2ãÊĄÊ–Üǖù–¤Ą®ùÊý–ĄÊêãê¹A–Ù®ýZù®ýö–ĺ NÇùʪ–ãªaÇÙêªù–ĸaٖª–ù Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe i Acknowledgements

This publication is the result of a joint effort of ministries, competent authorities, research institutions and experts of Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro to characterise the three lake sub-basins jointly and pursuant to the EU Water Framework Directive. This endeavour, which involved the pooling of expertise from all three countries, was pursued with determination and in a spirit of cooperation at all levels: political, technical and administrative. All parties and persons involved are acknowledged for their contribution to this work.

Disclaimer

This publication has been prepared from original material submitted by the authors. Every effort was made to ensure that this document remains faithful to that material while responsibility for the accuracy of information ÷ú¯þ¯äą¯«ú¯ã—ËäþþëݯÝĝĖËąÈąÈ¯—ĊąÈëúþļ/ëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻąÈ¯ĕ˯Ėþ¯ě÷ú¯þþ¯««ëäëą䯥¯þþ—úËÝĝú¯Á¯¥ąąÈëþ¯ëº*2†Ļ ąÈ¯*ëĕ¯úäã¯äąþëºݤ—ä˗ĻG—¥¯«ëä˗—ä«Gëäą¯ä¯ÃúëĻäëúąÈ¯䗱Ëëä—Ý¥ëã÷¯ą¯äą—ĊąÈëúËąË¯þËä¥È—úïëº implementing the EU Water Framework Directive. The use of particular designations of water bodies does not Ëã÷Ýĝ—äĝ×Ċ«Ã¯ã¯äą¤ĝąÈ¯÷Ċ¤ÝËþȯúĻąÈ¯*2†Ļ—þąëąÈ¯ݯ×Ýþą—ąĊþëºþĊ¥ÈĖ—ą¯ú¤ë«Ë¯þĻëºąÈ¯Ëú—ĊąÈëúËąË¯þ and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. ii Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar Contents

Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... viii Foreword ...... x 1 2äąúë«Ċ¥ąËëä ...... 1 2 Description of the Drin River Basin ...... 4 3 Water Framework Directive – National Legislation ...... 4 3.1 Albania ...... 4 3.2 Macedonia ...... 5 3.3 Montenegro ...... 6 4 Lake Water Status – Requirements and Procedures According to the WFD ...... 8 5 Lake Shkodra/Skadar Sub-Basin ...... 10 5.1 Characteristics...... 10 5.2 Types of Surface Water Bodies – Lake and Main Tributaries ...... 10 5.3 iĝ÷¯ƒa÷¯¥Ë½¥]¯º¯ú¯ä¥¯ëä«ËąËëäþ ...... 11 5.4 2«¯äąË½¥—ąËëäëºZú¯þþĊú¯þ ...... 13 5.4.1 Methods ...... 13 5.4.2 ěËþąËä׹——ä«*—÷þ ...... 13 5.4.3 aËÃä˽¥—äąZëËäąaëĊú¥¯þëºZëÝÝĊąËëä ...... 13 5.4.4 aËÃä˽¥—äą˺ºĊþ¯aëĊú¥¯þëºZëÝÝĊąËëä ...... 14 5.4.5 Water Abstraction ...... 15 5.4.6 Hydromorphology and Water Flow Regulation ...... 15 5.4.7 NąÈ¯úaËÃä˽¥—äąäąÈúë÷ëïäË¥2ã÷—¥ąþ ...... 15 5.5 Water Quality Assessment ...... 16 5.5.1 Sampling Stations ...... 16 5.5.2 Chemical and Physico-Chemical Elements ...... 16 5.5.3 a÷¯¥Ë½¥ZëÝÝĊą—äąþ ...... 19 5.5.4 Biological Quality Elements ...... 20 5.6 2ã÷—¥ą—ä«]ËþÚëºz—ą¯úë«Ë¯þ)—ËÝËäÃąëG¯¯ąäĕËúëäã¯äą—ÝN¤×¯¥ąËĕ¯þ ...... 32 5.6.1 Chemical and Physico-Chemical Elements ...... 32 5.6.2 Biological Elements ...... 32 5.6.3 Hydromorphological Elements ...... 33 5.6.4 Surface Water Status and Environmental Objectives Assessment ...... 34 5.7 Protected Areas ...... 34 5.7.1 Albania ...... 34 5.7.2 Montenegro ...... 35 6 Sub-Basin Lake Ohrid ...... 35 6.1 Characteristics...... 35 6.2 Types of Surface Water Bodies – Lake and Main Tributaries ...... 36 6.3 iĝ÷¯ƒa÷¯¥Ë½¥]¯º¯ú¯ä¥¯ëä«ËąËëäþ...... 36 6.4 2«¯äąË½¥—ąËëäëºZú¯þþĊú¯þ ...... 36 6.4.1 Methods ...... 36 6.4.2 ěËþąËä׹——ä«*—÷þ ...... 37 6.4.3 aËÃä˽¥—äąZëËäąaëĊú¥¯þëºZëÝÝĊąËëä ...... 37 6.4.4 aËÃä˽¥—äą˺ºĊþ¯aëĊú¥¯þëºZëÝÝĊąËëä ...... 38 6.4.5 Water Abstraction ...... 38 6.4.6 Hydromorphology and Water Flow Regulation ...... 39 6.4.7 NąÈ¯úaËÃä˽¥—äąäąÈúë÷ëïäË¥2ã÷—¥ąþ ...... 40

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe iii 6.5 Water Quality Assessment ...... 41 6.5.1 Sampling Stations ...... 41 6.5.2 Chemical and Physico-Chemical Elements ...... 42 6.5.3 a÷¯¥Ë½¥ZëÝÝĊą—äąþ ...... 43 6.5.4 Biological Elements ...... 45 6.6 2ã÷—¥ą—ä«]ËþÚëºz—ą¯úë«Ë¯þ)—ËÝËäÃąëG¯¯ąäĕËúëäã¯äą—ÝN¤×¯¥ąËĕ¯þ ...... 53 6.6.1 Chemical and Physico-Chemical Elements ...... 53 6.6.2 Biological Elements ...... 54 6.6.3 Hydromorphological Elements ...... 55 6.6.4 Surface Water Status and Environmental Objectives Assessment ...... 55 6.7 Protected Areas ...... 55 6.7.1 Albania ...... 55 6.7.2 Macedonia ...... 55 7 Lake Prespa Sub-Basin ...... 56 7.1 Characteristics...... 56 7.2 Types of Surface Water Bodies – Lake and Main Tributaries ...... 56 7.3 iĝ÷¯ƒa÷¯¥Ë½¥]¯º¯ú¯ä¥¯ëä«ËąËëäþ ...... 57 7.4 2«¯äąË½¥—ąËëäëºZú¯þþĊú¯þ ...... 57 7.4.1 Methods ...... 57 7.4.2 ěËþąËä׹——ä«*—÷þ ...... 57 7.4.3 aËÃä˽¥—äąZëËäąaëĊú¥¯þëºZëÝÝĊąËëä ...... 57 7.4.4 aËÃä˽¥—äą˺ºĊþ¯aëĊú¥¯þëºZëÝÝĊąËëä ...... 58 7.4.5 Water Abstraction ...... 59 7.4.6 Hydromorphology and Water Flow Regulation ...... 59 7.4.7 NąÈ¯úaËÃä˽¥—äąäąÈúë÷ëïäË¥2ã÷—¥ąþ ...... 59 7.5 Water Quality Assessment ...... 60 7.5.1 Sampling Stations ...... 60 7.5.2 Chemical and Physico-Chemical Elements ...... 61 7.5.3 a÷¯¥Ë½¥ZëÝÝĊą—äąþ ...... 62 7.5.4 Biological Elements ...... 63 7.6 2ã÷—¥ą—ä«]ËþÚëºz—ą¯úë«Ë¯þ)—ËÝËäÃąëG¯¯ąäĕËúëäã¯äą—ÝN¤×¯¥ąËĕ¯þ ...... 72 7.6.1 Chemical and Physico-Chemical Elements ...... 72 7.6.2 Biological Elements ...... 72 7.6.3 Hydromorphological Elements ...... 73 7.6.4 Surface Water Status and Environmental Objectives Assessment ...... 73 7.7 Protected Areas ...... 73 7.7.1 Albania ...... 73 7.7.2 Macedonia ...... 74 8 Proposed Programmes for the Monitoring of Water Status ...... 74 8.1 Lake Shkodra/Skadar ...... 76 8.1.1 Surveillance Monitoring...... 76 8.1.2 Operational Monitoring ...... 76 8.1.3 2äĕ¯þąË׹Ëĕ¯GëäËąëúËäÃ...... 77 8.2 Lake Ohrid ...... 77 8.2.1 Surveillance Monitoring...... 77 8.2.2 Operational Monitoring ...... 77 8.2.3 2äĕ¯þąË׹Ëĕ¯GëäËąëúËäÃ...... 78 8.3 Lake Prespa ...... 78 8.3.1 Surveillance Monitoring...... 78 8.3.2 Operational Monitoring ...... 78 8.3.3 2äĕ¯þąË׹Ëĕ¯GëäËąëúËäÃ...... 79 8.4 Monitoring Frequencies ...... 79 8.4.1 Biological Quality Elements ...... 79 8.4.2 Chemical and Physico-Chemical Quality Elements ...... 79 8.4.3 Hydromorphological Quality Elements ...... 80 iv Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar 8.5 n䥯úą—Ëäąĝ—ä«ąÈ¯]ËþÚëºGËþƒݗþþ˽¥—ąËëä ...... 80 9 Summary and Outlook ...... 81 9.1 Summary ...... 81 9.2 ]¯þĊÝąþëºąÈ¯2ä˱˗Ýȗú—¥ą¯úËþ—ąËëä ...... 82 9.3 Next Steps ...... 82 10 References ...... 83 11 Annexes ...... 86 11.1 List of National Contributing Specialists ...... 86 11.2 Monitoring Results ...... 87 11.3 List of Orginal Reports Compiled in the Volume of Annexes ...... 99 11.4 AËþąëºi¯¥ÈäË¥—ÝzëúÚËäÃ*úëĊ÷—ä«ëąÈ¯úz)G¯¯ąËäÃþ ...... 101

List of Tables, Figures and Info Boxes

List of Tables

Table 5.5.1-1 Lake Shkodra sampling stations for physico-chemical and chemical assessment ...... 16 Table 5.5.3.3.2-1 Maximum approved and high risk values for selected heavy metals in soils (MvV, 2000) ...... 20 Table 5.5.4.1-1 Lake Shkodra sampling stations for phytoplankton community composition and chlorophyll-B analysis ...... 22 Table 5.5.4.1.3.1-1 Trophic state of Lake Shkodra (Albanian part) in spring and summer 2013 ...... 23 Table 5.5.4.1.3.2-1 Trophic state of Lake Shkodra (Montenegrin part) in spring and summer 2013, —¥¥ëú«ËäÃąëąÈ¯iúë÷ÈË¥aą—ą¯2䫯ěƈ—úÝþëäĻƘƠƞƞƉ ...... 24 Table 5.5.4.2.1-1 Lake Shkodra monitoring stations for macrophyte community composition and assessment ...... 24 i—¤Ý¯ƜļƜļƛļƙļƚļƘƒƘG—¥úë÷Èĝą¯2䫯ěƈG2Ɖþ¥ëú¯—ä«Ë亯úú¯«ݯĕ¯ÝþëºäĊąú˯äą¯äúË¥Èã¯äą—ä« trophic state at Lake Shkodra/Skadar (Albanian part), summer 2013 ...... 26 i—¤Ý¯ƜļƜļƛļƙļƚļƙƒƘG—¥úë÷Èĝą¯2䫯ěƈG2Ɖþ¥ëú¯ĻĖËąÈË亯úú¯«ݯĕ¯ÝþëºäĊąú˯äą¯äúË¥Èã¯äą—ä« trophic state of Lake Shkodra/Skadar (Montenegrin part), summer 2013 ...... 27 Table 5.5.4.3.3.2-1 Ecological status of the littoral zone of the Montenegrin part of Lake Shkodra/Skadar based on the Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) index ...... 29 i—¤Ý¯ƜļƜļƛļƛļƚļƘƒƘ]¯Ý—ąËĕ¯—¤Ċ䫗䥯ƈ]Ɖ뺽þÈþ÷¯¥Ë¯þþ—ã÷ݯ«ËäƙƗƘƚ—ä«ƙƗƘƛ ...... 31 Table 5.6.2.1-1 Risk of Lake Shkodra/Skadar water bodies failing to achieve good ecological status...... 33 Table 6.4.5.2-1. Estimated water demand in the Ohrid-Prespa region by 2020 (103 m3) ...... 38 Table 6.5.1-1 Lake Ohrid sampling stations for physico-chemical assessment ...... 41 Table 6.5.4.1.3.1-1 Trophic state of Lake Ohrid (Albanian part) in summer (July), autumn (October) 2013 —ä«ËäĖËäą¯úƈ)¯¤úĊ—úĝƉƙƗƘƛĻ—¥¥ëú«ËäÃąëąÈ¯iúë÷ÈË¥aą—ą¯2䫯ě ...... 46 i—¤Ý¯ƝļƜļƛļƘļƚļƙƒƘG¯—äia2ëºąÈ¯÷¯Ý—ÃË¥Ģëä¯ëºA—Ú¯NÈúË«ƈG—¥¯«ëä˗ä÷—úąƉĻËäþ÷úËä×ä«þĊãã¯úƙƗƘƚĻ —¥¥ëú«ËäÃąëąÈ¯iúë÷ÈË¥aą—ą¯2䫯ě ...... 47 i—¤Ý¯ƝļƜļƜļƛļƚļƘƒƘ]¯Ý—ąËĕ¯—¤Ċ䫗䥯ƈ]Ɖ뺽þÈþ÷¯¥Ë¯þþ—ã÷ݯ«ËäƙƗƘƚ ...... 52 Table 6.6.2.1-1 Risk of water bodies of Lake Ohrid of failing to meet the objective of good ecological status, based on four biological quality elements ...... 54 Table 7.5.1-1 Lake Prespa sampling stations for physico-chemical and chemical assessment ...... 60 Table 7.5.4.1.3.1-1 Trophic state of Lake Prespa (Albanian part), ) in July/October 2013 and February/April 2014,  —¥¥ëú«ËäÃąëąÈ¯iúë÷ÈË¥aą—ą¯2䫯ě ...... 65 Table 7.5.4.1.3.2-1 Trophic state of the littoral and pelagic zones of Lake Prespa (Macedonian part) in April and July 2013 ...... 65 Table 7.5.4.2.1-1 Lake Prespa monitoring stations for macrophyte community composition and assessment ...... 66

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe v i—¤Ý¯ƞļƜļƛļƙļƚļƘƒƘG—¥úë÷Èĝą¯2䫯ěƈG2Ɖ—ä«¥ëúú¯þ÷ëä«ËäÃݯĕ¯ÝþëºäĊąú˯äą¯äúË¥Èã¯äą—ä« trophic state at Lake Prespa (Albanian part) in summer 2013...... 67 i—¤Ý¯ƞļƜļƛļƙļƚļƙƒƘG—¥úë÷Èĝą¯2䫯ěƈG2Ɖþ¥ëú¯ĻĖËąÈ¥ëúú¯þ÷ëä«ËäÃݯĕ¯ÝþëºäĊąú˯äą¯äúË¥Èã¯äą—ä« trophic state at Lake Prespa (Macedonian part) in summer 2013 ...... 68 Table 7.5.4.3.1-1 Lake Prespa monitoring stations for macroinvertebrate community composition and assessment ...... 68 Table 7.5.4.3.3.1-1 Ecological status of the littoral zone of the Albanian part of Lake Prespa based on the Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) metric ...... 69 Table 7.5.4.3.3.2-1 Ecological status of the littoral zone of the Macedonian part of Lake Prespa based on the Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) index ...... 70 i—¤Ý¯ƞļƜļƛļƛļƚļƘƒƘ]¯Ý—ąËĕ¯—¤Ċ䫗䥯ƈ]Ɖ뺽þÈþ÷¯¥Ë¯þþ—ã÷ݯ«ËäƙƗƘƚ—ä«ƙƗƘƛ ...... 71 Table 7.6.2.1-1 Risk of water bodies of Lake Prespa of failing to meet the objective of good ecological status, based on four biological quality elements ...... 73 Table 8.1.1-1 Proposed scheme for surveillance monitoring at Lake Shkodra/Skadar ...... 76 Table 8.1.2-1 Proposed scheme for operational monitoring at Lake Shkodra/Skadar ...... 76 Table 8.2.1-1 Proposed scheme for surveillance monitoring at Lake Ohrid ...... 77 Table 8.2.2-1 Proposed scheme for operational monitoring at Lake Ohrid ...... 77 Table 8.3.1-1 Proposed scheme for surveillance monitoring at Lake Prespa ...... 78 Table 8.3.2-1 Proposed scheme for operational monitoring at Lake Prespa ...... 78 Table 8.4.1-1 Monitoring frequencies for biological quality elements in surface waters according to the WFD ...... 79 Table 8.4.2-1 Monitoring frequencies for chemical and physico-chemical quality elements in surface waters accordin to the WFD...... 80 Table 8.4.3-1 Monitoring frequencies for hydromorphological quality elements in surface waters, according to the WFD ...... 80

List of Figures

)ËÃĊú¯ƘƒƘȗú—¥ą¯úËþ—ąËëäËäąÈ¯z)ºú—ã¯ĖëúÚƈ2úËþÈäĕËúëäã¯äą—ÝZúëą¯¥ąËëäïä¥ĝĻƙƗƘƜƉ ...... 3 )ËÃĊú¯ƛƒƘݗþþ˽¥—ąËëäëºþĊúº—¥¯Ė—ą¯ú¤ë«Ë¯þĊ䫯úąÈ¯z)ƈ—«—÷ą¯«ºúëãn?i*ĻƙƗƗƜƉ ...... 9 Figure 4-1 River basin management cycle of the Water Framework Directive (after H. Densky) ...... 10 Figure 5.5.1-1 Sampling stations for chemical and physico-chemical analyses at Lake Shkodra ...... 18 Figure 5.5.4.1-1 Sampling stations for phytoplankton at Lake Shkodra ...... 22 Figure 5.5.4.2.1-1 Monitoring stations for macrophyte investigations at Lake Shkodra ...... 25 Figure 5.5.4.3.1-1 Benthic invertebrate sampling stations in Lake Shkodra/Skadar ...... 28 Figure 5.5.4.4.1-1 Fish sampling stations in Albania and Montenegro for multimesh gillnetting in 2013 ...... 29 Figure 5.6-1 Elements used to assess the ecological status of surface water bodies ...... 32 Figure 6.4.3.2-1 Major point sources of pollution in the watershed of Lake Ohrid ...... 37 Figure 6.5.1-1 Sampling stations for chemical and physicochemical analyses at Lake Ohrid ...... 42 Figure 6.5.4.1.1-1 Sampling stations for chlorophyll-a analyses in Lake Ohrid...... 45 Figure 6.5.4.1.3.2-1 Chlorophyll-B concentrations at different depth strata of the pelagic zone of Lake Ohrid in spring and summer 2013 ...... 47 Figure 6.5.4.2.1-1 Sampling stations for macrophyte investigations at Lake Ohrid tributaries in Macedonia ...... 48 Figure 6.5.4.2.3.1-1 Trophic state of the littoral zone of Lake Ohrid, based on the macrophyte index of Melzer (1999) and Melzer and Schneider (2001) ...... 48 Figure 6.5.4.3.1-1 Sampling stations for macroinvertebrate investigations at Lake Ohrid tributaries in Macedonia ...... 49 Figure 6.5.4.3.3.1-1 Ecological status of the littoral zone of Lake Ohrid based on ąÈ¯2äą¯ú¥—Ýˤú—ąËëäëããëäG¯ąúË¥ƈ2GƉºëúąÈ¯¯äąú—݃—ÝąË¥¥ëú¯ÃËëä ...... 50 vi Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar Figure 6.5.4.4.1-1 Fish sampling stations in Albania and Macedonia for multimesh gillnetting in 2013 ...... 51 Figure 7.4.3.2-1 Major point and diffuse sources of pollution in the watershed of Lake Prespa ...... 58 Figure 7.5.1-1 Sampling stations for chemical and physico-chemical analyses at Lake Prespa ...... 61 Figure 7.5.4.1.1-1 Sampling stations for phytoplankton and chlorophyll-B at Lake Prespa ...... 63 Figure 7.5.4.2.1-1 Sampling stations for macrophyte investigations at Lake Prespa ...... 67 Figure 7.5.4.3.1-1 Sampling stations for macroinvertebrate investigations at Lake Prespa ...... 69 Figure 7.5.4.4.1-1 Fish sampling sites in Lake Prespa during 2013 ...... 71 Figure 8.5-1 Probability distribution for trophic categories based on chlorophyll-Band total phosphorus ¥ë䥯äąú—ąËëäþĻ—¥¥ëú«ËäÃąëąÈ¯N¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëäþ¥È¯ã¯ ...... 81

List of Info Boxes NƘļ z/i)nAAz)/]i]2ai2NH2HyNAya ...... 2 Nƙļ ]2y]a2H2ai]2iaH]2y]a2HGH*GHiZAHH2H* ...... 7 Nƚļ z/i2azi]NŅ ...... 8 Nƛļ i/zi])]GzN]?2]i2yƈz)ƉaiinaaaaaGHia/G ...... 9 NƜļ i/NGGNH2GZAGHii2NHai]i* ...... 12 NƝļ /G2AHZ/a2Nƒ/G2A\nA2iAGHia ...... 17 Nƞļ 2NAN*2A\nA2iAGHia ...... 21 NƟļ /]NGN]Z/NAN*2A\nA2iAGHia ...... 34 NƠļ N*HAH2HA?a ...... 40 NƘƗļ Hy2]NHGHiAN=i2ya...... 53 NƘƘļ i]HaNnH]NZ]i2NHnH]i/zi])]GzN]?2]i2y ...... 74

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe vii Acronyms and Abbreviations

AA Annual Average (concentration of priority substances in water) AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Al Albania APHA American Public Health Association AQEM/STAR Assessment system for the ecological Quality of streams and rivers throughout Europe using benthic G—¥úëËäĕ¯úą¯¤ú—ą¯þĹai䫗ú«Ëþ—ąËëäëº]Ëĕ¯ú¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëäþĿºú—ã¯ĖëúÚã¯ąÈ뫺ëú¥—Ýˤú—ąËäë˺º¯ú- ¯äą¤ËëÝëÃË¥—ÝþĊúĕ¯ĝú¯þĊÝąþ—×Ëäþą¯¥ëÝëÃË¥—ÝùĊ—ÝËąĝ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëäþ ASPT Average Score Per Taxon BMWP Biological Monitoring Working Party

BOD5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (measured over a 5-day period) Cd Cadmium CEED Centre for Entrepreneurship and Economic Development 2a ëããëä2ã÷ݯã¯äą—ąËëäaąú—ą¯ÃĝƈºëúąÈ¯Ëã÷ݯã¯äą—ąËëäëºąÈ¯z)Ɖ Co Cobalt COD Chemical Oxygen Demand Cu Copper Cr Chromium CSBL Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity at Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar DCM Decision of Council of Ministers (Albania) DDD Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (a metabolite of DDD) DDE Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (a metabolite of DDT) DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (organochlorine insecticide, now banned for agricultural use) DO Dissolved Oxygen EC European Commission/Community EN EuropeaN (an EN document is a regional standard for use in the European Union) EPA Environmental Protection Agency EQR Ecological Quality Ratio EQS Environmental Quality Standard EU European Union FMO Fisheries Management Organization *Z *úëþþëã¯þąË¥Zúë«Ċ¥ą *) *Ý뤗ÝäĕËúëäã¯äą)—¥ËÝËąĝ *2† ¯Ċąþ¥È¯*¯þ¯ÝÝþ¥È—ºąºĎú2äą¯ú䗱Ëëä—ݯ†Ċþ—ãã¯ä—ú¤¯Ëą /2N /ĝ«úë¤ËëÝëÃË¥—Ý2äþąËąĊą¯NÈúË«ƈG—¥¯«ëä˗Ɖ HCH Hexachlorocyclohexane 2 2ã÷ëúą—äąËú«ú¯— 22 2úËþÈËëąË¥2䫯ě 2G 2äą¯ú—Ýˤú—ąËëäG¯ąúË¥ëºąÈ¯¯äąú—݃—ÝąË¥¥ëú¯ÃËëä 2Z] 2äą¯ú䗱Ëëä—ÝëããËþþËëäºëúąÈ¯Zúëą¯¥ąËëäëºąÈ¯—äĊ¤¯]Ëĕ¯ú 2/Ga 2äþąËąĊą¯ëº/ĝ«úëã¯ą¯ëúëÝëÃĝ—ä«a¯ËþãëÝëÃĝƈGëäą¯ä¯ÃúëƉ 2Z 2ã÷ëúą—äąZݗäąú¯— 2Z 2äþąúĊã¯äąºëúZú¯ƒ—¥¥¯þþËëäþþËþą—䥯ëºąÈ¯Ċúë÷¯—änäËëä 2Z2?a 2äþąËąĊą¯ºëúZëÝËąË¥—Ý—ä«2äą¯ú¥ĊÝąĊú—ÝaąĊ«Ë¯þƈG—¥¯«ëä˗Ɖ 2aN 2äą¯ú䗱Ëëä—ÝNú×äËĢ—ąËëäºëúaą—ä«—ú«ËĢ—ąËëä 2nH 2äą¯ú䗱Ëëä—ÝnäËëäºëúëäþ¯úĕ—ąËëäëºH—ąĊú¯ ?Z ?ëã¤Ë䗱ÝĊãËäË×Ċã—Zë«ÃëúË¥—ƈºëúã¯ú—ÝĊãËäËĊã÷ݗäąËäGëäą¯ä¯ÃúëƉ LPMP Lake Prespa Management Plan MAB Man And the Biosphere masl metres above sea level viii Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar MAV Maximum Approved Value (concentration of priority substances in water) G2 G—¥úëËäĕ¯úą¯¤ú—ą¯ËëąË¥2䫯ě G2 G—¥úë÷Èĝą¯2䫯ě G? Macedonia GG* GĊÝąËG¯þÈ*ËÝÝä¯ąąËäà MNE Montenegro Ni Nickel H2y HëúĖ¯Ã˗ä2äþąËąĊą¯ºëúz—ą¯ú]¯þ¯—ú¥È NEA National Environmental Agency (Albania) N:P ratio Ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus concentrations (usually in water) N-taxa Number of taxa NWC (Albanian) National Water Council OCP OrganoChlorine Pesticide OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development N* Nº½¥Ë—Ý*—Ģ¯ąą¯ƈëºG—¥¯«ëä˗Ɖ OJ Nº½¥Ë—Ý=ëĊúä—Ýƈëºݤ—ä˗Ɖ PAH PolyAromatic Hydrocarbon Pb Lead PCB PolyChlorinated Biphenyl POP Persistent Organic Pollutant RBD River Basin District RBMP River Basin Management Plan SL Shkodra/Skadar Lake SPA Special Protection Area STPP Sodiumtripolyphosphate TN Total nitrogen

TN?ׯݫ—ÈÝ i뱗ÝäËąúëïäƈ?ׯݫ—ÈÝã¯ąÈë«Ɖ TP Total phosphorus ia2 iúë÷ÈË¥aą—ą¯2䫯ěƈ¥—Ý¥Ċݗą¯«—Ýą¯ú䗱Ëĕ¯Ýĝºúëã¥ÈÝëúë÷ÈĝÝ݃BƊia2ƒÈ݃BƋëú÷Èëþ÷ëúĊþƊia2ƒZƋ¥ëä- ¥¯äąú—ąËëäþëúºúëãĖ—ą¯úąĊú¤Ë«Ëąĝ㯗þĊú¯«ĖËąÈa¯¥¥ÈË«ËþÚþƊia2ƒaƋƉ iz* i¯¥ÈäË¥—ÝzëúÚËäÃ*úëĊ÷ n? näËą¯«?Ëäëëãëº*ú¯—ąúËą—Ëä—ä«HëúąÈ¯úä2ú¯Ý—ä« n?i* näËą¯«?Ëäëëãi¯¥ÈäË¥—Ý«ĕËþëúĝ*úëĊ÷ëäąÈ¯z—ą¯ú)ú—ã¯ĖëúÚËú¯¥ąËĕ¯ UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO näËą¯«H—ąËëäþ«Ċ¥—ąËëä—ÝĻa¥Ë¯äąË½¥—ä«ĊÝąĊú—ÝNú×äËĢ—ąËëä USB Universal Serial Bus (a computer connector/connection) UWWT Urban Waste Water Treatment WB Water Body WFD Water Framework Directive WHO World Health Organization z2a] z—ą¯úë«Ë¯þËäĊúë÷¯Ŀ2äą¯Ãú—ąËĕ¯aĝþą¯ãþąëþþ¯þþ¥ëÝëÃË¥—Ýaą—ąĊþ—ä«]¯¥ëĕ¯úĝ WMP Watershed Management Plan WWTP Waste Water Treatment Plant †ä †Ëä¥

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe ix Foreword

The initial characterization of surface water bodies ąÈ¯¤ËëÝëÃË¥—ݗ䫥ȯãË¥—ÝùĊ—ÝËąĝëºąÈ¯þ¯Ė—ą¯úþļ2ą is an important step in the implementation of the is an important document that paves the way towards EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), which our and demonstrates the importance of international countries have transposed into their national laws. cooperation in river basin management planning. However, it is not a merely national affair when it iȯ ą¯¥ÈäË¥—Ý —ä« þ¥Ë¯äąË½¥ ÚäëĖݯ«Ã¯ ¥ë䱗Ë䯫 comes to transboundary waters such as Lakes Prespa, herein is also an important contribution to our Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar. Their management national environmental information systems. requires close collaboration among riparian countries on all levels: technical, administrative This publication presents an essential technical —ä« ÷ëÝËąË¥—Ýļ 2ą Ëþ ąÈ¯ú¯ºëú¯ ĖËąÈ Ãú¯—ą ÷ݯ—þĊú¯ document primarily for water managers, but also ąÈ—ą Ė¯ þ¯¯ —ä 2ä˱˗Ý ȗú—¥ą¯úËĢ—ąËëä ]¯÷ëúą for interested institutions, actors and stakeholders, ƈ2]Ɖ ÷Ċ¤ÝËþȯ« ąÈ—ą ¯ã—ä—ą¯þ ºúëã — ×ëËäą ¯ººëúą within and outside national borders, including those of competent authorities, experts and stakeholders ËäĕëÝĕ¯«Ë䫯¥ËþËëäƒã—ÚËäÃļ2ąþÈëĖþąÈ—ąºĊÝÝz) from all of our countries. implementation will continue to be challenging, but continued collaboration will allow us to manage our The report provides testimony to our commitment to water more sustainably than in the past, for the good adopt and implement EU standards in a harmonized of us all. —ä«ąú—äþ¤ëĊ䫗úĝº—þÈËëäļ2ą—úËþ¯þºúëã—÷ú륯þþ þą—úą¯« Ëä ƙƗƘƙ ĖËąÈ ąÈ¯ þĊ÷÷ëúą ëº *2† ąÈ—ą ȗþ iȯ2]Ċ䫯úÝËä¯þąÈ¯¥ëäþ¯äþĊþëºëĊú¥ëĊäąú˯þ involved a broad range of expertise from Albania, to continue to work together on the new challenges G—¥¯«ëä˗—ä«Gëäą¯ä¯Ãúëļ2ąú¯Á¯¥ąþ—ÈËÃÈݯĕ¯Ý and additional requirements of transboundary of collaboration and understanding, illustrating cooperation as foreseen in the WFD. We are ąÈ¯ ¤¯ä¯½ąþ ëº ȗúãëäËĢËäÃ ã¯ąÈë«ëÝëÃ˯þ —¥úëþþ delighted to have been invited to write this foreword borders to comply with common legislation. and congratulate all of its collaborators/authors. We commend its use to those who wish to gain further iȯ 2] ÷úë÷ëþ¯þ — «¯ÝË䯗ąËëä ëº Ė—ą¯ú ¤ë«Ë¯þ insight into the management and status of this within the three lakes and provides information on shared resource.

x Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar 1 Introduction

Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra (Skadarsko in *ĊË«—䥯ëäąÈ¯z)—ä«Ė—ą¯úùĊ—ÝËąĝ—þþ¯þþã¯äą Montenegrin language1) are situated along the Drin is given in information boxes distributed throughout and Buna/Bojana Rivers, like pearls on a string. Each this document. These are recommended particularly of these transboundary lakes has unique features for readers that are not familiar with the WFD. unrivalled by any other lake in Europe. Prespa stands out for its rich birdlife including Europe’s largest The three countries have transposed the WFD into breeding colony of the Dalmatian pelican, Ohrid for national laws, but its implementation remains a its diverse endemic fauna (evolved over four million ¥È—Ýݯäï ºëú —ÝÝ ëº ąÈ¯ãļ )ĊÝ݃Á¯«Ã¯« úËĕ¯ú ¤—þËä years of geographic isolation), and Shkodra/Skadar management plans and programmes of measures for its wooded wetlands, extending over vast areas. have been drafted for some national river basin The lakes are not only biodiversity hotspots of global districts or sub-basins already, usually with donor importance, but also important cultural heritage support and oftentimes resulting from desk studies sites, comprising stilt houses, ancient monuments and expert judgement rather than systematic and numerous churches and monasteries. procedures foreseen in the WFD. For others, not even physico-chemical elements have been As signatories to the Convention on Biological —«¯ùĊ—ą¯Ýĝ ãëäËąëú¯«Ļ ݯą —Ýëä¯ º—Ċä— —ä« Áëú— Diversity and European Union (EU) candidate ąë —þþ¯þþ ¯¥ëÝëÃË¥—Ý þą—ąĊþļ 2ä ĕ˯Ė ëº ąÈËþĻ —ä« ąë ¥ëĊäąú˯þĻݤ—ä˗Ļ)]G—¥¯«ëä˗2 and Montenegro pursue a systematic approach, CSBL and its partners are committed to improve the ecological status of strictly followed procedures stipulated in the WFD these lakes and to protect their biodiversity. The legal to conduct an initial characterisation of the three and strategic frameworks are set by the EU Water lakes presented in this report. Framework Directive (WFD), EU nature conservation This report does not fully cover all aspects of legislation (Birds and Habitats Directives) and the characterisation in terms (see Box 1). Nevertheless, n Ëë«Ëĕ¯úþËąĝ aąú—ą¯Ãĝļ 2ã÷ݯã¯äąËäà ąÈ¯þ¯ it informs future monitoring programmes and the frameworks jointly requires close transboundary selection of measures to protect and/or improve cooperation. The CSBL project of the %FVUTDIF þą—ąĊþļ iȯ ĕ—úËëĊþ ą—þÚþ ½ą Ëäąë — Ɲƒĝ¯—ú Ė—ą¯ú (FTFMMTDIBGU GŧS *OUFSOBUJPOBMF ;VTBNNFOBSCFJU management planning cycle as shown in Fig. 1-1. ƈ*2†Ɖë䤯ȗݺëºąÈ¯*¯úã—ä)¯«¯ú—ÝGËäËþąúĝëº The contents mark an important milestone on the Economic Cooperation and Development supports Ýëäà ú뗫 ąë úËĕ¯ú ¤—þËä ã—ä—ïã¯äą ÷ݗääËäÃļ 2ą the three countries to this end. ĖËÝݤ¯ú¯½ä¯«ëĕ¯úąÈ¯¥ëãËäÃĝ¯—úþ—þ«—ą—×÷þ The purpose of the WFD is to establish a framework —ú¯Ãú—«Ċ—ÝÝĝ½Ýݯ«—ä«—ĕ—Ëݗ¤Ý¯«—ą—¥ëäþëÝË«—ą¯«ļ for the protection of all inland and coastal surface The lake sub-basins serve as pilots in which waters and groundwater in EU member states, with transboundary cooperation is stressed. ąÈ¯—Ëã뺗¥È˯ĕËäÃŖÃëë«þą—ąĊþŘļ)ëúąÈ¯½úþąąË㯠The report informs competent authorities, decision- in EU water legislation, aquatic biology – and not makers, practitioners and experts in water resources just (physico-) chemistry – is at the centre of water management about biological and physico-chemical quality assessment. Even though the WFD makes no ¥È—ú—¥ą¯úËþąË¥þëºąÈ¯ąÈú¯¯ݗگþļ2ą¯ä—¤Ý¯þąÈ¯ãąë explicit reference to biodiversity conservation, it is make proactive decisions to improve the monitoring EFGBDUP geared towards it because it aims to preserve and management of the lakes. This is important ëúú¯þąëú¯䗱Ċú—Ýëú䯗úƒä—ąĊú—ݺ—Ċä——ä«Áëú—ļ since ongoing or new developments such as urban encroachment may have immediate negative effects 1 The names Shkodra and Skadar are used together or interchangably. 2 Henceforth the name Macedonia is used. on the lakes’ ecological status.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 1 BOX 1. WHAT FULL WFD CHARACTERISATION INVOLVES

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2 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar Figure 1-1 Characterisation in the WFD framework *SJTI&OWJSPONFOUBM1SPUFDUJPO"HFODZ

The assessments presented in this document are based aA Ɣ —ú¯ ÷—úąÝĝ —ää¯ě¯« ąë ąÈ¯ 2] Ëä ąÈ¯ ºëúã on results from state and donor-funded monitoring of summary tables and are supplied in digital form ¥ëä«Ċ¥ą¯« ëĕ¯ú ąÈ¯ ݗþą ½ĕ¯ ĝ¯—úþļ iȯ þ¥ë÷¯ —ä« ƈnaÁ—ą¥—ú«ƉËä—þ¯÷—ú—ą¯yëÝĊã¯ëºää¯ě¯þļiÈËþ þ¥—ݯ ëº ąÈ¯þ¯ Ëäĕ¯þąË׹Ëëäþ ȗĕ¯ ¤¯¯ä «¯½ä¯« ¤ĝ Volume contains original reports from experts and ąÈ¯ú¯ÃËëä—Ýi¯¥ÈäË¥—ÝzëúÚËäÃ*úëĊ÷ƈiz*ƉëäąÈ¯ ú¯þ¯—ú¥È ËäþąËąĊąËëäþ ËäĕëÝĕ¯« Ëä ąÈ¯ ½¯Ý«ĖëúÚļ 2ą Ëþ z—ą¯ú)ú—ã¯ĖëúÚËú¯¥ąËĕ¯ļiȯiz*Ëþ¥ëã÷ëþ¯« intended for readers interested in technical details of of representatives of ministries and competent the investigations and concrete data. authorities in charge of water management (permanent members), as well as experts and )ĊúąÈ¯ú«—ą—ĖËÝݤ¯䯯«¯«ąëú¯½ä¯—ä«¥ëäþëÝË«—ą¯ institutions invited on an BE IPD basic to provide the preliminary characterisation of the three lakes —«ĕË¥¯ëäþ÷¯¥Ë½¥ą¯¥ÈäË¥—ÝËþþĊ¯þƈäëäƒ÷¯úã—ä¯äą presented in this report. As such and in the best sense ã¯ã¤¯úþƉļiȯiz* äëą ëäÝĝ ÷ݗäþ Ëäĕ¯þąË׹Ëëäþ ëºą¯¥ÈäË¥—Ýú¯÷ëúąËäÃĻąÈ¯2]þÈëĊÝ«¤¯Ċ䫯úþąëë« and agrees on common methodologies but also as a working document with a short lifetime. With oversees proper implementation of the agreed study new data and information becoming available, water and monitoring programmes. As a transboundary bodies may be merged or further divided, monitoring group, it enables cross-border dialogue, information efforts for biological elements reduced or increased, and data exchange and provides a forum for —ä« úËþÚ —þþ¯þþã¯äąþ ú¯÷¯—ݯ« ëú ¥ëä½ú㯫ļ iȯ transboundary river basin management planning in authors would be very pleased to see that happening, the longer term. since it would be a clear indication that countries are further progressing towards river basin management Even though implementation of the WFD is primarily according to the WFD. a national task and water bodies, which are the core units of management under the WFD, are delineated at national level, it is important to coordinate actions with neighbouring countries early on in the implementation process if international river basins districts such as the extended Drin River Basin are involved. Therefore, the initial characterisation results are presented by lake rather than by country. iȯ ú¯÷ëúą þĊãã—úËĢ¯þ ã—Ëä ú¯þĊÝąþ —ä« ½ä«ËäÃþ from investigations of physico-chemical, some chemical and all biological elements, conducts initial risk assessments for all water bodies of the three lakes and proposes monitoring programmes to be put into place before developing programmes of measures and drafting river basins management plans. Original monitoring data – collected with the support of

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 3 2 Description of the Drin River ąÈ¯¤—þ¯ëº]Ģ—§—GëĊ䱗ËäĻ—ä«ÁëĖþþëĊąÈĖ—ú«þ Basin ¤¯ºëú¯«Ëþ¥È—úÃËäÃËäąëA—Ú¯aÈÚë«ú—Ĺaڗ«—úļ The CSBL Project covers the Lake Prespa, Ohrid The Drin River Basin (Albanian: Drin, Macedonian: and Shkodra/Skadar sub-basins in the territories of Drim) covers a geographical area of about 19,000 Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro. km2 in the south-western Balkans; it extends ąÈúëĊÃÈ ݤ—ä˗Ļ G—¥¯«ëä˗Ļ Gëäą¯ä¯ÃúëĻ ?ëþëĕë —ä« *ú¯¯¥¯ļ ¤ëĊą ƘļƜ ãËÝÝËëä ÷¯ë÷ݯ ú¯Ýĝ ëä ąÈ¯ water resources of the basin for a range of uses, such as drinking water supply, tourism, agriculture, 3 Water Framework Directive – ½þȯú˯þĻËä«Ċþąúĝ—ä«Èĝ«úë÷ëĖ¯úļiȯúËä]Ëĕ¯ú Basin is an interconnected hydrological system National Legislation comprising the transboundary sub-basins of: 3.1 Albania x Lake Prespa Law № 111/2012 on the integrated management x Lake Ohrid of water resources has transposed the Water )ú—ã¯ĖëúÚ Ëú¯¥ąËĕ¯ ƈz)Ɖļ 2ąþ Ëã÷ݯã¯äą—ąËëä x Lake Shkodra/Skadar started in December 2013, pursuant to which a package of bylaws was enacted by Decision of the x Drin River, including its tributaries, Council of Ministers (DCM): the Black Drin and White Drin x DCM № 267, dated 7 May 2014, on adoption x Gëú—§—]Ëĕ¯ú of a priority substances list for water resources x Buna/Bojana River ƈëĊąÁëĖ of Lake Shkodra/Skadar to the Adriatic Sea) x DCM № 246, dated 30 April 2014, on environmental norms for surface waters A canal with sluice gates (reconstructed in 2004) connects the Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes. Water x DCM № 1189, dated 18 November 2009, ºúëã A—Ú¯ Zú¯þ÷— ÁëĖþ ąÈúëĊÃÈ Ċ䫯úÃúëĊä« on rules and procedures for the design karstic formations to the lower Lake Ohrid (springs and implementation of a national Ëä Ċ¨Ëã—þ —ä« aąļ H—ĊãƉļ iȯ ú¯ÃĊݗą¯« ëĊąÁëĖ environmental monitoring programme of Lake Ohrid at Struga is the origin of the Crn (Black) Drin River. The sources of the Beli (White) According to the law and following institutional úËä —ú¯ Ý륗ą¯« Ëä ąÈ¯ Ė¯þą¯úä ÷—úą ëº ?ëþëĕë3. reform, several competencies were transferred from iȯ¥ëäÁĊ¯ä¥¯ëºąÈ¯ݗ¥Ú—ä«zÈËą¯úËäËþ䯗ú the Ministry of Environment (MoE) to the Ministry ?ĊÚ´þËäݤ—ä˗ļ of Agriculture, Rural Development and Water Administration4 (MARDWA). The MARDWA is now iȯ þąúĊ¥ąĊú¯ —ä« ÁëĖ ëº ąÈ¯ úËĕ¯ú ȗþ ¤¯¯ä responsible for the protection of water quality and changed by construction of the following dams and for the sustainable use of water resources. The MoE reservoirs: remains the responsible body for the monitoring of water quality. Notwithstanding the above changes, x G—¥¯«ëä˗Ŀ *Ýë¤ë¥ÈË¥—Ļ ¯¤—ú ƈ¯¤—úþÚë the law5 recognizes the following bodies as being Ezero) responsible for the administration of water resources at a national level: x ݤ—ä˗Ŀ )˯úĢ´ ƈAËù¯äË Ë )˯úĢ´þƉĻ ?ëã—ä ƈAËù¯äËË?ëã—äËąƉĻy—Ċƒ¯×—ƈAËù¯äËËy—Ċą x The Council of Ministers is responsible JOUFS ą´¯×´þƉ BMJB for: (i) the improvement and adoption of the legal framework related to the Flowing through Albania, the main arm of the integrated water resources management; Drin (Drin i Madh) joins the Buna/Bojana River (a (ii) the designation of water basin watercourse which drains Lake Shkodra/Skadar hydrographic borders within Albania; and and, shared between Albania and Montenegro forms (iii) the adoption of a national strategy for ÷—úąëºąÈ¯Ëú¤ëú«¯ú¤¯ºëú¯½ä—ÝÝĝÁëĖËäÃËäąëąÈ¯ water management and water management Adriatic Sea) near the city of Shkodra. The smaller plans. —úãƈúËäËA¯ĢÈ´þƉ«ú—Ëäþ«Ëú¯¥ąÝĝËäąëąÈ¯«ú˗ąË¥ a¯—Ļ þëĊąÈ ëº aÈÚë«ú—Ļ 䯗ú ąÈ¯ ¥Ëąĝ ëº A¯ĢÈ´ļiȯ Gëú—§—]Ëĕ¯úëúËÃË䗱¯þËääëúąÈ¯úäGëäą¯ä¯ÃúëĻ—ą 4 Decision of Council of Ministers № 92, dated 4 February 2014 3 Territory under Resolution UN 1244 5 This law will very soon be object of new legal changes.

