjective) – unchangeable, invariable, irrevocable. 74. impervious to (adjective) – unaffected by, invulnerable to, resistant/unresponsive to. 75. non-porous (adjective) - non-permeable, non-penetrable. 76. scale (noun) – the full range of different levels of people (from lowest to highest). 77. bioswale (noun) – linear channels designed to concentrate and convey stormwater runoff while removing debris and pollution. 78. storm water (noun) – inundated/flood water produced after a heavy rainfall. 79. trickle (verb) – come gradually, occur slowly. 80. harvest (verb) – collecting (a resource) for future use. 81. run-off (noun) – the draining away of water (from the surface of a building). 82. acknowledge (verb) – admit, accept, realize. 83. actor (noun) – participants (in an action). 84. fault line (noun) – a divisive issue; a difference of opinion. 85. resilient (adjective) – strong, sturdy, stout, durable. 86. sustainable (adjective) – reasonable, sensible, well founded (without disturbing the balance of nature and then without exhausting all of natural resources). 87. scapegoat (noun) – a person blamed for the wrongdoings/faults that someone else has done. 88. mystify (verb) - bewilder, puzzle, perplex, confuse. 89. render (verb) – make, cause to be, cause to become. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM90. misery (noun) – pain, grief, anguish, agony, distress, torment, suffering. 91. vulnerable (adjective) – relating to a weak/neglected person who is in need of special care/support; at risk, unsafe, unprotected.