Was Macht Pittsburgh So Erfolgreich? – Faktoren Eines Gelungenen Strukturwandels

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Was Macht Pittsburgh So Erfolgreich? – Faktoren Eines Gelungenen Strukturwandels Ruhr - Universität Bochum Fakultät für Sozialwissenschaften Was macht Pittsburgh so erfolgreich? – Faktoren eines gelungenen Strukturwandels M.A. - Arbeit Vorgelegt von: Nick Woischneck Matrikel Nr.: 108012268726 Betreut durch: Prof. Dr. Britta Rehder (Erstgutachterin), Prof. Dr. Rolf G. Heinze (Zweitgutachter) Bochum, den 03.11.2015 Ich danke allen, die an der vorliegenden Arbeit mitgewirkt haben. Besonderer Dank gilt meine r Familie und meinen Freunde, die mich w ährend meines Studiums unterstützt haben. Das dieser Arbeit zu Gr unde liegende Forschungsprojekt wurde von der Rosa Luxemburg - Stiftung und dem University Center for Social and Urban Research gefördert. Nick Woischneck Inhalt 1 Einleitung ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 4 2. Begriffskunde Strukturwandel ................................ ................................ ......... 6 2.1 Region ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 6 2.2 Regionaler Strukturwandel ................................ ................................ ............ 7 2.3 Strukturpolitik ................................ ................................ ................................ 9 2.4 Altindustrielle Zentren ................................ ................................ ................. 10 3 Theorie ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 12 3.1.1 Okönomische vs. Raumbezogene Theorien ................................ ............. 13 3.1.2 Ökonomische Erklärungsansätze ................................ .............................. 14 3.1.3 Dreisektoren - Hypothese und Entwicklung zur Dienstleistungsgesellschaft ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 18 3.1.4 Nachfrageseitige Theorie ................................ ................................ .......... 19 3.1.5 Bedeutung ökonomischer Erklärungsansätze für altindustrielle Regionen 20 3.1.6 Exkurs: Richard Florida: Creative Class ................................ ...................... 22 3.2 Raumbezogene Erklärungsansätze ................................ ............................... 25 3.2.1 Polorientierte Erklärungsansätze ................................ .............................. 25 3.2.2 Standortsorientierte Erklärungsansätze ................................ ................... 28 3.2.3 Bedeutung raumbezogener Erklärungsansätze fü r altindustrielle Regionen ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 29 3.3 Politisch - kulturelle Erklärungsansätze ................................ ......................... 31 3.4 Erfolgreicher Strukturwandel ................................ ................................ ....... 32 3.5 Synthese der Theorie ................................ ................................ ................... 34 4 Ca se - Study „Was macht Pittsburgh so erfolgreich? – Faktoren eines gelungenen Strukturwandels“ ................................ ................................ ........... 37 4.1 Forschungsdesign ................................ ................................ ......................... 39 4.2 Forschungsaufenthalt / Feldforschung ................................ ........................ 42 4.3 Planung und Durchführung ................................ ................................ .......... 43 4.4 Leitfadengestützte Experteninterviews ................................ ....................... 45 4.5 Kurzprofil der Experten ................................ ................................ ................ 46 5 Die Region Pittsburgh ................................ ................................ ..................... 56 5.1 Geographie ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 59 1 5.2 Wirtschaftsgeschichte ................................ ................................ .................. 60 5. 2.1 Wirtschaftsgeschichte bis 1945 ................................ ................................ 60 5.2.2 Wirtschaftsgeschichte ab 1945 ................................ ................................ 63 5.2.3 Pittsburgh im Strukturwandel ................................ ................................ ... 66 5.2.4 Exkurs: Benjamin Chinitz: Contrasts in Agglomeration: New York and Pittsburgh ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 67 5.2.5 Entwicklung bis 1986 ................................ ................................ ................ 71 5.2.6 Zwischenfazit „Pittsburgh Mitte der 1980er Jahre“ ................................ .. 74 5.3 Pittsburgh heute ................................ ................................ .......................... 76 5.3.1 Arbeitsmarkt ................................ ................................ ............................. 77 5.3.2 Bevölkerung ................................ ................................ .............................. 81 5.3. 3 Lebensqualität ................................ ................................ .......................... 83 5.3.4 Zwischenfazit „Pittsburgh heute“ ................................ ............................. 83 6 Faktoren des gelungenen Strukturwandels ................................ .................... 84 6.1 Ökonomische Erfolgsfaktoren ................................ ................................ ...... 84 6.1.1 Diversifizierung ................................ ................................ ......................... 85 6.1.2 Eds+meds ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 87 6.1.3 Produzie rendes Gewerbe ................................ ................................ .......... 92 6.2 Raumbezogene Standortfaktoren ................................ ................................ 9 5 6.2.1 Stadtgestaltung ................................ ................................ ......................... 96 6.2.2 Standortortfaktoren ................................ ................................ .................. 98 6.2.3 Umwelt ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 101 6.2.4 Kultur ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 103 6.2.5 Sport – “City of Champions” ................................ ................................ ... 105 6.2.6 Zwischenfazit raumbezogene Erfolgsfaktoren ................................ ........ 107 6.3 Politisch - kulturelle Erfolgsfaktoren ................................ ............................ 107 6.3.1 Mentalität ................................ ................................ ............................... 108 6.3.2 Akteure ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 111 7 Fazit ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 114 Literaturverzeichnis ................................ ................................ ............................. 117 2 Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit zum Thema „Was macht Pittsburgh so erfolgreich? – Faktoren ei nes gelungenen Strukturwandels“ möchte den Strukturwandel in der Region Pittsburgh untersuchen und die Faktoren dessen Erfolges herausarbeiten. Hierzu soll einleitend der Begriff des Strukturwandel s operationalisiert werden. Während andere altindustrielle Regionen, wie das Ruhrgebiet , unter dem anhaltenden Strukturwandel und dem damit verbundenen Verlust an Arbeitsplätzen und Bevölkerung leiden, präsentiert sich das heutige Pittsburgh als moderne Metropole mit stabilem wirtschaftlichem Fundament und hoher Lebensqua lität. Wä hrend das fr ühere Pittsburgh seit je her als Inbegriff der amerikanischen Industriestadt gi lt – welche Unternehmer wie Carnegie und Frick hervorbrachte – steht das Pitt s burgh der 1980er Jahre sinnbildlich für den Niedergang der US - Schwerindustrie. Alleine im Jahr 1984 verlor die Region P ittsburgh mehrere Zehntausend Einwohner un d Arbeitsplätze und beinahe ihr gesamtes industrielles Fundament. Welche Faktoren erklären derartige Wandlungsprozesse? Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage soll ein Blick auf verschiedene theoretische Erklärungsansätze geworfen werden . Doch dort , wo früher Schornsteine ihren Rauch in die Luft pusteten und Arbeiter malochten, ragen heute Wolkenkratzer in den Himme l und besuchen zigtausende Studenten Bildungseinrichtungen von teils internationalem Topniveau. Pittsburgh präsentiert sich als junge, moderne und grüne Stadt. Sinnbildlich wurde dieser Wandel in Pittsburghs wiederholte r Auszeichnung als „most - livable city of the USA.“ Der empirische Beleg für den gelungenen Strukturwandel von einem alt - in dustriellen Zentrum zu einer modernen Metropole ist die Performance Pittsburghs in und seit der US - amerikanischen Wirtschaftskrise im Jahr 2008, im Zuge derer Pittsburghs Wir tschaft sich als stabiler erwies , als der US - Durchschnitt. Dies e Erfolgsgeschichte führte auch zur Auswahl Pittsburghs als Ausr ichtungsort des G20 1 Gipfels 2009 . In seiner Eröffnungsrede bezeichnete US - Präsident Barack Obama Pittsburgh als „bold example of how to create new jobs and industries while transi tioning to a 21th century econo my.“ (The White
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