4 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar x The Ministry (MARDWA) is responsible for for the design and implementation of a national developing and implementing integrated environmental monitoring programme, the water resources management policies, National Environmental Agency (NEA) is largely strategies, programmes and projects. responsible for environmental status monitoring, The responsible Directorate of Water with individual monitoring laboratories selected Administration is still at an early stage of on a competitive basis. The NEA has 12 regional development, since its functions remain branches and – according to Decision of Council to be elaborated and its number of staff is of Ministers № 47/2014 on the organisation and small (four persons). functioning of the National Environmental Agency – is responsible for establishing/managing the x The National Water Council (NWC) is a H—ąËëä—Ý äĕËúëäã¯äą—Ý 2äºëúã—ąËëä aĝþą¯ãļ decision-making body responsible for /ëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻã—ä—ïã¯äą—ä«ãëäËąëúËäÃ뺽þȯú˯þ the administration and management of is undertaken by the MARDWA. water resources and chaired by the Prime Minister, with all ministers responsible for  þą—ą¯ ãëäËąëúËäà ÷úëÃú—ã㯠ĖÈË¥È ºĊݽÝÝþ ąÈ¯ water administration as members. NWC requirements of the WFD does not yet exist, and competencies include water management neither has a competent authority been appointed in inter-regional and national plans and to manage/implement the WFD in Albania. Further projects in agriculture, urban planning and bylaws and regulations to support/enforce existing industrial and territorial development. water legislation and future river basin management plans are expected to be drafted and adopted to x The Technical Secretariat of the NWC6, continue the process of structural and institutional the executive body of the National Water reform. Council is based at the Prime Ministry and responsible JOUFS BMJB for drafting and monitoring the implementation of River 3.2 Macedonia —þËäG—ä—ïã¯äąZݗäþļ2ąþú¯þ÷ëäþˤËÝËąË¯þ cover: (i) implementation of international The Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning agreements and conventions on national (MEPP) is responsible for implementation of the water resources and transboundary waters WFD in Macedonia. Four river basins have been to which the Republic of Albania is a party; delineated within the country. Water management and (ii) the coordination and control of responsibilities are divided between six ministries local water management bodies. dealing with:

Administration of water resources is part of the x Environment and physical planning responsibility of local institutions, as follows: x Agriculture, forestry and water economy x The Council of Water Basins (CWB) x Economy – subordinate to the NWC Technical Secretariat – is responsible for the x Transport and communications Ë«¯äąË½¥—ąËëä —ä« ã—ä—ïã¯äą ëº protected areas (see Box 1). CWB members x Education and science represent bodies responsible for water issues such as drainage boards, businesses x Public health related to water use, etc. Within these institutions, there are departments, x River Basin Agencies (RBAs) – subordinate ĊäËąþĻ Ëäþ÷¯¥ąëú—ą¯þ —ä« «Ëú¯¥ąëú—ą¯þ ĖËąÈ «¯½ä¯« to the MARDWA – responsible for drafting ú¯þ÷ëäþˤËÝËąË¯þ ºëú Ė—ą¯ú ã—ä—ïã¯äąļ 2ä«ËĕË«Ċ—Ý the inventory of water resources and other departments in the MEPP deal with: water issues, according to Law № 111/2012. However, the recent “Regulation of the x River basin management planning and Technical Secretariat of Water”, adopted by implementation (including characterisation № Decision 1 of the NWC, dated 9 July 2014, and development of programmes of transfers the competencies of RBAs to the measures) NWC Technical Secretariat. x Protection of the water from pollution; № Law 10 431 on environmental protection was preparation and updating of polluters endorsed in 2011 by the Assembly. According to cadastre this law and pursuant to a decision of the Council of Ministers (№ 1189/2009) on rules and procedures x Establishing and updating the register of protected areas 6 Decision of Council of Ministers № 230, dated 23 April 2014

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 5 x Monitoring – collection of water quality/ 3.3 Montenegro quantity data, and related research The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development x Regulation of operators (drinking water is largely responsible for implementing the WFD supply utilities, irrigation operators, in Montenegro, supported by the Ministry of industry water suppliers, etc.) Sustainable Development and Tourism.

x Flood defence iȯ z—ą¯ú ¥ą ƈNº½¥Ë—Ý *—Ģ¯ąą¯ ëº Gëäą¯ä¯Ãúë ƊN*GƋ № 48/15) provides the legal basis for The 2008 Law on Water provides the basis of the implementation of the WFD. Several regulations, regulatory framework, the implementation of decrees, and guidelines support the enforcement of which has required a series of amendments to be the Water Act: 㗫¯Ļä뱗¤ÝĝNº½¥Ë—Ý*—Ģ¯ąą¯ƊN*ƋƜƘĹƘƘĻƛƛĹƘƙ—ä« 23/13. A series of bylaws and ordinances have also x ]¯ÃĊݗąËëä ëä ąÈ¯ ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëä —ä« ¤¯¯ä÷úë«Ċ¥¯«þ÷¯¥Ë½¥—ÝÝĝąëËã÷ݯã¯äąąÈ¯z) categorization of surface and groundwater and subsidiary EC water legislation: ƈN*G№ 2/07 of 29 October 2007)

x Ordinance on categorization of x Regulation on the content and manner of Ė—ą¯ú¥ëĊúþ¯þĻ ݗگþ —ä« ú¯þ¯úĕëËúþ ƈN* preparation of management plans in the water 18/99) area of the river basin district (see Box 2) or part ąÈ¯ú¯ëºƈN*G№ 39/09 of 17 June 2009) x Nú«Ëä—䥯 ëä Ė—ą¯ú ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëä ƈN* 18/99) x Regulation on the method of determining ąÈ¯¤ëĊ䫗ú˯þëºąÈ¯Ė—ą¯ú—ú¯—ƈN*G№ x ¯¥ËþËëä ëä úËĕ¯ú ¤—þËäþ «¯ÝË䯗ąËëä ƈN* 25/12 of 11 May 2012) 107/12) x Regulation on the form, detailed content x Regulation on content and methodology —ä«ã¯ąÈë«ëºÚ¯¯÷ËäÃĖ—ą¯ú¤ëëÚþƈN*G ºëú÷ú¯÷—ú—ąËëäëº]GZþƈN*ƘƛƟĹƗƠƉ № 81/08 of 26 December 2008) x Regulation on methodology for evaluation x Regulation on detailed content and ëºúËĕ¯ú¤—þËäþƈN*ƘƛƟĹƗƠƉ Ú¯¯÷ËäÃĖ—ą¯ú¥—«—þąú¯ƈN*G№ 81/08 of 26 x Regulation on the content and methodology December 2008) for the preparation of programmes of x Regulation on the content and management 㯗þĊú¯þƈN*ƘƛƟĹƗƠƉ ëº Ė—ą¯ú Ëäºëúã—ąËëä þĝþą¯ãþ ƈN*G № x Regulation on content and methodology 33/08 of 27 May 2008) for preparation of information for mapping x Regulations on the conditions for ëºãëäËąëúËä×¥ąËĕËąË¯þƈN*ƘƛƟĹƗƠƉ measuring the amount(s) of waste water № x ¯¥ËþËëäëºz—ą¯úëĊä¥ËÝƈN*ƘƙƙĹƘƙƉ «Ëþ¥È—úï« Ëäąë þĊúº—¥¯ Ė—ą¯úþ ƈN*G 24/10 of 30 April 2010) x Regulation on criteria for the determination of sensitive areas related to urban waste x Regulations on the procedure for measuring № Ė—ą¯ú«Ëþ¥È—úïþƈN*ƘƚƗĹƘƘƉ —ãëĊäąƈþƉ ëº Ė—ą¯ú —¤þąú—¥ą¯« ƈN*G 24/10 of 30 April 2010) x List of polluting matters and substances ƈN*ƘƙƙĹƘƘƉ x Decision on the establishment of a Council ºëúz—ą¯úƈN*G№ 9/07 of 30 November 2007) x Regulation on criteria for the designation of äËąú—ą¯ƒĕĊÝä¯ú—¤Ý¯Ģëä¯þƈN*ƘƚƘĹƘƘƉ

6 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar BOX 2. RIVER BASIN DISTRICTS AND RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT PLANNING

What is a river basin district?

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River basin management planning

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x Decisions on determining the importance x Ordinance on the manner of determining ëºĖ—ą¯úËäGëäą¯ä¯ÃúëƈN*G№s 9/ 08 of ąÈ¯ÃĊ—ú—äą¯¯«ãËäËãĊãƈN*G№ 22/08 of 8 February 2008, 28/09 of 16 April 2009 and 2 April 2008) 31/09 of 5 May 2009) x Ordinances on the quality and sanitary and x Decision on determining the sources technical requirements for waste water intended for regional and public water discharge into the recipient and the public þĊ÷÷Ýĝ—䫽ěËäÃëºąÈ¯Ëú¤ëĊ䫗ú˯þƈN*G sewerage system method and procedure for № 36/08 of 10 June 2008) waste water quality testing, the minimum number of tests and the contents of the x Decree on categorization and categories of report on the established quality of waste water facilities and their management and Ė—ą¯úƈN*G№s 45/08 of 31 July 2008, 9/10 ã—Ëäą¯ä—䥯 ƈN*G № 15/08 of 5 March of 19 February 2010, 26/12 of 24 May 2012, 2008) 52/12 of 12 October 2012, and 59/13 of 26 December 2013) x Ordinance on the content of the request, the documentation for the Water Acts, x Ordinance establishing and maintaining methods and conditions for compulsory zones of sanitary protection of sources and advertisement in determining water ÝËãËąþ ëº ąÈ¯þ¯ Ģëä¯þ ƈN*G № 66/09 of 2 requirements and water content of the October 2009) «ë¥Ċã¯äąþƈN*G№ 7/08 of 1 February 2008)

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 7 x Ordinance on the composition and content 4 Lake Water Status – ëºąÈ¯Ė—ą¯úËäºú—þąúĊ¥ąĊú¯ƈN*G№ 11/11 of 18 February 2011) Requirements and Procedures According to the WFD x ]Ċݯþ ëä ąÈ¯ ¥ëä«ËąËëäþ ąë ¤¯ ºĊݽÝݯ« ¤ĝ the company for the exploitation of river þ¯«Ëã¯äąƈN*G№ 51/12 of 9 October 2012) iȯ z) ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëä þ¥È¯ã¯ ºëú þĊúº—¥¯ Ė—ą¯ú ¤ë«ĝ ƈëě ƚƉ ùĊ—ÝËąĝ Ëä¥ÝĊ«¯þ ½ĕ¯ ¯¥ëÝëÃË¥—Ý ƈÈËÃÈĻ x Rules on the conditions to be met by legal good, moderate, poor and bad) and two chemical entities that carry out water quality testing (good vs. failing to achieve good, i.e. pass/fail) status ƈN*G№ 66/12 of 31 December 2012) ¥Ý—þþ¯þļ *¯ä¯ú—ÝÝĝĻ n ã¯ã¤¯ú þą—ą¯þ þÈëĊÝ« —Ëã to achieve the objective of at least good status of iȯ A—Ė ëä z—ą¯ú G—ä—ïã¯äą )Ëä—ä¥Ëäà ƈN*G all water bodies (see Box 10). According to Article 4 № 65/08), establishes the “polluter pays principle”, of the WFD, the status of surface waters must not «¯½ä¯þ ºĊä«Ëäà úëĊą¯þ ºëú Ė—ą¯ú ã—ä—ïã¯äąĻ «¯ą¯úËëú—ą¯ƈäë䃫¯ą¯úËëú—ąËëä¥Ý—Ċþ¯Ɖļ2ąËþąÈĊþäëą together with methods for the calculation and acceptable if the status of any water body (see Box 1) collection of fees for the protection and use of water deteriorates from high to good (or good to moderate, resources. Discharge fees are based on an assessment ¯ą¥ļƉĻ¤Ċą¯äĕËúëäã¯äą—Ýë¤×¯¥ąËĕ¯þĖëĊÝ«¤¯þ—ąËþ½¯« of the degree of pollution caused, with the method if a water body is enhanced from moderate to good ºëú«¯ą¯úãËäËäÃąÈËþ÷ú¯þ¯äą¯«ËäN*G№ 29/09 of þą—ąĊþļ iȯ z) ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëä þ¥È¯ã¯ ºëú Ė—ą¯ú 24 April 2009. body status is outlined in Box 4.

BOX 3. WHAT IS A WATER BODY?

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Types of water body

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Water body size

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8 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar /ËÃÈ þą—ąĊþ Ëþ «¯½ä¯« —þ ąÈ¯ ¤ËëÝëÃË¥—ÝĻ ¥È¯ãË¥—Ý the same type of water body in different ecological and morphological conditions associated with no regions (since some different invertebrates, plants, or very low human pressure. This is also called the etc. live ‘naturally’ in the Balkans to those living in reference condition, as it is the best status achievable z¯þą¯úäĊúë÷¯Ļ¯ļÃļĻËä)ú—䥯Ļ2ú¯Ý—ä«ëúąÈ¯n?Ɖļ – the benchmark. These reference conditions are The WFD recognises 25 ecoregions for rivers and ąĝ÷¯ƒþ÷¯¥Ë½¥ĻþëąÈ¯ĝ—ú¯«Ëºº¯ú¯äąºëú«Ëºº¯ú¯äąąĝ÷¯þ lakes, but only 6 for transitional and coastal waters. of rivers, lakes or coastal waters, and may differ for

BOX 4. THE WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE (WFD) STATUS ASSESSMENT SCHEME

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x "OBTTFTTNFOUPGTUBUVTJOEJDBUFECZCJPMPHJDBMRVBMJUZFMFNFOUT

x "OBTTFTTNFOUPGQIZTJDPDIFNJDBMDPOEJUJPOTUIBUTVQQPSUUIFCJPMPHJDBMRVBMJUZFMFNFOUT TVDIBTEJT TPMWFEPYZHFOBOEOVUSJFOUT*OEJWJEVBMQBSBNFUFSTBSFSFQPSUFEBHBJOTUBDMBTTTDIFNF BTGPSUIF CJPMPHJDBMRVBMJUZFMFNFOUT*OBEEJUJPO BÝQBTTPSGBJMBTTFTTNFOUBHBJOTUTUBOEBSETGPSPUIFSTQFDJöD "OOFY7***QPMMVUBOUTJTNBEF

x "O BTTFTTNFOU PG DPNQMJBODF XJUI FOWJSPONFOUBM RVBMJUZ TUBOEBSET GPS QSJPSJUZ TVCTUBODFT DIFNJDBM RVBMJUZFMFNFOU 'PSUIFTF BTJNQMFQBTTPSGBJMTZTUFNJTBQQMJFE

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Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 9 Assessment of quality is based on the extent of lie in Montenegro and one third in Albania. The deviation from these reference conditions, following catchment covers an area of 5,490 km2 (Lasca et al. ąÈ¯ «¯½äËąËëäþ Ëä ąÈ¯ Ëú¯¥ąËĕ¯ļ *ëë« þą—ąĊþ 㯗äþ 1981; 19% in Albania and 81% in Montenegro). The slight deviation, moderate status means moderate sub-basin has a shore length of 168 km, of which «¯ĕ˗ąËëäĻ—ä«þëëäļiȯ«¯½äËąËëä뺯¥ëÝëÃË¥—Ýþą—ąĊþ 110.5 km is Montenegrin and 57.5 km Albanian. The ą—Ú¯þ Ëäąë —¥¥ëĊäą þ÷¯¥Ë½¥ —þ÷¯¥ąþ ëº ąÈ¯ ¤ËëÝëÃË¥—Ý average depth is 5.9 m, with a maximum of 8.3 m and quality elements, for example, the composition a volume of about 1,891™x™106 m3 (CEED 2006). The —ä«—¤Ċ䫗䥯뺗ùĊ—ąË¥Áëú—ëúąÈ¯¥ëã÷ëþËąËëäĻ ݗúïþąąúˤĊą—úĝËþąÈ¯Gëú—§—]Ëĕ¯úƈGëäą¯ä¯ÃúëƉĻ —¤Ċ䫗䥯—ä«—ïþąúĊ¥ąĊú¯ëº½þȺ—Ċä—ļ providing more than 62 % of the lake’s water, while the Buna/Bojana River (Montenegro and Albania) Monitoring programmes for all sub-basins are ÁëĖþ ëĊą ºúëã ąÈ¯ þëĊąÈ —ä« «ú—Ëäþ Ëäąë ąÈ¯ established based on the results of the initial Adriatic Sea. Lake Shkodra/Skadar lies in the sub- characterisation. These in turn provide the basis for Mediterranean climate zone and has relatively high devising programmes of measures and river basin summer air temperatures, reaching 40™Ƈ$ with mild management plans. Successful implementation winter air temperatures (always above 0 °C). of the programmes of measures should eventually lead to good status of all water bodies. River basin Since 1983, 40,000 ha of the Montenegrin part of management plans and programmes of measures, the lake has been designated as a National Park respectively, are reviewed and updated every six ƈ2nH ã—ä—ïã¯äą ¥—ą¯Ãëúĝ 22ƉĻ ¥ë䱗ËäËäà —ä ĝ¯—úþ ºëÝÝëĖËäà ąÈ¯ ½úþą þËěƒĝ¯—ú Ëã÷ݯã¯äą—ąËëä ornithological reserve of 812 ha territory (CEED 2006). period (Fig. 4-1).

Figure 4-1 River basin management cycle of the Water Framework Directive BGUFS)%FOTLZ

5 Lake Shkodra/Skadar Sub- 5.2 Types of Surface Water Bodies – Lake Basin and Main Tributaries z) aĝþą¯ã  ƈää¯ě 22Ļ a¯¥ąËëä ƘļƙƉ Ė—þ Ċþ¯« 5.1 Characteristics to determine/delineate individual water bodies. Central criteria are: A—Ú¯aÈÚë«ú—Ĺaڗ«—úËþþËąĊ—ą¯«ËäąÈ¯†¯ą—ƒaڗ«—ú x Altitude Basin, located on the border between Montenegro and Albania, and is the largest lake on the Balkan x Catchment area size (for rivers) Peninsula, with an average surface area of 475 km2. x Surface area size (for lakes) The surface area varies between DB 350 km2 and 570 km2, depending on season and rainfall. At high x *¯ëÝëÃĝ water level, about two thirds of the water surface x Depth (for lakes)

10 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar 2ä —««ËąËëäĻ þ÷¯¥Ë½¯þ ĕ—ÝĊ¯þ ƈ¯ļÃļ «Ëºº¯úËäà þą—ąĊþĹ 5.3 5ZQF4QFDJĬD3FGFSFODF$POEJUJPOT pressures, etc.) of adjacent water bodies in the same water body type) have been considered, enabling Establishing the reference conditions for Lake adjacent water bodies to be delineated. All water aÈÚë«ú—Ĺaڗ«—úËþ«Ëº½¥ĊÝąĻ«Ċ¯ąëąÈ¯ȯą¯úëïä¯Ëąĝ bodies are in the same ecoregion, so this cannot be of hydrological features. The whole region of the used for delineation purposes. lake watershed belongs to Ecoregion 5 – Dinaric Western Balkans. The delineation of the water bodies at Lake Shkodra/ Skadar was undertaken by the Technical Working The lake is shallow, of low altitude (below 50 m) *úëĊ÷Ļ ºëÝÝëĖËäà ÃĊË«—䥯 ÷ú¯þ¯äą¯« Ëä 2a and very large, draining karst, carbonate geology. Document № 2 (see Box 5 and Fig. 5.5.1-1). 2ąþþ¯«Ëã¯äąþ—ú¯ݗúïÝĝĖËąÈËäąÈ¯¯Ċ÷ÈëąË¥Ģëä¯ļ About 165 km² of the bottom of the lake is located Water bodies of Lake Shkodra/Skadar ¤¯ÝëĖþ¯—ݯĕ¯Ýļ2ąËþþĊ÷÷Ý˯«÷úËä¥Ë÷—ÝÝĝ¤ĝþĊúº—¥¯ Ė—ą¯ú ËäÁëĖĻ ¤Ċą —Ýþë ¤ĝ ÃúëĊä« Ė—ą¯ú ƈڗúþąË¥ GHƔaAƗƗƘyĊ§Úë¤Ý—ąë springs). The water may be clear or mixed (Secchi (north-western, to a large extent isolated part of the lake) «¯÷ąÈ Ź ƙŷƜ ãƉ —ä« Ëąþ ĕëÝĊ㯠ĕ—ú˗¤Ý¯Ļ ĖËąÈ ąÈ¯ m, depending MNE – SL002 North coast þĊúº—¥¯Ė—ą¯úݯĕ¯Ýëþ¥ËÝݗąËääĝƛŷƜ™ on climate, hydrologic regime and human activities. (sampling points: Plavnica and Podhum) The climate is sub-tropical (mean air temperature = MNE – SL003 South-west coast 14.9™Ƈ$ resulting in a high evaporation rate. ƈþ—ã÷ÝËäÃ÷ëËäąþĿyËú÷—Ģ—ú—ä«aą—ú§¯ĕëƉ

MNE – SL004 Pelagic zone

AL – SL001 Lake Shkodra

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Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 11 BOX 5. THE COMMON IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY *NQMFNFOUBUJPO PG UIF 8BUFS 'SBNFXPSL %JSFDUJWF SBJTFT B OVNCFS PG TIBSFE UFDIOJDBM JTTVFT GPS OBUJPOBM TUBLFIPMEFST .PSFPWFS  NBOZ &VSPQFBO SJWFS CBTJOT BSF USBOTCPVOEBSZ 5IVT  .FNCFS 4UBUFT  /PSXBZ BOE UIF$PNNJTTJPOBHSFFEPOBDPNNPOBQQSPBDIUPEFBMJOHXJUITVDIDIBMMFOHFT5IJTJTDBMMFEUIF$PNNPO *NQMFNFOUBUJPO4USBUFHZ $*4 XIJDIBMTPTVQQPSUTGVSUIFSQPMJDZEFWFMPQNFOU %JSFDUJWFTPOHSPVOEXBUFS QSJPSJUZ TVCTUBODFTBOEĀPPESJTLT 8IJMFUIF8'%XBTDPOTJEFSFEBDPNQMFYBOEMFOHUIZEPDVNFOUBUQBHFT  UIFDVSSFOUMJCSBSZPG$*4(VJEBODF%PDVNFOUTBQQSPBDIFT QBHFTJOUPUBM'BSGSPNCFJOHEBVOUJOH  IPXFWFS UIJTJTBUSFBTVSFUSPWFPGJOGPSNBUJPO NBOZXPVMEBSHVFFTTFOUJBM HSFBUMZTJNQMJGZJOHJNQMFNFOUBUJPO PGUIF%JSFDUJWF №o&DPOPNJDTBOEUIF&OWJSPONFOUo5IF*NQMFNFOUBUJPO$IBMMFOHFPGUIF8BUFS'SBNFXPSL%JSFDUJWF №o*EFOUJöDBUJPOPG8BUFS#PEJFT №o"OBMZTJTPG1SFTTVSFTBOE*NQBDUT №o*EFOUJöDBUJPOBOE%FTJHOBUJPOPG)FBWJMZ.PEJöFEBOE"SUJöDJBM8BUFS#PEJFT №o5SBOTJUJPOBMBOE$PBTUBM8BUFSTo5ZQPMPHZ 3FGFSFODF$POEJUJPOTBOE$MBTTJöDBUJPO4ZTUFNT №o5PXBSETB(VJEBODFPO&TUBCMJTINFOUPGUIF*OUFSDBMJCSBUJPO/FUXPSLBOEUIF1SPDFTTPOUIF*OUFSDBMJCSBUJPO&YFSDJTF №o.POJUPSJOHVOEFSUIF8BUFS'SBNFXPSL%JSFDUJWF №o1VCMJD1BSUJDJQBUJPOJO3FMBUJPOUPUIF8BUFS'SBNFXPSL%JSFDUJWF №o*NQMFNFOUJOHUIF(FPHSBQIJDBM*OGPSNBUJPO4ZTUFN&MFNFOUT (*4 PGUIF8BUFS'SBNFXPSL%JSFDUJWF №o3JWFSTBOE-BLFTo5ZQPMPHZ 3FGFSFODF$POEJUJPOTBOE$MBTTJöDBUJPO4ZTUFNT №o1MBOOJOH1SPDFTTFT №o5IF3PMFPG8FUMBOETJOUIF8BUFS'SBNFXPSL%JSFDUJWF №o0WFSBMM"QQSPBDIUPUIF$MBTTJöDBUJPOPG&DPMPHJDBM4UBUVTBOE&DPMPHJDBM1PUFOUJBM №o(VJEBODFPOUIF*OUFSDBMJCSBUJPO1SPDFTT o №o(SPVOEXBUFS.POJUPSJOH 8($ №o(SPVOEXBUFSJO%SJOLJOH8BUFS1SPUFDUFE"SFBT №o%JSFDUBOE*OEJSFDU*OQVUTJOUIF-JHIUPGUIF&$%JSFDUJWF №o(SPVOEXBUFS4UBUVTBOE5SFOE"TTFTTNFOU №o4VSGBDF8BUFS$IFNJDBM.POJUPSJOH №o&YFNQUJPOTUPUIF&OWJSPONFOUBM0CKFDUJWFT №o(VJEBODFGPS3FQPSUJOHVOEFSUIF8'% №o6QEBUFE8*4&(*4HVJEBODF /PW №o&VUSPQIJDBUJPO"TTFTTNFOUJOUIF$POUFYUPG&VSPQFBO8BUFS1PMJDJFT №o3JWFS#BTJO.BOBHFNFOUJOB$IBOHJOH$MJNBUF №o$IFNJDBM.POJUPSJOHPG4FEJNFOUBOE#JPUB №o3JTL"TTFTTNFOUBOEUIF6TFPG$PODFQUVBM.PEFMTGPS(SPVOEXBUFSÝ №o%FSJWJOH&OWJSPONFOUBM2VBMJUZ4UBOEBSET №o1SFQBSBUJPOPG1SJPSJUZ4VCTUBODFT&NJTTJPOT*OWFOUPSZ №o3FQPSUJOHVOEFSUIF'MPPET%JSFDUJWF №o1SPDFEVSFUP'JU/FXPS6QEBUFE$MBTTJöDBUJPO.FUIPETUPUIF3FTVMUTPGB$PNQMFUFE*OUFSDBMJCSBUJPO&YFSDJTF №o&DPMPHJDBM'MPXT öOBMWFSTJPO №o#JPUB.POJUPSJOH №o"OBMZUJDBM.FUIPETGPS#JPUB.POJUPSJOH №o8BUFS#BMBODFT(VJEBODF öOBMWFSTJPOTVCKFDUUPMBOHVBHFBOEGPSNBUDIFDLT

The waters are well oxygenated (mean DO Lake Shkodra consists of three systems of habitats: concentration = 8.1 mg.l-1), alkaline (pH 7.2–8.3), ĖËąÈ ¥ëä«Ċ¥ąËĕËąĝ ëº ƈƘƗƟƔƚƛƗ Űaļ¥ã-1), variable x Lacustrine with two subsystem habitats: nutrient concentrations (total nitrogen = <2 mg.lŷƘ, ÝËãä¯ąË¥Ëä¥ÝĊ«¯þȗ¤Ëą—ąþ¥ëäþą—äąÝĝÁëëƒ total phosphorus = 4.1–42 ƎHl-1) and moderate ded of the water surfaces; and littoral with phytoplankton abundance (chlorophyll-B = 3.2–6.7 several habitats ŰÃļÝ-1). Expert opinion is that reference conditions for nutrient and chlorophyll-B concentrations would be x Palustrine: marshy surfaces created by a little lower, or closer towards the lower end of the the withdrawal of lake water in warmer reported ranges. seasons, occurring especially in the north, east and south-east

12 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar x Riverine with two subsystems: alternate 5.4.2 Existing Data and Gaps subsystem – habitats in outlet of streams; —ä«÷¯úã—ä¯äąþĊ¤þĝþą¯ãƔþĊ¥È—þGëú—§—Ļ Zú¯þþĊú¯þĻ ¯þ÷¯¥Ë—ÝÝĝ þËÃä˽¥—äą ÷ëËäą þëĊú¥¯þ ȗĕ¯ úäëׯĕ˦——ä«ąÈ¯¤¯ÃËääËäÃëºąÈ¯Ċä—Ĺ ¤¯¯äË«¯äąË½¯«¤ĝ2/GaËäGëäą¯ä¯Ãúë—ä«HËä Bojana River from the lake Albania. A complete state cadastre of all discharges either direct or into the sewer does not exist in either During summer, the concentration of phosphorus Montenegro or Albania. Pressures from diffuse in the lake increases substantially. During this time, þëĊú¥¯þ ȗĕ¯ ¤¯¯ä ¯þąËã—ą¯« ¤ĝ þąĊ«Ë¯þļ Nº½¥Ë—Ý the water level drops and in littoral areas of the ½ÃĊú¯þ—ú¯äëą—ĕ—Ëݗ¤Ý¯ļ lake and surrounding wetlands, dense populations ëº 㗥úë÷Èĝą¯þ ÁëĊúËþÈļ iȯþ¯ —ú¯ «ëãË䗱¯« ¤ĝ submerged genera (.ZSJPQIZMMVN  $FSBUPQIZMMVN  /BKBT  7BMMJTOFSJB  1PUBNPHFUPO and Characeae) or Á뗱Ëäà þ÷¯¥Ë¯þ ƈ/VQIBS MVUFVN, /ZNQIFB BMCB, 5SBQBOBUBOT). Emergent taxa (e.g. 1ISBHNJUFT 4DJSQVT  5ZQIB $ZQFSVT &MFPDIBSJT and(SBUJPMB) predominate in lake margins and surrounding wetlands.

Regarding phytoplankton, diatoms dominate during spring, in association with chrysophytes (%JOPCSZPO) and Pyrrophyta ($FSBUJVN); while in autumn, diatoms ($ZDMPUFMMB  .FMPTJSB  /BWJDVMB  4ZOFESB  'SBHJMMBSJB  /JU[TDIJBand/or$ZNCFMMB) co-dominate with green algae (Chlorophyta, mainly Chlorococcales). Large 1IPUP1SFQBSJOHGPSöTIJOH —ä« ½Ý—ã¯äąëĊþ ¥ĝ—ä뤗¥ą¯ú˗ ƈ¯ļÃļ .JDSPDZTUJT  .FSJTNPQFEJB  "OBCBFOB and 0TDJMMBUPSJB) may be present in surface waters, but usually not at high 5.4.3 aÊÂãʼ¤–ãĄZêÊãĄaêĉù¤®ýê¹ densities. Pollution

2ą Ëþ äëą ¥Ý¯—ú Ėȗą ú¯º¯ú¯ä¥¯ ¥ëä«ËąËëäþ ºëú ãëþą 5.4.3.1 Albania biological quality elements would be, but the assumption is that the pelagic sampling station The majority of the sub-catchment population, (Water Body 4, Montenegro; Section 5.5.1), with lower —úëĊä«ƘƟƗĻƗƗƗȗ¤Ëą—äąþĻÝËĕ¯ËäaÈÚë«ú——ä«?ë÷ÝËÚ levels of nutrients and organic enrichment than ãĊäË¥Ë÷—ÝËąË¯þĻ ä뱗¤Ýĝ Ëä ]ú¯ąÈËä—Ļ *úĊ¯ãËú´Ļ ÝËąąëú—ÝþËą¯þĻ÷úëĕË«¯ąÈ¯¤¯þąËäþËÃÈąąë«¯½äËäÃąÈ¯þ¯ ?—þąú—ą —ä« \¯ä«´úļ aÈÚë«ú— ãĊäË¥Ë÷—ÝËąĝ Ëþ ąÈ¯ for phytoplankton and physico-chemistry, at least. ã—Ëäú¯ÃËëä—ݯ¥ëäëãË¥¥¯äąú¯ëºäëúąÈݤ—ä˗ļ2ä the 1990s, much of the industry developed during the communist era collapsed. 5.4 *EFOUJĬDBUJPOPG1SFTTVSFT 2ä ąÈ¯ ¥Ëąĝ ëº aÈÚë«ú—Ļ Ė—þą¯ Ė—ą¯ú Ëþ ¥ëÝݯ¥ą¯« Ëä 5.4.1 Methods the sewer system and discharged untreated into the ݗگļ 2ą Ëþ ąÈ¯ ã—Ëä ÷ëËäą þëĊú¥¯ Ëä ąÈ¯ Ė—ą¯úþȯ« *¯ä¯ú—ÝÝĝĻ ÷ú¯þþĊú¯þ þĊ¥È —þ ÷ëÝÝĊąËëäĻ Ė—ą¯ú on the Albanian side of the lake. However, because abstraction or morphological alterations of water Ė—þą¯Ė—ą¯ú Ëþ «Ëþ¥È—úï« 䯗ú ąë ąÈ¯ ëĊąÁëĖ ëº ¤ë«Ë¯þ—ú¯Ë«¯äąË½¯«¤—þ¯«ëä뺽¥Ë—Ý«—ą—ºúëãþą—ą¯ the lake, pollution of the lake water body at large administrations. Point sources of pollution such as is somewhat limited. This situation changes during direct discharges from waste water treatment plants periods of high water level of River Drin when its must be monitored. Data from compulsory self- Áëë«Ė—ą¯úþã—ĝȗã÷¯úąÈ¯ëĊąÁëĖëºݗگĖ—ą¯ú monitoring and monitoring under state control ëú¯ĕ¯ä÷ĊþȤ—¥ÚĖ—ą¯úËäąëąÈ¯ݗگļě—¥ą½ÃĊú¯þ provide a sound basis for the assessment of pollutant about the connected households and pollution are loads in lakes and rivers. not available yet. iȯ —þþ¯þþã¯äą ëº ÷ú¯þþĊú¯þ —ä« ùĊ—äąË½¥—ąËëä ëº 5.4.3.2 Montenegro loads from diffuse sources is more complex. Apart from discharges and run-off from agriculture, mining The main industries and much of the population of or other activities within the catchment, pollutants Montenegro are located in the watershed. Therefore, may enter lake systems through other pathways, the anthropogenic pressure on Lake Skadar ecosys- including groundwater and atmospheric deposition. ą¯ãËþþËÃä˽¥—äąļ Pollutant inputs from these sources must therefore be measured as well upon evidence of risk. The main emission source at the catchment area causing the biggest impact on the lake ecosystem is ąÈ¯«Ëþ¥È—úïëºĊäąú¯—ą¯«ëúËäþĊº½¥Ë¯äąÝĝąú¯—ą¯«

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 13 communal and industrial waste water. Point sources *úĊ¯ãËú´Ļ \¯ä«´úĻ ?—þąú—ą ¥ëããĊä¯þ —ä« ?ë÷ÝËÚ are the inlets of the municipal sewage systems. Most municipality) have an agricultural area of about houses in the municipality of Podgorica (approx. 17,189 ha of land, out of which 12,691 ha is classed as 185,000 inhabitants) are connected to sewer. arable and 7,042 ha is cultivated. Compared to 1990, The WWTP employs mechanical and biological the use of macronutrients (mainly N and P) is now treatment processes. Storm water is discharged higher per unit area, but smaller in absolute terms. «Ëú¯¥ąÝĝËäąëąÈ¯Gëú—§—]Ëĕ¯úļ Differences in the total use of chemical fertilizers are due to a reduction (by almost 50 %) of the area now iȯ Ė—þą¯ Ė—ą¯ú ëº HËÚĀ˦ ƈ—÷÷úëěļ ƜƟĻƗƗƗ cultivated compared to the area farmed before 1990. inhabitants) is collected by a central sewerage The diffuse-source nutrient pollution load from þĝþą¯ã—ä««Ëþ¥È—úï«Ċäąú¯—ą¯«ąëąÈ¯†¯ą—]Ëĕ¯ú agriculture has the potential to be larger than that ĖÈË¥È Ëþ ąÈ¯ ã—Ëä ąúˤĊą—úĝ ëº ąÈ¯ Gëú—§— ]Ëĕ¯úļ ºúëãĖ—þą¯Ė—ą¯úļ2ºąÈ¯ąëą—Ý—ÃúË¥ĊÝąĊú—Ýݗä«—ú¯— Waste water from the Cetinje municipality (approx. of about 17,000 ha were to be cultivated, agriculture 16,000 inhabitants) is only partly collected by sewer. would become the main diffuse source of pollution The collected untreated waste water is discharged with macronutrients (Çakalli et al. 2013). ËäąëąÈ¯úäëׯĕ˦—]Ëĕ¯úļëããĊä—ÝĖ—þą¯Ė—ą¯úëº ]Ëׯڗúäëׯĕ˦—þ¯ąąÝ¯ã¯äą—ú¯—Ýþë¥ëÝݯ¥ą¯«—ä« The Shkodra region has an increase of economic «Ëþ¥È—úï« Ċäąú¯—ą¯« Ëäąë ąÈ¯ úäëׯĕ˦— ]Ëĕ¯úĻ — activities especially in agriculture and the associated tributary of Skadar Lake. food processing industry. As the majority of this industry is made up of small dairies, breweries, The total annual quantity of waste water discharged wineries, oil mills, etc., they lack adequate facilities into the basin is estimated to be about 40 x 106 m3 and practices for treatment and utilization of waste. (cĊä«Ë¦—ä«]—«Ċ×Úëĕ˦ƙƗƘƙƉļiȯþ¯Ė—ą¯úþ¥ë䱗Ëä The treatment of waste water from cleaning and mainly organic biodegradable materials, which are residues from production processes is mostly not responsible for increase of trophic status of lake in accordance with EU standards. The same goes for water. waste disposal systems for liquid and solid wastes of the meat-processing sector. All the leftovers are The main industrial facilities situated in the «Ċã÷¯« Ëä ËÝݯ×Ý ݗ䫽ÝÝþĻ ĖËąÈ ݯ—¥È—ą¯ úĊääËäà Ė—ą¯ú ¤—þËä —ú¯ ąÈ¯ þą¯¯Ý º—¥ąëúĝ Ëä HËÚĀ˦ —ä« ąÈ¯ into nearby rivers (Çakalli et al. 2013). aluminium plant in Podgorica. Both are currently not operating, but their emission potential for Septic tanks and other ways of treating/discharging ąëěË¥—ä«ȗĢ—ú«ëĊþþĊ¤þą—䥯þËþþąËÝÝÈËÃÈļ2äąÈ¯ waste waters from houses and small facilities are past, these emissions have been responsible for also important diffuse sources. the contamination (especially of the sediments) of Skadar Lake. 5.4.4.2 Montenegro

The food industry causes the main actual commercial There are numerous and variable diffuse sources waste water discharges. The main companies are ĖËąÈËä ąÈ¯ ¥—ą¥Èã¯äą —ú¯—ļ 2ã÷ëúą—äą þëĊú¥¯þ brewery ‘Trebjesa’, drink factory ‘Neksan’, bread of diffuse pollution, particularly pesticides, are factory ‘Uniprom’, dairy plants ‘Nika’ and ‘Srna’, ąÈ¯ ¥úë÷ݗä«þ —ä« ĕ—þą ĕËä¯ĝ—ú«þ ëº ąÈ¯ †¯ą— —ä« 㯗ą÷ú륯þþËäÃŖ*ëú—äëĕË¥Řƈ—ąHËÚĀ˦Ɖľþ¯ĕ¯ú—Ýȯä ׯÝë÷—ĕÝ˦Ë ÷ݗËäþļ NąÈ¯ú þëĊú¥¯þ ¥ëã÷úËþ¯ ËÝݯ×Ý and pig farms, slaughterhouses, dairy plant ‘Lazine’, trash dumps, small and medium utilities, and storage facility ‘Crnagoracoop’ (at Danilovgrad); ąëĊúËþãĻ —þþë¥Ë—ą¯« ĖËąÈ Ëä¥ú¯—þËäà ¤ë—ą ąú—º½¥ ëä vineyard ‘13 jul’ and several bakeries (at Podgorica). the lake. Atmospheric deposition (of nitrogen) is also The composition of the waste water is similar to a diffuse source, but the contribution to pollution of domestic waste water. ąÈ¯ݗگËþĕ¯úĝ«Ëº½¥ĊÝąąëùĊ—äąËºĝļ

Leachate from Cetinje dump and previous Podgorica Septic tanks and other ways of discharge of sanitary dump, wood processing and furniture factories have and other waste water from settlements and small an unknown risk potential to the water status of facilities are also important diffuse sources. Widely Skadar Lake. scattered point sources, such as industrial solid waste dumps, may also be included in diffuse source pollution loads.

5.4.4 aÊÂãʼ¤–ãĄʹ¹ĉý®aêĉù¤®ýê¹ Remobilization and resuspension of heavy metals Pollution and probably other pollutants from sediments ã—ĝ 륥Ċú «ĊúËäà Áëë«Ëäà Ëä ¤ëąÈ Gëäą¯ä¯Ãúë 5.4.4.1 Albania —ä«ݤ—ä˗ĻĖÈË¥ÈËþ—þ÷¯¥Ë½¥ąú—ËąëºA—Ú¯aڗ«—ú compared to the other lakes of the Drin Basin. Main diffuse sources are domestic wastewater from households not connected with the sewer system and —ÃúË¥ĊÝąĊú¯ļiȯ½ĕ¯—«ãËäËþąú—ąËĕ¯ĊäËąþƈ]ú¯ąÈËä—Ļ

14 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar depth, surface area and water level are seasonally 5.4.5 Water Abstraction ĕ—ú˗¤Ý¯ļaĊúº—¥¯Ė—ą¯úݯĕ¯ÝȗþÁĊ¥ąĊ—ą¯«¤¯ąĖ¯¯ä 4.54 masl in 1952 (minimum) to 10.44 masl in 2010 5.4.5.1 Albania (maximum). The water level affects the appearance —ä«þËĢ¯ëºÁëë«—ú¯—þ—ąąÈ¯äëúąÈ¥ë—þąļ A cadastre of water abstraction does not exist. Furthermore, systematic studies or surveys of water 5.4.6.1 Albania abstractors are not available yet. Although no survey of hydromorphological status The main irrigation method applied in the region is of the lake has been undertaken, the destruction of surface irrigation, with furrow irrigation dominating. marginal wetlands endangers the ecological status. 2ą Ëþ ¯þąËã—ą¯« ąÈ—ą ąÈËþ ã¯ąÈë« ȗþ —ä ¯º½¥Ë¯ä¥ĝ of only 50–60 % (i.e. 40–50 % of water is lost during 5.4.6.2 Montenegro the path from the source to the arable plot), very low compared to modern technologies (i.e. drip or spray  «—ã þ¯÷—ú—ą¯þyĊ§Úë ݗąë ºúëã ąÈ¯ ú¯þą ëº ąÈ¯ ËúúË׹ËëäƉľąÈ¯¯º½¥Ë¯ä¥ĝëºĖ—ą¯ú—÷÷ÝË¥—ąËëäËþ—Ýþë lake. Although no survey of the hydromorphological ÝëĖĻ—ą—¤ëĊąƝƗŢƈƛƗŢËþÝëþąºúëãþĊúº—¥¯ÁëĖ—ä« status of the lake has been undertaken, it is obvious «¯¯÷ Ëä½Ýąú—ąËëäƉļ ¯þË«¯ ąÈ¯ ÝëĖ ¯º½¥Ë¯ä¥ĝ ëº ąÈËþ that settlements, industrial and recreational use method, it also may have negative impacts on the have an impact, notably the destruction of wetlands. environment in general and especially for soil erosion. High loads of leachate contaminated with agricultural 5.4.7 NĄÇ®ùaÊÂãʼ¤–ãĄ chemicals may be discharged into the lake. Anthropogenic Impacts 5.4.7.1 Albania iȯ ÝëĖ Ċ÷ą—Ú¯ ëº Ė—ą¯ú ¯º½¥Ë¯äą ËúúË׹Ëëä ą¯¥Èƒ nologies, such as drip emitters and the poor main- ëãã¯ú¥Ë—ݽþÈËäÃËþąÈ¯ã—Ëä÷ú¯þþĊú¯ëäąÈ¯½þÈ tenance of irrigation infrastructure (e.g. canals) has population of the lake. However, the development of ݯ« ąë Ë䯺½¥Ë¯ä¥Ë¯þ Ëä Ė—ą¯ú Ċþ¯ —ä« Ė—ą¯ú Ýëþþ¯þ tourism and increased urbanisation surrounding the through leakages leading to an increase in water south-eastern part of the lake (the so-called meadow application rates per hectare irrigated. —ú¯—Ɖ—ú¯—Ýþë¥ëäþË«¯ú¯«ąë—ºº¯¥ą½þÈ÷úë«Ċ¥ąËëäļiÈËþ represents a key spawning area for several important 5.4.5.2 Montenegro þ÷¯¥Ë¯þ뺽þÈĻËä¥ÝĊ«ËäÃąÈ¯¥ëããë䥗ú÷ļ«—ãËþ currently being constructed which will separate part According to the annual report on the total amount of of this area from the main lake, and may, therefore, water supplied to the Regional Water Supply System damage the biological status of the lake. for the Montenegrin Coast, the amount of water delivered from the source Bolje Sestre adjacent to Skadar Lake was 6,125,636 m3 in 2013. Bolje Sestre is —Ė—ą¯úþëĊú¥¯Ý륗ą¯«ËäąÈ¯G—ÝëݗąëĖ¯ąÝ—ä«ļ2ąËþ connected with Skadar Lake through the Biševina and ?—ą—ąĊä—]Ëĕ¯úþĻ¤Ċą«ë¯þ—«ãËäËþąú—ąËĕ¯Ýĝä빤¯Ýëäà to the Skadar Lake waters (Water Directorate 2014).

¥¥ëú«Ëäà ąë ąÈ¯ äĕËúëäã¯äą—Ý 2ã÷—¥ąþþ¯þþã¯äą Study of the Bolje Sestre Water Supply System, the abstracted water derives from underground water which is not part of the Skadar Lake system owing to the higher elevation of the source. Therefore, this activity has no negative impact on the quantity and quality of Skadar Lake water. The quantity of water that is predicted to be abstracted from the Bolje Sestre system does not exceed more than 50 % of the total capacity of ąÈ¯þëĊú¥¯ƈ2ƙƗƗƝƉļiȯ—ãëĊäą—¤þąú—¥ą¯«ËäƙƗƘƚ was 20 % of the capacity of the source.

5.4.6 Hydromorphology and Water 1IPUP,BSVD 4LBEBS-BLF Flow Regulation a÷¯¥Ë½¥ ąë aڗ«—ú A—Ú¯ —ú¯ ¤ëąąëã þĊ¤ƒÝ—¥ĊþąúËä¯ 5.4.7.2 Montenegro springs (named ‘oko’, or eye) situated at the northern, north-western and south-western parts The biggest negative anthropogenic impact on the of the lake. More than 60 springs supply freshwater, ݗگ½þȺ—Ċä—Ëþ÷뗥ÈËäëĊúËäÃąÈ¯½þÈþ÷—ĖäËäà ¥ëäąúˤĊąËäÃþëã¯ƘƟŢëºąÈ¯ąëą—ÝĖ—ą¯úËäÁëĖļiȯ ÷¯úËë«ƈĖȯä½þÈËäÃËþݯ×ÝÝĝ¤—ä䯫ƉĻ—䫽þÈËäÃ

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 15 —ąëąÈ¯úąËã¯þĖËąÈËÝݯ×ݽþÈËäÃï—úļëããĊä—Ý ݗþþ˽¥—ąËëäþĝþą¯ãþ䯯«ąë¤¯ȗúãëäËĢ¯«—ąąÈ¯ waste waters from the cities of Podgorica, national level and between countries being part of the Danilovgrad and Cetinje are believed to boost same river basin. Existing systems e.g. for biological ¯Ċąúë÷ÈË¥—ąËëäļnä¥ëäąúëÝݯ«½þÈþąë¥ÚËä×¥ąËĕËąË¯þ ëúþąúĊ¥ąĊú—ÝùĊ—ÝËąĝ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËë䥗䤯Ċþ¯«˺ąÈ¯ĝ also represent threats since in the past such activities comply with WFD requirements. The WFD envisages have introduced alien species, such as Prussian using similar methodologies among member states carp and perch. Alien species increase competition to determine the status of surface waters. for space and food resources and/or may act as predators on domestic species. A decline in native The overarching objective of the initial characteri- species abundance is believed to have occurred. sation is to assess if water bodies are at risk of failing environmental objectives, especially the good status. 5.5 Water Quality Assessment 5.5.1 Sampling Stations z—ą¯úùĊ—ÝËąĝËþ—þþ¯þþ¯«ĊþËäåݗþþ˽¥—ąËëäþĝþą¯ãþ The sampling stations for water quality assessments based on biological, hydromorphological, chemical were selected in accordance with project tasks, WFD and physico-chemical parameters (elements in WFD requirements and – for physico-chemical parameters terminology). Assessments provide information about ƔąÈ¯¯ě÷¯ú˯䥯ëºąÈ¯2äþąËąĊą¯ëº/ĝ«úëã¯ą¯ëúëÝëÃĝ the impacts of substances and hydromorphological —ä« a¯ËþãëÝëÃĝ ëº Gëäą¯ä¯Ãúë ƈ2/GaƉ —ä« ąÈ¯ interventions on aquatic communities, as well as ݤ—ä˗ä *¯ëÝëÃË¥—Ý aĊúĕ¯ĝ ƈ*aƉ Ëä ÷ú¯ĕËëĊþ information about key water uses. investigations. Altogether, six sites were sampled in Montenegro and three sites in Albania (Tab. and Fig. 5.5.1-1).

Table 5.5.1-1 Lake Shkodra sampling stations for physico-chemical and chemical assessment

Montenegro Albania Water body 1: Vučko blato Water body 1: Albanian part of Lake Shkodra x MNE I Kamenik x AL I Kaldrun Water body 2: North x AL II Zogaj x MNE III Plavnica x AL III Shiroka x MNE IV Podhum Water body 3: South-west x MNE II Virpazar x MNE V Starčevo Water body 4: Pelagic zone x MNE VI Centre Sampling stations for biological investigations are shown in the respective sections.

5.5.2 Chemical and Physico-Chemical Elements

¥ëÝëÃË¥—Ý Ė—ą¯ú ùĊ—ÝËąĝ Ëþ «¯½ä¯« ĕ˗ ¤ËëÝëÃË¥—Ý —ä« ÷Èĝþ˥냥ȯãË¥—Ý ¯Ý¯ã¯äąþ ƈþ¯¯ ëě¯þ Ɲ —ä« ƞƉļiÈĊþĻ biological assessments are supplemented with the results of general physico-chemical parameters such as dissolved oxygen and nutrients (see Box 6).

5.5.2.1 Methods Sampling and storage

Water sampling was undertaken at all measuring stations on four occasions: April, July, October and February. Samples of water were collected using Ruttner bottle at two depths (surface and bottom). Samples for general chemical analysis were collected in 3-litre inert plastic or 1-litre polyethylene bottles. Samples were collected in

Winkler bottles of 100 ml for dissolved oxygen and 250 ml for BOD5. Samples for chlorophyll-B were collected in dark 1-litre glass bottles and those for microelements (heavy metals and trace metals) were collected in 1-litre polyethylene bottles. All samples were transported to laboratory in mobile fridges on the day of collection and maintained at 4 °C prior to analysis.

16 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar BOX 6. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITY ELEMENTS

Chemical status

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Analysis

All analyses were done using standard methods. Temperature of water and air, depth, Secchi depth (transparency), pH and conductivity were measured ËäąÈ¯½¯Ý«ļa—ã÷ݯþºëú¥ÈÝëúë÷ÈĝÝ݃B analysis were ½Ýą¯ú¯« ąÈúëĊÃÈ — ƗļƛƜ ůã Ãݗþþ ½¤ú¯ ½Ýą¯ú Ċ÷ëä entry to the laboratory, and chlorophyll-B extracted ºúëãąÈ¯½Ýą¯úļa—ã÷ݯþºëú«ËþþëÝĕ¯«ëěĝïäĖ¯ú¯ conserved with MnCl2 Ëä ąÈ¯ ½¯Ý« —ä« —ä—ÝĝþËþ ëº

BOD5Ė—þĊ䫯úą—گ䗺ą¯ú½ĕ¯«—ĝþĊþËäÃąÈ¯þ—㯠procedure as for dissolved oxygen. All the other ÷—ú—ã¯ą¯úþ Ė¯ú¯ —ä—Ýĝþ¯« ĖËąÈËä þ÷¯¥Ë½¯« ąË㯠limits. 1IPUP&RVJQNFOUGPSQIZTJDPDIFNJDBMNFBTVSFNFOUT

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 17 'JHVSF4BNQMJOHTUBUJPOTGPSDIFNJDBMBOEQIZTJDPDIFNJDBMBOBMZTFTBU-BLF4ILPESB

5.5.2.2 Existing Data and Gaps 5.5.2.3.1 Albania

Until the mid-eighties, some physico-chemical Monitoring was undertaken four times from 2013– parameters were recorded under the state 2014 (April, July, October and February) at three ãëäËąëúËäÃ÷úëÃú—ãã¯ëºĊÃëþݗĕ˗ļ/ëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻąÈ¯ stations. Sampling procedures were considered parameters monitored or the sampling procedures suitable for most sites/parameters, but failed to follow and/or analytical methods used do not correspond standard methodologies fully. Bottles containing to present-day requirements of the WFD. Between samples were transported to the laboratory by car in the mid-eighties and today, limited monitoring was ¥ëëݤëě¯þĻ—ĕëË«Ëä×äĝëĊąþË«¯ËäÁĊ¯ä¥¯þļ/ëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻ undertaken at the Montenegrin part of the lake, transport and storage procedures did not follow usually within the scope of research projects. prescribed methodologies entirely.

NäÝĝ þ¥—ąą¯ú¯« —ä« Ċäĕ¯ú˽¯« ÷Èĝþ˥냥ȯãË¥—Ý Samples were analysed according to agreed data are available for the Albanian part of the lake. A standard methodologies, except for total phosporus. transboundary water quality monitoring programme Results strongly suggested that water quality is from 2007–2009 funded by the Research Council of affected by anthropogenic pressures (nutrients Norway found total phosphorus concentrations of etc.). However, the preliminary results obtained will ƘƔƚƜůÃiZļÝ-1 and total nitrogen concentrations of require validation from the proposed monitoring ƙƗƗƔƝƗƗůÃiHļÝ-1. This study concluded that the lake programme (Section 8.1). is in mesotrophic conditions despite high nutrient inputs (Skarbøvik et al. 2014). 5.5.2.3.2 Montenegro

5.5.2.3 3FTVMUT Levels of conductivity were rather low (195–270 ůaļ¥ã-1ƉĻ¥ëäþË«¯úËäÃąÈ¯?—úþąƈþëÝĊ¤Ý¯ƉïëÝëÃĝëºąÈ¯ Results of physico-chemical investigations are catchment, with Secchi depth (transparency) varying summarized in Annexe 11.2. More detailed informa- between 1.8 and 3.3 m. The maximum depth recorded tion is given in the original reports compiled in the (at any monitoring site and any time) was 9.5 m, Volume of Annexes (USB card). indicating that macrophytes should be able to colonise most of the bottom of the lake, since the euphotic zone

18 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar ƈąÈ¯«¯÷ąÈ—ąĖÈË¥ÈąÈ¯ú¯ËþþĊº½¥Ë¯äąÝËÃÈą—ĕ—Ëݗ¤Ý¯ iȯþ¯ þ÷¯¥Ë½¥ ÷ëÝÝĊą—äąþ —þ Ė¯ÝÝ —þ —úþ¯äË¥ —ä« for plants to grow) is usually considered to be 2.5–3.5 mercury were therefore analysed in sediments times Secchi depth. As expected, chlorophyll-B results of Montenegro within the scope of the initial (a principal determinant of Secchi depth, together ¥È—ú—¥ą¯úËþ—ąËëäļ2äݤ—ä˗ĻëäÝĝݯ—«—ä«¥—«ãËĊã with [the very low] levels of suspended solids) were were analysed. However, discharges into the lake of ÈËÃÈÝĝĕ—ú˗¤Ý¯ĻĖËąÈĕ—ÝĊ¯þú—äÃËää¯ąĖ¯¯äƗļƙůÃļÝ-1 other priority substances are likely and should be —ä«ƘƗļƘůÃļÝ-1. Over the course of a year, typically in analysed in future monitoring programmes. lakes, maximum recorded chlorophyll-B levels are about 3 times the average recorded value, but more 5.5.3.1 Methods frequent monitoring than the 3-monthly programme used for this study is required to improve the certainty Sampling of obtaining maximum and mean results. Sediment samples were collected in July 2013, using a van Veen grab. Higher values of total phosphorus generally 륥Ċúú¯« —ą ?—ã¯äËÚĻyËú÷—Ģ—ú —ä« ZݗĕäË¥— ƈƚƔƜƝ Analysis ůÃiZļÝ-1ƉĻĖËąÈÝëĖ¯úĕ—ÝĊ¯þ—ąaą—ú§¯ĕë—䫯äąú¯ ƈƘƔƚƗůÃiZļÝ-1Ɖļ2äëú×äË¥äËąúëïäƈäËąú—ą¯ŵäËąúËą¯ŵ Heavy metals were analysed by inductively coupled —ããëäËĊãƉĖ¯ú¯ÈËÃȯþąËäþ÷úËäÃĹĖËäą¯úĻú¯Á¯¥ąËäà plasma optical emission spectrometry and pesticides ÈËÃȯú¯ě÷ëúąºúëãݗä«ƈ«ËººĊþ¯þëĊú¥¯þƉļ2äąÈ¯ĕ—þą were measured by gas chromatography (for details, majority of freshwater lakes (and Shkodra/Skadar is þ¯¯ *a ƈƙƗƘƛƉ —ä« ×Ċú—ĀÚëĕ˦ ƈƙƗƘƛƉĻ yëÝĊã¯ ëº not an exception), phosphorus is in shorter supply Annexes). than nitrogen for plant (phytoplankton) growth, so 5.5.3.2 Existing Data and Gaps is said to be the limiting nutrient. iȯ ݗگ Ëþ —ÝڗÝËä¯Ļ ú¯Á¯¥ąËäà ąÈ¯ ïëÝëÃĝĻ ĖËąÈ Contamination of lake sediment presents a direct pH values typically below 8, but approaching 8.5 and lasting threat to the aquatic ecosystem, at the centre during autumn. Localised differences ÷—úąË¥ĊݗúÝĝ ąÈ¯ ¤¯äąÈË¥ Áëú— —ä« º—Ċä—ļ G—äĝ Ëä ÷/ —ú¯ ÝËÚ¯Ýĝ ąë ú¯Á¯¥ą ÃúëĊä«Ė—ą¯ú Ëä÷Ċąþ —ä« toxic and persistent pollutants become absorbed phytoplankton productivity. to sediments and soils and can incorporate into aquatic food webs. Data on sediments in Lake The difference in temperature between surface and Shkodra are limited and fragmentary, but indicate bottom waters was typically only 2 oC during all the presence of trace elements, metals, PCBs, PAHs seasons, so the lake appears to be too shallow/well and organochlorine pesticides. mixed to thermally stratify. Dissolved oxygen levels decreased during summer 2äĕ¯þąË׹Ëëäþëºȯ—ĕĝã¯ą—ÝþËäݗگþ¯«Ëã¯äąþëº due to its photosynthetic removal from the water, Albania and water were conducted by the University albeit not to levels that cause concern, with lowest of Tirana (Faculty of Chemistry) and the University ĕ—ÝĊ¯þú¯¥ëú«¯«—ąZݗĕäË¥—Ļaą—ú§¯ĕë—ä«ąÈ¯¥¯äąú¯ of Shkodra (Faculty of Natural Sciences) over the (summer). Non-photosynthetic oxygen removal ݗþą½ĕ¯ĝ¯—úþƈ¯ļÃļH¯ĢËúË—ä«*ïþþݯúƙƗƗƞƉļݯ¥ąúë process also caused little concern, with low-to- ąÈ¯úã—Ý—ä«Á—㯗ąëãË¥—¤þëú÷ąËëäþ÷¯¥ąúëã¯ąúĝ were used to determine concentrations of Pb, Cd, moderate COD and BOD5 values recorded. The -1 ëĻHËĻĊĻ†ä—ä«ú—þĖ¯ÝÝ—þąÈ¯Ëúºú—¥ąËë䗱Ëëä highest recorded BOD5 value was 4.49 mg.l at Plavnica in autumn. No investigations of diurnal in waters and bottom sediments of Lake Shkodra. patterns of dissolved oxygen were undertaken, but Water samples were collected at three different lower DO results would be expected at night. depths (maximum of 6 m) from a site in the pelagic zone, as well as a site close to the shore; sediment samples were taken from two sites. Concentrations of lead were 0.78–2.79 ůÃļÝ-1 in water and 23.5 5.5.3 aö®¤Ê¼¤ZêÜÜĉĄ–ãĄý mg.kg-1 in sediment, those of cadmium 0.038–0.79 The chemical status of water bodies is determined ůÃļÝ-1 in water – the upper level exceeding the on the basis of compliance with environmental Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) of 0.08–0.25 quality standards for pollutants of Europe-wide ůÃļÝ-1 (depending on water hardness) for inland importance. Therefore, the assessment of chemical surface waters, set by Directive 2013/39/EU – and status has to consider the list of priority substances 1.2 mg.kg-1 in sediment; and those of chromium for which maximum allowable concentrations ƜļƛƔƘƗļƟůÃļÝ-1 in water and 57.9 mg.kg-1 in sediment. —ú¯ «¯½ä¯« —ä« ÷úËëúËąĝ ȗĢ—ú«ëĊþ þĊ¤þą—䥯þ The nickel content in sediments was 96.65 mg.kg-1. whose discharge, emission or loss must cease or be The high concentrations of chromium and nickel in phased out entirely to prevent the contamination sediments were associated with mining activities in of water (Annex X WFD). Existing evidence suggests northern Albania but also with naturally elevated þËÃä˽¥—äą«Ëþ¥È—úïþ—ä«ĹëúÝ뗫ËäÃþëºąÈ¯ȯ—ĕĝ levels linked to the regional geology (Shehu and metals lead, cadmium and aluminium, as well as Lazo 2008, Vemic et al. 2014). organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 19 Recent investigations of heavy metals in the 2005 (cĊä«Ë¦ —ä« ]—«Ċ×Úëĕ˦ ƙƗƘƙƉļ G¯ú¥Ċúĝ Ė—þ Montenegrin part of Lake Skadar (Vemic et al. 2014) minimal at Virpazar. The other results were similar, showed that the priority substances Cd, Pb and Ni ¤ĊąąÈ¯ã—ěËãĊã—ą?—ã¯äËÚĖ—þ—¤ëĊąąĖëąËã¯þ were either not detected in water or lay below EQS ÈËÃȯúļ A¯—« Ė—þ Ëä¥ú¯—þ¯« —ą ?—ã¯äËÚĻ yËú÷—Ģ—úĻ values. However, like in Albania, concentrations of Zë«ÈĊã —ä« aą—ú§¯ĕëļ —«ãËĊã Ė—þ ÷ú¯þ¯äą —ą nickel in sediments were very high, ranging from ĕ¯úĝ ÝëĖ ݯĕ¯Ýþ —ą ?—ã¯äËÚĻ ¤Ċą —ą ÈËÃȯú ݯĕ¯Ýþ —ą 63.1–126.8 mg.kg-1ļ ë䥯äąú—ąËëäþ ƃ ƙƙļƞ ãÃļÚÃ-1 Podhum and Virpazar. Aluminium concentrations are believed to have adverse effects on sediment- were very similar at all sites. dwelling organisms, though the Maximum Approved *¯ä¯ú—ÝÝĝĻąÈ¯ÈËÃȯþą¥ë䥯äąú—ąËëäþëºȯ—ĕĝã¯ą—Ýþ Value (MAV) according to the Dutch list is 35 mg.kg-1 Ëäþ¯«Ëã¯äąĖ¯ú¯ºëĊä«—ąZë«ÈĊã—ä«?—ã¯äËÚļą (for other heavy metals, see Table 5.5.3.3.2-1). the former site, this may be a consequence of ground 5.5.3.3 3FTVMUT Ė—ą¯úþ ËäÁĊ¯ä¥¯Ļ ¤Ċą —ą ?—ã¯äËÚĻ ąÈ¯ ËäÁĊ¯ä¥¯ ëº ąÈ¯úËĕ¯úúäëׯĕ˦——ä«ąÈ¯úËÃÈą¤ú—ä¥ÈëºąÈ¯úËĕ¯ú iÈËþ þ¯¥ąËëä þĊãã—úËþ¯þ ąÈ¯ ã—Ëä ½ä«ËäÃþ ëº Gëú—§—Ļ÷¯úȗ÷þĖËąÈݯ—¥È—ą¯ºúëã¯ąËäׯ«Ċã÷Ļ chemical investigations conducted at Lake Shkodra/ are more likely to be sources. The lowest content of Skadar in 2013 and 2014. For further information, heavy metals in sediment was measured at Plavnica, ąÈ¯ú¯—«¯úËþú¯º¯úú¯«ąë*aƈƙƗƘƛƉºëúݤ—ä˗—ä« —Ė—ĝºúëã—äĝÚäëĖäþëĊú¥¯þëºËäÁĊ¯ä¥¯ļ ×Ċú—ĀÚëĕ˦ ƈƙƗƘƛƉ ºëú Gëäą¯ä¯Ãúë ƈyëÝĊã¯ ëº Annexes) and to Annexe 11.2. Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide concentrations were all below the limit of detection (see Annexe 11.2). 5.5.3.3.1 Albania

Results from sediment analyses showed very low 5.5.4 Biological Quality Elements heavy metal concentrations, ranging from below the detection limit to 0.03 mg.kg-1 for Pb and 0.01 The ecological status of water bodies is assessed consi- mg.kg-1 for Cd. The upper levels lie far below the MAV dering species composition, abundance, dynamics according to the Dutch list (see Section 5.5.3.3.2). —ä« þą—ąĊþ ëº þ¯Ý¯¥ą¯« —ùĊ—ąË¥ º—Ċä— —ä« Áëú— ƈþëƒ called biological quality elements; see Box 7) known 5.5.3.3.2 Montenegro to respond sensitively to anthropogenic pressures. The —þþ¯þþã¯äą Ċþ¯þ ąĝ÷¯ƒþ÷¯¥Ë½¥ ú¯º¯ú¯ä¥¯ ¥ëä«ËąËëäþĻ Results are compared with Dutch allowable limits i.e. natural or near-natural undisturbed conditions, as (see Table 5.5.3.3.2-1). a benchmark. Depending on the degree of deviation

Table 5.5.3.3.2-1 Maximum approved and high risk values for selected heavy metals in soils (MvV 2000)

Metal Maximum Approved Value High Risk Value (mg.kg-1) (mg.kg-1) Mercury 0.3 10.0 Arsenic 29.0 55.0 Lead 85.0 530 .0 Cadmium 0.8 12 .0

Contrary to Albania and the study of Vemic et al. from these reference conditions, the ecological status (2014), concentrations of cadmium lay considerably can be assessed. The main objective of the initial above the MAV at all stations (1.5–9.1 times; Annexe characterisation is to assess the risk of water bodies 11.2). Concentrations of the other heavy metals º—ËÝËäÃąë—¥È˯ĕ¯Ãë뫯¥ëÝëÃË¥—Ýþą—ąĊþļ2ä—¥¥ëú«—䥯 were low. The content of mercury was 0.2–0.4 times with the WFD (see Box 7), the following biological the MAV, arsenic 0.02–0.1 times and lead 0.07–0.1 elements were investigated: times the MAV. Aluminium, which is not on the x Phytoplankton (mainly unicellular algae) Dutch list, was present at very high values, due partly to sediment geology, but also with a probable x Macrophytes (emergent, submerged or contribution from land-based sources, notably the Á뗱ËäÃ÷ݗäąþƉ ºëúã¯ú—ÝĊãËäËĊã÷ݗäą?Zļ x Benthic invertebrates (bottom-dwellers) The content of some metals is higher than in the x Fish 1990s (Royal Haskoning 2006), but lower than in

20 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar BOX 7. BIOLOGICAL QUALITY ELEMENTS

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KƚŚĞƌǁĂƚĞƌƐ YƵĂůŝƚLJĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ WĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐ ZŝǀĞƌƐ >ĂŬĞƐ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƚ͘ ĐŽĂƐƚĂů WŚLJƚŽƉůĂŶŬƚŽŶ ŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͕ĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚďŝŽŵĂƐƐ 99 9 9 DĂĐƌŽƉŚLJƚĞƐĂŶĚ ŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞ 99 9 9 ƉŚLJƚŽďĞŶƚŚŽƐ ĞŶƚŚŝĐ ŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞ 99 9 9 ŝŶǀĞƌƚĞďƌĂƚĞƐ &ŝƐŚ ŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͕ĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚĂŐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ 99 9

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5.5.4.1 1IZUPQMBOLUPO

5.5.4.1.1 Methods

Water samples for phytoplankton investigations were taken at six sampling points belonging to four water bodies in Montenegro and three sampling points belonging to one water body in Albania (see table next page). The same sampling stations were used for phytoplankton and physico-chemical analyses (see Tab & Fig. 5.5.4.1- ƘƉļiȯþ—ã¯ã¯ąÈë«ëÝëÃĝĖ—þ—÷÷Ý˯«ąë—ÝÝąÈú¯¯ݗگþĻºëÝÝëĖËä×÷úëąë¥ëÝ«¯ĕ¯Ýë÷¯«¤ĝ]—Ú맯ĕ˦ƈƙƗƘƚƉļ

7 Èąą÷ĿĹĹĖĖĖļ¯ĊÃúËþļËäºëĹ«Ëþ÷ݗĝ÷úëׯ¥ąļ—þ÷ŅZúëׯ¥ąË«Źƛƛƙƙ

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 21 Table 5.5.4.1-1 Lake Shkodra sampling stations for phytoplankton community composition and chlorophyll-a analysis

Montenegro Albania Water body 1: Vučko blato Water body 1: Albanian part of Lake Shkodra x MNE I Kamenik x AL I Kaldrun Water body 2: North x AL II Zogaj x MNE III Plavnica x AL III Shiroka x MNE IV Podhum Water body 3 South-west x MNE II Virpazar x MNE V Starčevo Water body 4: Pelagic zone x MNE VI Centre

Materials Data analysis

Plankton nets were used for qualitative analyses and ZÈĝąë÷ݗäÚąëä ą—ě— Ė¯ú¯ Ë«¯äąË½¯« ĊþËäà ˫¯äąË½ƒ hydrobiological sampling bottles for quantitative ¥—ąËëä Ú¯ĝþ þ÷¯¥Ë½¯« Ëä ]—Ú맯ĕ˦ ƈƙƗƘƛĻ yëÝĊã¯ ëº analyses. Annexes). Chlorophyll-BĖ—þ—ä—Ýĝþ¯«—¥¥ëú«ËäÃąë2aN 10260 (1992). Water transparency and chloro phyll-B Sampling campaigns concentration, respectively, were used to calculate the iúë÷ÈË¥aą—ą¯2䫯ěƈia2Ɖ—¥¥ëú«ËäÃąë—úÝþëäƈƘƠƞƞƉļiÈËþ Phytoplankton samples were taken from a boat in index is a measure of the state of nutritional enrichment spring (April 2013) and summer (August 2013) to ëº —ùĊ—ąË¥ ¯¥ëþĝþą¯ãþĻ ú¯Á¯¥ąËäà ÷ú¯þþĊú¯þ ú¯þĊÝąËäà ú¯Á¯¥ąþ¯—þëä—Ý«ĝä—ãË¥þ뺥ëããĊäËąĝ¥ëã÷ëþËąËëäļ from nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) inputs originating mainly from sewage and the application of

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22 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar º¯úąËÝËĢ¯úþ Ëä —ÃúË¥ĊÝąĊú¯ļ 2ä —««ËąËëäĻ þ¯ĕ¯ú—Ý ¤ËëÝëÃË¥—Ý 5.5.4.1.3.1 Albania Ëä«Ë¥¯þĖ¯ú¯¥—Ý¥Ċݗą¯«ƈ]—Ú맯ĕ˦ƙƗƘƛƉļ Phytoplankton composition 5.5.4.1.2 Existing Data and Gaps The spatial distribution of phytoplankton was uni- Phytoplankton at the Montenegrin part of Lake form in both seasons but differed greatly between aÈÚë«ú—Ĺaڗ«—ú Ė—þ ½úþą þąĊ«Ë¯« —ą ąÈ¯ ¯ä« ëº seasons (as would be expected), with 47 species ½ºąË¯þëºąÈ¯ݗþą¥¯äąĊúĝ—ä«ąÈ¯ä÷¯úËë«Ë¥—ÝÝĝĊäąËÝ ¤¯ÝëäÃËäà ąë ½ĕ¯ «ËĕËþËëäþ ú¯¥ëú«¯« Ëä þ÷úËäà —ä« the end of the 1980s (Petkovi¦ 1981). The majority 91 species belonging to 6 divisions recorded in of these investigations were qualitative in nature summer. Chrysophytes (golden algae) were by far (taxonomic inventories). Quantitative analyses the most dominant group in spring. This group is were done occasionally, focusing on phytoplankton predominantly associated with low nutrient status. abundance, although rarely covering more than one 2ä ¥ëäąú—þą Ëä þĊãã¯úĻ «Ë—ąëã ƈ—¥ËÝݗúËë÷Èĝą—Ɖ season. Data on changes in biodiversity and trophic species dominated. Diatoms may be present under a conditions are largely missing because of the lack of wide variety of circumstances, but are, perhaps, most continuous monitoring. widely known for dense spring blooms – presumably not recorded in this instance because of timing After a gap of almost three decades, investigations differences – phytoplankton blooms can collapse ú¯þĊ㯫ËäąÈ¯½úþą«¯¥—«¯ëºąÈ¯ä¯ĖãËÝݯääËĊãĻ completely within a week, so the spring samples ¤ëąÈËäGëäą¯ä¯Ãúëƈ]—Ú맯ĕ˦—ä«/ëÝݯúąƙƗƗƟƉ—ä« could have been collected shortly after a diatom Albania (Rakaj 2008, 2010). These studies provided bloom crashed. ąÈ¯ ½úþą ¥ëã÷ú¯È¯äþËĕ¯ —¥¥ëĊäą ëº ąÈ¯ þ÷—ąË—Ý and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton at Lake Abundance and trophic state aÈÚë«ú—Ĺaڗ«—ú—ä«ąÈ¯½úþą÷úëºëĊä«—þþ¯þþã¯äąëº its trophic and saprobic state. Total phytoplankton abundance ranged from 4.1ěƘƗ4 cells.l-1 at Sterbeq in spring to 3.4ěƘƗ5 cells.l-1 5.5.4.1.3 3FTVMUT —ą aÈËúëÚ´ Ëä þĊãã¯úļ ZÈĝąë÷ݗäÚąëä —¤Ċ䫗䥯 —ä« ąÈ¯ ia2 ƈ¤—þ¯« ëä ¥ÈÝëúë÷ÈĝÝ݃B) indicated iÈËþþ¯¥ąËëä÷úëĕË«¯þ—þĝäąÈ¯þËþëºąÈ¯ã—Ëä½ä«ËäÃþ oligotrophic conditions at all three sampling points of the phytoplankton investigations conducted in in spring but mesotrophic conditions in summer 2013. For further details, the reader is referred to (Table 5.5.4.1.3.1-1). ]—Ú맯ĕ˦ƈƙƗƘƛĻyëÝĊã¯ëºää¯ě¯þƉļ

Table 5.5.4.1.3.1-1 Trophic state of Lake Shkodra (Albanian part) in spring and summer 2013

Sampling station Season TSI Trophic state Spring 31 Oligotrophic Sterbeq Summer 42 Mesotrophic Spring 36 Oligotrophic Zogaj Summer 41 Mesotrophic Spring 33 Oligotrophic Shirokë Summer 43 Mesotrophic

5.5.4.1.3.2 Montenegro

Phytoplankton composition

2äþ÷úËäÃƙƗƘƚĻƝƜ÷Èĝąë÷ݗäÚąëäþ÷¯¥Ë¯þ¤¯ÝëäÃËäÃąëºëĊúą—ěëäëãË¥«ËĕËþËëäþĖ¯ú¯ú¯¥ëú«¯«ļ2äþĊãã¯úĻ þ÷¯¥Ë¯þ«Ëĕ¯úþËąĝĖ—þÝëĖ¯úƈƜƝþ÷¯¥Ë¯þƉąÈëĊÃÈú¯÷ú¯þ¯äąËäÃãëú¯«ËĕËþËëäþƈƝƉļ2ä¤ëąÈþ¯—þëäþĻþ÷¯¥Ë¯þäĊ㤯úþ were lowest in the central part of the lake where the water is deepest. Phytoplankton communities here consisted mainly of euplanktonic diatoms and golden algae while those from the shallow parts of the lake also contained littoral species of different groups including green algae (chlorophytes) which are often re-suspended from the bottom, lakeshore or macrophyte vegetation.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 23 Abundance and trophic state

The overall abundance of phytoplankton was generally higher in Montenegro than in Albania, ranging from 5ěƘƗ5 cells.l-1—ąZë«ÈĊãËäþĊãã¯úąëƞěƘƗ6 cells.l-1—ą?—ã¯äËÚËäþ÷úËäÃļiȯþ¯ĕ—ÝĊ¯þ—ú¯ëä¯ëú«¯úëºã—ÃäËąĊ«¯ higher than those found by Petkovi¦ (1981) in the 1970s. The lowest phytoplankton abundance was recorded in the central part of the lake (pelagic). Contrary to Albania, the trophic state was mesotrophic at most sampling stations Ëäþ÷úËäÃƈ¯Ċąúë÷ÈË¥—ąaą—ú§¯ĕëƉĻËä«Ë¥—ąËäÃÈËÃȯúäĊąú˯äąÝ뗫þƈi—¤Ý¯ƜļƜļƛļƘļƚļƙƒƘƉļ2äþĊãã¯úĻąÈ¯ąúë÷ÈË¥þą—ą¯ þÈëĖ¯«þąúëäÃþ÷—ąË—Ýĕ—ú˗ąËëäĻú—äÃËäúúëãëÝËÃëąúë÷ÈË¥—ąZë«ÈĊã—ä«ąÈ¯÷¯Ý—ÃË¥þËą¯ąë¯Ċąúë÷ÈË¥—ą?—ã¯äËÚ and Virpazar. The latter two sites are known to be particularly exposed to anthropogenic nutrient inputs.

Table 5.5.4.1.3.2-1 Trophic state of Lake Shkodra (Montenegrin part) in spring and summer 2013, according to the Trophic State Index (Carlson 1977)

Sampling station Season TSI Trophic state Spring 48 Mesotrophic Kamenik Summer 56 Eutrophic Spring 47 Mesotrophic Virpazar Summer 51 Eutrophic Spring 44 Mesotrophic Plavnica Summer 49 Mesotrophic Spring 50 Mesotrophic Podhum Summer 37 Oligotrophic Spring 40 Mesotrophic Pelagic (central part of the lake) Summer 36 Oligotrophic Spring 51 Eutrophic Starčevo Summer 43 Mesotrophic

5.5.4.2 Macrophytes

5.5.4.2.1 Methods

G—¥úë÷Èĝą¯Ëäĕ¯þąË׹ËëäþĖ¯ú¯¥—úú˯«ëĊą—ą¯ËÃÈąþËą¯þĻëºĖÈ˥Ƚĕ¯Ė¯ú¯Ý륗ą¯«ËäąÈ¯Gëäą¯ä¯ÃúËä—ä« three in the Albanian part of Lake Shkodra (Tab & Fig. 5.5.4.2.1-1). The same sites were also used for physico- chemical and other biological monitoring (see Section 5.5.1).

Table 5.5.4.2.1-1 Lake Shkodra monitoring stations for macrophyte community composition and assessment

Montenegro Albania Water body 1: Vučko blato Water body 1: Albanian part of Lake Shkodra x MNE I Kamenik x AL I Kaldrun (also known as Sterbeq) Water body 2: North x AL II Zogaj x MNE III Plavnica x AL III Shiroka x MNE IV Podhum Water body 3: South-west x MNE II Virpazar x MNE V Starčevo

Field Sampling G—¥úë÷Èĝą¯þĖ¯ú¯Ëäĕ¯þąË׹¯«—Ýëää¯Ýąąú—äþ¯¥ąþ—¥¥ëú«ËäÃąëã¯ąÈë«þ÷úë÷ëþ¯«¤ĝąÈ¯z2a]ƈz—ą¯ú¤ë«Ë¯þ ËäĊúë÷¯Ŀ2äą¯Ãú—ąËĕ¯aĝþą¯ãþąë—þþ¯þþ¥ëÝëÃË¥—Ýþą—ąĊþ—ä«]¯¥ëĕ¯úĝƉ÷úëׯ¥ąƈz2a]ƙƗƘƙƉļiȯ½¯Ý«ĖëúÚ

24 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar was conducted during the period of maximum growth (July–August 2013). Plants were sampled at different depths from a boat using a double-sided rake with soft rope marked by depth readings (10 samples per one meter depth zone along transects running from the shoreline to the maximum depth of plant growth). The abundance of each species was ¯þąËã—ą¯« ëä — ½ĕ¯ƒ÷ëËäą þ¥—ݯ ºëÝÝëĖËäà G¯ÝĢ¯ú (1999), ranging from 1 (very rare) to 5 (abundant or ÷ú¯«ëãËä—äąƉļÝÝ ÷ݗäąþ þ—ã÷ݯ« Ėȯú¯ Ë«¯äąË½¯« to species level using appropriate keys.

Data analysis

A catalogue of nine so-called indicator groups of 1IPUP*OWFTUJHBUJOHNBDSPQIZUFT macrophyte species exhibiting different sensitivities towards nutrient enrichment was used to identify )ËúþązëúÝ«z—úĻþëã¯ÁëúËþąË¥þąĊ«Ë¯þĖ¯ú¯«ë䯤ĝ þ÷¯¥Ë¯þºëúĖÈË¥ÈËä«Ë¥—ąëúĕ—ÝĊ¯þȗĕ¯¤¯¯ä«¯½ä¯« Ċþąú˗ä—ä«*¯úã—ä¤ëą—äËþąþËäąÈ¯—ú¯——úëĊä« (Melzer and Schneider 2001). Only these species were Shkodra, including the lake, of which Janchen (1920) ¥ëäþË«¯ú¯«ąë¥—Ý¥Ċݗą¯ąÈ¯G—¥úë÷Èĝą¯2䫯ěƈG2Ɖ —ä«a¥ÈĎąąƈƘƠƛƜƉ÷úëĕË«¯«ąÈ¯ãëþą¥ëã÷ú¯È¯äþËĕ¯ —¥¥ëú«Ëäà ąë G¯ÝĢ¯ú ƈƘƠƠƠƉļ iȯ Ë䫯ě ú¯Á¯¥ąþ ąÈ¯ data. Later, Montenegrin and Albanian authors nutrient status of lakes and was used as an indicator ¥ëäąúˤĊą¯« ąë Ë䃫¯÷ąÈ þąĊ«Ë¯þ ëº ąÈ¯ Áëú— ëº ąÈ¯ of ecological status. ݗگƈ¯ļÃļĻ]ËþąË¦—ä«yËĢËƘƠƟƘƉļ

5.5.4.2.2 Existing Data and Gaps More recent studies found species new to the area and established distribution patterns of rare The earliest studies on aquatic plants of Lake —ä« ¯ä«—äïú¯« ÷ݗäąþļ iȯ þą—ąĊþ ëº ąÈ¯ Áëú— Shkodra were published in the late nineteenth and and fauna of Lake Shkodra was investigated from ¯—úÝĝąĖ¯äąË¯ąÈ¥¯äąĊú˯þƈ*úËã¤ĊúÃƘƟƞƘĻþ¥È¯úþëä 2005 onwards within the framework of a project —ä« ?—äËąĢ ƘƟƞƞĻ —Ý«—¥¥Ë ƘƠƗƘĻ ¯ą¥ļƉļ ĊúËäà ąÈ¯ entitled “Biomonitoring of Lake Skadar – The Way

'JHVSF.POJUPSJOHTUBUJPOTGPSNBDSPQIZUFJOWFTUJHBUJPOTBU-BLF4ILPESB4LBEBS Monitoring was undertaken along transects perpendicular to the shoreline. Transects shown are not to scale.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 25 ąë 2ääëĕ—ąËĕ¯ úëþþƒ¤ëú«¯ú GëäËąëúËäÃŜļą ÷ú¯þ¯äąĻ 5.5.4.2.3.1 Albania however, most studies collect only qualitative data. Quantitative studies and macrophyte-based Macrophyte community composition ecological assessments are almost non-existent, The maximum depth of macrophyte growth although a PhD study on the taxonomic composition and abundance of macrophytes in the Albanian part ĕ—ú˯« ºúëã Ɯļƚ ã —ą aÈËúëڗ ąë Ɲļƞ ã —ą aą¯ú¤¯ùļ Fifteen aquatic macrophyte species were recorded of the lake is in progress. at the three sites. The highest species diversity was iȯ÷ú¯þ¯äąþąĊ«ĝĊþ¯þąÈ¯G—¥úë÷Èĝą¯2䫯ěëºG¯ÝĢ¯ú ë¤þ¯úĕ¯«—ąaą¯ú¤¯ùƈƘƛƉ—ä«ąÈ¯ÝëĖ¯þą—ą†ë××ƈƠƉ (1999) originally developed for Central European while Shiroka (10) took an intermediate position. lakes to assess nutrient enrichment. However, its Eight of the species recorded were macrophyte appropriateness for Mediterranean lakes needs further indicators according to Melzer and Schneider (2001), scrutiny considering that indicator species may their indicator values ranging from 2.5 (minimum) respond differently to the trophic state of lakes under to 5.0 (maximum). Dominant species were rigid sub-Mediterranean climates and that some species hornwort ($FSBUPQIZMMVN EFNFSTVN), perfoliate of mainly Mediterranean distribution have not been pondweed (1PUBNPHFUPO QFSGPMJBUVT) and shining assigned an indicator value at all. pondweed (1PUBNPHFUPO MVDFOT). These species are associated with moderate to very high nutrient enrichment. 5.5.4.2.3 3FTVMUT Nutrient enrichment and trophic state iÈËþþ¯¥ąËëä÷úëĕË«¯þ—þĝäąÈ¯þËþëºąÈ¯ã—Ëä½ä«ËäÃþ of the macrophyte investigations conducted in iȯ G—¥úë÷Èĝą¯ 2䫯ě ƈG2Ɖ ĕ—ú˯« ¤¯ąĖ¯¯ä ƚļƝƟ 2013. For further details, the reader is referred to —ą aą¯ú¤¯ù —ä« ƛļƚƗ —ą †ë×× ƈi—¤ļ ƜļƜļƛļƙļƚļƘƒƘƉĻ ?—þÈą——ä«]—Ú—×ƈƙƗƘƛĻyëÝĊã¯ëºää¯ě¯þƉºëúąÈ¯ indicating high nutrient enrichment at Sterbeq and ݤ—ä˗ä÷—úąëºA—Ú¯aÈÚë«ú——ä«/—«Ĥ˗¤Ý—Èëĕ˦ Shiroka and very high level of nutrient enrichment at (2014, Volume of Annexes) for the Montenegrin part. †ë××ļiÈËþ ¥ëúú¯þ÷ëä«þ ąë ¯Ċąúë÷ÈË¥ĹÈĝ÷¯úąúë÷ÈË¥ conditions at all sites.

Table 5.5.4.2.3.1-1 Macrophyte Index (MI) score and inferred levels of nutrient enrichment and trophic state at Lake Shkodra/Skadar (Albanian part), summer 2013

Sampling station MI score Nutrient enrichment Trophic state Sterbeq 3.68 High Eutrophic (level 2) Zogaj 4.30 Very high Hypertrophic/polytrophic (level 3) Shirokë 3.86 High Eutrophic (level 2)

5.5.4.2.3.2 Montenegro

Macrophyte community composition

The maximum depth of plant growth recorded in Montenegro was 4.3 m. A total of 34 species of macrophytes Ė¯ú¯Ë«¯äąË½¯«ĻąÈ¯ã—×ëúËąĝëºąÈ¯ãþ¯«Ã¯þ—ä«ëąÈ¯úĖ¯ąÝ—ä«þ÷¯¥Ë¯þ—þĖ¯ÝÝ—þĖ—ą¯úÝËÝ˯þĻĖÈ˥ȗú¯äëą included in macrophyte index calculations. Species diversity was highest at Virpazar (19), Plavnica (18) and Zë«ÈĊãƈƘƝƉļݯĕ¯äþ÷¯¥Ë¯þĖ¯ú¯ú¯¥ëú«¯«—ą?—ã¯äËÚ—ä«ëäÝĝƛ—ąaą—ú§¯ĕëļNĖËäÃąëąÈ¯÷ú¯«ëãËä—䥯ëº wetland species, the number of truly aquatic macrophyte indicators according to Melzer and Schneider (2001) was relatively low (6 altogether). As in Albania, these species became dominant in deeper waters. Rigid hornwort ƈËä«Ë¥—ąëúĕ—ÝĊ¯ƜļƗƉĖ—þãëþą—¤Ċ䫗äą—ąaą—ú§¯ĕëƈĖ¯þąþÈëú¯ƉĖÈËݯþÈËäËäÃ÷ëä«Ė¯¯«ƈËä«Ë¥—ąëúĕ—ÝĊ¯ƚļƜƉ was predominant at Podhum (north-east shore).

Nutrient enrichment and trophic state iȯG—¥úë÷Èĝą¯2䫯ěĕ—ú˯«¤¯ąĖ¯¯äƚļƜ—ąZë«ÈĊã—ä«ƜļƗ—ąaą—ú§¯ĕëĻËä«Ë¥—ąËäÃÈËÃÈäĊąú˯äą¯äúË¥Èã¯äą at Podhum and very high nutrient enrichment at all other sites (Tab. 5.5.4.2.3.2-1). With the exception of Podhum ƈݯĕ¯ÝƘŹ¯Ċąúë÷ÈË¥ƉĻąÈ¯ëĕ¯ú—ÝÝ«¯Ãú¯¯ëº¯Ċąúë÷ÈË¥—ąËëäĖ—þïä¯ú—ÝÝĝÈËÃȯúËäGëäą¯ä¯ÃúëąÈ—äËäݤ—ä˗ ƈݯĕ¯ÝƚŹÈĝ÷¯úąúë÷ÈË¥Ĺ÷ëÝĝąúë÷ÈË¥ºëúąÈ¯ú¯ã—ËäËäúëĊúþ—ã÷ÝËäÃþą—ąËëäþƉļ

26 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar Table 5.5.4.2.3.2-1 Macrophyte Index (MI) score, with inferred levels of nutrient enrichment and trophic state of Lake Shkodra/Skadar (Montenegrin part), summer 2013

Sampling station MI score Nutrient enrichment Trophic state Kamenik 4.98 Very high Hypertrophic/polytrophic (level 3) Virpazar 4.72 Very high Hypertrophic/polytrophic (level 3) Plavnica 4.99 Very high Hypertrophic/polytrophic (level 3) Podhum 3.50 High Eutrophic (level 2) Starčevo 5.00 Very high Hypertrophic/polytrophic (level 3)

5.5.4.3 Macroinvertebrates aö®¤Ê®ýʪ®ãĄÊ¼¤–ĄÊêã–㪤êââĉãÊĄĜ⮥ùʤý

5.5.4.3.1 Methods Specimens of macroinvertebrate samples were Ë«¯äąË½¯« ąë ąÈ¯ ÝëĖ¯þą ÷ëþþˤݯ ą—ěëäëãË¥ ݯĕ¯ÝĻ Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled in aiming for species, but genera and family level autumn (September 2013) and spring (April–May were also recorded, depending on the indices to be 2014) at each of the three stations from different assessed. water depth (referred to hereafter as littoral, sublittoral and profundal part of the lake). Sampling ää¯ě y ëº ąÈ¯ z) þ÷¯¥Ë½¥—ÝÝĝ ëĊąÝËä¯þ ¤¯äąÈË¥ points in Montenegro were: invertebrate fauna composition and abundance, the ratio of sensitive taxa to insensitive taxa and the x Plavnica diversity of invertebrate communities as criteria x aą—ú§¯ĕë ąÈ—ą䯯«ąë¤¯«¯½ä¯«ºëúąĝ÷¯ƒþ÷¯¥Ë½¥¯¥ëÝëÃË¥—Ý x Virpazar assessments of lakes.

These sites (Fig. 5.5.4.3.1-1) are located in areas The structure of benthic invertebrate communities with different degrees of anthropogenic pressure at each sampling point was evaluated using a range ƈĖëë«Ý—ä«þĻ —ÃúË¥ĊÝąĊú¯Ļ ½þȯúĝĻ ąú—äþ÷ëúą þĝþą¯ãĻ of metrics: semi-urban areas, and industrial activities). During Shannon-Wiener, Simpson’s and Margalef each sampling period, a rapid evaluation protocol x diversity indices to assess the ecological conditions was applied at (each displaying different facets of each sampling station. Some ecological aspects community diversity) þĊ¥È —þ ݗä« Ċþ¯ ƈÈĊã—ä ËäÁĊ¯ä¥¯Ļ ¯úëþËëäĻ presence and maintenance of riparian vegetation), x Species richness features (canopy cover, substrate type and particle x Relative abundance size, etc.), water characteristics (transparency, siltation, discharge etc.), and the presence of aquatic x Number of taxa (N-taxa) macrophytes were evaluated. x Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) score Sampling campaigns x Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) Macroinvertebrate communities were sampled using —ãĊÝąËȗ¤Ëą—ąąú—äþ¯¥ąã¯ąÈë«ƈ2aNĿHƙƞƟƙƟĿƘƠƠƛĻ x Relative abundance of invertebrates in \GĹai]Ɖļiȯ½úþą㗥úëËäĕ¯úą¯¤ú—ą¯þ—ã÷ÝËäà each functional feeding group exercise was conducted during September 2013, but (collector-gatherers, predators, collector- did not include the littoral part of lake. The second ½Ýą¯ú¯úþĻþÈú¯««¯úþĻ—ä«þ¥ú—÷¯úþƉ exercise was undertaken during April/May 2014 x Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and and covered the littoral part of lake. Three replicate iúË¥Èë÷ą¯ú—ƈZiƉ2䫯ěƈąÈ¯ąëą—ÝäĊ㤯ú samples were collected at each station from different of families in these three pollution- depths (littoral, sublittoral and profundal) using a sensitive orders) van Veen grab (250 cm2). The samples were stored in x G—¥úëËäĕ¯úą¯¤ú—ą¯ËëąË¥2䫯ěƈG2Ɖļ ÷ݗþąË¥¤—Ãþ—ä«½ě¯«ËäƛŢºëúã—ÝËäþëÝĊąËëä8ļ2ä the laboratory, they were washed, sieved and sorted 2ä«ËĕË«Ċ—Ýã¯ąúË¥þ÷úëĕË«¯«Ëºº¯ú¯äąËäþËÃÈąþąëąÈ¯ under a binocular stereomicroscope. overall quality of a community, in a similar way to which different (physico-) chemical parameters 8 While the use of formalin/formaldehyde as a preservative for biological samples used to be widely practiced, its use for this purpose is now frowned upon, if not (e.g. nutrients, dissolved oxygen status, heavy forbidden within EC Member States, due to its carcinogenic properties. metals, organic pollutants, etc.) represent different

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 27 º—¥¯ąþëºëĕ¯ú—ÝÝĖ—ą¯úùĊ—ÝËąĝļ2äïä¯ú—Ýą¯úãþĻąÈ¯ ëº Ė—ą¯ú ݯĕ¯Ý ÁĊ¥ąĊ—ąËëäþĻ ĖÈË¥È —ú¯ ¯ě÷¯¥ą¯« ąë more metrics that are used, the more reliable an increase due to climate change, are poorly understood. assessment of ‘status’ will be. Thus, the better the understanding of the overall health of a community While valuable data have undoubtedly been based on a small sub-sample of it; and the greater produced for this report, an increased number of ąÈ¯¥ë佫¯ä¥¯ËäąÈ¯ú¯þĊÝąþļ sampling stations is required to establish threshold values between human-impacted and unimpacted sites. Understanding natural distribution patterns of 5.5.4.3.2 Existing Data and Gaps ÝËąąëú—ÝËäĕ¯úą¯¤ú—ą¯þú¯ã—Ëäþ—þËÃä˽¥—äą¥È—Ýݯäïļ Benthic macroinvertebrates in Montenegro are poorly investigated and consequently the literature —ą— ¥ëĕ¯úËäà —ą ݯ—þą — ½ĕ¯ ëú þËě ĝ¯—ú ÷¯úËë« ƈËļ¯ļ —¤ëĊą ąÈ¯ã Ëþ «¯½¥Ë¯äąĻ ĖËąÈ þë㯠ą—ě— ƈ¯ļÃļ covering a WFD river basin planning cycle) should NÝËÃë¥È—¯ą—Ļ *—þąúë÷뫗Ļ ëݯë÷ą¯ú—Ļ N«ë䗱—Ɖ ideally be used to assess environmental quality. being more intensively monitored than others. As Fluctuations in weather patterns (rainfall, temperature, such, the use of historic data to establish reference etc.) occur naturally from year-to year, with resultant conditions may not be practical, even though the changes in pollutant export from diffuse sources lake had hardly been affected by pollutants from ƈËä¥ÝĊ«Ëäà þ¯Ė¯ú ëĕ¯úÁëĖþƉĻ Ė—þą¯ «Ċã÷þĻ ¯ą¥ļ municipal, agricultural and industrial sources prior Likewise, the relatively constant pollution load from ąëƘƠƟƗƈ¤Ċąþ¯¯?—ú—ã—ä—䫯¯ąëäƘƠƟƘƉļ point sources (notably waste water treatment plants) is subject to varying degrees of dilution. During more recent decades, the basin has expe- rienced increasing pollution, resulting in reduced 5.5.4.3.3 3FTVMUT ¤Ëë«Ëĕ¯úþËąĝľ — ąÈú¯—ą ąë ½þȯú˯þĻ ÷Ċ¤ÝË¥ ȯ—ÝąÈ —ä« ąëĊúËþãļ 2ä«Ċþąú˗Ý ÷ëÝÝĊąËëä —ä« Ċäąú¯—ą¯« Ė—þą¯ 5.5.4.3.3.1 Albania water discharges from cities and towns close to the Gëú—§—]Ëĕ¯ú—ú¯ë¤ĕËëĊþ÷ëÝÝĊąËëäþëĊú¥¯þļ/ëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻ No monitoring of macroinvertebrate communities chemical pollution is not the only pressure: the impact was undertaken in the Albanian part of Lake Shkodra.

'JHVSF#FOUIJDJOWFSUFCSBUFTBNQMJOHTUBUJPOTJO-BLF4ILPESB4LBEBS

28 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar 5.5.4.3.3.2 Montenegro ĊąĊãäGzZþ¥ëú¯þëºƙƝļƜ—ä«ƙƙļƘËäaą—ú§¯ĕë and Virpazar, respectively, indicate polluted and Overall, results of the three diversity indices suggest impacted status, albeit better than Plavnica (BMWP that macroinvertebrate diversity is highest at Virpazar score = 8.9) which is a heavily polluted site. An ASPT —ä« ÝëĖ¯þą —ą ZݗĕäË¥—ļ ]¯þĊÝąþ ºúëã aą—ú§¯ĕë º—ÝÝ result of 3.3 (very poor water quality) was obtained between those from the other two sites. Taxa (species) ºëú aą—ú§¯ĕëĻ ĖÈËݯ yËú÷—Ģ—ú —ä« ZݗĕäË¥— ú¯þĊÝąþ richness results suggest high levels of organic indicate moderate (fair) status/quality (5.5.4.3.3.2-1). ¯äúË¥Èã¯äą —ą yËú÷—Ģ—úĻ ZݗĕäË¥— —ä« aą—ú§¯ĕëļ Spring BMWP scores of 12.4–29.6 indicate polluted/ Results vary between the spring and autumn samples, impacted water, a conclusion supported by ASPT illustrating why samples need to be collected during results of 3.0–4.1, indicating poor or very poor status. both seasons. G2þ¥ëú¯þú—ä﫺úëãƟļƛƒƘƗļƗĻËä«Ë¥—ąËäÃĕ¯úĝ÷ëëú water quality and a high degree of organic pollution at all sites.

Table 5.5.4.3.3.2-1 Ecological status of the littoral zone of the Montenegrin part of Lake Shkodra/Skadar based on the Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) index

Sampling station Season ASPT Ecological status Autumn 3.3 Very poor Starčevo Spring 3.6 Poor Autumn 4.4 Moderate Virpazar Spring 3.0 Very poor Autumn 4.4 Moderate Plavnica Spring 4.1 Poor "415ƛ™JOEJDBUFTCBETUBUVT "415 ™JOEJDBUFTHPPETUBUVT OPUBDIJFWFEBUBOZTJUF

'JHVSF'JTITBNQMJOHTUBUJPOTJO"MCBOJBBOE.POUFOFHSPGPSNVMUJNFTIHJMMOFUUJOHJO Circles demarcate the sub-basins sampled. The sampling stations were clustered in Albania but more widely dispersed in Montenegro. Sampling stations in 2014 covered larger sub-basins in both countries.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 29 ¯ã÷Ýëĝ¯«ļ 2ä Gëäą¯ä¯ÃúëĻ ¯Ý¯¥ąúë½þÈËäà ąú—äþ¯¥ąþ Ė¯ú¯þ—ã÷ݯ«Ëä—««ËąËëäąëGG*ƈäëąþÈëĖäËäąÈ¯ map).

Further details on sampling, data collection and —ä—ÝĝþËþ —ú¯ ÃËĕ¯ä Ëä ąÈ¯ ݗگ ú¯÷ëúąþ ëä ½þÈ —ä« ½þȯú˯þËäąÈ¯yëÝĊã¯ëºää¯ě¯þļ

5.5.4.4.2 Existing data and gaps

2äºëúã—ąËëäëäąÈ¯½þȺ—Ċä—ëºA—Ú¯aڗ«—ú—ä«Ëąþ «¯ĕ¯Ýë÷ã¯äą¥—䤯ºëĊä«ËäąÈ¯þ¥Ë¯äąË½¥ÝËą¯ú—ąĊú¯ļ To date, approximately 50 species have been detected, 1IPUP'JTIJOHPOMBLF4ILPESB of which 37 are native and 13 are introduced species ƈG—ú˦—ä«GËÝëĀ¯ĕ˦ƙƗƘƘƉļiȯ½þȺ—Ċä—¥ëã÷úËþ¯þ Collector-gatherers were the most abundant trophic both warmwater and coldwater species. As well, group, suggesting a high input of allochthonous the lake is inhabited by several endemic species of (externally derived) organic matter. The second ąÈ¯ º—ãËÝ˯þ a—ÝãëäË«—¯Ļ ĝ÷úËäË«—¯Ļ *ë¤ËË«—¯ —ä« ãëþą —¤Ċ䫗äą Ė¯ú¯ ¥ëÝݯ¥ąëúƒ½Ýą¯ú¯úþĻ Ëã÷ÝĝËäà Cobitidae, and is temporal habitat (e.g., spawning elevated levels of phytoplankton. The number of ground) for many migratory (e.g. "MPTBGBMBY, "OHVJMMB predators recorded in this study was low, and they BOHVJMMB  "DJQFOTFS sp) and marine (.VHJM DFQIBMVT, were completely absent at Plavnica. The presence %JDFOUSBSDIVT MBCSBY, 1MBUJDIUIZT įFTVT įFTVTƉ ½þȯþļ ëº ºëĊú ëº ąÈ¯ ½ĕ¯ ºĊä¥ąËëä—Ý ÃúëĊ÷þ —ą aą—ú§¯ĕë —ä« Nä¯ëºąÈ¯Ãú¯—ą¯þą¥È—Ýݯäïþú¯Ý—ą¯«ąëË«¯äąË½¥—ąËëä Virpazar suggests a relatively balanced (but organically ëº aÈÚë«ú— ݗگ ½þȯþĻ ÈëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻ Ëþ ąÈ¯ Ċ䥯úą—Ëä enriched) invertebrate community at these sites, albeit taxonomic position of several species, which in the with a different, more unstable community at Plavnica. ÷—þą ¥—Ċþ¯« ãËþË«¯äąË½¥—ąËëäþ ú¯þĊÝąËäà Ëä þë㯠*¯ä¯ú—ÝËþąþĻ þĊ¥È —þ ¥ëÝݯ¥ąëúƒ½Ýą¯ú¯úþ —ä« ¥ëÝݯ¥ąëúƒ degree of uncertainty in terms of data reliability. gatherers, which were well represented in this study, have a broader range of acceptable food materials than specialists have, and thus are more tolerant to pollution that might alter the availability of certain food types.

5.5.4.4 Fish

5.5.4.4.1 Methods iȯ—þþ¯þþã¯äąëºA—Ú¯aÈÚë«ú—Řþ½þȺ—Ċä—Ė—þ¤—þ¯« on two multimesh sampling campaigns. Multimesh ÃËÝÝä¯ąąËäÃƈGG*ƉąëëÚ÷ݗ¥¯Ëä—ĊąĊãä뺤ëąÈƙƗƘƚ and 2014. The standard EN 14757:2006 (now replaced ¤ĝaaƒHƘƛƞƜƞĿƙƗƘƜƉĖ—þãë«Ë½¯«—¥¥ëú«ËäÃąëąÈ¯ ݗگŘþ ¥È—ú—¥ą¯úËþąË¥þ ú¯þĊÝąËäà Ëä GG* þ—ã÷ÝËäÃ ëº ąÈú¯¯þĊ¤ƒ¤—þËäþ÷¯úĝ¯—úƈ)ËÃļƜļƜļƛļƛļƘƒƘƉļ2äƙƗƘƚĻ— total of 24 benthic nets were set on the Montenegrin 1IPUP.FBTVSJOHöTIFT þË«¯—ä«ƞƙëäąÈ¯ݤ—ä˗äþË«¯ëºąÈ¯ݗگļ2äƙƗƘƛĻƚƝ (Montenegro) and 72 (Albania) nets, respectively, were A precise commercial catch statistic for both the Montenegrin as well as the Albanian part of Skadar Lake is missing for decades. Due to the engagement of the Fisheries Management Organisation (FMO) Shkodra this situation, however, has recently improved on the Albanian side.

2ä¥ëä¥ÝĊþËëäĻ¯þþ¯äąË—ݯݯã¯äąþƈ¯ļÃļąÈ¯þ¯Ý¯¥ąËëäëº metrics indicating different kinds of anthropogenic ÷ú¯þþĊú¯þ ëä ąÈ¯ ½þÈ —þþ¯ã¤Ý—ïĻ ¥Ý—þþ ¤ëĊ䫗ú˯þ for ecological status, calculation of EQRs) to assess the ecological status of Lake Shkodra/Skadar ĊþËäà ąÈ¯ ¤ËëÝëÃË¥—Ý ùĊ—ÝËąĝ ¯Ý¯ã¯äą ½þÈ —ú¯ þąËÝÝ lacking at present. Further information, such as 1IPUP3FNPWJOHöTIGSPNNVMUJNFTIHJMMOFUT ąÈ¯ ¥ëã÷ëþËąËëä ëº — ú¯º¯ú¯ä¥¯ —ä« ÷ú¯þ¯äą ½þÈ

30 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar assemblage list including abundance and age struc- 5.5.4.4.3.2 Montenegro ture, does exist in fragments, but still needs to be Multimesh gillnetting in the northern part of completed. aÈÚë«ú—A—Ú¯ú¯þĊÝą¯«Ëä—¥—ą¥È¥ëã÷úËþËäÃƘƝ½þÈ species. "MCVSOVT TDPSBO[B, 3VUJMVT QSFTQFOTJT and 5.5.4.4.3 3FTVMUT the invasive 1FSDB įVWJBUJMJT were the dominant ½þȯþËäą¯úãþ뺤Ëëã—þþ—ä«—¤Ċ䫗䥯ļ2äƙƗƘƛĻ 5.5.4.4.3.1 Albania ąÈ¯ú—ú¯ã—ú¤Ý¯ąúëĊąĖ—þ¥—ĊÃÈą—×ËäºëúąÈ¯½úþą 2ä ąÈ¯ ąĖë þĊ¤ƒ¤—þËäþ þ—ã÷ݯ« ĖËąÈ ãĊÝąËã¯þÈ time in many years. For further information, see Tab. gillnets, a total of 13 species was found. Dominant 5.5.4.4.3.1-1 and the Lake Shkodra/Skadar report taxa in these areas of the lake were 3VUJMVT "MCVSOVT ëä½þȗ䫽þȯú˯þƈGú«—Ú¯ą—ÝļƙƗƘƛĻyëÝĊã¯ëº and 1TFVEPSBTCPSB,which represented about 80Ţof Annexes). all caught individuals. For further information, see i—¤ļƜļƜļƛļƛļƚļƘƒƘ—ä«ąÈ¯A—Ú¯aÈÚë«ú—ú¯÷ëúąëä½þÈ —䫽þȯú˯þƈGú«—Ú¯ą—ÝļƙƗƘƛĻyëÝĊã¯ëºää¯ě¯þƉļ

Table 5.5.4.4.3.1-1 Relative abundance (RA) of fish species sampled in 2013 and 2014

(Data from both countries pooled) Native Species RA Introduced Species RA 2013 2014 2013 2014

Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Bleak (Alburnus scoranza)33Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio)11 Ohrid nase (Chondrostoma ohridanus) 1 1 Percidae Carp (Cyprinus carpio) 1 1 Perch (Perca fluviatilis)33 Ohrid spirlin (Alburnoides ohridanus)10 Spotted roach (Pachychilon pictum)21 Stone moroko (Pseudorasbora parva)21 Bitterling Rhodeus( amarus)11 White roach (Rutilus albus)11 Roach (R. prespensis) 3 3 Roach (R. rubilio)10 Chub (Squalius platyceps)11 Skadar rudd (Scardinius knezevici)13 Rudd (S. erythrophthalmus)10 Cobitidae Prespa spined loach (Cobitis meridionalis)10 Salmonidae Marble trout (Salmo marmoratus)01 Marine/brackish Clupeidae Twait shad (Alosa fallax)11 Blenniidae Freshwater blenny (Blennius fluviatilis)01 Mugilidae Grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)10 0 = absent; 1 = rare; 2 = frequent; 3 = abundant.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 31 5.6 *NQBDUBOE3JTLPG8BUFS#PEJFT'BJMJOHUP.FFU&OWJSPONFOUBM0CKFDUJWFT

The assessment of the risk of water bodies failing to meet the environmental objectives set was done by the i¯¥ÈäË¥—ÝzëúÚËäÃ*úëĊ÷Ɣz)ļ2ąĊþ¯«Ëäºëúã—ąËëäºúëã÷ú¯ĕËëĊþþąĊ«Ë¯þ—ä««—ą—ºúëãąÈ¯¥Ċúú¯äą÷úëׯ¥ąĻ as well as expert knowledge and background information on prevailing impacts and pressures in the respective sub-basins. An overview of the elements used to assess the ecological status of surface water bodies is shown in Fig. 5.6-1.

'JHVSF&MFNFOUTVTFEUPBTTFTTUIFFDPMPHJDBMTUBUVTPGTVSGBDFXBUFSCPEJFT BGUFS)%FOTLZ  Action is required if any of the quality elements indicates less than good status.

5.6.1 Chemical and Physico-Chemical or Montenegrin sub-catchments), and this is a pre- Elements requisite of any nutrient control programme, in order to identify the primary sources and most 5.6.1.1 Albania cost-effective solutions. All water bodies (especially —úëĊä« yĊ§Úë ¤Ý—ąë —ä« yËú÷—Ģ—ú ¤—ĝƉ —ú¯ Ċ䫯ú Because of problems related to sampling and pressure. The main pollution and nutrient load laboratory procedures, the results of the sampling ¯äą¯úþ ąÈ¯ ݗگ ĕ˗ ]Ëĕ¯úþ úäëׯĕ˦— —ä« Gëú—§—Ļ campaigns need to be validated by comparison together with the Virpazar channel as an extension with future monitoring results. However, it is of River Orahovštica. obvious that high nutrient concentrations, as well as high values for BOD5 and COD are caused by the 5.6.2 Biological Elements discharge of untreated waste water especially from the municipality of Shkodra. 5.6.2.1 Albania Phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll- concen- 5.6.1.2 Montenegro B ąú—ąËëä—ä«iúë÷ÈË¥aą—ą¯2䫯ěƈia2Ɖú¯þĊÝąþþĊÃïþą The total phosporus results in particular show that mesotrophic conditions, although a large amount the lake (and all Montenegrin water bodies within of caution should be exercised over this conclusion it) are highly impacted. While there is no doubt because of the very small amount of data and limited that both point and diffuse sources are to blame, no timespan over which those data were collected. nutrient source apportionment modelling is known Macrophyte results, however, indicate a higher level to have been undertaken (for either the Albanian of eutrophication. Macroinvertebrate results also

32 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar suggest a relatively high level of organic enrichment richness, low abundance and a degraded population at all sites. Fish are probably the most uncertain structure. However, species composition of the biological quality element to assess the status of þȗÝÝëĖƒĖ—ą¯ú ƈÝËąąëú—ÝƉ ݗگ ¥ëããĊäËąĝ ú¯Á¯¥ąþ lake quality and no attempt has been made as yet to slightly better environmental quality conditions ÷úë«Ċ¥¯—¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëäþ¥È¯ã¯¤—þ¯«ëäąÈ¯ú¯þĊÝąþ than the deep-water (profundal) communities. ë¤þ¯úĕ¯«ļiÈĊþĻ½þÈȗĕ¯¯ºº¯¥ąËĕ¯Ýĝ¤¯¯ä¯ě¥ÝĊ«¯« G—¥úë÷Èĝą¯ 2䫯ě ú¯þĊÝąþ þÈëĖþ ąÈ—ą ąÈ¯ þą—ąĊþ ëº from the ecological status assessment. The recent the lake as a whole is not satisfactory, even though ½ä«ËäÃ ëº — þ¯äþËąËĕ¯ þ—ÝãëäË« þ÷¯¥Ë¯þĻ —ÝąÈëĊÃÈ ąÈ¯ ݗگ ȗþ — ÈËÃÈ þ¯Ýºƒ÷Ċú˽¥—ąËëä ¥—÷—¥Ëąĝ «Ċ¯ very rare in the lake, suggests that ecological status to its short nominal residence time (3–4 months). may not be quite as bad as other biological quality Nutrient enrichment is inferred as being very high elements suggest. at four sampling stations, and high at a further sampling station. ĕ¯ä ąÈëĊÃÈ ąĝ÷¯ƒþ÷¯¥Ë½¥ ú¯º¯ú¯ä¥¯ ¥ëä«ËąËëäþ ú¯ã—Ëäąë¤¯«¯½ä¯«ĻËąËþ¯ĕË«¯äąąÈ—ąąÈ¯¥ëã÷ëþËąËëä As with the Albanian part of the lake, even though type- and abundance of phytoplankton and macrophyte þ÷¯¥Ë½¥ú¯º¯ú¯ä¥¯¥ëä«ËąËëäþú¯ã—Ëäąë¤¯«¯½ä¯«ĻËąËþ ¥ëããĊäËąË¯þ «Ëºº¯ú þËÃä˽¥—äąÝĝ ºúëã Ċä«ËþąĊú¤¯« likely that the environmental objective of achieving conditions, and that the Albanian part of Lake good ecological status would not be achieved in any Shkodra is likely to fail the environmental objective Montenegrin water body (Tab. 5.6.2.1-1). of achieving good ecological status (Tab. 5.6.2.1-1).

Table 5.6.2.1-1 Risk of Lake Shkodra/Skadar water bodies failing to achieve good ecological status

Individual assessment Overall Water body Phytoplankton Macrophytes Macroinvertebrates Fish assessment MNE – SL001 At risk Vučko blato භ භභභ MNE – SL002 At risk North coast භ භභභ MNE – SL003 At risk South–west coast භ භභභ MNE – SL004 Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed At risk † Pelagic භ AL – SL001 Lake Not assessed At risk Shkodra භ භ භ

¯ÝÝëĖŹ÷ú뤗¤Ýĝ—ąúËþÚƈ¤ĊąëäÝĝÝËãËą¯««—ą—ƉĻú¯«Ź—ąúËþÚĻ¤Ý—¥ÚŹ—þþ¯þþã¯äąäëą÷ëþþˤݯƈþËÃä˽¥—äą«—ą—«¯½¥Ë¯ä¥Ë¯þƉľ AL = Albanian water body, MNE = Montenegrin water bodies. † Precautionary principle applied. “Probably at risk” is not a risk assessment category foreseen in the WFD but has been used on an interim basis in countries þĊ¥È—þąÈ¯n?˺«—ą—Ė¯ú¯¥ëäþË«¯ú¯«ËäþĊº½¥Ë¯äąąë«ú—Ė½úã¥ëä¥ÝĊþËëäþļ All water bodies are at risk of failing to meet their environmental objectives.

5.6.2.2 Montenegro 5.6.3 Hydromorphological Elements þËäݤ—ä˗Ļä뫯½äËą¯¥ëä¥ÝĊþËëäþ¥—䤯«ú—Ėä from the phytoplankton community data because Hydromorphological quality elements are outlined the monitoring undertaken was too infrequent and in Box 8. The watershed of Skadar Lake is mainly the dataset too short-lived. However, the limited composed of calcareous rocks and dolomite less, number of Cyanophyta suggests that the lake may while at the plain it is mainly built with limestone not be as highly nutrient-enriched as inferred from rocks, less dolomite and quaternary deposits. the macroinvertebrate results, which may be due to its short renewal time. The macroinvertebrate The lake is characterised by two types of lakeside: community is characterised by relatively low species high lakeside of erosion nature and low lakeside

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 33 of accumulative nature. The western lakeside is an should be the environmental objective for all water erosion one, while the east, north and south zones bodies of the lake. are characterised by the low accumulative side. The low lakesides of the northern area are wide and shallow. The south and east sides consist of alluvial 5.7 1SPUFDUFE"SFBT ½¯Ý«þ ºëú㯫 ¤ĝ ąÈ¯ ¥ëäąËäĊëĊþ —¥¥ĊãĊݗąËëä ëº solid matter brought from small streams. Moreover, The register of Protected Areas (Box 1) includes there are many lagoons especially in the north. the following sites designated for the protection of habitats or species, but does not yet include Hydromorphological monitoring/mapping is not areas designated for drinking water abstraction or yet undertaken, in either Albania or Montenegro. recreational (bathing) waters. Neither the Urban Waste Water Treatment (UWWT) nor the Nitrates

BOX 8. HYDROMORPHOLOGICAL QUALITY ELEMENTS

)ZESPNPSQIPMPHZJTBNJYUVSFPGIZESPMPHJDBMBOENPSQIPMPHJDBMBTTFTTNFOUT CVUXJUIPOFWFSZJNQPSUBOUBEEJ UJPOXBUFSDPOUJOVJUZ5IVT XIJMTUUIFPUIFSNPOJUPSJOHFMFNFOUT CJPMPHJDBM DIFNJDBMBOEQIZTJDPDIFNJDBM BSF DPODFSOFEQSJNBSJMZXJUIUIFRVBMJUZPGUIFBRVBUJDFOWJSPONFOU IZESPNPSQIPMPHZJTDPODFSOFEQSJNBSJMZXJUIUIF QIZTJDBMOBUVSFPGUIFBRVBUJDFOWJSPONFOU

'PSBMMUZQFTPGXBUFSCPEJFT IZESPNPSQIPMPHZJTDPODFSOFEXJUIUIFQIZTJDBMDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTPGTFEJNFOUTVC TUSBUFT BOEUIVTXJUIUIFQSPQPSUJPOTPGXBUFSCPEZCPUUPNT CFOUIJDIBCJUBUT UIBUDPOTJTUPGCFESPDL CPVMEFST  DPCCMFT QFCCMFT TBOE TJMU NVE PSHBOJDEFCSJT FUD

5IVTJOBMMTVSGBDFXBUFSCPEJFTJUJTDPODFSOFEXJUIUIFQIZTJDBMTJ[FPGUIFXBUFSCPEZJUTFMGBOEUIFTIPSF SJQBSJBO[POFoEFQUIWBSJBUJPOT TVSGBDFBSFB MBLFT TVCTUSBUFDPNQPTJUJPO XBUFSJOĀPX BOEWFMPDJUJFTJOSJW FST BCTUSBDUJPOTEJTDIBSHFT PVUĀPX SFTJEFODFUJNFBOEXBUFSMFWFM$POOFDUJPOTUPHSPVOEXBUFS XBUFSMFWFM SFHVMBUPSZTUSVDUVSFT EBNTBOEXFJST BOEPUIFSPCTUSVDUJPOTJNQFEBODFTUPĀPX FHĀPPEEFGFODFTUSVDUVSFT  TIPVMEBMMCFDPOTJEFSFEJOUFSNTPGUIFJSJNQBDUTPOFDPMPHJDBMTUBUVT

*ODPBTUBMXBUFST IZESPNPSQIPMPHZJTBMTPDPODFSOFEXJUIUIFUJEBMSFHJNF IFJHIU XBWFFYQPTVSF MPOHTIPSF SJNDVSSFOUTBOEUIFTUSVDUVSFBOEDPOEJUJPOPGJOUFSUJEBM[POFTBOE JOUSBOTJUJPOBMXBUFST UIFRVBOUJUZPGGSFTI XBUFSJOĀPX

'PSDMBTTJöDBUJPOQVSQPTFT BXBUFSCPEZDBOPOMZCFDPOTJEFSFEUPCFPGIJHIFDPMPHJDBMTUBUVTJGUIFSFBSFOPPS WFSZMJNJUFEIZESPNPSQIPMPHJDBMBMUFSBUJPOTGSPNJUTSFGFSFODFTUBUVT

5.6.4 Surface Water Status and Directives have been implemented in Albania or Environmental Objectives Montenegro, so no nutrient sensitive areas are Assessment included in the following sections.

Even though reference conditions have not been 5.7.1 Albania «¯½ä¯«ĻąÈ¯ú¯ËþþĊº½¥Ë¯äą¯ĕË«¯ä¥¯—ĕ—Ëݗ¤Ý¯ąëþą—ą¯ Shkodra district (total surface of 52,192 ha) has with a high degree of certainty that the environmental ÷úëą¯¥ą¯«—ú¯—þą—ąĊþƈ2nH¥Ý—þþ˽¯«Ɖļ2ä÷—úąË¥ĊݗúĻ status of the lake has changed considerably in recent Theth has the status of a National Park, Buna River– decades, compared to its pre-1980 status (for the y¯ÝË÷ëחËþ—÷úëą¯¥ą¯«ݗä«þ¥—÷¯ƈy2nH¥—ą¯ÃëúĝƉ ݗąą¯úĻ þ¯¯ ?—ú—ã—ä —ä« ¯¯ąëä ƘƠƟƘƉļ iȯ «¯Ãú¯¯ and the lake is a Managed Natural Reserve. Beside of nutrient and organic enrichment is considerably the protected areas, dozens of natural monuments elevated all over the lake and the biological quality are scattered around Shkodra district, from the city element results display this clearly. The impact up to the most remote mountainous areas. ëº ÷ú¯þþĊú¯þĻ ä뱗¤Ýĝ Ċäąú¯—ą¯« —ä« ËäþĊº½¥Ë¯äąÝĝ treated waste water (from Podgorica, Shkodra, The Managed Nature Reserve of Lake Shkodra and Virpazar etc.) on the composition and abundance the surrounding areas cover a total surface of 26,535 of biological elements is obvious. A considerable ha out of which 15,719 ha are water surface. Land ÷úë÷ëúąËëä ëº äëäƒä—ąËĕ¯ ½þÈ þ÷¯¥Ë¯þ Ċ䫯úÝËä¯þ uses include forestry, arable land and livestock the high anthropogenic pressure on lake ecology. farming, together with urban areas. Nevertheless, with improved waste water treatment and more sustainable practices in agriculture and ½þȯú˯þĻÃë뫯¥ëÝëÃË¥—Ýþą—ąĊþ¥—䤯—¥È˯ĕ¯«—ä«

34 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar 5.7.2 Montenegro unchanged conditions in the lake. These include a number of relic species, or ‘living fossils’, and many The Montenegrin side of the lake (two-thirds of the endemic species, found only in Lake Ohrid. For total surface area) has been designated as a National ¯ě—ã÷ݯĻƘƗëºąÈ¯Ƙƞ½þÈþ÷¯¥Ë¯þËäA—Ú¯NÈúË«—ú¯ Z—úÚƈ222nH¥—ą¯ÃëúĝƉþË䥯ƘƠƟƚĻ¥ëĕ¯úËäÃƛƗĻƗƗƗ endemic, as are many of the lake’s snails, worms, ȗ —ÝąëïąÈ¯úļ 2ä ƘƠƠƜĻ ąÈ¯ ݗگ Ė—þ «¯þËÃ䗱¯« —þ and sponges. Because of its high biodiversity and — z¯ąÝ—ä« ëº 2äą¯ú䗱Ëëä—Ý 2ã÷ëúą—䥯 Ċ䫯ú ąÈ¯ endemism, as well as its unique cultural heritage, Ramsar convention, due to the richness and diversity Lake Ohrid and its surroundings are not only of of its bird life (20,000 ha on the Montenegrin side Ý륗ÝĻ¤ĊąËäą¯ú䗱Ëëä—ÝþËÃä˽¥—䥯ļ and 49,562 ha on the Albanian side, including River Bojana/Buna). Water inputs include surface tributaries and underground springs, while balancing losses include The area of Skadar Lake is also included in the list ¯ĕ—÷ëú—ąËëäĻąÈ¯ëĊąÁëĖËäąëąÈ¯úËĕ¯úúËäúËä—ä« ëº2ã÷ëúą—äąZݗäąú¯—þƈ2ZƉ«Ċ¯ąëąÈ¯÷ú¯þ¯ä¥¯ relatively minor levels of abstraction. Around 50% of representative habitats that are of European and of the water comes from its tributaries, mainly from ÃÝ뤗ÝËã÷ëúą—䥯ļ2ä—««ËąËëäĻËąËþú¯¥ëÃäËĢ¯«—þ—ä ąÈ¯G—¥¯«ëä˗äúËĕ¯úþa—ą¯þڗ—ä«?ëþ¯Ýþڗļ2ä÷Ċąþ 2ã÷ëúą—äą Ëú« ú¯— ƈ2Ɖ ºëú ¤ú¯¯«ËäÃĻ ĖËäą¯úËäà from the Albanian Pogradec and Verdova Rivers and passage of water birds, holding more than —ú¯ þã—Ýݯúļ iȯ ú¯ã—ËäËäà ËäÁëĖ ¥ëã¯þ ºúëã ƙƗĻƗƗƗËä«ËĕË«Ċ—ÝþąÈúëĊÃÈëĊąąÈ¯ĝ¯—úļ þ÷úËäÃþąÈ—ąÁëĖËäąëąÈ¯þëĊąÈ¯úä÷—úąëºąÈ¯ݗگĻ at St. Naum, Drilon and Tushemisht. These springs Seventeen Emerald habitats are also recognized in —ú¯ º¯« ¤ĝ Ė—ą¯ú ÁëĖËäà ëĊą ëº ąÈ¯ ÷ëúëĊþ ڗúþą the lake region, according to the Bern Convention. ãëĊ䱗Ëäþ ąë ąÈ¯ ¯—þąĻ *—ÝË¥ÈË¥— —ä« G—ÝË Ëiȗą´ļ This corresponds to its recognition as a potential Over thousands of years, holes and channels have Natura 2000 site, although a full designation is still formed within the mountain rock. These channels to be completed for the lake. carry water that originates in the Prespa watershed to Lake Ohrid. Because Lake Prespa sits about 150 m higher, its waters run ‘downhill’ to Lake Ohrid 6 Sub-Basin Lake Ohrid through channels in the karst. The watershed covers approx. 3,921 km² of which 6.1 Characteristics 1,402 km² belongs to the Lake Ohrid sub-watershed and 2,519 km² to the Prespa Lakes sub-watershed. Lake Ohrid is an ancient ecosystem, isolated by Lake Ohrid occupies an area of 358 km² and has an surrounding hills and mountains that have enabled 87.5 km-long shoreline. The average depth of the a unique collection of plants and animals to evolve lake is 164 m, its maximum depth is 289 m and it has into new species, and some of them to survive under a nominal retention time of about 70 years.

1IPUP.PSOJOHGPHSJTJOHPWFS-BLF0ISJE

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 35 About 106,000 residents live in the Macedonian Water bodies of Lake Ohrid sub-watershed and about 61,000 residents in the Albanian one. This population is 5 or 6 times as G?ƔNAƗƗƘA—Ú¯NÈúË« ݗúï —þ Ëą Ė—þ —ą ąÈ¯ ¯ä« ëº zëúÝ« z—ú 22ļ Gëþą AL – OL001 Lake Ohrid residents live in several large towns but there are Water bodies of the main tributaries also many small villages and communities scattered throughout the watershed. G?Ɣ]aƗƗƘn÷÷¯ú]Ëĕ¯úa—ą¯þڗ G?Ɣ]aƗƗƙAëĖ¯ú]Ëĕ¯úa—ą¯þڗ 2äąÈ¯ݤ—ä˗ä÷—úąëºąÈ¯Ė—ą¯úþȯ«ĻëäÝĝƙĻƜƗƗȗ G?Ɣ]?ƗƗƘ]Ëĕ¯ú?ëþ¯Ýþڗ is arable land, compared to 53,303 ha in Macedonia. 2ä ݤ—ä˗Ļ ºúĊËą ƈëú¥È—ú«þ —ä« ĕËä¯ĝ—ú«þƉĻ Ėȯ—ąĻ G?Ɣ]ƗƗƘ]Ëĕ¯úȯú—ĕ— corn and vegetables are the primary agricultural products. The pastureland is used for a variety of These are shown in Fig. 6.5.1-1, Section 6.5.1. livestock, most importantly sheep, goats, and cattle. 2ä G—¥¯«ëä˗Ļ —¤ëĊą Ƙƙ Ţ ëº *Z Ëþ —ÃúË¥ĊÝąĊú¯ƒ 6.3 5ZQF4QFDJĬD3FGFSFODF$POEJUJPOT derived. Sixty percent of the arable land is used to grow wheat and corn, and about 25 % for orchards Hydromorphologically, Lake Ohrid represents a single and vineyards. The remainder is used for vegetable, water body. Administratively, however, it is divided tobacco and other crops. into two water bodies separated by the Albanian- Macedonian border. The lake is mountainous, located 2 6.2 Types of Surface Water Bodies – Lake —¤ëĕ¯ ƝƗƗ ã—þÝĻ ݗúï ƈþĊúº—¥¯ ƁƘƗƗ Úã ), drains a catchment of carbonate/calcareous geology and and Main Tributaries «¯¯÷ƈƁƘƜãƉļ2ąËþ—ĕ¯úĝݗúïĖ—ą¯ú¤ë«ĝĖËąÈ—þą—¤Ý¯ water volume (small oscillation of water level). The z) aĝþą¯ã  ƈää¯ě 22Ļ a¯¥ąËëä ƘļƙƉ Ė—þ Ċþ¯« climate is typically subtropical highland, and the lake to determine/delineate individual water bodies. comprises a large limnetic and a narrow littoral zone. Central criteria were: -1 x Altitude z—ą¯úþ—ú¯Ė¯ÝÝëěĝÃ¯ä—ą¯«ƈNƁƞãÃļÝ ), alkaline in ¥È—ú—¥ą¯úƈ÷/ƁƞƉĻ—ä«ÈËÃÈÝĝąú—äþ÷—ú¯äąƈa¯¥¥ÈË«¯÷ąÈ x Catchment area (for rivers) ƁƘƗ ãƉļ iȯ ݗگ Ëþ ÷Èëþ÷ÈëúĊþƒÝËãËą¯« ƈHĿZ ú—ąËë x Surface area (for lakes) ƁƙƜĿƘƉ —ä« 䗱Ċú—ÝÝĝ ëÝËÃëąúë÷ÈË¥ ƈąëą—Ý ÷Èëþ÷ÈëúĊþ Ź ƛļƗƔƛļƜ ůÃļÝ-1). Consequently, phytoplankton abun- x *¯ëÝëÃĝ dance is low (chlorophyll-B¥ë䥯äąú—ąËëäƀƚŰÃļÝŷƘƉļZÈĝƒ x Depth (for lakes) toplankton community composition is typical for oligotrophic lakes, with Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta 2ä —««ËąËëäĻ þ÷¯¥Ë½¯þ ĕ—ÝĊ¯þ ƈ¯ļÃļ «Ëºº¯úËäà þą—ąĊþĹ and Pyrrophyta dominating in the top 10 m of the pressures, etc.) of adjacent water bodies in the same water column, and small forms of Cyanophytataking water body type) have also been considered, enabling over between 10 and 30 m. However, the lake har- adjacent water bodies to be delineated. All water bours highly specialised forms of pelagic diatoms (e.g., bodies are in the same eco-region, so this cannot be $ZDMPUFMMB GPUUJJ) which occur between 20 and 50 m used for delineation purposes. depth and become dominant between 40 and 150 m ƈZ—ą¥¯ĕ—ƙƗƗƘĻƙƗƗƜĻ?—ݺºƙƗƗƙĻGËąË¥ƘƠƟƜƉļiȯݗąą¯ú An initial delineation of water bodies at Lake Ohrid depth range would usually be considered to be below Ė—þĊ䫯úą—Ú¯ä¤ĝąÈ¯i¯¥ÈäË¥—ÝzëúÚËäÃ*úëĊ÷Ɣ the euphotic zone (see Section 5.5.2.3.2). z)ĻºëÝÝëĖËä׫ĕË¥¯ݗ˫«ëĖäËä2a«ë¥Ċã¯äą *ĊË«—䥯ë¥Ċã¯äąHëƙƔ2«¯äąË½¥—ąËëäëºz—ą¯ú Bodies (see Box 5): 6.4 *EFOUJĬDBUJPOPG1SFTTVSFT 6.4.1 Methods

iȯ ãëþą þËÃä˽¥—äą ÷ú¯þþĊú¯þ —ä« ąÈ¯Ëú ÝËÚ¯Ýĝ impacts on achieving the environmental objectives of the WFD are analysed considering:

x Point source pollution x Diffuse source pollution x z—ą¯ú—¤þąú—¥ąËëä—ä«ÁëĖú¯ÃĊݗąËëä x ZÈĝþË¥—Ýãë«Ë½¥—ąËëäþ 1IPUP.FFUJOHPG5FDIOJDBM8PSLJOH(SPVQ8'% x Other man-made pressures (e.g. alien species).

36 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar iȯ ½úþą ąÈú¯¯ ÃúëĊ÷þ ëº ÷ú¯þþĊú¯þ ƈ—ą ݯ—þąƉ —ú¯ 6.4.3 aÊÂãʼ¤–ãĄZêÊãĄaêĉù¤®ýê¹ ùĊ—äąË½¯«ĊþËäÃ뺽¥Ë—Ý«—ą—ëºþą—ą¯—«ãËäËþąú—ąËëäþļ Pollution Point sources as direct discharges from WWTP are monitored. The measurements of state supervision 6.4.3.1 Albania and compulsory self-monitoring are the base for the iȯ ãëþą þËÃä˽¥—äą ÷ëËäą þëĊú¥¯ Ëþ ąÈ¯ «Ëþ¥È—úï calculation of point source pollution loads into lakes (4,500–5,000 m³.day-1) from Pogradec WWTP, designed and rivers. to cater for a population equivalent of 40,000. The BOD5 removal ¯º½¥Ë¯ä¥ĝËþƠƗŢƈëĊąÁëĖ¥ë䥯äąú—ąËëäŹƘƜ The assessment of pressures from diffuse sources mg.l-1ƉĻ—ä«ƟƞŢºëúNƈëĊąÁëĖ¥ë䥯äąú—ąËëäŹƛƗ Ëþ ãëú¯ «Ëº½¥ĊÝą ąë «¯ą¯úãËä¯Ļ ¤Ċą ã—äĝ ¥—ä ¤¯ mg.l-1). The treatment plant cleans an estimated 70 % modelled/estimated from other information (e.g. of the waste water produced in Pogradec. Other point —ÃúË¥ĊÝąĊú—Ý ¥¯äþĊþ «—ą—Ɖļ 2äºëúã—ąËëä ëä ÷ëþþˤݯ sources are discharges of untreated waste water from polluters to other media (air, soil, groundwater etc.) ĕËÝݗïþƈAËän«¯ãËþÈąĻG´ã´ÝËþÈąĻ¯ą¥ļƉ—ä«þ¯ąąÝ¯ã¯äąþ have, therefore, been collated and assessed, but no which are not connected to a central sewerage system. formal modelling studies have been undertaken, —ä«äë*2aã—÷þëº÷ú¯þþĊú¯þȗĕ¯¤¯¯ä÷úë«Ċ¥¯«ļ 6.4.3.2 Macedonia

6.4.2 Existing Data and Gaps The impact of point source pollution (Fig. 6.4.3.2.-1) Zú¯þþĊú¯þȗĕ¯¤¯¯äË«¯äąË½¯«¤ĝąÈ¯/ĝ«úë¤ËëÝëÃË¥—Ý has probably decreased as the majority (DB. 80 %) of 2äþąËąĊą¯NÈúË«ƈ/2NƉËäG—¥¯«ëä˗—ä«ąÈ¯H—ąËëä—Ý the settlements in the watershed of the lake are now Environment Agency (NEA) in Albania. However, a connected to sewerage systems and treatment plants. complete inventory of all discharges, either direct Nonetheless, the main point sources of pollution in or into the sewer, does not exist in either Macedonia the watershed of Lake Ohrid include: (i) storm-water or Albania. Pressures from diffuse sources have been outfalls from sewerage systems not connected to ¯þąËã—ą¯«ºúëãú¯Ý¯ĕ—äąþąĊ«Ë¯þļNº½¥Ë—ݽÃĊú¯þĖ¯ú¯ treatment plants; (ii) sparsely built-up areas; and (iii) not available at the time of writing. direct industrial discharges.

'JHVSF.BKPSQPJOUTPVSDFTPGQPMMVUJPOJOUIFXBUFSTIFEPG-BLF0ISJE

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 37 2ä«Ċþąú˗Ý ÷ëÝÝĊąËëä ëº ąÈ¯ ݗگ —ä« ąÈ¯ Ė—ą¯ú (rivers and springs) passing through cropland are bodies originates from several small to mid-sized þËÃä˽¥—äąþëĊú¥¯þëºëú×äË¥—䫥ȯãË¥—Ý÷ëÝÝĊąËëä enterprises, dealing mainly with food processing, and discharge high sediment loads into the lake. civil construction, chemicals etc. (Watzin et al. 2002). However, 2002 was a long time ago in water management terms, and a revised inventory of pollution sources and activities is required. 6.4.5 Water Abstraction

6.4.4 aÊÂãʼ¤–ãĄʹ¹ĉý®aêĉù¤®ýê¹ 6.4.5.1 Albania Pollution Water is abstracted for the irrigation of cropland south-west and south of the lake, and for domestic 6.4.4.1 Albania purposes in rural areas. The volume of water Water quality of Lake Ohrid is affected by agriculture abstraction is higher during summer owing to and industrial activities, especially the metallurgical, Ëä¥ú¯—þ¯«¥ëäþĊã÷ąËëä¤ĝąëĊúËþąº—¥ËÝËąË¯þļNº½¥Ë—Ý chemical and mining industries. Several mines are ½ÃĊú¯þĻÈëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻ—ú¯äëą—ĕ—Ëݗ¤Ý¯ļ located close to the lake (2.5 km), whereas four other ¥ë—ÝãËä¯þ ƈݗúĊ÷Ļ Z¯ąúĊþÈĻ y´ú«ëĕ´ —ä« —ú«È—þƉ 6.4.5.2 Macedonia can be found within a distance of 10 km from the lakeshore. Other threatening factors for water quality Ground water abstraction in Ohrid-Struga region are chromium mining and naturally occurring This area is located in the western part of Macedonia þ¯ú÷¯äąËä¯þëËݺúëã—úëĊä«Zë×þÚ´ƈZëÃú—«¯¥Ɖļiȯ latter is potentially toxic due to its high content of and encompasses Ohrid-Struga valley and a fringe heavy metals and high nickel availability. ëºãëĊ䱗Ëäþƈ=—¤Ý—äË¥—Ļ*—ÝË¥ÈË¥—Ļ?—ú—ëúã—ä—ä« others). Main urban centres are Ohrid and Struga. Agricultural land use in the immediate proximity of Main recipients for surface waters Lake Ohrid and the lake has decreased from 460 ha to 130 ha. ąÈ¯ݗ¥ÚúËä]Ëĕ¯úļiȯúËĕ¯úþ?ëþ¯Ýþڗ—ä«a—ą¯þڗĻ tributaries of Lake Ohrid, are also important. About 10 % of waste waters are directly discharged into the lake without being treated due to 2ä ąÈ¯ ݗ¥Ú úËä þĊ¤ƒ¥—ą¥Èã¯äąĻ þ¯ĕ¯ä þ÷úËäÃþ —ú¯ constructions distributed along the shore without abstracted for water supply. The largest are St.Naum, 3 -1 3 -1 3 -1 any planning, especially touristic buildings (hotels ƈƁƘƗ ã .s ), Vevchani (1.5 m .s ), Sum (1 m .s ), 3 -1 3 -1 —ä«ú¯þą—Ċú—äąþƉļ2äąÈ¯ĕËÝݗïþ—ÝëäÃąÈ¯ݗگþÈëú¯ Biljaniniizvori (0.2–1 m .s ), Beli Vodi (0.3m .s ) and Bel 3 -1 there is no sewage system except for Lin village Bunar (0.04–0.1 m .s Ɖļ*úëĊä«Ė—ą¯úËþĊþ¯«ºëú÷Ċ¤ÝË¥ which discharges the sewage into a wetland located water supply in Ohrid and Struga, with boreholes north of it. supplying individual dwellings in rural areas.

)ĊúąÈ¯úãëú¯Ļ ËÝݯ×Ý ݗ䫽ÝÝþ —ä« «Ċã÷þ —ú¯ Agricultural water use potential sources of diffuse pollution. Especially ¯úú—ĕ—ݗ䫽ÝÝȗþ—ä¯Ý¯ĕ—ą¯«úËþÚ÷ëą¯äąË—Ýļ The total area of arable land in Macedonia is approximately 667,000 ha, about 60 % of which is 6.4.4.2 Macedonia currently (or planned to be) under irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation is the predominant technique, covering Agriculture is concentrated in the plains north of the 61 % of the irrigated area. Other types of surface lake and along the watersheds of its main tributaries. irrigation are applied to the remainder of the land. Fertilizers, soil particles and pesticides are washed with the erosion processes. The pollution load in the 2ąËþ¯þąËã—ą¯«ąÈ—ąƘƜĻƙƗƜȗ뺗ú—¤Ý¯ݗä«ËäąÈ¯NÈúË«ƒ rivers represents a potential pressure on the lake. Prespa region will be irrigated by 2020, accounting for The diverted River Sateska and other tributaries 75 % of the total water demand (Tab. 6.4.5.2-1).

Table 6.4.5.2-1. Estimated water demand in the Ohrid-Prespa region by 2020 (103 m3) Source: Spatial plan of Ohrid-Prespa region (2005-2020)

Water management Population Tourists Industry Irrigation Total region Ohrid-Struga 17,837 6,791 5,740 58,480 88,848 Prespa 2,336 924 1,435 30,889 35,584 Total 20,173 7,715 7,175 89,369 124,432

38 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar Lake Prespa – treated here because of its importance ëĕ¯úÁëĖ þąúĊ¥ąĊú¯ ąÈ—ą ¥ëäąúëÝþ ąÈ¯ ÁëĖ ëº Ė—ą¯ú for the hydrology of Lake Ohrid – has been used as a out of Lake Ohrid and into the Black Drin River was source of water for both irrigation and municipal water ¥ëäþąúĊ¥ą¯«ËäaąúĊ×Ļ—ä«Ė—ą¯úÁëĖþ—ú¯ú¯ÃĊݗą¯« supply since the late 1950s. Two pumping stations, for hydroelectric generation in Macedonia. one in Asamati and the other one in Sirhan, have been used to supply irrigation systems east and west Sand and gravel extraction from the riverbed is of Lake Prespa on Macedonian territory. Presently, Ċä¥ëäąúëÝݯ«ĻËäÁĊ¯ä¥ËäÃĖ—ą¯úÁëĖ—ä«þ¯«Ëã¯äą Lake Prespa and its tributaries, as well as groundwater load, with substantial erosion of the riverbed. When resources, are all abstracted for irrigation purposes. the Sateska was diverted, anti-erosion measures Wells combined with drip-irrigation systems have intended to reduce sediment suspension in the become the predominant method of irrigation in the river and the input of sediment into Lake Ohrid region due to the unreliability of channel irrigation were put in place. These preventive measures were systems. Some 8,000 to 10,000 wells have been drilled, later discontinued. As a result, sediment has since covering an area of at least 3,000 ha. Besides wells, a accumulated in the constructed riverbed, the number of irrigation water intakes exist in rivers in channel has degraded and shoreline vegetation the watershed. Some of them use remnants of old has been lost. The suspended matter load into Lake ËúúË׹Ëëäþĝþą¯ãþ¤Ċą—þËÃä˽¥—äąäĊ㤯ú—ú¯ä¯ĖÝĝ Ohrid is large and a delta has formed in the receiving ¥ëäþąúĊ¥ą¯«þĝþą¯ãþëºÝëĖ¯º½¥Ë¯ä¥ĝĻĖËąÈÈËÃÈĖ—ą¯ú waters. The load also includes a lot of organic losses. These systems are largely unregulated and material, the decomposition of which has reduced beyond the control of water authorities and may have dissolved oxygen concentrations in the receiving negative effects on groundwater and lake quality. waters (see Box 9) and changed the distribution of Áëú——䫺—Ċä—ËäąÈËþþ¯¥ąËëäëºąÈ¯ݗگļ

6.4.6 Hydromorphology and Water Flow Regulation

6.4.6.1 Albania

HëÁëĖú¯ÃĊݗąËëäþëúëąÈ¯úþËÃä˽¥—äąËäą¯úĕ¯äąËëäþ affecting the hydrological regime have taken place at the Albanian part of the lake.

Within the assessment of the ecological status of water bodies, hydrological and morphological quality elements must be taken into account. Although systematic investigations of the hydromorphological status of the lake are lacking, it is obvious that urban encroachment as well as industrial and 1IPUP0VUĀPXPGTFEJNFOUSJDI4BUFTLB3JWFSJOUP-BLF0ISJE recreational facilities do have a harmful impact on hydromorphological structures of Lake Ohrid. The ecological status of the lake is particularly at risk from the continued destruction of wetlands and uncontrolled building and infrastructure develop- ment at the shoreline.

6.4.6.2 Macedonia

*úëĊä«—ä«þĊúº—¥¯Ė—ą¯úËä÷Ċąþ—ú¯—÷÷úëěËã—ą¯Ýĝ equal, but prior to 1962 river inputs were much lower. At this time, the River Sateska – a former tributary of the Black Drin – was diverted into the ݗگąëĿƈËƉú¯«Ċ¥¯þËÝą—ąËëäëºąÈ¯*Ýë¤ë¥Ë¥—ú¯þ¯úĕëËúĻ ąÈ¯ ½úþą ëº — ¥—þ¥—«¯ ëº ú¯þ¯úĕëËúþ —Ýëäà ąÈ¯ úËä Basin; (ii) drain the Struga marshland (now used for º—úãËäÃƉľ —ä« ƈËËƉ ¯äþĊú¯ ¥ëäąËäĊëĊþ ÁëĖ ëº A—Ú¯ Ohrid water for hydroelectric power generation. The diversion of the Sateska increased the size of the Lake Ohrid sub-catchment. This drains about 2,500 ha and regulates the course and slope of the Black Drin River through the town of Struga, as well as the agricultural area around the town. An

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 39 BOX 9. OXYGEN BALANCE IN LAKES

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6.4.7 NĄÇ®ùaÊÂãʼ¤–ãĄ iȯ «¯ĕ¯Ýë÷ã¯äą ëº ąëĊúËþã —ä« Ëäą¯äþ˽¯« Anthropogenic Impacts urbanization of the lake in the western part (Pojske ƔG´ã´ÝËþÈąƉ—ä«ëäąÈ¯ëąÈ¯úȗä«ąÈ¯÷ëëúĖ—ą¯ú 6.4.7.1 Albania ùĊ—ÝËąĝëú«úĝËä×䫫ú—Ëä—ïëºąÈ¯¯ºÁĊ¯äąĻȗĕ¯ damaged spawning areas, resulting in a drastic fall in ëãã¯ú¥Ë—Ý ½þÈËäà Ëþ ąÈ¯ ã—Ëä ÷ú¯þþĊú¯ ëä A—Ú¯ ½þÈ÷úë«Ċ¥ąËëäļ NÈúË« ½þÈ ¥ëããĊäËąË¯þļ /ëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻ þë㯠ëąÈ¯ú anthropogenic factors also affect species composition Despite the operation of a waste water treatment —ä« ¤Ëëã—þþ ëº ½þÈ þąë¥Úþļ iȯ ¥ëäþąúĊ¥ąËëä ëº plant in the southern part of the lake (City of hydroelectric dams on the River Drin during the 1960s Pogradec), there remains a problem with the waste and 1970s closed the natural route of eel migration water collecting system along the western part of and recruitment of elvers. Today, the eel yield in the ąÈ¯ ݗگĻ ºúëã AËä ąë G´ã´ÝËþÈąļ iȯ ú¯—¥ąËĕ—ąËëä lake is inestimable, but believed to be very small. of mines in this part of the lake – which is currently under discussion – would be an additional pressure and may become an important issue.

40 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar 6.4.7.2 Macedonia näú¯ÃĊݗą¯«—ä«ËÝݯ×ݽþȯúĝËþ—ÝþëþĊÃïþą¯«ąë—ºº¯¥ą ąÈ¯¥ëã÷ëþËąËëäĻ—¤Ċ䫗䥯—ä«—ïþąúĊ¥ąĊú¯ëº½þÈ ¯þË«¯þ ½þÈËäÃĻ ąëĊúËþãĻ Ëäą¯äþ˽¯« Ċú¤—äËþ—ąËëä assemblages and needs to be considered as a potential of the lake’s surroundings, increased numbers of risk for the achievement of good ecological status. recreational and speed boats, as well as nutrient loads, —ú¯ ËþþĊ¯þ —ºº¯¥ąËäà ½þÈ ¯¥ëÝëÃĝļ )Ëþȯúĝ þą—ąĊþĻ ½þÈ yield and water quality are all impacted. Mining in 6.5 Water Quality Assessment Albania might become an issue also in Macedonia, as is the continued sediment input from River Sateska. 6.5.1 Sampling Stations

)Ëĕ¯—Ý˯äƔëúä¯ëĢëëąË¥Ɣ½þÈþ÷¯¥Ë¯þȗĕ¯—Ýú¯—«ĝ The sampling stations for water quality measurements become established in the lake. They might compete were selected in accordance with project tasks, in particular with native littoral species for food and WFD requirements as well as experience of the habitat and thereby become a threat to the lake’s implementing research institutes from previous natural biodiversity. ãëäËąëúËäÃļ2äG—¥¯«ëä˗ĻąÈ¯ĝ¥ëã÷úËþ¯«¤ëąÈݗگ and river sites; in Albania, they comprised only lake sites (see Tab. & Fig. 6.5.1-1).

Table 6.5.1-1 Lake Ohrid sampling stations for physico-chemical assessment Macedonia Albania Water body 1: Macedonian part of Lake Ohrid Water body 1: Albanian part of Lake Ohrid x MK I Kalishta x AL I Lin x MK II Grashnica x AL II Memlisht x MK III Veli Dab x AL III Pogradec x MK IV St. Naum x MK V Pelagic zone

Tributaries of Lake Ohrid in Macedonia: x Sat I River Sateska before redirection x Sat II River Sateska middle course x Sat III River Sateska inlet x Kos I River Koselska x Che I River Cherava inlet The sampling stations for biological investigations are shown in the respective sections.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 41 Macedonia

GëäËąëúËäà Ė—þ Ċ䫯úą—Ú¯ä ºëĊú ąËã¯þ —ą ½ĕ¯ stations in Lake Ohrid and stations in the main ąúˤĊą—ú˯þļ a—ã÷ÝËäà ÷ú륯«Ċú¯þ ºĊݽÝݯ« þą—ä«—ú« methodologies. Samples were transported to the laboratory in cool boxes, avoiding any outside ËäÁĊ¯ä¥¯þļ iú—äþ÷ëúąĻ þąëú—ï —ä« —ä—ÝĝąË¥—Ý procedures were in full compliance with standard methodologies. Details are given in Veljanoska- a—ú—½ÝëþڗƈƙƗƘƛľyëÝĊã¯ëºää¯ě¯þƉļ

6.5.2.2 Existing data and gaps Albania

Between 1998 and 2004, the Hydrometeorological 2äþąËąĊą¯ ¥—úú˯« ëĊą ú¯ÃĊݗú ãëäËąëúËäà —ą ąÈú¯¯ stations in the lake, in addition to tributaries that feed into the lake, with a frequency of six times per year. The scope was then reduced to four times per year at one station (in the pelagic zone) and in tributaries. 2ä ƙƗƗƟĻ ąÈ¯ ãëäËąëúËäà ÷úëÃú—ã㯠Ė—þ ú¯«Ċ¥¯« further to cover only basic physical and chemical parameters (e.g., temperature, pH, conductivity, transparency, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, total phosphorus). After 2008, selected parameters such as phosphorus were 'JHVSF4BNQMJOHTUBUJPOTGPSDIFNJDBMBOEQIZTJDPDIFNJDBMBOBMZTFTBU-BLF0ISJE analysed along with certain biological elements Upon a decision of the Technical Working Group WFD, the lake was tentatively divided into (Sections 6.5.4.2 and 6.5.4.3) in collaboration with only two water bodies, corresponding to the national lake territories of the two countries. ąÈ¯HëúĖ¯Ã˗ä2äþąËąĊą¯ºëúz—ą¯ú]¯þ¯—ú¥ÈƈH2yľ e.g. Schneider et al. 2014).

Macedonia 6.5.2 Chemical and Physico-Chemical Elements From 1998 to 2004, monitoring was undertaken of major Macedonian tributaries (Rivers Velgoshka, 6.5.2.1 Methods ?ëþ¯ÝþڗĻ a—ą¯þڗ —ä« ȯú—ĕ—ƉĻ —ä« þ÷úËäÃþ Ëä aąļ Naum area. Further monitoring was undertaken Albania in littoral and pelagic zones of the lake. Pelagic monitoring was undertaken at only one station, Monitoring was undertaken four times from 2013 ¤Ċą «ëĖä — ĕ¯úąË¥—Ý ÷úë½Ý¯Ļ —ą «¯÷ąÈþ ëº ƘƔƙƗƗ to 2014 (April, July, October and February) at three m. This monitoring was supported by a range of stations. Sampling procedures were considered programmes between 2000 and 2012, concerned suitable for most sites/parameters, but failed to follow standard methodologies fully.

Bottles containing samples were transported to the laboratory in cool boxes. However, transport and storage procedures did not follow prescribed methodologies fully. As a result, biochemical or physico-chemical processes might have been ąúËÃïú¯«Ëäþëã¯þ—ã÷ݯþĻݯ—«ËäÃąëÁ—Ė¯«ú¯þĊÝąþļ Samples were analysed according to standard ã¯ąÈë«ëÝëÃ˯þ —Ãú¯¯« ¤ĝ ąÈ¯ iz*ļ /ëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻ owing to the above-mentioned problem, the results obtained will require validation by comparison against available data and results from the proposed monitoring programme (Section 8.2).

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42 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar primarily with monitoring trophic status and wider —ä«ąÈ¯½ě¯«¤ëĊ䫗úĝN¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëäþ¥È¯ã¯ —äąÈúë÷ëïäË¥ ËäÁĊ¯ä¥¯þĻ ºĊ䫯« ݗúïÝĝ ºúëã ƈyëÝݯäĖ¯Ë«¯ú —ä« ?¯ú¯Ú¯þ ƘƠƟƙƉĻ ¥—Ý¥Ċݗą¯« ¤—þ¯« ministerial sources. Further work on pollutant loads on total phosphorus, Lake Ohrid is predominantly of lake tributaries was carried out between 2009 and ëÝËÃëąúë÷ÈË¥ļ /ëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻ ia2 ĕ—ÝĊ¯þ ºëú ąÈ¯ ÝËąąëú—Ý 2011. These studies indicated substantial impacts of zone exhibit seasonal and spatial variability. Littoral Rivers Velgoshka and Cherava on the wider littoral þËą¯þ —ą ?—ÝËþÈą— —ä«y¯ÝË —¤ —ú¯ ëÝËÃëąúë÷ÈË¥Ļ ¤Ċą Ģëä¯þ—«×—¥¯äąąëąÈ¯ËäÁëĖþļ —ą*ú—þÈäË¥—«ĊúËäÃþ÷úËä×ä«þĊãã¯úĻąÈ¯Ė—ą¯ú ¤¯¥ëã¯þã¯þëąúë÷ÈË¥ļĊúËäÃþĊãã¯úĻąÈ¯ia2ºëú Earlier investigations showed reference values for St. Naum also indicated mesotrophic conditions. äĊąú˯äąþ ëº ƀƘƗ ůà iZļÝ-1 —ä« ƀƘ ãà iHļÝ-1. Based The most alarming results, however, were for the on these results and more recent investigations ȯú—ĕ—]Ëĕ¯úËäݯąĻĖÈË¥ÈËþ¯Ċąúë÷ÈË¥ļiȯia2ĕ—ÝĊ¯ of chlorophyll-B and Secchi depth, and despite for this site was about 70. The river has a relatively a more than threefold increase of phosphorus þã—ÝÝ Ė—ą¯ú ÁëĖ ƈ÷ú¯þĊ㗤Ýĝ «Ċ¯ ąë —¤þąú—¥ąËëäƉ concentrations in lake sediments over the past and passes through mining areas in Albania and century (Matzinger et al. 2007), Lake Ohrid is croplands in Macedonia. considered to be in a stable oligotrophic condition (Patceva et al. 2009, Novevska and Tasevska 2009). iȯ —¤ëĕ¯ƒã¯äąËë䯫 H2y þąĊ«ĝ ¥ëã÷úËþ¯« 6.5.3 aö®¤Ê¼¤ZêÜÜĉĄ–ãĄý up to 30 monitoring stations in Macedonia and The chemical status of water bodies is determined based Albania for selected physico-chemical parameters, on compliance with Environmental Quality Standards phytobenthos (benthic diatoms), macrophyte (EQS) for pollutants of Europe-wide impor tance. community composition and macroinvertebrates Therefore, the assessment of chemical status considers (Christiansen et al. 2013, Schneider et al. 2014). the list of priority substances (Directive 2013/39/EU). For physico-chemical parameters, samples were Lead and cadmium originating from former mining collected four times per year. Whilst these results activities in Albania could reach biologically relevant ïä¯ú—ÝÝĝ¥ëä¥ĊúĖËąÈ¯—úÝ˯ú½ä«ËäÃþƈëÝËÃëąúë÷ÈË¥ concentrations in the lake environment, particularly 䗱Ċú¯ ëº ąÈ¯ ݗگƉĻ þë㯠ÝËąąëú—Ý —ú¯—þ ƈ*ú—þÈäË¥—Ļ in sediments. Further investigations will be necessary —ÝחäĻ ËäÁëĖ ëº a—ą¯þڗ ]Ëĕ¯úĻ ȯú—ĕ—Ɖ äëĖ within future monitoring programmes to address this þÈëĖ—äËä¥ú¯—þ¯«—äąÈúë÷ëïäË¥ËäÁĊ¯ä¥¯ļiÈËþËþ úËþÚļa÷¯¥Ë½¥÷ëÝÝĊą—äąþ뺥ë䥯úäËäG—¥¯«ëä˗Ė¯ú¯ ÷—úąË¥ĊݗúÝĝąÈ¯¥—þ¯—ą*ú—þÈäË¥—ĻĖȯú¯ąÈ¯Ė—ą¯úËþ organochlorine pesticides, which showed elevated mesotrophic/eutrophic in character. The increased concentrations in sediments in previous investigations number of tourists in summer also contributes to (Section 6.5.3.2). seasonal eutrophication in some areas.

6.5.3.1 Methods 6.5.2.3 3FTVMUT Sampling Results of physico-chemical investigations are sum- marized in Annexe 11.2. More detailed information is Sediments were collected using a Van Veen grab given in the original reports compiled in the Volume sampler with a volume of 440 cm3. They were stored of Annexes (USB card). at 4 °C for a maximum duration of seven days prior to the analysis. 6.5.2.3.1 Albania Analysis Results show that water quality is adversely affected by anthropogenic pressures (nutrient inputs in 2äݤ—ä˗Ļȯ—ĕĝã¯ą—ÝþĖ¯ú¯—ä—Ýĝþ¯«ĊþËäÃąëãË¥ particular; see Section 6.5.4.1). However, the results Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Determination of are tentative in nature and need to be validated ¥—«ãËĊãĖ—þĊ䫯úą—Ú¯ä¤ĝąú—«ËąËëä—ÝÁ—ã¯aĻ —ä« ĕ¯ú˽¯« ¤ĝ ¥ëã÷—úËþëä ĖËąÈ ú¯þĊÝąþ ºúëã ąÈ¯ while lead was analysed using a graphite furnace AAS. planned monitoring programme (Section 8.2) to 2äG—¥¯«ëä˗Ļþ—ã÷ݯþºëúëú×äë¥ÈÝëúËä¯÷¯þąË¥Ë«¯ determine whether the trend of increasing littoral analysis were dried at 40–50 °C, homogenised by —äąÈúë÷ëïäË¥ËäÁĊ¯ä¥¯Ëþ¥ëäąËäĊËäÃļ grinding (< 0.5 mm) and stored in a refrigerator.

Wet digestion by acid mixture of HNO3ŵ/ÝN4ŵ/) 6.5.2.3.2 Macedonia was used. Organochlorine pesticides were analysed by gas chromatography, using an Electron Capture 2ä¥ú¯—þ¯« äĊąú˯äą ¥ë䥯äąú—ąËëäþ ÷ú¯ĕ—ËÝ Ëä ąÈ¯ Detector (ECD) and nitrogen as carrier gas. littoral zone during the summer period (Annex 11.2). ¥¥ëú«ËäÃąë¤ëąÈ—úÝþëäŘþiúë÷ÈË¥aą—ą¯2䫯ěƈia2Ɖ

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 43 6.5.3.2 Existing Data and Gaps Quality Standard – Annual Average (EQS–AA) in Ëú¯¥ąËĕ¯ ƙƗƘƚĹƚƠĹn ƈƗļƗƘ Űà ÷Ļ÷ŘƔiļÝ-1). The Albania p,p’–DDT content of dry sediment ranged from ƗļƘƙƘ ŰÃļÚÃ-1 —ą aąļ H—Ċã ąë ƘļƟ ŰÃļÚÃ-1 in the Heavy metal contents of sediments and water had y¯ÝÃëþÈڗ ]Ëĕ¯úļ Z¯þąË¥Ë«¯ ú¯þË«Ċ¯þ Ëä Ė¯ą ½þÈ been analysed within the framework of the Lake Ohrid biomass were 0.553ŰÃļÚÃ-1 for endosulfan and 5.982 Conservation Project. The level of pollution varied ŰÃļÚÃ-1 for p,p’–DDE. from moderate at Pogradec to severe at Hudenisht. 2úëä¥ë䥯äąú—ąËëäþËäąÈ¯Ė—ą¯ú¥ëÝĊãäĕ—ú˯«ºúëã The existence of organochlorine pesticides in water, -1 ƠļƚąëƜƛļƝŰÃļÝ and chromium concentrations from þ¯«Ëã¯äą —ä« ąÈ¯ ãĊþ¥Ý¯ ąËþþĊ¯ ëº *ú¯¯Ú ¤—ú¤¯Ý -1 ƘļƗąëƘƞļƠŰÃļÝ . Nickel concentrations ranged from is mainly due to the chemical stability of these -1 ƛļƠ ąë Ƙƙļƚ ŰÃļÝ , which is less than the Maximum compounds, their high lipid solubility and the Allowable Concentration (MAC)-EQS set by Directive bioaccumulation of this group of persistent organic -1 2013/39/EU ƈƚƛ ŰÃļÝ ) but higher than the Annual pollutants (POPs) – rather than their current use. ĕ¯ú—ïƈƉƒ\aëºƛŰÃļÝ-1.

Soluble, reduced (ferrous) iron released from deep sediments (anaerobic conditions) into the water 6.5.3.3 3FTVMUT column is oxidised to ferric iron. This is particulate and has a greater density than water, so sinks. iÈËþ þ¯¥ąËëä þĊãã—úËĢ¯« ąÈ¯ ã—Ëä ½ä«ËäÃþ ëº ąÈ¯ Thus, elevated levels of dissolved iron occur, as chemical and physico-chemical investigations would be expected, at greater depth rather than in conducted at Lake Ohrid in 2013 and 2014. For further surface waters. Concentrations of Ni and Cr are not Ëäºëúã—ąËëäĻ ąÈ¯ ú¯—«¯ú Ëþ ú¯º¯úú¯« ąë *a ƈƙƗƘƛƉ þËÃä˽¥—äąÝĝ «¯÷¯ä«¯äą ëä ąÈ¯ «¯÷ąÈ ëº ąÈ¯ Ė—ą¯ú ºëú ݤ—ä˗ —ä« y¯Ýחäëþڗƒa—ú—½Ýëþڗ ƈƙƗƘƛƉ ºëú column. Macedonia (Volume of Annexes) and to Annexe 11.2.

Concentrations of heavy metals in sediments were found to be below Maximum Approved Values 6.5.3.3.1 Albania (MAV) of the Dutch list (see Tab. 5.5.3.3.2-1) for most Heavy metal concentrations in lake sediments elements (Malaj et al. 2012). However, chromium Ė¯ú¯ƂƗļƗƘãÃļÚÃ-1ºëúݯ—«—ä«ƂƗļƗƗƘãÃļÚÃ-1 for -1 exceeded the MAV of 100 mg.kg at some sampling cadmium. These values lie far below the Maximum -1 sites (range: 2–576 mg.kg ) as well as nickel (MAV Approved Values (MAV) of the Dutch list (MvV 2000; -1 -1 = 35 mg.kg ; range 10–1501 mg.kg Ɖļ 2úëä þÈëĖ¯« see Tab. 5.5.3.3.2-1). very high concentrations of 9.6–23.0 g.kg-1 (no MAV ĕ—ÝĊ¯«¯½ä¯«ºëúËúëäƉļ 6.5.3.3.2 Macedonia

Macedonia DDT metabolites (breakdown products) were the most frequent organochlorine pesticides, i.e. Q Q’- 2äG—¥¯«ëä˗ĻþąĊ«Ë¯þëºþ÷¯¥Ë½¥÷ëÝÝĊą—äąþºë¥Ċþ¯« DDT, Q Q’-DDE and Q Q’-DDD. For the sediment on a range of organochlorine pesticides in water, sample collected from St Naum, lindane (ɶ-HCH) þ¯«Ëã¯äą—䫽þÈËäąÈ¯G—¥¯«ëä˗ä÷—úąëºA—Ú¯ was below the limit of detection, but total HCH Ohrid and its larger tributaries (e.g., Veljanoska- Ė—þ÷ú¯þ¯äą—ąƗļƛƙŰÃļÚÃ-1 dry sediment, endosulfan a—ú—½Ýëþڗ ¯ą —Ýļ ƙƗƘƘƉļ iȯ ú¯þĊÝąþ 뤹—Ë䯫 ÃËĕ¯ —ą ƗļƛƠ ŰÃļÚÃ-1 dry sediment and total DDT at 1.39 an overview of the contamination levels of these ŰÃļÚÃ-1 dry sediment. The principal metabolic form problematic pesticide compounds: (i) at their of DDT in St. Naum sediment was p,p’-DDE (0.67 potential sources in the river mouths; (ii) in the ŰÃļÚÃ-1 dry sediment). potentially affected, species-rich littoral section of ąÈ¯ݗگľ—ä«ƈËËËƉËäąÈ¯ãĊþ¥Ý¯ąËþþĊ¯ëº*ú¯¯Ú¤—ú¤¯Ý )ëúąÈ¯þ¯«Ëã¯äąþ—ã÷ݯ¥ëÝݯ¥ą¯«ºúëã*ú—þÈäË¥—Ļ (#BSCVTQFMPQPOOFTJVT), collected from close to river organochlorine pesticide concentrations were deltas to investigate bio-accumulation. higher than in St. Naum. The concentration of ÝË䫗ä¯Ė—þƗļƙƠŰÃļÚÃ-1 dry sediment, total HCH was The organochlorine pesticides measured in 1.02ŰÃļÚÃ-1 «úĝþ¯«Ëã¯äąĻ¯ä«ëþĊݺ—äĖ—þƗļƟƜŰÃļÚÃ-1 all three matrixes were gamma-HCH (ɶ-HCH), dry sediment and total DDT was present at 2.43ŰÃļ ɇ // ƈþĊã ëº ɲ-isomer, ɴ-isomer and ɷ-isomer), kg-1 dry sediment. The principal metabolic form of endosulfan (total of ɲ and ɴ-endosulfan), and iĖ—þ÷Ļ÷ŘƒƈƘļƞƙŰÃļÚÃ-1 dry sediment). DDT metabolites (p,p’–DDE, p,p’–DDD and p,p’– DDT). Observed concentrations for p,p’–DDT The existence of organochlorine pesticides in the -1 ú—äï« ¤¯ąĖ¯¯ä ƗļƗƗƝ ŰÃļÝ in water samples sediment is due to the chemical stability of these -1 ºúëã —Ýחä —ä« aąļ H—Ċã —ä« ƗļƗƚƝ ŰÃļÝ in the compounds, rather than their current widespread/ Ė—ą¯ú þ—ã÷ݯ ºúëã ?ëþ¯Ýþڗ ]Ëĕ¯úļ iȯ ݗąą¯ú intensive use. Sediment acts as the memory of concentration exceeds the EU Environmental Ė—ą¯ú ºëú ¥È¯ãË¥—Ýþ ĖÈË¥È «¯Ãú—«¯ þÝëĖÝĝļ 2ä

44 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar rivers particularly, pesticide concentrations may The Albanian sampling points were located in ÷¯—Ú«ĊúËäÃąÈ¯½úþąȯ—ĕĝú—Ë亗Ýݯĕ¯äąºëÝÝëĖËäà the littoral zone at Lin, Memlisht and Pogradec application, leaving no trace in the water column a (Fig. 6.5.4.1.1-1). Samples were taken only from the few days later, but sediments may contain residues upper depth stratum (0.5 m). Samples for chlorophyll-B for years to come. The same is true, but to a lesser analyses in Macedonia were taken at 9 depths in the extent, in lakes, since the same water that carried pelagic zone of the lake (Fig. 6.5.4.1.1-1), at 0.5, 10, 20, the contaminant load into the lake, remains in 30, 40, 50, 75, 100 and 150 metres depth. the lake for a longer time than it usually does in rivers. However, since Directive 2013/39/EU does not contain environmental quality standards for chlorinated pesticides in sediment, only in water, it would be advisable to focus future monitoring efforts on the analysis of water samples. 6.5.4 Biological Elements

The ecological status of water bodies is assessed considering species composition, abundance, dynamics and status of selected aquatic fauna —ä« Áëú— ƈþ냥—Ýݯ« ¤ËëÝëÃË¥—Ý ¯Ý¯ã¯äąþƉ ÚäëĖä ąë respond sensitively to anthropogenic pressures. The —þþ¯þþã¯äąĊþ¯þąĝ÷¯ƒþ÷¯¥Ë½¥ú¯º¯ú¯ä¥¯¥ëä«ËąËëäþĻ i.e. natural or near-natural undisturbed conditions, as a benchmark. Depending on the degree of deviation from these reference conditions, the ecological status can be assessed. The main objective of the initial characterisation is to assess the risk of water bodies failing to achieve good ecological status.

Lake Ohrid has been intensively investigated over the past decade. The most recent study, yielding extensive data relevant to the initial characterisation, focused on macrophytes, benthic invertebrates, chlorophyll-B and nutrients, particularly phos- phorus (Christiansen et al. 2013, Schneider et al. ƙƗƘƛƉļ 2äĕ¯þąË׹Ëëäþ Ċ䫯ú ąÈ¯ ¥Ċúú¯äą ÷úëׯ¥ą therefore covered only the following biological 'JHVSF4BNQMJOHTUBUJPOTGPSDIMPSPQIZMMaBOBMZTJTJO-BLF0ISJE elements: In Macedonia, samples were taken at one pelagic station from 9 depth strata. In Albania, samples were taken at three littoral stations from the upper depth stratum. x Phytoplankton biomass (estimated from chlorophyll-B concentrations in the littoral Water samples were collected at each depth using zone of Albania and the pelagic zone in Niskin bottles. The bottles were stored according to Macedonia) standard procedures. Sub-samples for chlorophyll-B analysis were transferred into 1 litre polyethylene x Benthic invertebrate fauna (Macedonian bottles and transported to the laboratory in cool boxes. tributaries) x Fish (both countries) Chlorophyll-a analysis

Chlorophyll-B was extracted with 90 % ethanol and analysed spectrophotometrically, according to 6.5.4.1 1IZUPQMBOLUPO 2aNƘƗƙƝƗƈƘƠƠƙƉļiȯiúë÷ÈË¥aą—ą¯2䫯ěƈia2ƉĖ—þ calculated using chlorophyll-B results, according to 6.5.4.1.1 Methods Carlson (1977). Sampling 6.5.4.1.2 Existing Data and Gaps Phytoplankton samples were taken in April and July 2013, respectively. The two sampling campaigns Recent studies in the littoral zone of Lake Ohrid in were coordinated by the two countries to ensure Macedonia using phytoplankton composition and chlorophyll- concentration as biological indicators ¥ëã÷—ú—¤ËÝËąĝ뺫—ą—ļ2äݤ—ä˗Ļ—ąÈËú«þ—ã÷ÝËäà B campaign was conducted in February 2014. þÈëĖ¯« — ä¯Ã—ąËĕ¯ ËäÁĊ¯ä¥¯ ëº ݗگ ąúˤĊą—ú˯þ ëä the trophic state of the lake (for details, see Patceva

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 45 2014, Volume of Annexes). According to these 2005). Average annual chlorophyll-B concentrations þąĊ«Ë¯þĻąÈ¯*ú—þÈäË¥—ú¯ÃËëä—ąąÈ¯ËäÁëĖëº]Ëĕ¯ú ú—ä﫤¯ąĖ¯¯äƗļƜƙůÃļÝ-1ËäƙƗƗƚ—ä«ƗļƠƞůÃļÝ-1 in Velgoshka has the worst trophic state, followed by 2001, and average summer concentrations between ȯú—ĕ—Ļa—ą¯þڗ—ä«?ëþ¯Ýþڗļ ƗļƜƠůÃļÝ-1ËäƙƗƗƚ—ä«ƘļƙƘůÃļÝ-1 in 2001, indicating oligotrophic conditions. Phosphorus is the limiting 2ä ąÈ¯ ݗþą º¯Ė «¯¥—«¯þĻ ä¯Ã—ąËĕ¯ ¯ºº¯¥ąþ Ãú—«Ċ—ÝÝĝ nutrient and the main cause of eutrophication extended from the littoral into the pelagic zone (Patceva et al. 2009). of the oligotrophic lake. The latest investigations of phytoplankton in the pelagic zone were carried With the exception of benthic diatoms (Schneider out within the scope of two projects, “Biodiversity et al. 2014), no further phytoplankton studies have and ecology of plankton communities in Lake been conducted since 2011 to assess the current Ohrid (Macedonia) and Plitvice Lakes (Croatia)” trophic state of Lake Ohrid, despite increasing (2007–2009) and “Spatial and temporal changes in anthropogenic pressures in both Albania and planktonic community – carrier of the Lake Ohrid Macedonia. trophic state (2009–2011)”. These studies, however, provided no evidence of eutrophication and 6.5.4.1.3 3FTVMUT concluded that the lake is in a stable oligotrophic state despite minor changes in dominance structure This section provides a synthesis of chlorophyll-B of algal communities. Phytoplankton biomass had analyses as a proxy for algal biomass conducted not increased compared to previous studies. To the in 2013 and 2014. For further details, the reader is contrary, a slight decrease was observed especially referred to Baku (2014) and Patceva (2014) in the during the summer period. Volume of Annexes.

The phytoplankton composition and distribution of Lake Ohrid is typical of oligotrophic lakes, 6.5.4.1.3.1 Albania showing a considerable proportion of Chrysophyta Trophic state and Chlorophyta. Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta comprise approximately 65 % of the total biomass. Chlorophyll-B concentrations varied between 0.48 Over a three-year observation period, Cyanophyta ůÃļÝ-1—ąZëÃú—«¯¥—ä«ƘļƠƘůÃļÝ-1 at Lin. Trophic state abundance decreased from 29 % in 2001 to 12 % in Ë䫯ě ƈia2Ɖ ú¯þĊÝąþ ºëú ãëþą þ—ã÷ÝËäà þą—ąËëäþ —ä« 2003 while Bacillariophyta increased from 35 % to þ¯—þëäþĖ¯ú¯ƂƚƗĻËä«Ë¥—ąËäÃëÝËÃëąúë÷ÈË¥¥ëä«ËąËëäþ 50 % and Chrysophyta from 6 % to 19 % (Patceva (Table 6.5.4.1.3.1-1).

Table 6.5.4.1.3.1-1 Trophic state of Lake Ohrid (Albanian part) in summer (July), autumn (October) 2013 and in winter (February) 2014, according to the Trophic State Index (Carlson 1977)

Sampling station Season TSI Trophic state Summer 37 Oligotrophic Lin Autumn 30 Oligotrophic Winter 25 Oligotrophic Summer 23 Oligotrophic Mëmëlisht Autumn 27 Oligotrophic Winter 26 Oligotrophic Summer 23 Oligotrophic Pogradec Autumn 26 Oligotrophic Winter 30 Oligotrophic

6.5.4.1.3.2 Macedonia (Fig. 6.5.4.1.3.2-1). The vertical distribution pattern differed among seasons, the highest concentrations Trophic state being recorded in the 10-30m layer in spring (April) and in the 20-50 m layer in summer (July). Average - Chlorophyll-B¥ë䥯äąú—ąËëäþĕ—ú˯«¤¯ąĖ¯¯äƗļƗƟůÃļÝ ¥ë䥯äąú—ąËëäþ ëº ¤ëąÈ þ¯—þëäþ Ė¯ú¯ ƀ ƘļƗ ůÃļÝ-1 at 1 -1 —ąƘƜƗã—ä«ƙļƟƚůÃļÝ at 20 m depth, corresponding to surface level and below 40 m depth. oligotrophic and mesotrophic conditions, respectively

46 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar      6SULQJ

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ĕ¯ú—ïąúë÷ÈË¥þą—ą¯Ë䫯ěƈia2Ɖĕ—ÝĊ¯þƈ㯗ä뺗ÝÝ«¯÷ąÈþąú—ą—ƉëºƚƘËäþ÷úËä×ä«ƙƝËäþĊãã¯ú«¯þËÃ䗱¯ Lake Ohrid as oligotrophic Table 6.5.4.1.3.2-1.

Table 6.5.4.1.3.2-1 Mean TSI of the pelagic zone of Lake Ohrid (Macedonian part) in spring and summer 2013, according to the Trophic State Index (Carlson 1977)

Sampling site Season TSI Trophic state Spring 31 Oligotrophic Pelagic (central part of the lake) Summer 26 Oligotrophic

6.5.4.2 Macrophytes very rare, 2 = infrequent, 3 = common, 4 = frequent, 5 = predominant. 6.5.4.2.1 Methods Lake littoral ƈH2yþąĊ«ĝƉļ The study was conducted from 2009 to 2011, comprising 28 sampling stations Macrophyte investigations under the present project in Albania and Macedonia (Schneider et al. 2014). were restricted to the Lake Ohrid tributaries Sateska, Submerged macrophytes as well as the macroscopic ?ëþ¯Ýþڗ —ä« ȯú—ĕ— ]Ëĕ¯úþ Ëä G—¥¯«ëä˗ þË䥯 ½Ý—ã¯äąëĊþ ¤Ý—äÚ¯ąĖ¯¯« $MBEPQIPSB HMPNFSBUB the lake littoral had already been studied in a recent were surveyed in belt transects of approximately 10 transboundary research project in collaboration m width – perpendicularly to the shoreline – from ĖËąÈ ąÈ¯ HëúĖ¯Ã˗ä 2äþąËąĊą¯ ºëú z—ą¯ú ]¯þ¯—ú¥È the upper littoral to the lower vegetation limit. Each ƈH2yƉļaëã¯ú¯þĊÝąþëºąÈ¯þ¯þąĊ«Ë¯þ—ú¯÷ú¯þ¯äą¯«Ëä transect was divided into depth zones: 0-2 m, 2-4 Section 6.5.4.2.3. No samples were taken in Albania. ãĻƛƒƘƗãĻ—ä«ƁƘƗ㫯÷ąÈļZݗäąþĖ¯ú¯¥ëÝݯ¥ą¯« manually by snorkelling in shallow water and with a Field sampling Van Veen grab in deeper water. Data analysis Tributaries. G—¥úë÷Èĝą¯þ Ė¯ú¯ þ—ã÷ݯ« —ą ½ĕ¯ þËą¯þ (Fig. 6.5.4.2.1-1) in summer 2013 according to Wetzel Tributaries. The analysis was done qualitatively and Likens (2000) and Schneider and Melzer (2003). based on the relative abundance of indicator species. Plants were collected by hand in shallow water and a÷¯¥Ëã¯äþĖ¯ú¯Ë«¯äąË½¯«ĊþËä×þþëúą¯«Ú¯ĝþļ)ëú using a rake in deeper water. The abundance was further details, see Talevska and Trajanovska (2014, ¯þąËã—ą¯«ĊþËä×½ĕ¯ƒ÷ëËäąþ¥—ݯƈG¯ÝĢ¯úƘƠƠƠƉĿƘŹ Volume of Annexes).

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 47 Lake littoral (NIVA study). The macrophyte index of Melzer and Schneider (2001). However, in future ƈG2Ɖ Ė—þ ¥Èëþ¯ä —þ — ã¯ąúË¥ ¤¯¥—Ċþ¯ Ëą ú¯Á¯¥ąþ studies it is recommended to revise and amend the phosphorus supply, is applicable to calcareous list of indicators and respective indicator values in lakes, and most macrophyte species observed in ëú«¯úąë¤¯ąą¯úú¯Á¯¥ąąÈ¯þ÷¯¥Ë½¥¥ëã÷ëþËąËëä—ä« Lake Ohrid are included in the list of indicators ecology of macrophyte communities of Lake Ohrid. (Schneider et al. 2014). The index was calculated according to the formula described by Melzer 6.5.4.2.3 3FTVMUT (1999), but with updated indicator values and class boundaries as described in Melzer and Schneider iÈËþþ¯¥ąËëä÷úëĕË«¯þ—þĝäąÈ¯þËþëºąÈ¯ã—Ëä½ä«ËäÃþ ƈƙƗƗƘƉļiȯG2ú—äïþºúëãƘąëƜĻĖËąÈÈËÃÈĕ—ÝĊ¯þ of macrophyte investigations conducted at selected indicating nutrient pollution. lake tributaries under the present project and the ݗگ ÝËąąëú—Ý Ċ䫯ú ąÈ¯ H2y ÷úëׯ¥ąļ )ëú «¯ą—ËÝþĻ the reader is referred to Talevska and Trajanovska (2014, Volume of Annexes) for lake tributaries and to Christiansen et al. (2013) and Schneider et al. (2014) for the lake littoral.

6.5.4.2.3.1 Albania

The macrophyte indices found on the west shore of the lake indicated oligotrophic to oligo-mesotrophic conditions with the exception of a site near to the peninsular village of Lin where conditions were mesotrophic (Fig. 6.5.4.2.3.1-1). The trophic state was even more elevated (mesotrophic to meso- eutrophic) along the more urbanized south shore of the lake.

'JHVSF4BNQMJOHTUBUJPOTGPSNBDSPQIZUFJOWFTUJHBUJPOTBU-BLF0ISJE USJCVUBSJFTJO.BDFEPOJB "MMSJWFSTXFSFTBNQMFEBUUIFJOĀPXJOUPUIFMBLFBOE3JWFS4BUFTLBXBTBMTPTBNQMFE upstream. No samples were collected from the Albanian part of the lake. 'JHVSF5SPQIJDTUBUFPGUIFMJUUPSBM[POFPG-BLF0ISJE CBTFEPOUIF NBDSPQIZUFJOEFYPG.FM[FS  BOE.FM[FSBOE4DIOFJEFS  6.5.4.2.2 Existing Data and Gaps Areas with low population density generally show oligotrophic to oligo-mesotrophic conditions while the more densely populated areas on the south and north shores show Studies conducted between 1960 and 2004 revealed a mesotrophic to meso-eutrophic conditions. Source: Christiansen et al. (2013). distinct pattern of the littoral macrophyte vegetation of Lake Ohrid, starting with reed belts (1ISBHNJUFT) With reference to Fig. 6.5.4.2.3.1-1 and interpretation/ at the littoral part and followed by stretches of ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëä ĊþËäà G¯ÝĢ¯úŘþ 㗥úë÷Èĝą¯ Ë䫯ěĻ Ëą greenweed ($MBEPQIPSB), pondweed (1PUBNPHFUPO) will be necessary to reset the class boundaries if and charophyte meadows with increasing depth the index is to be used for WFD purposes, since a (e.g. Stankovich 1960, Talevska 1996, Talevska and 5-class system is required. The OECD (Vollenweider Trajanovska 2004). —ä« ?¯ú¯Ú¯þ ƘƠƟƙƉ ½ě¯« ¤ëĊ䫗úĝ ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëä system has 5 classes (ultra-oligotrophic, oligotrophic, The data base has greatly improved thanks to the mesotrophic, eutrophic and hypertrophic) and uses ú¯¥¯äąH2yþąĊ«ĝƈÈúËþąË—äþ¯ä¯ą—ÝļƙƗƘƚĻa¥Èä¯Ë«¯ú terminology that is understood by all workers in the et al. 2014) which included up to 30 sampling stations ½¯Ý«ļ zȯąÈ¯ú ëú äëą ąÈ¯ ëúËÃËä—Ý ¥Ý—þþ ¤ëĊ䫗ú˯þ and found 29 macrophyte species in 9 families, of will prove to be correct for WFD purposes will which 17 species are included in the list of indicators «¯÷¯ä« ëä ąÈ¯ «¯½äËąËëäƈþƉ ëº ú¯º¯ú¯ä¥¯ ¥ëä«ËąËëäþ

48 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar and the class boundaries used by other countries in Field sampling the intercalibration exercises. Tributaries. Three sites were sampled at River a—ą¯þڗĻąÈ¯ÝëäïþąëºąÈ¯ąÈú¯¯ąúˤĊą—ú˯þĻú¯Á¯¥ąËäà 6.5.4.2.3.2 Macedonia differences in anthropogenic pressures along the river course (Fig. 6.5.4.3.1-1). One site was located Lake tributaries upstream (near natural conditions) and the second Twenty macrophyte species were recorded at the one at the middle course (rural and urban conditions). three rivers. Sixteen of these species belonged to iȯąÈËú«ëä¯Ė—þÝ륗ą¯«—ąąÈ¯ËäÁëĖËäąëąÈ¯ݗگļ vascular macrophytes, two to the taxonomic group The other two, relatively short tributaries were only of charophytes and one to the group of mosses. þ—ã÷ݯ« —ą ąÈ¯ ËäÁëĖļ G—¥úëËäĕ¯úą¯¤ú—ą¯þ Ė¯ú¯ Abundances ranged from very rare to common. collected in spring (May) and autumn (October) 2ä«Ë¥—ąëúþ ëº ¯Ċąúë÷ÈË¥—ąËëä þĊ¥È —þ —ä—«Ë—ä 2013, using the kick-and-sweep method. A standard pondweed (&MPEFB DBOBEFOTJT) and duckweed (-FNOB ƒþȗ÷¯« ä¯ą ƈ2aNĿ H ƙƞƟƙƟĿƘƠƠƛĻ \GĹai]ƒ NJOPS) were very rare except for the middle course of lakes) with a metal frame holding a mesh bag River Sateska. The presence of the endemic species ëº ƛƗƗƒŰã ã¯þÈ þËĢ¯ Ė—þ ¯ã÷Ýëĝ¯«ļ iÈËþ ä¯ą Ëþ $IBSBPISJEBOB as well as dark stonewort (/JUFMMBPQBDB) suitable for sampling on sandy, gravelly and mixed and starry stonewort (/JUFMMPQTJT PCUVTB) at the river bottom covered by macrophytic vegetation. The inlets indicated that the water is still of high quality. sampling time was 5 minutes. Transects were run at approximately 0.5 m depth. Samples were sieved, Lake littoral preserved in 70 % ethanol and transported to the Twenty-nine macrophyte species were found within laboratory for further examination. ąÈ¯þ¥ë÷¯ëºąÈ¯H2y÷úëׯ¥ąƈa¥Èä¯Ë«¯ú¯ą—ÝļƙƗƘƛƉļ Lake littoral ƈH2yþąĊ«ĝƉļ The study was conducted iȯ—ĕ¯ú—ï㗥úë÷Èĝą¯Ë䫯ěĖ—þG2ŹƚļƙĻËä«Ë¥—ąËäà from 2009 to 2011, comprising up to 30 sampling mesotrophic to slightly eutrophic conditions in the stations in Albania and Macedonia (Christiansen et lake littoral (average of 28 sites from both Albania and al. 2013). The methodology was principally the same Macedonia). As in Albania, macrophyte indices were as for the tributaries since the study focused on the generally higher along the more densely populated shallow parts of the littoral zone at 0.5 m depth shores (Fig. 6.5.4.2.3.1-1). The abundance of the (Schneider et al. 2014). Ċ¤ËùĊËąëĊþĻ ½Ý—ã¯äąëĊþ ¤Ý—äÚ¯ąĖ¯¯« ƈ$MBEPQIPSB HMPNFSBUB) at sites with elevated phosphorus load was another indication of local eutrophication. Nutrient enrichment was moderate to elevated in shallow water but very low in deeper water. Overall, the littoral zone of Lake Ohrid was found to be oligotrophic and oligo-mesotrophic in about equal shares.

6.5.4.3 Macroinvertebrates

Lake tributaries play an important role in the water ¤—ݗ䥯—䫯¥ëÝëÃË¥—Ýþą—ąĊþëºݗگþļ2äA—Ú¯NÈúË«Ļ a deterioration of water and habitat quality resulting from industrial development of the Macedonian lake catchment has become increasingly evident since the early 1970s. However, Lake Ohrid tributaries have so far been paid little attention in terms of biological monitoring.

6.5.4.3.1 Methods

Benthic macroinvertebrate investigations under the present project were restricted to the Lake Ohrid ąúˤĊą—ú˯þ a—ą¯þڗĻ ?ëþ¯Ýþڗ —ä« ȯú—ĕ— ]Ëĕ¯úþ Ëä Macedonia since the lake littoral had already been extensively studied under the above-mentioned H2y ÷úëׯ¥ą ƈÈúËþąË—äþ¯ä ¯ą —Ýļ ƙƗƘƚĻ a¥Èä¯Ë«¯ú ¯ą al. 2014). No samples were taken in Albania, except for Cherava upstream, since the country contains no large tributaries; only a network of small creeks with 'JHVSF4BNQMJOHTUBUJPOTGPSNBDSPJOWFSUFCSBUFJOWFTUJHBUJPOTBU-BLF0ISJE ݗúïþ¯—þëä—ÝÁëĖĕ—ú˗ąËëäþƈG—ąĢËäïú¯ą—ÝļƙƗƗƞƉļ USJCVUBSJFTJO.BDFEPOJB"MMSJWFSTXFSFTBNQMFEBUUIFJOĀPXJOUPUIFMBLFXIJMF3JWFS4BUFTLB was also sampled upstream. No samples were taken from the Albanian part of the lake.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 49 Data analysis x ?äëĖݯ«Ã¯ ú¯Ã—ú«Ëäà 㗥úëËäĕ¯úą¯¤ú—ą¯ ecology of the profundal zone, which Tributaries. Different metrics were used to describe occupies almost two thirds of the lake river macroinvertebrate communities, including bottom diversity, species richness and evenness indices (for details, see Trajanovski 2014, Volume of Annexes). As x Derivation of indicator values for Lake a practical metric for ecological status assessments Ohrid taxa to enable more accurate based on tolerances of macroinvertebrates to macroinvertebrate status assessments to be ÷ëÝÝĊąËëäĻąÈ¯2úËþÈËëąË¥2䫯ěƈ22ƉĖ—þ¥—Ý¥Ċݗą¯«ļ made, using metrics used within the EU. iȯ22ú—äïþºúëãƘƈ¤—«¯¥ëÝëÃË¥—Ýþą—ąĊþƉąëƜƈÈËÃÈ ecological status). 6.5.4.3.3 3FTVMUT Lake littoral (NIVA study). iȯ H2y þąĊ«ĝ Ċþ¯« ąÈ¯ lake macroinvertebrate intercalibration metric for iÈËþþ¯¥ąËëä÷úëĕË«¯þ—þĝäąÈ¯þËþëºąÈ¯ã—Ëä½ä«ËäÃþ ąÈ¯ ¯äąú—݃—ÝąË¥ ¥ëú¯ÃËëä ƈ2GƉļ iÈËþ Ë䫯ě Ė—þ of macroinvertebrate investigations conducted at þ÷¯¥Ë½¥—ÝÝĝ «¯ĕ¯Ýë÷¯« ºëú ݗگþ —ä« Ëä¥ÝĊ«¯þ þ÷¯¥Ë¯þ selec ted lake tributaries under the present project and composition and abundances as well as functional ąÈ¯ݗگÝËąąëú—ÝĊ䫯úąÈ¯H2y÷úëׯ¥ąļ)ëú«¯ą—ËÝþĻþ¯¯ Ëä«Ë¥—ąëúþƈa¥Èä¯Ë«¯ú¯ą—ÝļƙƗƘƛƉļiȯ2Gú—äïþºúëã Trajanovski (2014, Volume of Annexes) for the Mace- 0 (bad ecological status) to 1 (high ecological status). donian lake tributaries, and Christiansen et al. (2013) and Schneider et al. (2014) for the lake littoral zone.

6.5.4.3.2 Existing Data and Gaps

Research on the fauna of Lake Ohrid, including benthic invertebrates, has a long tradition in Macedonia. The beginnings are related to the works of Stankovich (1960) who reviewed the density and vertical distribution of þ÷¯¥Ë½¥ÃúëĊ÷þëºąÈ¯¤¯äąÈË¥º—Ċä—ëºA—Ú¯NÈúË«ļaË䥯 then, the research interest has focused on taxonomy (description of new species, studies on speciation and endemism) and ecology (structure-density, dynamics, diversity of benthic communities). Due to the high percentage of endemics and the nonexistence of saprobic index systems for most species, water quality assessments using the benthic invertebrate fauna has been given little attention. 'JHVSF&DPMPHJDBMTUBUVTPGUIFMJUUPSBM[POFPG-BLF0ISJECBTFEPOUIF iȯ ½úþą ¯ĕ¯ú —ąą¯ã÷ą ąë —þþ¯þþ ąÈ¯ ¯¥ëÝëÃË¥—Ý *OUFSDBMJCSBUJPO$PNNPO.FUSJD *$. GPSUIF$FOUSBM#BMUJD&DPSFHJPO The majority of the sites in Albania along the west and south shores showed poor to bad status of the lake according to the WFD using conditions. Moderate to good conditions were found only along the east and north shores, i.e. 㗥úëËäĕ¯úą¯¤ú—ą¯þĖ—þ«ëä¯Ċ䫯úąÈ¯H2y÷úëׯ¥ą mainly in Macedonia (Christiansen et al. 2013). mentioned in the previous section (Christiansen et al. 2013, Schneider et al. 2014). The project entitled 6.5.4.3.3.1 Albania “Developing Biological Tools According to the Water Framework Directive in Lake Ohrid” studied The vast majority of the Albanian sampling stations up to 30 sites along the littoral zone of the entire of the lake littoral showed poor or even bad ecological lake (Fig. 6.5.4.3.3.1-1). Most of the sites anticipated þą—ąĊþ ƈ)ËÃļ ƝļƜļƛļƚļƚļƘƒƘƉļ iȯ —ĕ¯ú—ï 2G ºëú ąÈ¯ to represent reference conditions (i.e. good or high entire lake was 0.22 (range: 0.06 – 0.52), indicating poor ecological status) turned out to be in a far worse conditions (Schneider et al. 2014). However, these state than expected (see next section). More research ½ä«ËäÃþ䯯«ąë¤¯Ëäą¯ú÷ú¯ą¯«ĖËąÈ¥—ĊąËë䤯¥—Ċþ¯ Ëþ䯯«¯«ąë¥ëäþëÝË«—ą¯ąÈ¯þ¯÷ú¯ÝËãËä—úĝ½ä«ËäÃþļ ëºÝËãËą¯«—÷÷ÝË¥—¤ËÝËąĝëºąÈ¯2GąëA—Ú¯NÈúË«ĖÈË¥È is dominated by endemic macroinvertebrate species Contrary to the lake, the benthic fauna of the whose sensitivities to pollution and other environ- tributaries has never been subjected to compre- mental pressures are not known yet. Further more, hensive research. The few studies done so far deal the assessment was limited to the shallow part (0.5 m mainly with Lake Ohrid endemics and their distri- depth) of the littoral zone, which is more vulnerable bution in adjacent waters. to anthropogenic disturbances than deeper parts.

Notable gaps regarding macroinvertebrate moni- 6.5.4.3.3.2 Macedonia toring include: Lake tributaries x Long-term continuous datasets, as they do for all quality elements River Sateska. Species diversity was highest in spring in the upper course, comprising 21 taxa, of which 90

50 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar ŢËäþ¯¥ąþļ2ä—ĊąĊãäĻąÈ¯þ—ã¯äĊ㤯úëºą—ě—Ė—þ 6.5.4.4 Fish recorded in the middle course, of which 76 % were Ëäþ¯¥ąþļ22ĕ—ÝĊ¯þ«¯¥ú¯—þ¯«ºúëãƜƈËä«Ë¥—ąËäÃÈËÃÈ 6.5.4.4.1 Methods ecological status) at the upper course in both seasons iȯ—þþ¯þþã¯äąëºA—Ú¯NÈúË«Řþ½þȺ—Ċä—Ė—þ¤—þ¯« to 3 (spring: moderate status) and 2 (autumn: bad ëä—½úþą¯ě¯¥ĊąËëä뺗ãĊÝąËã¯þÈÃËÝÝä¯ąþ—ã÷ÝËäà þą—ąĊþƉ —ą ąÈ¯ ËäÁëĖ Ëäąë ąÈ¯ ݗگĻ ĖËąÈ ąÈ¯ ãË««Ý¯ campaign according to a European standard (EN course taking an intermediate position (3–4, moderate 14757 2005). status in both seasons). The deterioration of ecological þą—ąĊþú¯Á¯¥ąþËä¥ú¯—þËä×äąÈúë÷ëïäË¥÷ú¯þþĊú¯þļ2ä GĊÝąËã¯þÈ ÃËÝÝä¯ąąËäà ƈGG*Ɖ Ė—þ ¥ëä«Ċ¥ą¯« Ëä the upper part, these are almost non-existent. On its autumn 2013.9iȯþą—ä«—ú«Ė—þãë«Ë½¯«—¥¥ëú«Ëäà course to the lake, the river passes through populated to the lake’s characteristics resulting in sampling of and agricultural areas, receiving waste water from þ¯ĕ¯äþĊ¤ƒ¤—þËäþƈ)ËÃļƝļƜļƛļƛļƚƒƘƉļ2äąëą—ÝĻƘƚƜä¯ąþ households, sediments and pollutants (mostly were set at both parts of the Lake, 64 in Macedonia pesticides and phosphorus). Seasonal water level and 72 in Albania. For further details, see Spirkovski ÁĊ¥ąĊ—ąËëäþ—þĖ¯ÝÝ—þúËĕ¯ú¤¯«ãëú÷ÈëÝëÃĝ—Ýþë—ºº¯¥ą et al. (2014, Volume of Annexes). the structure of macrozoobenthos communities.

River Koselskaļa÷¯¥Ë¯þ«Ëĕ¯úþËąĝ—ąąÈ¯ËäÁëĖĖ—þ low in both seasons. Nine taxa were recorded in spring and seven in autumn. Total abundance was ĕ¯úĝÝëĖËä¤ëąÈþ¯—þëäþļiȯþ¯½ä«ËäÃþ—ÝëäÃĖËąÈ ÝëĖ22ĕ—ÝĊ¯þƈƂƙƉËä«Ë¥—ą¯«¤—«¯¥ëÝëÃË¥—Ýþą—ąĊþļ The predominance of the dipteran larva$IJSPOPNVT QMVNPTVT in both seasons was indicative of strong organic pollution. River Cherava. The macrozoobenthos fauna was repre- þ¯äą¯«¤ĝþ¯ĕ¯ä—䫽ĕ¯ą—ě—Ëäþ÷úËä×䫗ĊąĊãäĻ respectively. The fauna was dominated by leeches and insects in spring, with $IJSPOPNVT QMVNPTVT ¤¯Ëäà ãëþą —¤Ċ䫗äąļ a÷¯¥Ë¯þ Ë«¯äąË½¯« Ëä —ĊąĊãä belonged to amphipods and insects. Total abundance of macroinvertebrates was lower in autumn than in þ÷úËäÃĖÈËݯąÈ¯22ĕ—ÝĊ¯þĖ¯ú¯þËãËݗúƈƙƉĻËä«Ë¥—ąËäà bad ecological status in both seasons. 2ä¥ëä¥ÝĊþËëäĻëäÝĝąÈ¯Ċ÷÷¯ú÷—úąëº]Ëĕ¯úa—ą¯þڗ had high biodiversity, indicating high ecological status. The lower reaches of River Sateska and the mouths of all tributaries had poor or bad status, depending on season. The tributaries are known to carry pollutants and sediments (originating from a range of human activities) into the lake.

Lake littoral The macroinvertebrate fauna at the Macedonian part of Lake Ohrid indicated good ecological status at two 'JHVSF'JTITBNQMJOHTUBUJPOTJO"MCBOJBBOE.BDFEPOJBGPSNVMUJNFTIHJMMOFUUJOH sites only (west of Ohrid town and north of Trpejca). JOCircles demarcate the areas sampled. Sampling stations were clustered in Albania but more widely dispersed in Macedonia. Like in Albania, the status of the majority of the sites was moderate, poor or bad (Fig. 6.5.4.3.3.1-1). While ąÈ¯þ¯½ä«ËäÃþþÈëĊÝ«¤¯¥ëäþË«¯ú¯«ą¯äą—ąËĕ¯¤¯¥—Ċþ¯ 6.5.4.4.2 Existing Data and Gaps of the argument put forward in the previous section, ąÈ¯ĝ—ú¯ËäºĊÝÝ—Ãú¯¯ã¯äąĖËąÈąÈ¯½ä«ËäÃþºúëãąÈ¯ Despite the unique ecologic and high economic ݗگãëĊąÈþëºąÈ¯ݗگąúˤĊą—ú˯þļ2ą¥—䤯¥ëä¥ÝĊ«¯« value of Lake Ohrid, there is not much information that benthic invertebrates living in the shallow —ĕ—Ëݗ¤Ý¯ ëä ąÈ¯ ݗگŘþ ½þȯþ —þ ¤ëąÈ «¯ą—Ëݯ« littoral zone are negatively affected by pollution and Ëäĕ¯äąëú˯þ—䫽þÈþąë¥Ú—þþ¯þþã¯äąþȗĕ¯ä빤¯¯ä probably other factors such as sediment loads and ÷¯úºëú㯫ëäA—Ú¯NÈúË«½þÈþË䥯ąÈ¯¯—úÝĝäËä¯ąË¯þļ low habitat structural diversity. These stressors are Similar to other intensively exploited water bodies likely to diminish with increasing depth. most of the research was dedicated to commercially valuable species, mainly Lake Ohrid trout, Lake NÈúË«¤¯ÝĕË¥—Ļ¯¯ÝĻ¥—ú÷—䫤ݯ—Úļ2ä¥ëäþ¯ùĊ¯ä¥¯Ļ

9 Sampling was resumed in 2015 to cover at least another two seasons.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 51 —ĕ—Ëݗ¤Ý¯ Ëäºëúã—ąËëä ëä ½þÈ —þþ¯ã¤Ý—ïþ ëº A—Ú¯ 6.5.4.4.3 3FTVMUT Ohrid is primarily based on data derived from catch statistics and occasional samplings. Catch statistics, 6.5.4.4.3.1 Albania however, is available only for the period from 1969 to 2001 while data from more recent years are missing. 2äąÈ¯ݤ—ä˗ä÷—úąëºA—Ú¯NÈúË«ĻƘƛþ÷¯¥Ë¯þĖ¯ú¯ ¥—ĊÃÈąƈi—¤ļƝļƜļƛļƛļƚļƘƒƘƉļ2äą¯úãþëºäĊ㤯úþ—ä«Ĺ 2¥ÈąÈĝëÝëÃË¥ Ëäĕ¯þąË׹Ëëäþ ¥ëä«Ċ¥ą¯« þë º—ú —««ú¯ƒ or biomass, the most dominant species in the catches ssed to reproduction of native species, their forage were bleak, roach, Ohrid minnow (1BDIZDIJMPO) and behaviour, and competitive interactions between spirlin, all of which are of low commercial value. cyprinid and salmonid species. Current data suggest On the contrary, the endemic Ohrid belvica (which ąÈ—ąA—Ú¯NÈúË«Řþ½þÈ¥ëããĊäËąĝ¥ëäþËþąþëºƘƞ䗱Ëĕ¯ is typically sold for a high price) appeared in the and (at least) 6 alien species. Again, abundance, stock catches with only a few individuals. development, and ecologic effects of alien species, in particular, have never been studied in detail. For further information, see Tab. 6.5.4.4.3.1-1 and ąÈ¯ A—Ú¯ NÈúË« ú¯÷ëúą ëä ½þÈ —ä« ½þȯú˯þ Ëä ąÈ¯ Recently performed multimesh gillnet sampling Volume of Annexes (Spirkovski et al. 2014). added information, in particular, on the presence and relative abundance as well as age structure of small sized species. Nonetheless, this method is known to 6.5.4.4.3.2 Macedonia be highly selective and, therefore, needs to be repea- ĊúËäÃąÈ¯ƙƗƘƚGG*½þÈËäÃ¥—ã÷—ËÃäĻƘƛþ÷¯¥Ë¯þ ą¯«Ýĝ—÷÷Ý˯«—þĖ¯ÝÝ—þ¥ëã¤Ë䯫ĖËąÈëąÈ¯ú½þÈËäà were found at the Macedonian sampling stations. methods in order to obtain a full picture about the Similar to the Albanian part of the lake, bleak, roach, þą—ą¯ëºA—Ú¯NÈúË«Řþ½þÈþąë¥Úþļ and spirlin dominated the catch in terms of biomass. 2äþĊãã—úĝĻºĊúąÈ¯úËäºëúã—ąËëäËþ䯯«¯«ąë«¯úËĕ¯ The alien species stone moroko and bitterling were index-based conclusions on the ecological state also very abundant, representing up to 30 % of the of Lake Ohrid using the biological quality element total catch in some sub-basins. Endemic Ohrid trout ½þÈļ a÷¯¥Ë½¥—ÝÝĝĻ þ¯Ý¯¥ąËëä ëº ã¯ąúË¥þ Ëä«Ë¥—ąËäà and Ohrid nase were not caught at all. Together, the different kinds of anthropogenic pressures on the data suggest that substantial changes in the lake’s ½þÈ —þþ¯ã¤Ý—ï ëº ąÈËþ ݗگĻ ¥Ý—þþ ¤ëĊ䫗ú˯þ ºëú ecology have occurred. ecological status, and calculation of EQR are still lacking at present. For further information, see Tab. 6.5.5.4.3.1-1 and Spirkovski et al (2014, Volume of Annexes). Table 6.5.5.4.3.1-1 Relative abundance (RA) of fish species sampled in 2013 (Data from both countries pooled) Native Species RA Introduced Species RA Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Bleak (Alburnus scoranza)3Stone moroko (Pseudorasbora parva) 3 Ohrid spirlin (Alburnoides ohridanus) 3 Bitterling Rhodeus( amarus)2 Barbel (Barbus rebeli)1 Carp (Cyprinus carpio)1 Ohrid gudgeon (Gobio ohridanus)2 Albanian roach (Pachychilon pictum)3 Ohrid minnow (Pelasgus minutus)2 Minnow (Phoxinus lumaireul)1 Ohrid roach (Rutilus ohridanus)3 Rudd (Scardinius knezevici)2 Ohrid chub (Squalius squalus)1 Nemacheilidae Stone loach (Barbatula sturanyi) 1 Cobitidae Spined loach (Cobitis ohridana) 2 Salmonidae Ohrid belvica (Salmo ohridana) 1 0 = absent; 1 = rare; 2 = frequent; 3 = abundant. 52 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar 6.6 *NQBDUBOE3JTLPG8BUFS#PEJFT 6.6.1 Chemical and Physico-Chemical Failing to Meet Environmental Elements 0CKFDUJWFT 6.6.1.1 Albania Higher concentrations of nutrients, BOD and The assessment of the risk of water bodies failing 5 to meet their environmental objectives (see Box COD are caused by the discharge of untreated or ƘƗƉþ¯ąĖ—þ«ë䯤ĝąÈ¯i¯¥ÈäË¥—ÝzëúÚËäÃ*úëĊ÷Ɣ ËäþĊº½¥Ë¯äąÝĝąú¯—ą¯«Ė—þą¯Ė—ą¯úËäąëąÈ¯ݗگ—ä« z)ļ2ąĊþ¯«—ĕ—Ëݗ¤Ý¯«—ą—¯ã¯úÃËäúúëã÷ú¯ĕËëĊþ its tributaries. studies and those conducted under the current project as well as expert knowledge and background While the results of the monitoring undertaken information on prevailing impacts and pressures in þ÷¯¥Ë½¥—ÝÝĝ ºëú ¥È—ú—¥ą¯úËþ—ąËëä ÷Ċú÷ëþ¯þ —ú¯ the respective sub-basins. currently considered representative, there will be a need to validate them against future monitoring programme results (Section 8.2), due to upgrading of the waste water treatment plant at Pogradec.

BOX 10. ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES

&OWJSPONFOUBMPCKFDUJWFTBSFEFöOFEJO"SUJDMFPGUIF8'%

Surface waters

5IF8'%HFOFSBMPCKFDUJWFPGHPPEFDPMPHJDBMTUBUVTTIPVMECFBDIJFWFEJOTVSGBDFXBUFSCPEJFTCZ5IF %JSFDUJWFBMTPVUJMJTFTUIFAOPEFUFSJPSBUJPOQSJODJQMF TPOPXBUFSCPEZTIPVMECFBMMPXFEUPGBMMGSPNIJHIUPHPPE TUBUVT)PXFWFS FYFNQUJPOTUPUIJTHFOFSBMPCKFDUJWFBSFBMMPXFE QFSNJUUJOHMFTTTUSJOHFOUPCKFDUJWFTPSFYUFOTJPO PGUIFEFBEMJOFCFZPOEDPNQMFUJPOPGUIFöSTUSJWFSCBTJONBOBHFNFOUQMBOOJOHDZDMF QSPWJEFEBTFUPGDPOEJUJPOT BSFGVMöMMFE TFF$*4(VJEBODF%PDVNFOU #PY 

*OUIFSJWFSCBTJODIBSBDUFSJTBUJPOQSPDFTT BSUJöDJBMBOEIFBWJMZNPEJöFEXBUFSCPEJFTOFFEUPCFEFTJHOBUFE JO BEEJUJPOUPQSPUFDUFEBSFBT TFF#PY 

'PSBXBUFSCPEZUPCFEFTDSJCFEBTBSUJöDJBM JUNVTUCFMPDBUFEXIFSFQSFWJPVTMZUIFSFXBTOPXBUFS FHB QVNQFETUPSBHFSFTFSWPJSPSNBONBEFDBOBM XIFSFBTBIFBWJMZNPEJöFEXBUFSCPEZJTPOFXIFSFXBUFSXBT PSJHJOBMMZQSFTFOUBUUIFTJUF FHBEBNNFESJWFSWBMMFZ*OUFSNTPGFOWJSPONFOUBMPCKFDUJWFT QSJTUJOFMJHIUMZ NPEJöFEXBUFSCPEJFTIBWFUPBDIJFWFBUMFBTU HPPEFDPMPHJDBMTUBUVT XIJMFCPUIIFBWJMZNPEJöFEBOEBSUJöDJBMXBUFSCPEJFTIBWFUPBDIJFWFUIFMFTTTUSJOHFOU PCKFDUJWFPGHPPEFOWJSPONFOUBMQPUFOUJBM"MMXBUFSCPEJFTIBWFUPBDIJFWFHPPEDIFNJDBMTUBUVT

1SPUFDUFEBSFBT TFF#PY NBZIBWFNPSFTUSJOHFOUFOWJSPONFOUBMPCKFDUJWFTUIBOPUIFSTVSGBDFXBUFST0CKFD UJWFTUIBUBSFNPSFSJHPSPVTBSFPGUFOJOUSPEVDFEGPSQIZTJDPDIFNJDBMTUBUVTBOEPSIZESPNPSQIPMPHJDBMDPOEJ UJPOTJOQSPUFDUFEBSFBTEFTJHOBUFEGPSUIFQSPUFDUJPOPGIBCJUBUTPSTQFDJFT

Groundwaters

(SPVOEXBUFSCPEJFTOFFEUPBDIJFWFHPPEDIFNJDBMBOERVBOUJUZTUBUVT5IF8'%TFUTPVUUIFGPMMPXJOHFOWJSPO NFOUBMPCKFDUJWFTGPSUIFTF

x 5PJNQMFNFOUNFBTVSFTUPQSFWFOUPSMJNJUUIFJOQVUPGQPMMVUBOUTJOUPHSPVOEXBUFSBOEUPQSFWFOUEFUF SJPSBUJPO

x 5PFOTVSFBCBMBODFCFUXFFOBCTUSBDUJPOBOESFDIBSHFPGHSPVOEXBUFS XJUIUIFBJNPGBDIJFWJOHAHPPE HSPVOEXBUFSTUBUVTXJUIJOZFBSTPGUIF%JSFDUJWFDPNJOHJOUPGPSDF FYDFQUVOEFSDFSUBJOTQFDJBM DJSDVNTUBODFT TFF$*4(VJEBODF%PDVNFOU #PY

x 5PSFWFSTFBOZTJHOJöDBOUBOETVTUBJOFEVQXBSEUSFOEJOUIFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGBOZBOUISPQPHFOJDQPMMVU BOUBOEQSPHSFTTJWFMZSFEVDFQPMMVUJPO

x 5PFOTVSFDPNQMJBODFXJUIUIFSFMFWBOUTUBOEBSETBOEPCKFDUJWFTGPSQSPUFDUFEBSFBTXJUIJOZFBST PG %JSFDUJWF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO GPS HSPVOEXBUFS CPEJFT GSPN XIJDI BCTUSBDUJPO GPS IVNBO DPOTVNQUJPO FYDFFETNEPSTFSWFTHSFBUFSUIBOQFSTPOT 

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 53 6.6.1.2 Macedonia 6.6.2 Biological Elements

—úÝþëäŘþiúë÷ÈË¥aą—ą¯2䫯ěþĊãã—úËþ¯þąÈ¯ú¯þĊÝąþ 6.6.2.1 Albania of Secchi depth, total phosphorus and chlorophyll-B concentrations within a single trophic status Owing to its large water volume, Lake Ohrid offers metric, according to which the pelagic site is ultra- some resilience towards anthropogenic pressures ëÝËÃëąúë÷ÈË¥Ļ ĖÈËݯ —¥¥ëú«Ëäà ąë ąÈ¯ N ½ě¯« such as eutrophication, siltation and pollution. ¤ëĊ䫗úĝ ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëä þ¥È¯ã¯ ƈyëÝݯäĖ¯Ë«¯ú —ä« According to phytoplankton and chlorophyll-B ?¯ú¯Ú¯þƘƠƟƙƉąÈ¯þËą¯ËþëÝËÃëąúë÷ÈË¥ļiȯº—¥ąąÈ—ą analyses, the lake is mostly in its natural oligotrophic different indices can produce different results hints state, particularly in the pelagic zone. Moreover, its at why the WFD appears to be so data-hungry in largely endemic benthic invertebrate fauna seems terms of its requirements. ąë¤¯Ëäþą—¤Ý¯¥ëä«ËąËëäļiȯþ—ã¯ÈëÝ«þºëúąÈ¯½þÈ fauna, which is dominated by native species (74 % of The impact of elevated nutrient levels varies greatly ƙƚþ÷¯¥Ë¯þƉļ2äĕ˯ĖëºąÈËþĻ—䫺ëÝÝëĖËä×Ė¯ËÃÈąƒëºƒ depending on the type of water body, and hence evidence approach, Lake Ohrid is likely to meet the the reason for developing water body typologies. environmental objective of good ecological status. Lakes tend to be impacted more heavily (e.g. have /ëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻú¯þĊÝąþºëúãëú¯þ¯þþËݯ¤Ë뱗ƈ—ùĊ—ąË¥Áëú— higher chlorophyll-B concentrations and more and benthic invertebrate fauna) suggest that the dense growth of rooted vegetation) than rivers with objective might not be met for parts of the littoral the same nutrient concentrations. As expected, zone where moderate to bad status was diagnosed, the tributaries of Lake Ohrid were more nutrient- particularly at the mouths of Lake Ohrid tributaries. enriched than the lake itself. ]¯þĊÝąþ ëº ąÈ¯ ½þÈ —þþ¯þþã¯äąþ —Ýþë ÃËĕ¯ ú¯—þëä for concern, in particular the scarcity of endemic The Sateska River, before redirection at the middle species of economic importance such as Ohrid trout course and at the inlet were subject to moderate —ä«NÈúË«¤¯ÝĕË¥—Ļ÷ú뤗¤ÝĝËä«Ë¥—ąËä×þËÃä˽¥—äą äĊąúË¯äąƒ¯äúË¥Èã¯äąĻ—þĖ—þąÈ¯?ëþ¯Ýþڗ]Ëĕ¯úËäݯąļ shift in community composition and abundance iȯ*ú—þÈäË¥—ÝËąąëú—ÝĖ—þã¯þëąúë÷ÈË¥ëú¯Ċąúë÷ÈË¥ from reference conditions. The overall assessment, (based on total phosphorus concentration), therefore, concludes a possible risk of failing to ĖÈËݯ ?—ÝËþÈą—Ļ y¯ÝË —¤ —ä« aąļ H—Ċã þËą¯þ Ė¯ú¯ achieve good ecological status at least for the littoral oligotrophic. Ģëä¯ƈi—¤ļƝļƝļƙļƘƒƘƉļ)ĊúąÈ¯úãëäËąëúËäÃËþ䯯«¯«ąë corroborate this preliminary assessment.

Table 6.6.2.1-1 Risk of water bodies of Lake Ohrid of failing to meet the objective of good ecological status, based on four biological quality elements

Individual assessment Overall Water body Phytoplankton Aquatic flora Benthic fauna Fish fauna assessment AL – WB1 භ භභභProbably at risk MK – WB1 භ භභභProbably at risk *ú¯¯äŹäëą—ąúËþÚĻĝ¯ÝÝëĖŹ÷ú뤗¤Ýĝ—ä«ĹëúÝ륗ÝÝĝ—ąúËþÚĻú¯«Ź—ąúËþÚľ AƔzƘŹݤ—ä˗äĖ—ą¯ú¤ë«ĝĻG?ƔzƘŹG—¥¯«ëä˗äĖ—ą¯ú¤ë«ĝļ “Probably at risk” is not a risk assessment category foreseen in the WFD but has been used on an interim basis in ¥ëĊäąú˯þþĊ¥È—þąÈ¯n?˺«—ą—Ė¯ú¯¥ëäþË«¯ú¯«ËäþĊº½¥Ë¯äąąë«ú—Ė½úã¥ëä¥ÝĊþËëäþļ

54 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar 6.6.2.2 Macedonia x For the abstraction of drinking water

The preliminary risk assessment for the Albanian x For the protection of economically part of Lake Ohrid presented in Section 6.6.2.1 also þËÃä˽¥—äą—ùĊ—ąË¥þ÷¯¥Ë¯þ ÈëÝ«þ ºëú ąÈ¯ G—¥¯«ëä˗ä ÷—úą ëº ąÈ¯ ݗگ ƈG? Ɣ WB1, Tab. 6.6.2.1-1). x As recreational waters x As nutrient-sensitive areas 6.6.3 Hydromorphological Elements x For the protection of habitats or species according to EU Nature Protection Within the CSBL project, a characterisation of hydro- Legislation morphological conditions of the lake structure has äëąą—Ú¯ä÷ݗ¥¯ļ/ĝ«úëãëú÷ÈëÝëÃË¥—ݽ¯Ý«ã—÷÷Ëäà does not yet exist in either Albania or Macedonia. 6.7.1 Albania 6.6.4 Surface Water Status and № Environmental Objectives According to law 111/2012, dated 15 December 2012 on the integrated management of water Assessment ú¯þëĊú¥¯þĻ ąÈ¯ ¥ëã÷¯ą¯äą ãËäËþąúĝ þÈëĊÝ« «¯½ä¯ a¯Ýºƒ÷Ċú˽¥—ąËëä ÷ú륯þþ¯þ —ä« ąÈ¯ ú¯¥¯äą ã뫯úƒ protected areas with the aim of water and aquatic nization of the sewer system in Ohrid and Struga ecosystem protection, which are declared later on have reduced the nutrient and pollution load of ąÈúëĊÃÈ—ú¯ÃĊݗąËëäëºąÈ¯ëĊä¥ËÝëºGËäËþą¯úþļ2ą the lake. The status of its pelagic zone, therefore, is is the duty of the NWC and the ministry to draft, considered good at least in Macedonia. However, this manage and update an inventory of protected areas assessment neither holds for the littoral zone of the as part of the management plan of them. The latest should be included in the management plan of the respective water basin.

However, information from the ministry with regard to these protected areas is still missing since important secondary legislation is in the process of being drafted. The only available information pertains to areas designated for the protection of habitats or species including Emerald and/or Natura 2000 sites.

Lake Ohrid has been declared a Protected Landscape ƈ—ą¯Ãëúĝ y ëº 2nHƉ ąÈúëĊÃÈ «¯¥ËþËëä № 80 of )¯¤úĊ—úĝƘƠƠƠļ2äƘƙ=Ċä¯ƙƗƘƛĻąÈ¯nHaNG programme declared the Ohrid-Prespa catchment as a Transboundary Biosphere Reserve. 1IPUP0VUĀPXPG4U/BVNTQSJOHT 6.7.2 Macedonia ݗگ Ėȯú¯ —ùĊ—ąË¥ Áëú— —ä« ¤¯äąÈË¥ Ëäĕ¯úą¯¤ú—ą¯ fauna indicate organic pollution (Section 6.6.1) and iȯ*—ÝË¥ÈË¥—H—ąËëä—ÝZ—úÚ¯ěą¯ä«þ—ÝëäÃąÈ¯¤ËÃïþą other anthropogenic pressures such as changes in part of the east shoreline of Lake Ohrid as well as the hydromorphology, nor for the Albanian part. There, north-west part of the Prespa shoreline in Macedonia. Ċäąú¯—ą¯«Ė—þą¯Ė—ą¯úºúëãþ¯ąąÝ¯ã¯äąþ—䫯ºÁĊ¯äąþ 2ąÈëþąþƚƜȗ¤Ëą—ąąĝ÷¯þĻ—ݗúïäĊ㤯úëºĖÈ˥ȗú¯ from the waste water treatment plant at Pogradec protected under the Bern Convention and the EU affect both the littoral and pelagic zones of the lake. Habitats Directive. The Park has also been designated Furthermore, the impact of abandoned and active —þ—äã¯ú—Ý«aËą¯ĻZúËã¯Ċąą¯úÁĝú¯—Ļ2ã÷ëúą—äą mining as well as the recent deposition of road Ëú«ú¯— —ä« 2ã÷ëúą—äą Zݗäąú¯—ļ Gëú¯ëĕ¯úĻ ąÈ¯ construction materials into the lake on water status Macedonian side of the lake was proclaimed a Natural have not yet been assessed. Therefore, both Albanian Monument (to be re-evaluated and re-proclaimed in and Macedonian water bodies are at risk of failing to accordance to the new Law on Nature Protection.) achieve good status. The Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid Region (UNESCO site) covers an area of about 830 2 6.7 1SPUFDUFE"SFBT km , partially overlapping with the municipalities of Ohrid, Debarca and Struga. As mentioned in the According to the WFD, a register of protected areas previous section, the transboundary Ohrid-Prespa must be kept, which includes areas designated: Biosphere Reserve has recently been proclaimed within the UNESCO MAB programme

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 55 7 Lake Prespa Sub-Basin villages in Albania. Agricultural irrigation systems in Macedonia use water from Macro Prespa Lake. Pumping stations in Asamati and Sirhan provide 7.1 Characteristics Ė—ą¯ú ąë ½¯Ý«þ —úëĊä« ąÈ¯ ĕËÝݗïþļ *ú¯¯¥¯ Ċþ¯þ water from Micro Prespa Lake to provide irrigation Lake Prespa (DB 850 masl) drains a high-altitude ºëú —ÃúË¥ĊÝąĊú—Ý —ú¯—þ Ëä ąÈ¯ ËÝÝËþƒëú¥— ĕ—Ýݯĝļ 2ä þĊ¤ƒ¤—þËäëºąÈ¯]Ëĕ¯úúËäļ2ą¥ëäþËþąþëºąĖëËäą¯úƒ Albania, water from the same lake is transferred linked lakes: Micro Prespa (DB 47 km2) and Macro ąÈúëĊÃÈąÈ¯—úąË½¥Ë—ݥȗää¯Ý뺗äĝëä*úÝëĻ—×Ëä Prespa (DB 259 km2), with a maximum depth of for agricultural irrigation. 55 ãļ z—ą¯ú ºúëã GË¥úë Zú¯þ÷— ÁëĖþ Ëäąë G—¥úë Zú¯þ÷—ĕ˗—Ė¯ËúĻĖÈË¥ÈËþĊþ¯«ąë—úąË½¥Ë—ÝÝĝ¥ëäąúëÝ its surface water level. The catchment is shared 7.2 Types of Surface Water Bodies – Lake ¤¯ąĖ¯¯äG—¥¯«ëä˗Ļݤ—ä˗—ä«*ú¯¯¥¯ļiȯݗگþĻ and Main Tributaries along with the surrounding forested mountain þÝë÷¯þëºZ¯ÝËþą¯úĻ*—ÝË¥ÈË¥—ĻG—ÝËËiȗą´Ļy—úäëĊ䱗þ z) aĝþą¯ã  ƈää¯ě 22Ļ a¯¥ąËëä ƘļƙƉ Ė—þ Ċþ¯« and Triklario, cover a total area of 1,386 km2. The to determine/delineate individual water bodies. gradient of the terrain in the Macedonian part of the Central criteria were: ¤—þËäĻ Ëä ÷—úąË¥ĊݗúĻ Ëþ þą¯¯÷ļ 2ą ¥—ä ¤¯ «ËĕË«¯« Ëäąë Prespa valley and the surrounding mountains of x Altitude —¤—Ļ2ÝËäþڗ—ä«*—ÝË¥ÈË¥—ļ x Catchment area (for rivers)

The water resources in the Prespa valley are used x Surface area (for lakes) for different purposes: water supply for populated x *¯ëÝëÃĝ regions in the valley, industrial use and irrigation Depth (for lakes) ëº —ÃúË¥ĊÝąĊú—Ý ú¯ÃËëäþ Ëä —ÝÝ ąÈú¯¯ ¥ëĊäąú˯þļ 2ä x —««ËąËëäąë—ÃúË¥ĊÝąĊú¯ĻąëĊúËþã—䫽þȯú˯þ—ú¯ëº 2ä —««ËąËëäĻ þ÷¯¥Ë½¥ ąú—Ëąþ ƈ¯ļÃļ þą—ąĊþĻ ÷ú¯þþĊú¯þĻ ¯ą¥ļƉ economic importance in the lake basin. of water bodies of the same type have been taken into consideration, enabling adjacent water bodies to Supply systems, using water abstracted from be delineated. The initial delineation of water bodies Macro Prespa Lake, are present in the Macedonian —ą A—Ú¯ Zú¯þ÷— Ė—þ Ċ䫯úą—Ú¯ä ¤ĝ ąÈ¯iz*Ɣz)Ļ village of Stenje, and the summer camps of Carina ºëÝÝëĖËä׫ĕË¥¯ݗ˫«ëĖäËä2a*ĊË«—䥯ë¥Ċã¯äą —ä« Ną¯þȯĕëĻ —þ Ė¯ÝÝ —þ ƘƟ *ú¯¯Ú ĕËÝݗïþ —ä« Ƙƙ №ƙƔ2«¯äąË½¥—ąËëäëºz—ą¯úë«Ë¯þƈþ¯¯ëěƜƉļiȯ

1IPUP-BLF1SFTQB

56 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar delineation differs from the one proposed in the Prespa 7.4 *EFOUJĬDBUJPOPG1SFTTVSFT Lakes Watershed Management Plan (WMP) for the Macedonian part of Macro Prespa, which recognizes 7.4.1 Methods only a single water body (UNDP 2012): iȯãëþąþËÃä˽¥—äą÷ú¯þþĊú¯þ—ä«ąÈ¯ËúÝËÚ¯ÝĝËã÷—¥ąþ Water bodies of Lake Macro Prespa on achieving the Directive’s aims are analysed in G?ƔZAƗƗƘĢ¯ú—äËƈäëúąÈ¯úä÷—úą—ä«Ė¯ąÝ—ä«þƉ terms of: G?ƔZAƗƗƙZ¯Ý—ÃË¥Ģëä¯ x Point source pollution AL – PL001 Lake Prespa x Diffuse source pollution Water bodies of the main tributary x z—ą¯ú—¤þąú—¥ąËëä—ä«ÁëĖú¯ÃĊݗąËëä G?Ɣ]*ƗƗƘ]Ëĕ¯ú*ëݯ㗠x ZÈĝþË¥—Ýãë«Ë½¥—ąËëäþ

These are shown in Fig. 7.5.1-1, Section 7.5.1. x Other man-made pressures (e.g., introduction of alien species).

7.3 5ZQF4QFDJĬD3FGFSFODF$POEJUJPOT iȯ ½úþą ąÈú¯¯ ąĝ÷¯þ ëº ÷ú¯þþĊú¯þ —ú¯ ùĊ—äąË½¯« ĊþËäà 뺽¥Ë—Ý «—ą— ëº þą—ą¯ —«ãËäËþąú—ąËëäþļ ZëËäą Establishing reference conditions for Lake Prespa is sources, such as direct discharges from WWTPs, «Ëº½¥ĊÝą¤¯¥—Ċþ¯ąÈ¯ݗگ¥—ää빤¯¥ëã÷—ú¯«ºëúËąþ are monitored. The measurements of state and reference parameters to any other lake (not even to compulsory self-supervision are the base for the Lake Ohrid to which Lake Prespa is the major water calculation of point source pollution loads into lakes source). Lake Prespa and its whole catchment lie and rivers. ĖËąÈËä¥ëú¯ÃËëäƝƔ)FMMFOJD8FTUFSO#BMLBOT. The lake is characterised as being mountainous, located Zú¯þþĊú¯þ ºúë㠫˺ºĊþ¯ þëĊú¥¯þ —ú¯ ãëú¯ «Ëº½¥ĊÝą above 800 m altitude, large (with a surface area of to assess, but can be modelled or estimated from ƁƘƗƗ Úã2), overlying silicate/carbonate geology, other information (e.g., agricultural census data). —ä« «¯¯÷ ƈƁƘƜ ãƉļ 2ą Ëþ Ė¯ÝÝ ãËě¯« ¤ĝ äĊã¯úëĊþ 2äºëúã—ąËëä ëä ÷ëþþˤݯ ÷ëÝÝĊą¯úþ ëº ĕ—úËëĊþ sub-lacustrine springs, and lies within a subtropical environmental compartments (air, soil, groundwater highland climatic region. The surface water level etc.) have, therefore, been collated and assessed, oscillates by up to 4.5 m, depending on meteorology although no formal modelling studies have been and abstraction rates/volumes. Ċ䫯úą—Ú¯äĻ äëú ȗĕ¯ *2a ã—÷þ ëº ÷ú¯þþĊú¯þ ¤¯¯ä produced. The Lake Macro Prespa sub-basin contains lacustrine ȗ¤Ëą—ąþ Ɣ ĖËąÈ ÝËãä¯ąË¥ ƈ¥ëäþą—äąÝĝ Áë뫯«Ɖ —ä« 7.4.2 Existing Data and Gaps littoral sub-habitats – as well as riverine habitats, þĊ¥È—þ2þąë§Ú—Ļú—קËäþڗĻ*ëݯã—]Ëĕ¯ú¯ą¥ļ Zú¯þþĊú¯þĻ ¯þ÷¯¥Ë—ÝÝĝ þËÃä˽¥—äą ÷ëËäą þëĊú¥¯þ ȗĕ¯ ¤¯¯äË«¯äąË½¯«¤ĝ/2NËäG—¥¯«ëä˗—ä«HËä Waters are relatively well-oxygenated (DO 6–7 Albania. An appropriate state cadastre of discharges, mg.l-1ƉĻ —ÝڗÝËä¯ Ëä ¥È—ú—¥ą¯ú ƈ÷/ ƁƞƉĻ ú¯—þë䗤Ýĝ either direct or into the sewer, does not exist in ąú—äþ÷—ú¯äą ƈa¯¥¥ÈË «¯÷ąÈ ƁƜ ãƉĻ ĖËąÈ ã뫯ú—ą¯ either Macedonia or Albania, so pressures have been äĊąú˯äą ݯĕ¯Ýþ ƈąëą—Ý ÷Èëþ÷ÈëúĊþ Ź ƘƜƔƙƜ ůÃļÝ-1; Ë«¯äąË½¯« ĊþËäà ¯ě÷¯úą ÚäëĖݯ«Ã¯ļ Zú¯þþĊú¯þ ºúëã total nitrogen = <3 mg.lŷƘ), and a moderate to high «ËººĊþ¯ þëĊú¥¯þ ȗĕ¯ ¤¯¯ä «¯úËĕ¯« ºúëã þ¥Ë¯äąË½¥ abundance of phytoplankton, (chlorophyll-B = ÝËą¯ú—ąĊú¯ļNº½¥Ë—ݽÃĊú¯þ—ú¯äëą—ĕ—Ëݗ¤Ý¯ļ/ëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻ ƁƚļƟŰÃļÝŷƘƉļZÈĝąë÷ݗäÚąëäËþąÈ¯ãëþą¥È—ú—¥ą¯úËþąË¥ the Prespa Lakes WMP (UNDP 2012) provides feature of the pelagic zone of the lake, while sample information about land use and pressures at macrophytes are characteristic of the littoral zone. the Macedonian sub-basins. iȯ÷ݗäÚąëäË¥«Ë—ąëãÁëú—ËþþĊú÷úËþËäÃÝĝĊä˺ëúã and very rich in taxa (Levkov at al. 2006). Predominant 7.4.3 aÊÂãʼ¤–ãĄZêÊãĄaêĉù¤®ýê¹ species are $ZDMPUFMMB PDFMMBUB  4UFQIBOPEJTDVT Pollution SPUVMB %JQMPOFJTNBVMFand $BNQMZMPEJTDVTOPSJDVT. However, as with the vast majority of lakes, the overall 7.4.3.1 Albania composition of the phytoplankton community HëþËÃä˽¥—äą÷ëËäąþëĊú¥¯þëº÷ëÝÝĊąËëä¯ěËþąËäąÈ¯ changes on a seasonal basis. High densities of large Albanian part of the Lake Prespa catchment. —䫽ݗã¯äąëĊþãË¥úë—Ýׯƈ"OBCBFOB .JDSPDZTUJT) occur in surface water during summer, indicating an ecosystem enriched with nutrients.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 57 7.4.3.2 Macedonia 7.4.4 aÊÂãʼ¤–ãĄʹ¹ĉý®aêĉù¤®ýê¹ Ģ¯ú—äËzziZú¯÷ú¯þ¯äąþ—þËÃä˽¥—äą÷ëËäąþëĊú¥¯ Pollution ëº ÷ëÝÝĊąËëä ąë A—Ú¯ Zú¯þ÷—ļ 2äþĊº½¥Ë¯äąÝĝ ąú¯—ą¯« 7.4.4.1 Albania waste water and storm water outfalls from separate and combined sewerage systems have an obvious Water quality of Lake Prespa is affected by agriculture harmful impact on water quality, even though and untreated waste water from settlements, marginal wetlands around the lake have a buffering ¯þ÷¯¥Ë—ÝÝĝ ºúëã ąÈ¯ ĕËÝݗïþ ëº ?ëÝÝã—þĻ *ëúË¥—Ļ —ä«½Ýą¯úËäúĊä¥ąËëäļ *ëÝÝëã¤ë¥—ä«ZĊþą¯¥ƈAËù¯ä—þƉļiȯ÷ëÝÝĊąËëäÝ뗫 is approximately 230 kg COD.d-1. The waste water pressure comes from 16,825 residents living in 44 locations in the watershed. Extensive agriculture has a less harmful impact on This number swells during the summer, when the lake. Farmers use very little inorganic fertilizers approximately 4,000 tourists stay in the catchment, (only for wheat), relying primarily on livestock accommodated in private houses, hotels and manure. Considering the high soil erosion factor of ÈëÝË«—ĝ¥—ã÷º—¥ËÝËąË¯þƈþ¯¯)ËÃļƞļƛļƚļƙƒƘƉļ2ä«Ċþąú˗Ý 31.7 tonnes ha-1.yr-1 and the low absorptive capacity pollution arises from several small-to-medium sized of the soil, up to 50 % of the agrochemicals used may enterprises, dealing with food processing, poultry be transferred to the lake and its sediments. farming, textiles, metal processing, wood processing, civil construction, ceramics and chemicals. Only 25 % of the storm water network has been completed.

'JHVSF.BKPSQPJOUBOEEJGGVTFTPVSDFTPGQPMMVUJPOJOUIFXBUFSTIFEPG-BLF1SFTQB BEBQUFEGSPN6/%1 

58 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar )ĊúąÈ¯úãëú¯Ļ ËÝݯ×Ý ݗ䫽ÝÝþ —ä« «Ċã÷þ Ëä ąÈ¯ For water supply, the town of Resen uses water from villages especially near the shoreline are potential ƙڗúþąþ÷úËäÃþ—ą?úĊþÈׯÝ륗ÝËąĝƈËÃݗGëĊ䱗ËäƉĻ sources for diffuse pollution. ÷úëĕË«Ëäà — ÁëĖ ú—ą¯ ëº ƚƜƔƘƝƗ Ýļþ-1 and three production wells (alluvial aquifer at Carev Dvor 7.4.4.2 Macedonia ĕËÝݗïƉĻ ¯—¥È ƚƗ ã «¯¯÷Ļ ĖËąÈ ąëą—Ý ¥—÷—¥Ëąĝ ëº ƜƗ l.s-1. Numerous wells and springs are used for water Agricultural activities result in higher diffuse source supply by surrounding villages (UNDP 2012). For äĊąú˯äą Ý뗫Ëäà ąë Zú¯þ÷— A—Ú¯ļ 2ä ąëą—ÝĻ þë㯠ƠƙƗ further information on water abstraction at Lake tonnes of nitrogen and 477 tonnes of phosphorus Prespa, see Section 6.4.5.2. are applied each year in the Macedonian watershed of Lake Prespa (UNDP 2012). Typically, 15–30 % of nitrogen applied as fertilizer is exported to surface and groundwaters, depending on geology, soil type, land 7.4.6 Hydromorphology and Water slope and vegetation. Likewise, 1–5% of phosphorus is Flow Regulation exported to surface waters, depending principally on land slope, drainage density and vegetation. As Macro Prespa Lake is relatively shallow compared to its large surface area, wind and convective mixing 2ä ąëą—ÝĻ Ëą Ëþ ¯þąËã—ą¯« ąÈ—ą —úëĊä« Ɲƛ ąëää¯þ ëº ݯ—« ąë ¥ëã÷ݯą¯ «¯þąú—ąË½¥—ąËëä ëº ąÈ¯ ¯äąËú¯ ÷¯þąË¥Ë«¯þ—ú¯Ċþ¯«¯—¥Èĝ¯—úļaËÃä˽¥—äąùĊ—äąËąË¯þëº water column from September to April/May and mainly organic waste (waste apples and yard waste) consequently, dissolved substances are homogenized and hazardous solid waste generated by agricultural annually. A canal with sluice gates (reconstructed in activities (pesticide packaging) are disposed of in 2004) connects Macro and Micro Prespa Lakes. the river channel and riparian corridor. This has a þËÃä˽¥—äąä¯Ã—ąËĕ¯Ëã÷—¥ąëäþĊúº—¥¯Ė—ą¯ú¤ë«Ë¯þĻ 7.4.6.1 Albania ÃúëĊä«Ė—ą¯úþ—ä«þëËÝĻ—䫯þ÷¯¥Ë—ÝÝĝëäąÈ¯*ëݯã— Reka water ecosystem (UNDP 2012). Micro Prespa, which is not covered by the CSBL ÷úëׯ¥ąĻ Ëþ þȗú¯« ¤ĝ ݤ—ä˗ —ä« *ú¯¯¥¯ļ 2ą Ëþ Besides agricultural activities, coastal and other located within the Prespa Lake river sub-basin. The ĕËÝݗïþ Ëä ąÈ¯ Ė—ą¯úþȯ« ƈaą¯äׯĻ ?ú—äËĻ A×Ċ¤ë×äëĻ management of Micro Prespa affects the water level Dolno Dupeni) also contribute to the overall load ëºG—¥úëZú¯þ÷—ļ2ä¥ú¯—þ¯«Ė—ą¯ú¯ěąú—¥ąËëäËäąÈ¯ of diffuse source-derived pollution. Most villages, *ú¯¯Ú ÷—úą ëº GË¥úë Zú¯þ÷— ëĕ¯ú ąÈ¯ ݗþą «¯¥—«¯þ ¯þ÷¯¥Ë—ÝÝĝąÈëþ¯Ëä]Ëĕ¯ú*ëݯã—þĊ¤ƒ¥—ą¥Èã¯äą—ú¯ may have negatively affected the water status of not connected to the sewerage system and represent Lake Prespa. However, this impact has not yet been þËÃä˽¥—äą «ËººĊþ¯ þëĊú¥¯ ÷ëÝÝĊąËëäļ aëã¯ ëº ąÈ¯þ¯ ùĊ—äąË½¯«ļ ƈ?ëä×þÚëĻ aą¯äׯĻ ú—×¥ÈËäëƉ ȗĕ¯ ÈËÃÈ ąëĊúËþą capacities, so are thought to represent relatively 7.4.6.2 Macedonia important diffuse sources of pollution. Hë ÁëĖ ú¯ÃĊݗąËäà þąúĊ¥ąĊú¯þ —ú¯ ÷ú¯þ¯äą Ëä ąÈ¯ Macedonian part of the lake or its tributaries.

7.4.5 Water Abstraction

7.4.5.1 Albania 7.4.7 NĄÇ®ùaÊÂãʼ¤–ãĄ Anthropogenic Impacts Around of the Prespa Lake shoreline are placed ½ĕ¯ ĕËÝݗïþ ąÈ—ą Ċþ¯ ݗگ Ė—ą¯ú ºëú ËúúË׹Ëëä —ä« Agriculture, notably fruit production, is the major domestic purposes. These villages have a population economic activity in the catchment. Livestock of about 3,500 inhabitants, mostly farmers, farming, particularly of small ruminants, is also corresponding to about 700 m3.day-1 total for personal widely practiced, but the majority of the farms use use or a maximum abstraction rate of approx. outdated technologies and equipment, usually 20 m3.d-1 per family (including irrigation). Regular without proper waste management practices. state monitoring and proper documentation of water extraction from the lake does not exist. The amount The tourism sector is small but growing. Lake-based of abstracted water is smaller in winter when a tourism is more highly developed (although in need substantial proportion of the population moves away of improved organisation) whilst mountain-based from the villages to other locations. ąëĊúËþã Ëþ Ëä Ëąþ Ë亗ä¥ĝ ƈ2Z2?a ƙƗƘƗƉļ 2ã÷úëĕ¯« management will be required to minimise impact as 7.4.5.2 Macedonia this sector expands.

2äąÈ¯äëúąÈ¯úä÷—úąëºąÈ¯Zú¯þ÷—¤—þËäĻäĊã¯úëĊþ 7.4.7.1 Albania artesian wells have been drilled to depths of ƘƜƔƙƗƗãĻĖËąÈã—ěËãĊãÁëĖú—ą¯þëºƝÝļþ-1. 䫯ãË¥ ½þÈ þ÷¯¥Ë¯þ —ú¯ ąÈú¯—ą¯ä¯« ¤ĝ þ¯ĕ¯ú—Ý anthropogenic activities and factors:

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 59 x Water pollution, including eutrophication these have not been recorded recently. Nevertheless, at least seven species are competing with native x Poorly integrated management approaches/ ÝËąąëú—ݽþȺëúºëë«—ä«ȗ¤Ëą—ąļiÈËþã—ĝ—Ýþë—ºº¯¥ą practices other elements of the wider biological community. x näú¯ÃĊݗą¯« ½þȯúĝ ÷ú—¥ąË¥¯þ —ä« ËÝݯ×Ý ½þÈËäà näú¯ÃĊݗą¯« —ä« ËÝݯ×Ý ½þÈËäà —Ýþë —ºº¯¥ąþ ąÈ¯ composition, abundance and age structure of the x Ý˯ä½þÈþ÷¯¥Ë¯þ ݗگŘþ½þÈ—þþ¯ã¤Ý—ïļ x Destruction of spawning grounds Between 1972 and 2000, a reduction of water volume 7.5 Water Quality Assessment in Lake Macro Prespa exacerbated the impacts of ÷ëÝÝĊąËëä—ä«Ëä¥ú¯—þ¯«÷ú¯þþĊú¯ëäąÈ¯ÝËąąëú—ݽþÈ 7.5.1 Sampling Stations community. The sampling stations for water quality mea su- 7.4.7.2 Macedonia rements were selected in accordance with WFD requirements, based on the experience and know- ÃúË¥ĊÝąĊú¯Ļ½þÈËäÃĻ—ä«Ė—ą¯ú—¤þąú—¥ąËëä—ú¯ËþþĊ¯þ ݯ«Ã¯ëº¥ëäąúˤĊąËäÃþ÷¯¥Ë—ÝËþąþļ2äG—¥¯«ëä˗ĻąÈ¯ĝ ąÈ—ą ȗĕ¯ —ºº¯¥ą¯« ąÈ¯ ݗگİþ ½þÈ ¥ëããĊäËąĝ Ëä comprised both lake and river sites, while in Albania ĕ—úËëĊþĖ—ĝþļiȯËäąúë«Ċ¥ąËëä뺗Ý˯ä½þÈþ÷¯¥Ë¯þ ąÈ¯ĝ¥ëã÷úËþ¯«ëäÝĝݗگþËą¯þƈi—¤Ň)ËÃļƞļƜļƘƒƘƉļ has led to the current situation where nearly half of ąÈ¯þ÷¯¥Ë¯þƈƘƙëºƙƜƉ—ú¯äëäƒä—ąËĕ¯Ļ—ÝąÈëĊÃȽĕ¯ëº

Table 7.5.1-1 Lake Prespa sampling stations for physico-chemical and chemical assessment

Macedonia Albania Water body 1: Ezerani Water body 1: Albanian part of Lake Prespa (northern part of Lake Prespa) (south-western part of Lake Prespa) x MK II NW (North-west) littoral of Ezerani x AL I Gollomboc x MK III Ezerani littoral x AL II Pustec (Liqenas) x MK IV NE (North-east) littoral of Ezerani x MK V Oteshevo Water body 2: Pelagic zone (eastern part of Lake Prespa) x MK VI Pelagic point Tributaries of Lake Prespa in Macedonia x Golema I x Golema II x MK I WWTP (Waste Water Treatment Plant Ezerani) The sampling stations for biological investigations are shown in the respective sections.

60 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar A Niskin bottle (5 litre) was used for collecting water samples from littoral and pelagic sites (two depths: 1 and 15 m). Sediment samples were collected using a van Veen grab from the two sampling points Oteshevo littoral and Ezerani littoral. All sampling was done according to standard procedures. Samples were transported as soon as possible to the laboratory at low temperature, avoiding outside ËäÁĊ¯ä¥¯þļn÷ëä—úúËĕ—ÝĻąÈ¯ĝĖ¯ú¯ąú—äþº¯úú¯«ąë— refrigerator and stored at 4 oC prior to analysis.

7.5.2.2 Existing Data and Gaps

näąËÝ ƙƗƗƟĻ ąÈ¯ /ĝ«úëã¯ą¯ëúëÝëÃË¥—Ý 2äþąËąĊą¯ carried out regular physico-chemical monitoring (temperature, pH, conductivity, transparency, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates and total phosphorus) at a single station in Lake Prespa, but since then no state monitoring has been undertaken. Very few data exist for the Albanian part of the lake.

7.5.2.3 3FTVMUT

Results of physico-chemical investigations are sum- marized in Annexe 11.2. More detailed infor mation is given in the original reports compiled in the Volume of Annexs (USB card).

'JHVSF4BNQMJOHTUBUJPOTGPSDIFNJDBMBOEQIZTJDPDIFNJDBMBOBMZTFTBU-BLF1SFTQB The Technical Working Group – WFD tentatively divided Macro Prespa into three water bodies: 7.5.2.3.1 Albania two in Macedonia and one in Albania. Analysis shows that water quality is affected by anthropogenic pressures (nutrient inputs in particular; see Annex 11.2 and Section 7.5.4.1). 7.5.2 Chemical and Physico-Chemical /ëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻąÈ¯ú¯þĊÝąþȗĕ¯ąë¤¯ĕ—ÝË«—ą¯«—ä«ĕ¯ú˽¯« Elements by comparison with results from the monitoring programme proposed in Section 8.3. 7.5.2.1 Methods 7.5.2.3.2 Macedonia Albania All the investigated parameters indicate that Lake Monitoring was undertaken four times in 2013–2014 Prespa is in the process of eutrophication. Changes (April, July, October and February) at three stations. in the volume of the lake also appear to be having Sampling procedures were considered suitable for a direct effect on the concentrations of dissolved some sites/parameters, but failed to follow standard nutrients within it, since there is less water to methodologies fully. Bottles containing samples dilute the loads from both external sources and were transported to the laboratory in cool boxes. releases from the sediment. At present, however, it However, transport and storage procedures did not is the shallow, littoral areas which appear to be most follow prescribed methodologies fully. Therefore, highly impacted. biochemical or physico-chemical processes might have been triggered in some samples, For phosphorus, it is well known that anaerobic ݯ—«Ëäà ąë Á—Ė¯« ú¯þĊÝąþļ a—ã÷ݯþ Ė¯ú¯ —ä—Ýĝþ¯« conditions above the sediment surface can strongly according to standard methodologies agreed by stimulate its release from the sediment. However, ąÈ¯iz*ļ/ëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻëĖËäÃąëąÈ¯—¤ëĕ¯ƒã¯äąËë䯫 the only place where dissolved oxygen levels fell to problem, the results obtained require validation by worryingly low levels was at Ezerani WWTP (where comparison with available data and results from the ÷Èëþ÷ÈëúĊþݯĕ¯ÝþĖ¯ú¯¯ěąú¯ã¯ÝĝÈËÃÈļ2ä¥ëäąú—þą proposed monitoring programme (Section 8.3). to the suspicion of eutrophic/hypertrophic lakes suffering low dissolved oxygen levels, there are Macedonia many results from the lake where dissolved oxygen Monitoring was undertaken on four occasions, Ëþ ƁƘƗƗ Ţ þ—ąĊú—ąËëäļ ëäºĊþËäÃÝĝĻ ÈëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻ ąÈËþ Ëþ during April, July, October and February, 2013–2014. also a symptom of eutrophication.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 61 ëąÈ—úÝþëäŘþiúë÷ÈË¥aą—ą¯2䫯ěú¯þĊÝąþƈ¥—Ý¥Ċݗą¯« Macedonia on basis of total phosphorus concentration and a¯¥¥ÈË«¯÷ąÈƉ—ä«ąÈ¯N½ě¯«¤ëĊ䫗úĝþ¥È¯ã¯ During a three-year period (2000–2002), heavy ƈyëÝݯäĖ¯Ë«¯ú—ä«?¯ú¯Ú¯þƘƠƟƙƉ¥Ý—þþ˺ĝA—Ú¯Zú¯þ÷— metals (Cu, Ni, Cr, Fe, Cd, Pb and Mn) were analysed as being mesotrophic. in samples from the following sites: x ]Ëĕ¯úú—קËäþڗƔë䥯äąú—ąËëäþëºȯ—ĕĝ metals were very low. 7.5.3 aö®¤Ê¼¤ZêÜÜĉĄ–ãĄý x ]Ëĕ¯ú?ú—äþڗƔ/¯—ĕĝã¯ą—Ý¥ë䥯äąú—ąËëäþ were very low except for cadmium (during The chemical status of water bodies is determined October 2001), which showed elevated yet pursuant to Environmental Quality Standards moderate levels. (EQS) for pollutants of Europe-wide importance. Therefore, the assessment of chemical status x ]Ëĕ¯ú *ëݯã— Ɣ aËãËݗú ú¯þĊÝąþ ąë ąÈëþ¯ considers the list of priority substances (Directive 뤹—Ë䯫ºëú]Ëĕ¯ú?ú—äþڗĻËļ¯ļãëþąã¯ą—Ýþ 2013/39/EU). The pollutants analysed were lead were present at low concentrations, but and cadmium in Albania (rather as a routine during with elevated concentrations of Cd, albeit the 2013 national sampling campaign than based not massively. on evidence) and organochlorine pesticides in Macedonia, which showed elevated concentrations i«¯úËĕ—ąËĕ¯þȗĕ¯¤¯¯äË«¯äąË½¯«ËäąÈ¯ąËþþĊ¯ëº in previous assessments (see Section 7.5.3.2). ݗگ½þÈļiȯąëą—Ýi¥ëäą¯äąëº—ä—Ýĝþ¯«ãĊþ¥Ý¯ -1 fresh Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including þ—ã÷ݯþ ú—äï« ºúëã ƘƘļƝƞ ąë ƘƚļƜƟ ŰÃļÚà tissue. The average total DDT content of sediment organochlorine pesticides, are of global concern -1 because of their toxicity, resistance to degradation, þ—ã÷ݯþĖ—þĖËąÈËäąÈ¯ú—äïëºƙļƚƙąëƛļƘƞŰÃļÚà of dry sediment. Higher DDT concentrations potential for long-term transport and their were found in tributary sediment samples than tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues. The latter in samples from the littoral zone. Unsurprisingly, renders them likely to bioaccumulate through the lowest average total concentrations of DDTs were food chain. recorded in water samples and ranged between -1 7.5.3.1 Methods ƗļƗƚƝ—ä«ƗļƗƜƞŰÃļÝ . However, these concentrations exceed the Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) Sampling in Directive 2013/39/EU (annual average total DDT = 0.025 ŰÃļÝ-1), so should be of concern. Sampling methods in Albania were similar to those practiced at Lake Ohrid (Section 6.5.3.1). Greece Sediment samples in Macedonia were collected using a van Veen grab at two sampling points only A recent assessment of sediment quality in both (Oteshevo littoral and Ezerani littoral). Samples were GË¥úë—ä«G—¥úëZú¯þ÷—Ëä*ú¯¯¥¯¥ëä¥ÝĊ«¯«ąÈ—ą transported and stored (for a maximum of seven heavy metal concentrations were generally within «—ĝþƉ—ąƛoC prior to analysis. the range of values that are found in non-polluted sites (Maliaka and Smolders 2013). Heavy metals Analysis do hence not appear to pose a risk to achieving 2äݤ—ä˗Ļȯ—ĕĝã¯ą—ÝþĖ¯ú¯—ä—Ýĝþ¯«ĊþËäÃąëãË¥ good chemical status in the southern part of Macro Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Determination of Prespa. The major concern there is eutrophication, ¥—«ãËĊãĖ—þĊ䫯úą—Ú¯ä¤ĝąú—«ËąËëä—ÝÁ—ã¯aĻ ĖÈË¥È Ëþ —ÃÃú—ĕ—ą¯« ¤ĝ ąÈ¯ ËäÁëĖ ëº äĊąúË¯äąƒúË¥È while lead was analysed using a graphite furnace water from Micro Prespa and may locally lead to aļ 2ä G—¥¯«ëä˗Ļ ëú×äë¥ÈÝëúËä¯ ÷¯þąË¥Ë«¯ toxic algal blooms. analysis of sediment samples was conducted by 7.5.3.3 3FTVMUT gas chromatography, following solvent extraction. The organochlorine pesticides measured were: gamma-HCH (γ-HCH), Σ-HCH (sum of α-isomer, 7.5.3.3.1 Albania β δ α -isomer and -isomer, endosulfan (total of and Similar to Lake Ohrid, heavy metal concentrations β-endosulfan), DDT and its metabolites (p,p’–DDE, Ëäݗگþ¯«Ëã¯äąþĖ¯ú¯ƂƗļƗƘãÃļÚÃ-1 for lead and p,p’–DDD and p,p’-DDT). Ƃ ƗļƗƗƘ ãÃļÚÃ-1 for cadmium. These values lie far below the Maximum Approved Values (MAV) of 7.5.3.2 Existing Data and Gaps the Dutch list (MvV 2000; see Tab. 5.5.3.3.2-1) and Albania ¥ëúúë¤ëú—ą¯ ąÈ¯ ú¯þĊÝąþ ºúëã *ú¯¯¥¯ ąÈ—ą ȯ—ĕĝ metals do not pose a risk to the chemical status of Hë —ä—Ýĝþ¯þ ºëú þ÷¯¥Ë½¥ ÷ëÝÝĊą—äąþ Ëä ¯ËąÈ¯ú Ė—ą¯ú Lake Prespa. or sediment are known to have been undertaken in Albania.

62 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar 7.5.3.3.2 Macedonia

The content of total DDT in sediment from Ezerani ƈƚļƗƘ ůÃļÚÃ-1 dry sediment) was higher than that ¯þąËã—ą¯«ºëúNą¯þȯĕëƈƘļƟƙƛůÃļÚÃ-1 dry sediment). Mean values for the content of total organochlorine ÷¯þąË¥Ë«¯þ Ëä þ¯«Ëã¯äą Ė¯ú¯ ƞļƟƝƗ ůÃļÚÃ-1 dry þ¯«Ëã¯äąºëúĢ¯ú—äË—ä«ƜļƝƛƝůÃļÚÃ-1 dry sediment for Oteshevo. Unfortunately, Directive 2013/39/EU does not contain EQSs for either total DDT or total organochlorine pesticides in sediment, but the results discussed in Section 7.5.3.2 are a cause for concern.

7.5.4 Biological Elements 1IPUP1SPDFTTJOHTBNQMFTGPSQIZUPQMBOLUPOBOBMZTJT

The ecological status of water bodies is assessed ƈƗļƜãƉĻĊþËäÃHËþÚËäĖ—ą¯úþ—ã÷ݯúþļa—ã÷ݯþĖ¯ú¯ considering species composition, abundance, preserved immediately upon sampling by the dynamics and status of selected aquatic fauna addition of 4 % formaldehyde. At the pelagic site, —ä« Áëú— ƈþ냥—Ýݯ« ¤ËëÝëÃË¥—Ý ¯Ý¯ã¯äąþƉ ÚäëĖä ąë another sample was collected from 15 m deep. respond sensitively to anthropogenic pressures. The —þþ¯þþã¯äą Ċþ¯þ ąĝ÷¯ƒþ÷¯¥Ë½¥ ú¯º¯ú¯ä¥¯ ¥ëä«ËąËëäþĻ 2ä G—¥¯«ëä˗Ļ þ—ã÷ݯþ ºëú ÷Èĝąë÷ݗäÚąëä —ä« i.e. natural or near-natural (undisturbed) conditions, chlorophyll-B analysis were collected during July as a benchmark. Depending on the degree of deviation 2013 and April 2014. The second sampling campaign from these reference conditions, the ecological status was coordinated between the two countries to can be assessed. The main objective of the initial ensure comparability of data. characterisation is to assess the risk of water bodies failing to achieve good ecological status. 2ä ݤ—ä˗Ļ ¥ÈÝëúë÷ÈĝÝ݃B and other pigments were analysed four times (during July and October Despite extensive investigations of the Macedonian 2013, February and April 2014). Full phytoplankton watershed of Lake Prespa in recent years analysis there was undertaken only in April 2014. (UNDP2012), comprehensive transboundary data on the status of the lake itself were missing. Therefore, all four biological elements have been investigated under the current project, notably:

x Phytoplankton x NąÈ¯ú—ùĊ—ąË¥Áëú—ƈ㗥úë÷Èĝą¯þƉ x Benthic invertebrate fauna x Fish fauna

2ä —««ËąËëä ąë ëú«Ëä—úĝ ÷Èĝąë÷ݗäÚąëä —ä—ÝĝþËþĻ a novel chemotaxonomic method was employed in Albania to assess phytoplankton biomass and composition based on different phytoplankton pigment concentrations and ratios (results shown in Bacu 2014, Volume of Annexes).

7.5.4.1 1IZUPQMBOLUPO

7.5.4.1.1 Methods

Sampling

Samples for phytoplankton investigations and chlorophyll-B (and/or other pigments) analyses were taken at four littoral and two pelagic sites in the Macedonian part of Lake Prespa, and at two littoral sites in the Albanian part (Fig. 7.5.4.1.1-1). At all sites, 'JHVSF4BNQMJOHTUBUJPOTGPSQIZUPQMBOLUPOBOEDIMPSPQIZMM-aBU-BLF1SFTQB samples were taken from the upper depth stratum

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 63 Analyses Two cyanobacteria ("OBCBFOBBGĬOJT and "DPOUPSUB), may cause algal blooms between May and September ZÈĝąë÷ݗäÚąëäą—ě—Ė¯ú¯Ë«¯äąË½¯«—ä«ùĊ—äąË½¯« when they become dominant particularly over —¥¥ëú«Ëäà ąë ną¯úãïÈÝ ƈƘƠƜƟƉ ĊþËäà —ä Ëäĕ¯úą¯« diatoms of the genus $ZDMPUFMMB. Overall, the diversity ãË¥úëþ¥ë÷¯ļ)ëú¯—¥Èþ—ã÷ݯĻëä¯ÝëĖã—Ãä˽¥—ąËëä of phytoplankton assemblages is high and indicative ĖÈëݯ ¥È—㤯ú ¥ëĊäąĻ ąĖë Ëäą¯ú㯫˗ą¯ ã—Ãä˽ƒ of mesotrophic conditions. ¥—ąËëä ąú—äþ¯¥ą ¥ëĊäąþ —ä« ƜƗƔƘƗƗ ½¯Ý« ëº ĕ˯Ė ¥ëĊäąþ—ąÈËÃÈã—Ãä˽¥—ąËëäƈƛƗƗěƉĖ¯ú¯÷¯úºëú㯫ļ 7.5.4.1.3 3FTVMUT

Following extraction with 90 % ethanol, chloro- iÈËþþ¯¥ąËëä÷úëĕË«¯þ—þĝäąÈ¯þËþëºąÈ¯ã—Ëä½ä«ËäÃþ phyll-B Ė—þ —ä—Ýĝþ¯« —¥¥ëú«Ëäà ąë 2aN ƘƗƙƝƗ of phytoplankton and chlorophyll-B investigations ƈ2aN ƘƠƠƙƉļ iúë÷ÈË¥ aą—ą¯ 2䫯ě ƈia2Ɖ ú¯þĊÝąþ Ė¯ú¯ conducted in Albania (2013 and 2014) and Macedonia calculated according to Carlson (1977). (2013), respectively. For further details, see Bacu (2014), Patceva (2014) and Rakaj (2014) in the Volume of Annexes.

7.5.4.1.2 Existing Data and Gaps 7.5.4.1.3.1 Albania Phytoplankton investigations started in the early twentieth century and continued irregularly in the Phytoplankton abundance and composition þ¯¥ëä«ȗݺëºąÈ¯¥¯äąĊúĝƈ¯ļÃļ?ëĢ—úëĕƘƠƝƗĻƘƠƞƙľ Mitic 1996, Mitic et al. 1997). The majority of those 2äþ÷úËäÃƙƗƘƛĻ«Ë—ąëãþĖ¯ú¯¤ĝº—úąÈ¯ãëþą—¤Ċ䫗äą studies were qualitative in nature, focusing on the and species-rich group, comprising about 57 % of production of taxonomic lists, especially of diatoms, —ÝÝ —Ý×Ý ¥¯ÝÝþ —ä« ƝƗ Ţ ëº ąÈ¯ ƚƗ þ÷¯¥Ë¯þ Ë«¯äąË½¯«ļ rather than abundance. Ëäë÷Èĝą¯þ ƈ«ËäëÁ—ïÝݗą¯þƉ —ä« ¥Èúĝþë÷Èĝą¯þ (golden algae) were the second and third most abundant groups, respectively. $ZDMPUFMMB PDFMMBUB Pelagic zone and (ZNOPEJOJVNNJSBCJMF were the most abundant Phytoplankton assemblages of the pelagic zone are species, comprising 80 % of all algal cells. However, 4 rich in species number and surprisingly homo- overall abundance was low, ranging from 2.3 x 10 to 4 -1 geneous (Levkov et al. 2006). Dominant species in 2.7 x 10 cells.l —ą*ëÝÝëã¤ë¥—ä«ZĊþą¯¥Ļú¯þ÷¯¥ąËĕ¯Ýĝļ winter and spring are $ZDMPUFMMB PDFMMBUB  %JQMPOFJT NBVMFSJ  4UFQIBOPEJTDVT SPUVMB  $BNQMZMPEJTDVT Trophic state OPSJDVT and /JU[TDIJB TVCBDJDVMBSJT while /BWJDVMB SPUVOEB  /™ TVCSPUVOEBUB and species of iȯia2ƈ¤—þ¯«ëä¥ÈÝëúë÷ÈĝÝ݃B) indicated oligotro- 1TFVEPTUBVSPTJSB predominate in summer. Long- ÷ÈË¥ ąë ã¯þëąúë÷ÈË¥ ¥ëä«ËąËëäþ —ą *ëÝÝëã¤ë¥ —ä« term comparative analyses of phytoplankton predominantly mesotrophic conditions at Pustec communities and the trophic state of Lakes ƈi—¤ļ ƞļƜļƛļƘļƚļƘƒƘƉļ ą ¤ëąÈ þ—ã÷ÝËäà þą—ąËëäþĻ ia2 Ohrid and Prespa were conducted after the turn values were highest in autumn, i.e. after the peak of the millennium (Patceva 2005). These studies of the growing season, and lowest in spring. The included qualitative and quantitative analyses of predominance of mesotrophic conditions was also the taxonomic composition of phytoplankton þĊ÷÷ëúą¯« ¤ĝia2 ƈ¤—þ¯« ëä ąú—äþ÷—ú¯ä¥ĝƉĕ—ÝĊ¯þ ëº communities and chlorophyll-B content in ƁƛƗƈ]—Ú—×ƙƗƘƛĻyëÝĊã¯ëºää¯ě¯þƉļ the pelagic zone, as well as the correlation of 7.5.4.1.3.2 Macedonia these parameters with nutrient concentrations ƈ÷Èëþ÷ÈëúĊþ —ä« äËąúëïäƉļiȯĝ ºëĊä« þËÃä˽¥—äą Results obtained for the Macedonian part of the lake changes in phytoplankton composition owing to – though based on a more limited temporal sampling eutrophication (Patceva and Mitic 2006). scheme for chlorophyll-BƔݗúïÝĝ¥ëä½úãąÈëþ¯ºëú Albania (see Patceva 2014, Volume of Annexes, for Littoral zone details).

2䃫¯÷ąÈ —ä—Ýĝþ¯þ ëº ÷Èĝąë÷ݗäÚąëä —þþ¯ã¤Ý—ïþ Phytoplankton abundance and composition of the littoral zone, which is particularly prone to eutrophication, are still lacking. Diatoms ZÈĝąë÷ݗäÚąëäþ÷¯¥Ë¯þË«¯äąË½¯««ĊúËäÃąÈ¯þ÷úËäà such as $BWJOVMB TDVUFMMPJEFT, /BWJDVMB SPUVOEB  and summer sampling campaigns belonged to six /™TVCSPUVOEBUB $ZNBUPQMFVSBFMMJQUJDB and "NQIPSB divisions: Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, QFEJDVMVT are frequent in the littoral benthic Chrysophyta, Pyrrophyta and Euglenophyta. The communities, while $ZDMPUFMMBPDFMMBUB and %JQMPOFJT overall composition as well as spatial and temporal NBVMFSJ are dominant at deeper strata. The occurrence distribution was typical of mesotrophic lakes. The of species of "VMBDPTFJSB in lake sediments indicates a number of species was highest at Ezerani littoral in þËÃä˽¥—äąËä¥ú¯—þ¯ëºäĊąú˯äąþËäąÈ¯¯¥ëþĝþą¯ãļ July and lowest in the pelagic zone and at Ezerani

64 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar Table 7.5.4.1.3.1-1 Trophic state of Lake Prespa (Albanian part) in July/October 2013 and February/April 2014, according to the Trophic State Index (Carlson 1977)

Sampling station Season TSI Trophic state Summer 39 Oligotrophic Autumn 47 Mesotrophic Gollomboc Winter 41 Mesotrophic Spring 34 Oligotrophic Summer 42 Mesotrophic Autumn 48 Mesotrophic Pustec Winter 41 Mesotrophic Spring 35 Oligotrophic

NW in April. Phytoplankton of the pelagic zone at layer where the reverse was true. Concentrations 15 m depth showed low species diversity owing ú—äï« ¤¯ąĖ¯¯ä ƙļƚƙ —ä« Ɯļƛƚ ŰÃļÝ-1. The observed to the predominance of $ZDMPUFMMB PDFMMBUB which seasonal pattern is typical of mesotrophic lakes from accounted for 98 % of the total abundance. the temperate zone. Differences in chlorophyllB concentration among the littoral and the pelagic Trophic state Ģëä¯þĖ¯ú¯ÝëĖļia2ú¯þĊÝąþƈ¤—þ¯«ëä¥ÈÝëúë÷ÈĝÝ݃B) indicated predominantly mesotrophic conditions at ChlorophyllB concentrations were generally higher all sites and during all seasons (Tab. 7.5.4.1.3.2-1). in summer than in spring except for the 15 m depth

Table 7.5.4.1.3.2-1 Trophic state of the littoral and pelagic zones of Lake Prespa (Macedonian part) in April and July 2013

Sampling site Season TSI Trophic state Littoral zone Spring 43 Mesotrophic Ezerani NE Summer 46 Mesotrophic Spring 41 Mesotrophic Ezerani littoral Summer 44 Mesotrophic Spring 39 Oligotrophic Ezerani NW Summer 47 Mesotrophic Spring 39 Oligotrophic Oteshevo Summer 44 Mesotrophic Pelagic zone Surface level Spring 41 Mesotrophic (0.5 m depth) Summer 47 Mesotrophic Spring 47 Mesotrophic 15 m depth Summer 39 Oligotrophic Samples were generally taken at surface level. However, the pelagic zone was also sampled at 15 m depth.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 65 7.5.4.2 Macrophytes status. Only species listed by Melzer and Schneider were considered. The macrophyte vegetation of lakes shows a distinct ĕ¯úąË¥—ÝĢë䗱Ëëäļã¯úïäą—ä«Á뗱ËäÃ÷ݗäąþÃúëĖ River Golema in shallow water close to the shore while submerged macrophytes grow at greater depth. Over recent Macrophyte sampling and analytical methods decades, the water level of Lake Prespa has declined ºëú ]Ëĕ¯ú *ëݯã— —ú¯ ¯ě÷ݗË䯫 Ëä i—ݯĕþڗ —ä« by several metres owing to anthropogenic pressures. Trajanovska (2014, Volume of Annexes). This has had a dramatic effect on the distribution and composition of macrophyte communities and 7.5.4.2.2 Existing Data and Gaps on the trophic state of the lake. iȯ½úþąþąĊ«Ë¯þëºĕ¯Ã¯ą—ąËëäËäA—Ú¯Zú¯þ÷—Ė¯ú¯ th 7.5.4.2.1 Methods conducted at the beginning of the 20 century ƈZ¯ąÚ뺺ƘƠƘƗĻëÁ¯ËäƘƠƙƘƉļ/ëĖ¯ĕ¯úĻëäÝĝº¯Ė«—ą— Macrophyte investigations and sampling was carried were collected over the remainder of the century. out at six sites, four in the Macedonian and two in the GË¥¯ĕþÚË ƈƘƠƝƠƉ ÷úëĕË«¯« ąÈ¯ ½úþą ¥ëã÷ú¯È¯äþËĕ¯ Albanian part of the lake (Tab & Fig. 7.5.4.2.1-1). The ëĕ¯úĕ˯Ė ëº Á뗱Ëäà —ä« þĊ¤ã¯úï« —ùĊ—ąË¥ sites corresponded to the littoral sampling stations Áëú—ļ iÈËþ þąĊ«ĝ ºëúãþ ąÈ¯ ¤—þËþ ºëú þĊ¤þ¯ùĊ¯äą for chemical and other biological analyses (Section comparative studies, which were done mainly in the ƞļƜļƘƉļ2äG—¥¯«ëä˗Ļ—ä—««ËąËëä—ÝþËą¯Ė—þ¯þą—¤ÝËþȯ« new millennium (e.g., Matevski 2006, 2009; Talevska —ąąÈ¯Ëäݯąëº]Ëĕ¯ú*ëݯã—ƈäëąþÈëĖäëäąÈ¯ã—÷Ɖ 2001, 2013). Some monitoring was performed within for comparative purposes. the framework of Technical Assistance projects such as the pilot application of the “Transboundary

Table 7.5.4.2.1-1 Lake Prespa monitoring stations for macrophyte community composition and assessment

Macedonia Albania Water body 1: Ezerani (northern part of the lake) Water body 1: Albanian part of the lake x MK II NW (North-west) Ezerani littoral x AL I Gollomboc x MK III Ezerani littoral x AL II Pustec (Liqenas) x MK IV NE (North-east) Ezerani x MK V Oteshevo

Field Sampling Monitoring System for the Prespa Park” which took place in 2010, focusing among others on aquatic Macrophytes were sampled during the period of maxi- ĕ¯Ã¯ą—ąËëäļiȯ÷ú¯þ¯äąþąĊ«ĝËþąÈ¯½úþąþĝþą¯ã—ąË¥ mum growth (July–August 2013) along belt transects attempt to use macrophytes as a biological element —¥¥ëú«Ëäà ąë ąÈ¯ z2a] ã¯ąÈë« ƈz2a] ƙƗƘƙƉļ to assess the ecological status of Lake Prespa in both Specimens were collected using a double-sided rake Albania and Macedonia. attached to a rope marked with depth readings. Ten samples were taken at each one-meter depth stratum )ëú ąÈ¯ ¥—Ý¥ĊݗąËëä ëº ąÈ¯ G—¥úë÷Èĝą¯ 2䫯ě ƈG2ƉĻ from the shoreline to the maximum depth of plant the indicator groups described by Melzer and ÃúëĖąÈļiȯ —¤Ċ䫗䥯 Ė—þ ¯þąËã—ą¯« ĊþËäà — ½ĕ¯ƒ Schneider (2001) for central European lakes are point scale (Melzer 1999) ranging from 1 (very rare) used in the present study. However, several species to 5 (abundant or predominant). Site characteristics recorded at Lake Prespa are not included in this list, such as vegetation structure or the type of sediments i.e. no indicator values have been assigned to them were recorded at each sampling point. yet. An amended list should be prepared in the future to include species of Lake Prespa and other Data analysis lakes of the Western Balkans that are relevant as indicators of trophic state. The overall number of ÝÝ 㗥úë÷Èĝą¯þ Ė¯ú¯ Ë«¯äąË½¯« ąë þ÷¯¥Ë¯þ ݯĕ¯Ý transects studied so far may be to too small to draw using appropriate keys. The catalogue of indicator representative conclusions for the entire lake. More groups of Melzer and Schneider (2001) was consulted research will be needed to validate and consolidate ąë«¯úËĕ¯Ëä«Ë¥—ąëúĕ—ÝĊ¯þºëúË«¯äąË½¯«þ÷¯¥Ë¯þ—ä« preliminary results from the present study. ąë¥—Ý¥Ċݗą¯ąÈ¯G—¥úë÷Èĝą¯2䫯ěƈG2Ɖ—¥¥ëú«ËäÃąë G¯ÝĢ¯úƈƘƠƠƠƉļiȯË䫯ěú¯Á¯¥ąþąÈ¯äĊąú˯äąþą—ąĊþ of lakes and was used as an indicator of ecological

66 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar 7.5.4.2.3 3FTVMUT indicators according to Melzer and Schneider (2001). iȯþ¯þ÷¯¥Ë¯þĖ¯ú¯Ċþ¯«ąë¥—Ý¥Ċݗą¯ąÈ¯G2ļiȯãëþą This chapter provides a synthesis of the main commonly encountered ones were rigid hornwort ½ä«ËäÃþëºąÈ¯㗥úë÷Èĝą¯Ëäĕ¯þąË׹Ëëäþ¥ëä«Ċ¥ą¯« ($FSBUPQIZMMVNEFNFSTVN), an indicator of eutrophic in 2013. For further details, the reader is referred conditions, and Eurasian water milfoil (.ZSJPQIZMMVN ąë?—þÈą——ä«]—Ú—×ƈƙƗƘƛĻyëÝĊã¯ëºää¯ě¯þƉºëú TQJDBUVN), an indicator of mesotrophic conditions. the Albanian part of Lake Prespa and Talevska and These species had an abundance value of 3 (common). Trajanovska (2014, Volume of Annexes) for the The maximum depth of plant growth recorded at Macedonian part. both sites was 5.8m.

7.5.4.2.3.1 Albania Nutrient enrichment and trophic state

Macrophyte community composition iȯ G2 ƈ—ĕ¯ú—ï ëº —ÝÝ «¯÷ąÈ þąú—ą—Ɖ Ė—þ ƚļƟƜ —ą Twenty-eight macrophyte species were recorded at *ëÝÝëã¤ë¥—ä«ƚļƠƗ—ąZĊþą¯¥ĻËä«Ë¥—ąËäÃÈËÃÈąëĕ¯úĝ ąÈ¯ ąĖë þ—ã÷ÝËäà þą—ąËëäþĻ ƙƗ Ëä *ëÝÝëã¤ë¥ —ä« ƙƚ high nutrient enrichment and eutrophic conditions in Pustec. Of these, twelve are listed as macrophyte at both sites (Table 7.5.4.2.3.1-1).

Table 7.5.4.2.3.1-1 Macrophyte Index (MI) and corresponding levels of nutrient enrichment and trophic state at Lake Prespa (Albanian part) in summer 2013

Sampling station MI score Nutrient enrichment Trophic state Gollomboc 3.85 High Eutrophic (level 2) Pustec 3.90 Very high Eutrophic (level 3)

y—ÝĊ¯þ—ú¯ąÈ¯㯗ä뺫˺º¯ú¯äą«¯÷ąÈþąú—ą—ļiȯąÈú¯þÈëÝ«ºëúĕ¯úĝÈËÃÈäĊąú˯äą¯äúË¥Èã¯äąËþG2ƃƚļƠƗļ

7.5.4.2.3.2 Macedonia

Macrophyte community composition

Twenty-one macrophyte species were found in the ÝËąąëú—Ý Ģëä¯ ëº A—Ú¯ Zú¯þ÷— —ä« ąÈ¯ ]Ëĕ¯ú *ëݯã— inlet. Species indicating eutrophication such as rigid hornwort or fan-leaved water-crowfoot (3BOVODVMVT DJSDJOBUVT) were common, as well as various pondweed (1PUBNPHFUPO) species. Contrary to Albania, charophytes, which are associated mainly with clear waters, were not found.

Nutrient enrichment and trophic state

iȯ㯗äG2ºëúąÈ¯ÝËąąëú—ÝþËą¯þĕ—ú˯«¤¯ąĖ¯¯äƚļƚƠ and 3.46 (Table 7.5.4.2.3.2-1). These levels were lower than those found in Albania, but still indicative of eutrophic conditions (level 1). The highest individual G2þ Ė¯ú¯ ú¯¥ëú«¯« —ą ƛƔƜ ã «¯÷ąÈĻ ú—äÃËäà ºúëã 3.49 (Ezerani) to 4.26 (Oteshevo).

'JHVSF4BNQMJOHTUBUJPOTGPSNBDSPQIZUFJOWFTUJHBUJPOTBU-BLF1SFTQB Samples were taken along transects perpendicular to the shoreline.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 67 Table 7.5.4.2.3.2-1 Macrophyte Index (MI) score, with corresponding levels of nutrient enrichment and trophic state at Lake Prespa (Macedonian part) in summer 2013

Sampling station MI score Nutrient enrichment Trophic state NW Ezerani 3.39 Elevated Eutrophic (level 1) Ezerani 3.45 Elevated Eutrophic (level 1) NE Ezerani 3.45 Elevated Eutrophic (level 1) Oteshevo 3.46 Elevated Eutrophic (level 1)

7.5.4.3 Macroinvertebrates Data analysis

7.5.4.3.1 Methods The Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) was used as a metric to assess the status of the lake with regard Macroinvertebrates were studied at four littoral sites to organic pollution. The ASPT is based on the in Macedonia and two littoral sites in Albania (Tab BMWP index/score, a procedure for measuring & Fig. 7.5.4.3.1-1). Another two sites were sampled at water quality using macroinvertebrate sensitivities ]Ëĕ¯ú*ëݯã—ĻąÈ¯ã—ËäąúˤĊą—úĝëºA—Ú¯Zú¯þ÷—Ëä (tolerance scores) to pollutants, ranging from 1.0 (low Macedonia. sensitivity, e.g. some leeches) to 10.0 (highly sensitive þąëä¯Á˯þ—ä«ã—ĝÁ˯þƉļiȯaZi¯ùĊ—ÝþąÈ¯—ĕ¯ú—ï

Table 7.5.4.3.1-1 Lake Prespa monitoring stations for macroinvertebrate community composition and assessment Macedonia Albania Water body 1: Ezerani (northern part of the lake) Water body 1: Albanian part of the lake x MK II NW (North-west) Ezerani littoral x AL I Gollomboc x MK III Ezerani littoral x AL II Pustec (Liqenas) x MK IV NE (North-east) Ezerani x MK V Oteshevo River Golema x Golema I (upstream) x Golema II (downstream)

Field Sampling of the tolerance scores of all macroinvertebrate families found at a given site. Macroinvertebrates in Macedonia were sampled in May 2013 (spring) and again in October 2013 )ëúąÈ¯ݗگąúˤĊą—úĝĻąÈ¯ËëąË¥2䫯ěƈëúãë«Ë½¯« (autumn). Corresponding sampling periods in 2úËþÈËëąË¥2䫯ěƈ22Ɖ—¥¥ëú«ËäÃąëƊȯþÈ㯫Ģ˯ĕ Albania were October 2013 and May 201410. A multi- ƙƗƘƘƋƉĖ—þ¥—Ý¥Ċݗą¯«ļiȯ22ËþĖË«¯ÝĝĊþ¯«ËäĊúë÷¯ļ habitat transect-line method was applied to collect 2ą Ëþ ¥—Ý¥Ċݗą¯« ¤ĝ —þþËÃäËäà ÷ëÝÝĊąËëä ąëݯú—䥯 macroinvertebrates in the littoral zone, using a scores to different types of macroinvertebrates, van Veen grab. At least three replicate samples ranging from 1.0 (bad) to 5.0 (high) water quality. were taken at each sampling point and depth. Each ąú—äþ¯¥ą¥ëã÷úËþ¯«¤¯ąĖ¯¯äąÈú¯¯—䫽ĕ¯«Ëºº¯ú¯äą depths, depending on the depth limit of macrophyte growth. Transects were oriented perpendicular to the shoreline, with sampling starting from the shore ąëĖ—ú«þ «¯¯÷¯ú Ė—ą¯úļ aȗÝÝëĖ ÷—úąþ ƈƗļƜ ã «¯÷ąÈƉ were sampled according to hand-net sampling guideline EN 27828: 1994. iȯ ]Ëĕ¯ú *ëݯã— Ė—þ þ—ã÷ݯ« ĊþËäà —ä 2aN kick-and-sweep method. For further details, see Trajanovski (2014, Volume of Annexes).

10 Results not available at the time of printing. 1IPUP4BNQMJOHNBDSPJOWFSUFCSBUFT

68 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar ĖëúÚ ëº ąÈ¯ 2äą¯Ãú—ą¯« ¥ëþĝþą¯ã G—ä—ïã¯äą in the Prespa Lake Basin project implemented by UNDP. The main outcome of this project was the initial characterisation of the Macedonian watershed —ä« — ºĊÝ݃Á¯«Ã¯« Ė—ą¯úþȯ« ã—ä—ïã¯äą ÷ݗä (UNDP 2012). However, the focus of the monitoring and management was on the lake tributaries, which have been divided into 16 separate water bodies, while the Macedonian territory of Macro Prespa was considered as one single water body. The study concluded mainly bad to moderate ecological status for rivers and moderate status for Lake Prespa. However, these preliminary status assessments need to be corroborated and validated through longer-term monitoring of macroinvertebrates and possibly other biological elements. Monitoring should be extended from the littoral to the sub-littoral and profundal zone. Furthermore, indicator values of endemic species ãĊþą ¤¯ «¯½ä¯« ąë «¯úËĕ¯ ãëú¯ —¥¥Ċú—ą¯ ëú×äË¥ ¯äúË¥Èã¯äąã¯ąúË¥þ—ä«ąë«¯½ä¯ú¯º¯ú¯ä¥¯¥ëä«ËąËëäþ for macroinvertebrates. To get a more realistic picture of the ecological status, the number of sampling stations from different parts of the lake including Albania should be increased and anthropogenic pressures as well as lake hydromorphology established since macroinvertebrates are known to respond very sensitively not only to pollution but also to Èĝ«úëãëú÷ÈëÝëÃË¥—Ýãë«Ë½¥—ąËëäþļ 'JHVSF4BNQMJOHTUBUJPOTGPSNBDSPJOWFSUFCSBUFJOWFTUJHBUJPOTBU-BLF1SFTQB 7.5.4.3.3 3FTVMUT

7.5.4.3.2 Existing Data and Gaps iÈËþþ¯¥ąËëä÷úëĕË«¯þ—þĝäąÈ¯þËþëºąÈ¯ã—Ëä½ä«ËäÃþ of macroinvertebrate investigations conducted at Unlike Lake Ohrid, the benthic fauna of Lake Prespa selected lake tributaries and the lake under the present has not been subjected to in-depth research yet. Most project. For further information on the Albanian or data were collected in the 1960s, focusing on individual the Macedonian part of the lake, see Sajmir (2014) and taxa rather than the entire macroinvertebrate fauna. Trajanovski (2014) in the Volume of Annexes. The earliest research dates back to the 1930s, focusing on leeches (Augener 1929) and aquatic worms (Hrabe 7.5.4.3.3.1 Albania 1941). Comprehensive studies of macroinvertebrate ¥ëããĊäËąË¯þ Ė¯ú¯ ½úþą ÷Ċ¤ÝËþȯ« ¤ĝ ië¥Úë ƈƘƠƞƘƉ During autumn 2013, both Albanian sites of the lake and later by Angelovski et al. (1994). A more recent littoral showed bad ecological status (Tab. 7.5.4.3.3.1-1). þąĊ«ĝ ºë¥Ċþ¯« ëä —ùĊ—ąË¥ ×þąúë÷ë«þ ƈaą—äÚëĕ˦ƒ ASPT values amounted to 3.6 and 3.4, respectively, for =ëĕ—äëĕ˦—ä«aąë×ÚëþڗƙƗƗƘƉļiÈËþþąĊ«ĝ¥ëä½ú㯫 *ëÝÝëã¤ë¥—ä«ZĊþą¯¥ļa÷¯¥Ë¯þúË¥Èä¯þþ—ä«—¤Ċ䫗䥯 the existence of seven endemic species in Lake Prespa. were also low, indicating stressed conditions. The results suggest that macrozoo benthos at Lake Prespa is The benthic fauna was also considered in the Country adversely affected by anoxic conditions resulting from State Report for the Biodiversity of the Republic of eutrophication. Prelimi nary results from the spring Macedonia (2006) and the National Fishery Plan for sampling campaign in 2014 showed a slight recovery A—Ú¯Zú¯þ÷—÷ú¯÷—ú¯«¤ĝąÈ¯/ĝ«úë¤ËëÝëÃË¥—Ý2äþąËąĊą¯ during winter (Sajmir 2014, Volume of Annexes). Ohrid in 2008. Extensive research was conducted However, overall conditions remained poor or bad, þ÷¯¥Ë½¥—ÝÝĝ ºëúz) Ëã÷ݯã¯äą—ąËëä Ëä ąÈ¯ ºú—㯃 depending on water depth.

Table 7.5.4.3.3.1-1 Ecological status of the littoral zone of the Albanian part of Lake Prespa based on the Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) metric

Sampling site Season ASPT Ecological status Gollomboc Autumn 3.6 Bad Pustec Autumn 3.4 Bad aZiƂƚļƝËä«Ë¥—ą¯þ¤—«þą—ąĊþļaZiƁƛļƟËä«Ë¥—ą¯þÃëë«þą—ąĊþƈäëą—¥È˯ĕ¯«—ą—äĝþËą¯Ɖ

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 69 7.5.4.3.3.2 Macedonia 7.5.4.4 Fish

River Golema 7.5.4.4.1 Methods

Only three pollution-tolerant invertebrate species iȯ—þþ¯þþã¯äąëºąÈ¯A—Ú¯Zú¯þ÷—½þȺ—Ċä—Ëþ¤—þ¯« Ė¯ú¯ú¯ÃËþą¯ú¯«—ąąÈ¯ãË««Ý¯¥ëĊúþ¯ëº]Ëĕ¯ú*ëݯã—Ļ on two multimesh sampling campaigns according two dipterans (chironomids) and one aquatic worm to European standard EN 14757:2006 (now replaced ƈëÝËÃë¥È—¯ą¯þƉļ iȯ 22 ĕ—ú˯« ¤¯ąĖ¯¯ä ƘļƗ ƈþ÷úËäÃƉ by SS-EN 14757:2015). and 2.0 (autumn), indicating bad and poor ecological status, respectively. Species diversity was higher GĊÝąËã¯þÈ ÃËÝÝä¯ąąËäà ƈGG*Ɖ Ė—þ ¥ëä«Ċ¥ą¯« Ëä —ąąÈ¯ËäÁëĖËäąëąÈ¯ݗگƈƟþ÷¯¥Ë¯þËäąëą—ÝƉĻĖËąÈ —ĊąĊãäƙƗƘƚ—ä«ƙƗƘƛļiȯþą—ä«—ú«Ė—þãë«Ë½¯« midges ($IJSPOPNVTQMVNPTVT) dominating in spring according to the lake’s characteristics, resulting in and aquatic worms (1PUIBNPUISZY IBNNPOJFOTJT) the sampling of 6 (2013) and 7 (2014) sub-basins, dominating in autumn. Similar to the middle ú¯þ÷¯¥ąËĕ¯Ýĝ ƈ)ËÃļ ƞļƜļƛļƛļƘƒƘƉļ 2ä —ĊąĊãä ëº ƙƗƘƚĻ — ¥ëĊúþ¯ĻąÈ¯22ú—ä﫤¯ąĖ¯¯äƘļƗ—ä«ƙļƗËäþ÷úËäà total of 128 benthic nets were set (i.e. 64 per country), and autumn, respectively, which corresponds to bad while in the following year 64 nets were used in the and poor ecological status. Albanian part of the lake and 136 nets (120 benthic plus 16 pelagic) were set on the Macedonian side. Littoral zone 7.5.4.4.2 Existing data and gaps Species numbers ranged between 6 at Oteshevo in spring and 13 at the same location in autumn. 2ä ąÈ¯ ÝËą¯ú—ąĊú¯Ļ ąÈ¯ú¯ Ëþ þë㯠Ëäºëúã—ąËëä ëä ½þÈ The Balkan endemic mussel %SFJTTFOB QSFTCFOTJT species residing in the Prespa lakes. Currently, there was the most abundant species at Oteshevo and —ú¯Ƙƚ䗱Ëĕ¯—ä«ƞ—Ý˯äþ÷¯¥Ë¯þ÷ú¯þ¯äąļ2ä—««ËąËëäĻ north-western Ezerani, while pollution-tolerant ąÈ¯ Ëäąúë«Ċ¥ąËëä ëº —äëąÈ¯ú ½ĕ¯ äëäƒä—ąËĕ¯ þ÷¯¥Ë¯þ midges and oligochaetes dominated at Ezerani. The latter were also abundant at north-eastern Ezerani, though at lower densities. This site was characterised by a predominance of %SFJTTFOB QSFTCFOTJT and an elevated diversity of snails (gastropods).

The ASPT index ranged between 2.6 at Ezerani and 3.8 at Oteshevo in spring (Tab. 7.5.4.3.3.2-1). ASPT values of 3.6 or less generally indicate very poor conditions with regards to organic pollution (bad in WFD terminology). Oteshevo was the only site scoring slightly better (poor), though only in spring. Overall, and despite the reference status remaining ąë¤¯«¯½ä¯«ĻąÈ¯ú¯Ė—þëĕ¯úĖȯÝãËäïĕË«¯ä¥¯ëº seriously degraded ecological status of the littoral zone of the Macedonian part of Lake Prespa during both seasons. 1IPUP.VMUJNFTIHJMMOFUUJOH

Table 7.5.4.3.3.2-1 Ecological status of the littoral zone of the Macedonian part of Lake Prespa based on the Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) index

Sampling station Season ASPT Ecological status Spring 3.8 Poor Oteshevo Autumn 3.0 Bad Spring 3.0 Bad Ezerani NW Autumn 2.8 Bad Spring 2.6 Bad Ezerani Autumn 3.4 Bad Spring 3.2 Bad Ezerani NE Autumn 3.1 Bad aZiƂƚļƝËä«Ë¥—ą¯þ¤—«þą—ąĊþļaZiƁƛļƟËä«Ë¥—ą¯þÃëë«þą—ąĊþƈäëą—¥È˯ĕ¯«—ą—äĝþËą¯Ɖ

70 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar has been reported but those species seem not to have established self-sustaining stocks in the lake. Out of Ƙƛ½þÈþ÷¯¥Ë¯þÚäëĖäĻƟ—ú¯¯ä«¯ãË¥ĿZú¯þ÷—þ÷ËúÝËäĻ Prespa bleak, Prespa barbel, Prespa nase, Prespa minnow, Prespa roach, Prespa trout and Prespa chub. According to Crivelli et al. (1997), however, the ą—ěëäëãË¥÷ëþËąËëä뺗äĊ㤯ú뺽þÈþ÷¯¥Ë¯þºúëã lake Prespa is doubtful. Two of the endemic species ƈZú¯þ÷—¤—ú¤¯ÝĻZú¯þ÷—ąúëĊąƉ—ú¯¥Ý—þþ˽¯«—þĕĊÝä¯ú—¤Ý¯ ëäąÈ¯2nH]¯«AËþąëºąÈú¯—ą¯ä¯«—äËã—Ýþļ The basic biology, physiological and habitat requi- rements of the respective species, as well as general population threats are known (Spirkovski et al. ƙƗƘƙƉļ 2äºëúã—ąËëä ëä ½þÈ þąë¥Ú «¯ĕ¯Ýë÷ã¯äąþ Ëä the Albanian and/or Macedonian lake territories can be derived for some species from samplings and catch statistics up to the year 2006. However, more ú¯¥¯äą«—ą—ëä½þÈþąë¥Ú«¯ĕ¯Ýë÷ã¯äąþ—ú¯ãËþþËäÃļ Just a few data from a recent sampling campaign are —ĕ—Ëݗ¤Ý¯ºëúąÈ¯*ú¯¯Ú÷—úąëºąÈ¯ݗگļ Further information is needed to derive index-based conclusions on the ecological state of Prespa Lake using ąÈ¯¤ËëÝëÃË¥—ÝùĊ—ÝËąĝ¯Ý¯ã¯äą½þÈļa÷¯¥Ë½¥—ÝÝĝĻþ¯Ý¯¥ąËëä of metrics indicating different kinds of anthropogenic ÷ú¯þþĊú¯þ ëä ąÈ¯ ½þÈ ¥ëããĊäËąĝ ëº ąÈ¯ ݗگĻ ¥Ý—þþ boundaries for ecological status, and derivation of Ecological Quality Ratios (EQRs) are still lacking.

'JHVSF'JTITBNQMJOHTJUFTJO-BLF1SFTQBEVSJOH 7.5.4.4.3 3FTVMUT Circles show the sites sampled. Sampling sites in 2014 (not shown on map) covered larger areas in both countries. 7.5.4.4.3.1 Albania

2ä ąÈ¯ ݤ—ä˗ä ÷—úą ëº A—Ú¯ Zú¯þ÷—Ļ — ąëą—Ý ëº ƘƜ Together with the non-indigenous pumpkinseed þ÷¯¥Ë¯þ Ė¯ú¯ ¥—ĊÃÈą ƈi—¤ļ ƞļƜļƛļƛļƚļƘƒƘƉļ 2ä ą¯úãþ ëº (-™ HJCCPTVT), these three neozoa constitute a sig- numbers, the most abundant species in the catches ä˽¥—äą÷—úąËäą¯úãþ뺤Ëëã—þþËä«Ë¥—ąËä×þĊ¤þƒ were bitterling (3 BNBSVT) and stone moroko tantial change in the lake’s ecological state. For (1™ QBSWBƉĻ ¤ëąÈ ëº ĖÈË¥È —ú¯ äëäƒËä«ËïäëĊþ ½þÈļ ºĊúąÈ¯ú Ëäºëúã—ąËëäĻ þ¯¯ i—¤ļ ƞļƜļƛļƛļƚļƘƒƘ —ä« 2ÝËÚƒ Boeva and Shumka (2014, Volume of Annexes). Table 7.5.4.4.3.1-1 Relative abundance (RA) of fish species sampled in 2013 and 2014 (Data from both countries pooled) RA RA Native Species Introduced Species 2013 2014 2013 2014 Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Prespa bleak (Alburnus belvica) 23Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) 11 Prespa spirlin (Alburnoides prespensis) 2 3 Stone moroko (Pseudorasbora parva)33 Prespa barbel (Barbus prespensis) 1 1 Bitterling Rhodeus( armarus)33 Carp (Cyprinus carpio) 1 1 Tench (Tinca tinca)11 Prespa nase (Chondrostoma prespensis)11Centrarchidae Prespa minnow (Pelasgus prespensis)11Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) 11 Prespa chub (Squalius prespensis)11 Prespa roach (Rutilus prespensis)22 Salmonidae Prespa trout (Salmo peristericus) 10 Cobitidae Prespa spined loach (Cobitis meridionalis) 11 0 = absent; 1 = rare; 2 = frequent; 3 = abundant

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 71 7.5.4.4.3.2 Macedonia ƈãëþą ä뱗¤Ýĝ ąÈ¯ ]Ëĕ¯ú *ëݯã—ƉĻ ¯ě÷ú¯þþ¯« Ëä ąÈ¯ lake littoral, are a danger to waters of the pelagic During the multimesh gillnet sampling campaign, 13 zone as well, but these are not as heavily impacted, ½þÈ þ÷¯¥Ë¯þ Ė¯ú¯ ¥—ĊÃÈą —ą ąÈ¯ G—¥¯«ëä˗ä ÷—úą ëº yet. Nutrient enrichment as a result of the River A—Ú¯ Zú¯þ÷—Ļ ëº ĖÈË¥È ƛ —ú¯ Ëäąúë«Ċ¥¯«ļ 2ä ą¯úãþ ëº *ëݯã— Ëä÷Ċą ú¯þĊÝąþ Ëä ã¯þëąúë÷ÈË¥ƒ¯Ċąúë÷ÈË¥ ¤ëąÈ—¤Ċ䫗䥯—䫤Ëëã—þþĻä¯ëĢëË¥½þÈ¥ëäþąËąĊą¯« conditions in the receiving littoral area. —þËÃä˽¥—äą÷—úąƈĊ÷ąëëĕ¯úƝƗŢƉëºąÈ¯¥—ą¥ÈĻąÈëĊÃÈ differences in species composition existed between During the summer period at 15 m depth (the years. For further information, see Tab. 7.5.4.4.3.1-1 and bottom of the lake) the concentration of dissolved 2ÝËÚƒë¯ĕ——ä«aÈĊãڗƈƙƗƘƛĻyëÝĊã¯ëºää¯ě¯þƉļ oxygen was extremely low (anoxia), and the ¥ë䥯äąú—ąËëä ëº ÷Èëþ÷ÈëúĊþ Ė—þ þë ÈËÃÈ ƈƁƟƞ mg TP.l-1) that it suggests contamination of the 7.6 *NQBDUBOE3JTLPG8BUFS#PEJFT sample by particulate matter resuspended from the Failing to Meet Environmental þ¯«Ëã¯äąļ*¯ä¯ú—ÝÝĝĻãëú¯ĕ—ÝĊ¯þºëú¥ë䥯äąú—ąËëä 0CKFDUJWFT of total phosphorus during the investigated period belong to mesotrophic state: Ezerani littoral, Ezerani The assessment of the risk of water bodies failing to littoral NW, Ezerani littoral NE, Oteshevo littoral, meet the environmental objectives set was jointly pelagic zone 0.5 and 15 m depth (according to the ¥ëä«Ċ¥ą¯«¤ĝąÈ¯i¯¥ÈäË¥—ÝzëúÚËäÃ*úëĊ÷Ɣz)ļ N½ě¯«¤ëĊ䫗úĝݗگ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëäþ¥È¯ã¯Ɖļ 2ąĊþ¯«—ĕ—Ëݗ¤Ý¯«—ą—¯ã¯úÃËäúúëã÷ú¯ĕËëĊþþąĊ«Ë¯þ and those conducted under the current project as well ¥¥ëú«Ëäà ąë —úÝþëäŘþ iúë÷ÈË¥ aą—ą¯ 2䫯ě ƈia2Ɖ as expert knowledge and background information on values, calculated from total phosphorus and Secchi prevailing impacts and pressures in the respective depth results, the pelagic zone is mesotrophic, sub-basins. An overview of the elements used to veering towards eutrophic. assess the ecological status of surface water bodies is given in Fig. 5.6-1 (Section 5.6). iȯia2ºëúąÈ¯ÝËąąëú—ÝĢëä¯ëºA—Ú¯Zú¯þ÷—Ëä«Ë¥—ą¯ meso-eutrophic conditions. According to OECD ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëäëºĖ—ą¯úĻĕ—ÝĊ¯þºëúiZ¤¯ÝëäÃąëã¯þëƒ eutrophic state and hyper-eutrophic state for water 7.6.1 Chemical and Physico-Chemical ºúëãzziZ—ä«]Ëĕ¯ú*ëݯã—ãË««Ý¯¥ëĊúþ¯ļ Elements The detected concentrations for organochlorine 7.6.1.1 Albania pesticides at sediment samples are a cause for concern. Higher concentrations of nutrients, BOD5 and COD are thought to be caused mainly by the discharge of Ċäąú¯—ą¯«ëúËäþĊº½¥Ë¯äąÝĝąú¯—ą¯«Ė—þą¯Ė—ą¯úËäąë the lake and its tributaries from the Macedonian 7.6.2 Biological Elements sub-catchment. However, no source apportionment modelling of these pollutants has been undertaken, 7.6.2.1 Albania þë ½úã ¥ëä¥ÝĊþËëäþ ¥—ääëą ¤¯ «ú—Ėäļ  ÈËÃȯú degree of littoral nutrient/organic enrichment The phytoplankton community suggests oligo- than that experienced in the deeper central part trophic to mesotrophic conditions. This may not of the lake is usually an indicator of the pollution be so far from reference conditions. However, originating from more localised sources. ąÈ¯ ÷ú¯þ¯ä¥¯ ëº ݗúï —ä« ½Ý—ã¯äąëĊþ ºëúãþ of phytoplankton as well as high Macrophyte The results of the monitoring undertaken need to 2䫯ě ĕ—ÝĊ¯þ ݯ—ĕ¯ äë «ëĊ¤ą ąÈ—ą ¯Ċąúë÷ÈË¥—ąËëä be validated by comparison with future monitoring has widely taken place beyond natural levels results. owing to anthropogenic inputs of organic matter and nutrients. The poor status of benthic 7.6.1.2 Macedonia macroinvertebrates in the littoral zone, which are negatively affected by low oxygen status in All parameters investigated indicate that Lake Prespa summer, indicates that the objective of good is undergoing eutrophication. Besides the increased ecological status (Tab. 7.6.2.1-1) is likely to fail to phosphorus levels, the water level has lowered. be achieved for this quality element as well. This Changes in the volume of the lake have a direct conclusion was further corroborated by results effect on the concentration of dissolved nutrients, ºëú ąÈ¯ ¤ËëÝëÃË¥—Ý ¯Ý¯ã¯äą ½þÈĻ ĖÈË¥È ú¯ĕ¯—ݯ« since there is a reduced level of dilution for the loads the abundance and predominance of non-native ¯äą¯úËäà ąÈ¯ ݗگļ iȯ ËäÁĊ¯ä¥¯ ëº úËĕ¯ú ËäÁëĖþ species in both countries.

72 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar Table 7.6.2.1-1 Risk of water bodies of Lake Prespa of failing to meet the objective of good ecological status, based on four biological quality elements

Individual assessment Overall Water body Phytoplankton Macrophytes Benthic fauna Fish fauna assessment AL – WB1 භ භභභ At risk MK – WB1 භ භභභ At risk MK – WB2 භ Not assessed Not assessed භ Probably at risk *ú¯¯äŹäëą—ąúËþÚĻĝ¯ÝÝëĖŹ÷ú뤗¤Ýĝ—ä«ĹëúÝ륗ÝÝĝ—ąúËþÚĻú¯«Ź—ąúËþÚļ AƔzƘŹݤ—ä˗äĖ—ą¯ú¤ë«ĝĻG?ƔzƘ—ä«zƙŹG—¥¯«ëä˗äĖ—ą¯ú¤ë«ĝļ ŖZú뤗¤Ýĝ—ąúËþÚŘËþäëą—úËþÚ—þþ¯þþã¯äą¥—ą¯Ãëúĝºëú¯þ¯¯äËäąÈ¯z)¤Ċąȗþ¤¯¯äĊþ¯«ËäëĊäąú˯þþĊ¥È—þąÈ¯n?˺ —ĕ—Ëݗ¤Ý¯«—ą—Ė¯ú¯¥ëäþË«¯ú¯«ËäþĊº½¥Ë¯äąąë«ú—Ė½úãëú½ä—Ý¥ëä¥ÝĊþËëäþļ

7.6.2.2 Macedonia eutrophication of the lake. Algal blooms may cause anoxic conditions and death of benthic fauna. Even The achievement of good ecological status of WB2 ąÈëĊÃÈ ąĝ÷¯ƒþ÷¯¥Ë½¥ ú¯º¯ú¯ä¥¯ ¥ëä«ËąËëäþ ú¯ã—Ëä in the Macedonian part of the lake is thought to be ąë¤¯¯þą—¤ÝËþȯ«ĻËąËþ¯ĕË«¯äąąÈ—ą—ùĊ—ąË¥Áëú——ä« ‘probably at risk’ (Tab. 7.6.2.1-1), even though the fauna deviate considerably from good ecological biological element macrophytes in WB1 indicated status (Section 7.6.2). The abundance of non-native a slightly lower degree of nutrient enrichment in þ÷¯¥Ë¯þ ëº ½þÈĻ ºëú ¯ě—ã÷ݯĻ ã—ĝ ¤¯ ąÈ¯ ú¯þĊÝą ëº Macedonia than in Albania (see Tab. 7.5.4.2.3.1-1 vs. eutrophication, structural degradation of habitats as Tab. 7.5.4.2.3.2-1). Ė¯ÝÝ—þĖ¯—Ú½þȯú˯þã—ä—ïã¯äąļ

Both Macedonian Prespa Lake water bodies are at There is no evidence from previous studies that envi- risk of failing to meet their (ecological) environ- ronmental quality standards for priority substances mental objectives – ‘probably’ for the pelagic water and certain other pollutants set by the WFD are body (WB2), since no assessment was made of exceeded. However, further investigations are needed macrophyte/macroinvertebrate communities; but regarding the chemical status of Lake Prespa. ĖËąÈ—ãëú¯Ŗ«¯½äËą¯ŘúËþÚ—þþë¥Ë—ą¯«ĖËąÈąÈ¯ÝËąąëú—Ý (WB1) water body, for which assessments of both While all water bodies of Lake Prespa are at risk macroinvertebrate and macrophyte communities of failing to meet the environmental objective of have been made. Even though reference conditions good ecological status, re-establishment of good ȗĕ¯ä빤¯¯ä«¯½ä¯«ĻąÈ¯ú¯¥—䤯ÝËąąÝ¯«ëĊ¤ąąÈ—ą status seems feasible for most biological elements if marginal areas of the lake are in a degraded state. nutrient/organic pollution was effectively reduced. Hence, good status should be the environmental A similar conclusion can be reached for the River objective for all water bodies of the lake. *ëݯã—Ļ ĖÈË¥È þÈëĖ¯« ¤—« ąë ÷ëëú ¯¥ëÝëÃË¥—Ý status according to the biological element 㗥úëËäĕ¯úą¯¤ú—ą¯þļ iÈËþ ½ä«Ëäà ¥ëä½úãþ ú¯þĊÝąþ 7.7 1SPUFDUFE"SFBT from previous investigations reported by UNDP ƈƙƗƘƙƉ—ä«*2†ƈƙƗƘƗƉļ 7.7.1 Albania According to Law № 111/2012 on the integrated 7.6.3 Hydromorphological management of water resources, the ministry Elements þÈëĊÝ« «¯½ä¯ ÷úëą¯¥ą¯« —ú¯—þ ĖËąÈ ąÈ¯ —Ëã ëº No assessment of hydromorphological quality water and aquatic ecosystem protection, which are has been undertaken yet. Also, no information is declared later on through a regulation of the Council available from earlier investigations. ëº GËäËþą¯úþļ 2ą Ëþ ąÈ¯ «Ċąĝ ëº ąÈ¯ Hz —ä« ąÈ¯ ministry to draft, manage and update the inventory 7.6.4 Surface Water Status and of protected areas as part of the management Environmental Objectives plan of them. The latest should be included in the Assessment management plan of the respective water basin.

The degree of nutrient enrichment of Lake Prespa So far, information has not been provided by the is very high not only in the littoral but also in the ministry but it is believed that conservation-based ÷¯Ý—ÃË¥ Ģëä¯ļ 2äþĊº½¥Ë¯äą þ¯Ė¯ú þĝþą¯ãþ —ä« Ė—þą¯ protected areas are under consideration. The only water treatment, together with intensive agriculture, information obtained refers to areas designated particularly on the Macedonian side of the border for the protection of habitats or species including (including vast apple growing areas), lead to Emerald and/or Natura 2000 sites.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 73 Through Decision № 80, Lake Prespa has been hosting important riparian forest and wet meadows. «¯¥Ý—ú¯« — H—ąËëä—Ý Z—úÚĻ —ą¯Ãëúĝ 22 ëº 2nHļ 2ä The area has also been designated as an Emerald site. 2013, through Decision № 489, Macro and Micro Through a highly participatory process, an Ezerani Prespa and their surroundings have been declared Nature Park was designated, with the Municipality of as a Special Protection Area (SPA) and have Resen responsible for its management. been included in the Ramsar list of Wetlands of 2äą¯ú䗱Ëëä—Ý2ã÷ëúą—䥯ļ2ä=Ċä¯ƙƗƘƛĻZú¯þ÷—A—Ú¯ The National Park of Pelister is located at the east of was declared part of the Transboundary Biosphere A—Ú¯G—¥úëZú¯þ÷—Ɣ¤ëú«¯úËäÃąÈ¯*ú¯¯ÚH—ąËëä—Ý Reserve Ohrid-Prespa. Prespa Park and including part of the Baba Mountain. 2ą¥Ċúú¯äąÝĝ¥ëĕ¯úþ—÷÷úëěļƘƞƘÚã2, of which about 7.7.2 Macedonia 64 km2 falls within the Prespa Lake sub-basin. The ÷—úÚ Ëþ «¯þËÃ䗱¯« —þ —ä ã¯ú—Ý« þËą¯Ļ 2ã÷ëúą—äą The major part of the Prespa watershed and lakes are Zݗäąú¯—ƈ2ZƗƙƠƉ—ä«ZúËã¯Ċąą¯úÁĝú¯—ļ currently under protected area status. The National Z—úÚëºZú¯þ÷—Ëäݤ—ä˗ĻąÈ¯H—ąËëä—ÝZ—úÚëº*—Ý˃ iȯ *—ÝË¥ÈË¥— H—ąËëä—Ý Z—úÚ ¯ěą¯ä«þ ëĕ¯ú —ä —ú¯— ëº chica in Macedonia and the National Prespa Park in approx. 250 km2. About one third of the territory of the *ú¯¯¥¯—ú¯ïëÃú—÷ÈË¥—ÝÝĝÝËäÚ¯«ąëºëúã—Ċä˽¯« park falls within the boundaries of the Prespa sub-basin. pro tected area system. However, the management, pro te ction measures, and their enforcement differ in the three countries. Hence, the level of protection 8 Proposed Programmes for the differs. Monitoring of Water Status Lake Macro Prespa and the Ezerani Nature Reserve According to Article 8 of the WFD, as well national were together designated as a Natural Monument water laws in Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro, ƈƘƠƠƞƉ—ä«z¯ąÝ—ä«ëº2äą¯ú䗱Ëëä—Ý2ã÷ëúą—䥯ƈƘƠƠƜƉ water monitoring programmes must be developed under the Ramsar Convention. The lake has also been and implemented for all river basins. The «¯þËÃ䗱¯«—þ —ä 2ã÷ëúą—äą Ëú«ú¯— ƈ2Ɖľ —ä« ąÈ¯ development of national monitoring programmes is þÈëú¯ —ú¯—þ —ú¯ ú¯¥ëÃäËþ¯« —þ 2ã÷ëúą—äą Zݗäą ú¯—þ part of the river basin management planning process ƈ2ZƉļ which requires transboundary cooperation (see Box The Ezerani Nature Reserve (19.16 km2; Ceroni 11), so there is – as close as possible – a seamless transition between the monitoring undertaken by ƙƗƘƚƉĖ—þ¯þą—¤ÝËþȯ«ËäƘƠƠƝļ2ąËþ—䗱Ċú—ÝĖ¯ąÝ—ä« extending from the northern shoreline of Lake Prespa, adjacent countries.

BOX 11. TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION UNDER THE WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE

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11

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74 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar The WFD recognises three major types of monitoring Gëú¯þ÷¯¥Ë½¥—ÝÝĝĻËą÷úëĕË«¯þËäºëúã—ąËëäºëúĿ programmes: surveillance, operational and investigative (see below), in addition to groundwater x supplementing and validating impact level monitoring and Special Areas monitoring, assessment procedures although the latter can be divided between the x assessing natural and/or anthropogenic surveillance and operational programmes. The three long-term changes main surface water quality monitoring programmes are outlined below for the lakes and their tributaries, Under surveillance monitoring, hydromorphological but the importance of water quantity monitoring and physico-chemical quality elements as well as (not only in terms of groundwater level, but also in relevant biological elements are monitored over ą¯úãþëºúËĕ¯úÁëĖ—þ—Èĝ«úëãëú÷ÈëÝëÃË¥—ÝùĊ—ÝËąĝ a period of at least one year. Priority substances component) need to be considered. The assessment according to WFD at risk of being discharged into the and management of pollutant pressures on lake (and river basin or sub-basins must be monitored as well. coastal) water body status is usually undertaken in terms of loads, rather than concentrations, for which Operational monitoring ¥ëäąËäĊëĊþãëäËąëúËäÃëºËä÷ĊąÁëĖþËþú¯ùĊËú¯«ļ Operational monitoring serves to establish or z—ą¯ú ¤ë«Ë¯þ —ú¯ ¥Ý—þþ˽¯« —÷÷ÝĝËäà — ąĖ냥—ą¯Ãëúĝ ¥ëä½úã ąÈ¯ þą—ąĊþ ëº Ė—ą¯ú ¤ë«Ë¯þ ºëĊä« ąë ¤¯ —ą ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëäþ¥È¯ã¯ºëú¥È¯ãË¥—Ýþą—ąĊþ—þþ¯þþã¯äąþ risk of failing to meet environmental objectives ƈÃëë«ĕþļº—Ëݯ«Ɖ—ä«—½ĕ¯ƒ¥Ý—þþþ¥È¯ã¯ºëú¯¥ëÝëÃË¥—Ý ƈºëÝÝëĖËäà Ëä˱˗Ý ¥È—ú—¥ą¯úËþ—ąËëäƉļ 2ą ºë¥Ċþ¯þ ëä status assessments (Box 4). Monitoring sites and parameters or biological elements that are most parameters are selected to enable the monitoring sensitive to the pressures to which the water bodies ëº Ė—ą¯ú þą—ąĊþ —ą —ä —¥¥¯÷ą—¤Ý¯ ݯĕ¯Ý ëº ¥ë佫¯ä¥¯ —ú¯ þĊ¤×¯¥ąļ 2ą Ëþ Ċ䫯úą—Ú¯ä ºëú —ÝÝ Ė—ą¯ú ¤ë«Ë¯þ and precision. Monitoring programmes should be Ë«¯äąË½¯«—þ¤¯Ëä׹úËþÚļiȯäĊ㤯úëºãëäËąëúËäà designed in a cost-effective and well-targeted manner. þËą¯þ䯯«þąë¤¯þĊº½¥Ë¯äąąë—þþ¯þþąÈ¯ã—ÃäËąĊ«¯ —ä«Ëã÷—¥ąëºþ÷¯¥Ë½¯«÷ú¯þþĊú¯þļ Surveillance monitoring Investigative monitoring Surveillance monitoring provides an assessment of the overall water status within each catchment and 2º ąÈ¯ ú¯—þëäþ ºëú º—ËÝĊú¯ ąë 㯯ą ¯äĕËúëäã¯äą—Ý sub-catchment within a given river basin district. objectives cannot be elucidated by operational

1IPUP-BVODIJOHUIF*$3JO"MCBOJB

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 75 monitoring, more intensive or additional monitoring 2ąËþäëąºëú¯þ¯¯äąëãëäËąëú÷úËëúËąĝþĊ¤þą—䥯þ—ä« ã—ĝ ¤¯ ú¯ùĊËú¯«ļ 2äĕ¯þąË׹Ëĕ¯ ãëäËąëúËäà Ëþ —Ýþë other pollutants under the surveillance monitoring used to ascertain the magnitude and impacts of scheme. —¥¥Ë«¯äą—Ý ÷ëÝÝĊąËëäļ 2ą ã—ĝ —Ýþë Ëä¥ÝĊ«¯ —Ý—úã ëú early warning monitoring, for example to protect Analysis of hydromorphological features is an essen- drinking water intakes against accidental pollution. tial part of surveillance monitoring. Represen tative sections of the shoreline should be characterised to this end based on recognized and proven typologies. 8.1 Lake Shkodra/Skadar 8.1.1 Surveillance Monitoring 8.1.2 Operational Monitoring

Lake Shkodra/Skadar is a highly vulnerable ecosystem Additional investigations are necessary to assess the affected by different kinds of anthropogenic pressures, impact of point discharges from waste water treatment in particular organic pollution from municipal waste plants (mainly Shkodra and Podgorica) and industries water and nutrient inputs from agriculture. Natural ƈ¯ļÃļ þą¯¯Ý ĖëúÚþ Ëä HËÚĀ˦ —ä« —ÝĊãËäËĊã÷ݗäą Ëä changes of the water balance and the dynamics of Podgorica) and pollution from diffuse sources (mainly Ė—ą¯ú ¯ě¥È—äï —ú¯ þËÃä˽¥—äą ¥È—ú—¥ą¯úËþąË¥þ ëº untreated waste water and intensive agriculture). A ąÈ¯ݗگąë¤¯ú¯Á¯¥ą¯«ËäąÈ¯«¯þËÃäëºþĊúĕ¯ËÝݗ䥯 tentative operational monitoring scheme is proposed monitoring. Ëäi—¤ļ ƟļƘļƙƒƘļ 2ą ¯ä¥ëã÷—þþ¯þþ—ã÷ÝËäà ÷ëËäąþ 䯗ú ąÈ¯¥ëäÁĊ¯ä¥¯þëºąÈ¯ã—ËäąúˤĊą—ú˯þëºąÈ¯ݗگËä Taking the results of the initial characterisation into Montenegro and a sampling point for the monitoring account, a tentative surveillance monitoring scheme of waste water discharges near to the city of Shkodra is proposed in Tab. 8.1.1-1. Sampling frequencies and (which requires a new sampling station AL Vnew). As the type of biological elements to be monitored with surveillance monitoring, sampling frequencies ú¯ã—Ëäąë¤¯Ë«¯äąË½¯«ļ and the type of biological elements to be monitored ú¯ã—Ëäąë¤¯Ë«¯äąË½¯«ļ

Table 8.1.1-1 Proposed scheme for surveillance monitoring at Lake Shkodra/Skadar

Proposed sampling station (from inflow to outflow) Quality element Station code Station name, WB code and name Biological Physico-chemical Chemical

MNE Mornew River Morača (new) x x MNE I Kamenik (littoral), WB SL1: Vučko Blato x x MNE V Starčevo (littoral), WB SL3: Southwest x x MNE VI Centre (pelagic), WB SL4: Pelagic zone x x

AL IVnew Centre (pelagic), WB SL1: AL part of LS x x AL III Shiroka (littoral), WB SL1: AL part of LS x x For the location of already established sampling stations, see Fig. 5.5.1-1.

Table 8.1.2-1 Proposed scheme for operational monitoring at Lake Shkodra/Skadar

Proposed sampling station (from inflow to outflow) Quality element Station code Station name, WB code and name Biological Physico-chemical Chemical

MNE Mornew River Morača (new) x MNE II Virpazar (littoral), WB SL3: Southwest x x MNE IV Podhum (littoral), WB SL2: North x x AL I Kaldrun (littoral), WB SL1: AL part of LS x x

AL Vnew Shkodra (littoral), WB SL1: AL part of LS x x For the location of already established sampling stations, see Fig. 5.5.1-1. ąąÈ¯ëĊąÝ¯ąëºąÈ¯Gëú—§—]Ëĕ¯úĻþ¯«Ëã¯äąþ—ã÷ݯþþÈëĊÝ«¤¯ą—Ú¯äºëúąÈ¯—ä—ÝĝþËþëº÷Èëþ÷ÈëúĊþ—ä«þ÷¯¥Ë½¥÷ëÝÝĊą—äąþļ

76 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar 8.1.3 Investigative Monitoring includes one site at the main tributary Sateska River and lake sites in the pelagic zone or the littoral near Results from the initial characterisation gave no ąëąÈ¯ëĊąÁëĖļ indication for the need to conduct investigative monitoring. Water samples should be monitored for organo chlo- úËä¯÷¯þąË¥Ë«¯þļ2ä˱˗ÝÝĝËąËþ÷úë÷ëþ¯«ąÈ—ą—ÝÝĖ—ą¯ú bodies be sampled for OCPs rather than just the site 8.2 -BLF0ISJE where DDT levels exceeded the EU EQS because of the transient nature of aquatic pesticide concentrations. 8.2.1 Surveillance Monitoring Analysis of hydromorphological features is an esse- Lake Ohrid is a popular and densely populated tourist ntial part of surveillance monitoring. Representative destination. The cities of Ohrid, Struga and Pogradec sections of the shoreline should be characterised to are the social and economic centres of the lake. this end, based on recognized and proven typologies. Owing to its large surface and great depth, the lake has special physical and biological characteristics. iȯ ݗگ Ëþ þąú—ąË½¯« Ëäąë ąĖë «ËþąËä¥ą ݗĝ¯úþĻ ąÈ¯ 8.2.2 Operational Monitoring hydrologically dynamic epilimnion (upper layer) and the more static, voluminous hypolimnion (lower Additional investigations are necessary to assess the layer). The latter forms a sink for mineral and organic impact of waste water discharges at Pogradec, diffuse matter originating from the catchment area. pollution resulting from human activities such as ąëĊúËþãĻ —ÃúË¥ĊÝąĊú¯ —ä«Ɣ Ëäݤ—ä˗Ɣ ãËäËäÃļ 2ä The surveillance monitoring scheme proposed for Macedonia, the monitoring should also include the A—Ú¯NÈúË«ƈi—¤ļƟļƙļƘƒƘƉú¯Á¯¥ąþú¯þĊÝąþëºąÈ¯Ëä˱˗Ý Sateska River, which was diverted to Lake Ohrid in characterisation, the above mentioned peculiarities the 1960s, thereby increasing the sediment load. as well as experiences from other deep lakes in The proposed operational monitoring scheme is Ċúë÷¯Ļ¯ļÃļA—Ú¯þëäþą—䥯ĻA¯ã—äëúAëãëä«ļ2ą þĊãã—úËĢ¯«Ëäi—¤ļƟļƙļƙƒƘļ

Table 8.2.1-1 Proposed scheme for surveillance monitoring at Lake Ohrid

Proposed sampling station Quality element Station code Station name, WB code and name Biological Physico-chemical Chemical Sat II River Sateska, mid. course, RS2: Low. Riv. Sat. x x x MK I Kalishta (littoral), WB OL1: MK part of LO x x x MK V Centre (pelagic), WB OL1: MK part of LO x x x

AL IVnew Centre (pelagic), WB OL1: AL part of LO x x For the location of already established sampling stations, see Fig. 6.5.1-1.

Table 8.2.2-1 Proposed scheme for operational monitoring at Lake Ohrid

Proposed sampling station Quality element Station code Station name, WB code and name Biological Physico-chemical Chemical SAT III River Sateska, low. course, WB RS1: Low. Riv. Sat. x x MK II Grashnica (littoral), WB OL1: MK part of LO x x x MK III Veli Dab (littoral), WB OL1: MK part of LO x x x MK V Centre (pelagic), WB OL1: MK part of LO x x x AL I Lin (littoral), WB OL1: AL part of LO x x AL II Memlisht (littoral), WB OL1: AL part of LO x x AL III Pogradec (littoral), WB OL1: AL part of LO x x

AL Vnew Outlet Pogradec WWTP, WB OL1: AL part of LO x x For the location of already established sampling stations, see Fig. 6.5.1.-1.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 77 At the south-western part of the lake in Albania, one located near to the underground drainage into sediment samples should be taken for analysis A—Ú¯NÈúË«ƈNą¯þȯĕëƉļ2ą—Ýþëºëú¯þ¯¯þ—ä¯ĖþËą¯ËäąÈ¯ ëº þ÷¯¥Ë½¥ ÷ëÝÝĊą—äąþ ºúëã ąÈ¯ ãËäËäà Ëä«Ċþąúĝļ pelagic zone of the Albanian part of the lake. Monitoring of water samples should also be Sampling stations and parameters should be aligned undertaken for organochlorine pesticides. with those established by the Lake Prespa Restoration Project implemented by UNDP in Macedonia to 8.2.3 Investigative Monitoring avoid redundancies and reduce sampling effort.

Results from the initial characterisation gave no Analysis of hydromorphological features is an essen- indication for the need to conduct investigative tial part of surveillance monitoring. Represen tative monitoring. sections of the shoreline should be characterised to this end based on recognized and proven typologies.

8.3 -BLF1SFTQB 2ąËþäëąºëú¯þ¯¯äąëãëäËąëú÷úËëúËąĝþĊ¤þą—䥯þ—ä« other pollutants under the surveillance monitoring 8.3.1 Surveillance Monitoring scheme. Lake Prespa has undergone a dramatic change from 8.3.2 Operational Monitoring oligotrophic to mesotrophic and – in some parts – even eutrophic status. The lake is affected by a range Additional investigations are necessary to assess of anthropogenic pressures such as organic waste the impact of point discharges of the waste water water, agriculture or water extraction and has seen treatment plant Ezerani as well as diffuse pollution strong natural changes in the water balance. The particularly from discharges of untreated waste surveillance monitoring must be adapted to these water and intensive agriculture. Tab. 8.3.2-1 shows traits. Furthermore, the monitoring programme the proposed operational monitoring scheme. Most þÈëĊÝ«¥ëäþË«¯úąÈ¯þËąĊ—ąËëäËäąÈ¯*ú¯¯Ú÷—úąëºąÈ¯ sampling stations are located at the shallow part of lake, including the interaction with Lake Micro Prespa. the lake to the North and North-west. As outlined in The proposed surveillance monitoring scheme is the previous section, the scheme should be aligned «¯÷Ë¥ą¯«Ëäi—¤ļƟļƚļƘƒƘļ2ąËä¥ÝĊ«¯þ—ãëäÃëąÈ¯úþëä¯ ĖËąÈąÈ¯þ—ã÷ÝËäÃþ¥È¯ã¯ëºąÈ¯*)ƒnHZA—Ú¯ þËą¯—ąąÈ¯ã—ËäąúˤĊą—úĝ]Ëĕ¯ú*ëݯã——ä«—äëąÈ¯ú Prespa Restoration Project.

Table 8.3.1-1 Proposed scheme for surveillance monitoring at Lake Prespa

Proposed sampling station Quality element Station code Station name, WB code and name Biological Physico-Chemical Chemical Golema II River Golema, WB RG1: River Golema x MK V Oteshevo (littoral), WB PL1: Ezerani x x MK VI Centre (pelagic), WB PL2: Pelagic zone x x AL I Gollomboc (littoral), WB PL1: AL part of LP x x

AL IIInew Centre (pelagic), WB PL1: AL part of LP x x For the location of already established sampling stations, see Fig. 7.5.1-1.

Table 8.3.2-1 Proposed scheme for operational monitoring at Lake Prespa

Sampling station Quality element Station code Station name, WB code and name Biological Physico-Chemical Chemical MK III Ezerani (littoral), WB PL1: Ezerani x x x MK IV Northeast (littoral), WB PL1: Ezerani x x x AL II Pustec (littoral), WB PL1: AL part of LP x x x Sampling station locations are shown in Fig. 7.5.1.-1.

78 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar Organochlorine pesticide concentrations in the Macroinvertebrates are usually monitored in spring water column should be monitored under the and autumn, since results from these times of operational monitoring scheme. Sampling/moni- ĝ¯—ú ã—ĝ ¤¯ þËÃä˽¥—äąÝĝ «Ëºº¯ú¯äąĻ —ä« ąÈ¯ ú¯þĊÝąþ toring should also be undertaken to help quantify combined to increase their certainty. ‘internal’ nutrient loads from historically enriched sediments. Notwithstanding the importance of Macrophytes, however, need to be monitored only classical organochlorine pesticides such as DDT, once during each monitoring year (often summer analytical capacities should be developed to analyse when plants are easiest to identify), and always current use pesticides as well, focusing on active at the same time of year (to reduce variability in ingredients widely used in Macedonian fruit crops. abundance).

GëäËąëúËäÃ ëº ½þÈ ÷ë÷ĊݗąËëäþ «¯÷¯ä«þ ݗúïÝĝ 8.3.3 Investigative Monitoring Ċ÷ëäąÈ¯þ¯—þëä—ÝËąĝëºãËÃú—ąëúĝ½þÈãëĕ¯ã¯äąþĻ ¤ĊąąÈ¯—ïþąúĊ¥ąĊú¯ëº½þÈ÷ë÷ĊݗąËëäþËþĊþĊ—ÝÝĝ Results from the initial characterisation gave no assessed in terms of whole years to remove the indication for the need to conduct investigative effects of seasonality from statistical results. monitoring.

8.4 Monitoring Frequencies 8.4.2 Chemical and Physico-Chemical 8.4.1 Biological Quality Elements Quality Elements The WFD requires monthly sampling and analysis iȯ z) þ÷¯¥Ë½¯þ ãëäËąëúËäà ºú¯ùĊ¯ä¥Ë¯þ ëº of priority substances, which implies considerable between 6 months and 3 years for individual effort (see Tab. 8.4.2-1). Nevertheless, this frequency biological quality elements (Tab. 8.4.1-1).

Table 8.4.1-1 Monitoring frequencies for biological quality elements in surface waters according to the WFD

Biological quality element Rivers Lakes Transitional waters Coastal waters Phytoplankton 6 monthly 6 monthly 6 monthly 6 monthly Macrophytes/phytobenthos 3 yearly 3 yearly 3 yearly 3 yearly Macroinvertebrates 3 yearly 3 yearly 3 yearly 3 yearly Fish 3 yearly 3 yearly 3 yearly

However, the high variability in phytoplankton should be endeavoured at selected sites for one year biomass (and chlorophyll-B concentration) means of surveillance monitoring, if possible. A frequency that in reality this needs to be monitored more of once per two months (six samples per year) frequently (monthly as a minimum), particularly if would be a reasonable compromise when resources trend analysis is to be undertaken on chlorophyll-B are limiting. Sampling and analysis of priority results. Funding such frequent monitoring is a big substances once per 3 months should be considered commitment, but one which is not required at —ãËäËãĊãĊ÷ëä¯ĕË«¯ä¥¯ëºþËÃä˽¥—äąþëĊú¥¯þëº all sites, nor at all depths. Monitoring should be pollution. restricted to the upper layers of the lakes, using either a composite sample from throughout the On the other hand, a monitoring frequency for euphotic zone or a sample from close to the surface. general conditions of once per 3 months might Nä¯ëúąĖëþËą¯þ÷¯úݗگþÈëĊÝ«þĊº½¥¯Ļ÷ú¯º¯ú—¤Ýĝ be too low to capture seasonal variations in water from the pelagic zone. Data from the high frequency temperature, dissolved oxygen and nutrient pelagic monitoring sites should be supported by concentrations. Higher frequencies would be 3-monthly sampling from littoral sites. ¤¯ä¯½¥Ë—ÝĻºëú¯ě—ã÷ݯĻąĖëãëäąÈÝĝëúĻ¯ĕ¯ä¤¯ąą¯úĻ monthly. For other biological elements, two years is a safer monitoring frequency (than the three stated in *¯ä¯ú—ÝÝĝĻãëú¯ºú¯ùĊ¯äąþ—ã÷ÝËäÃã—ĝ¤¯ú¯ùĊËú¯« the Directive), since this allows for one unusual to determine long-term trends or estimate pollution or erroneous result to occur in each 6-year WFD Ý뗫þ ĖËąÈ —¥¥¯÷ą—¤Ý¯ ݯĕ¯Ýþ ëº ¥ë佫¯ä¥¯ —ä« management cycle, with two more ‘natural’ results precision. to act as a counterbalance.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 79 Table 8.4.2-1 Monitoring frequencies for chemical and physico-chemical quality elements in surface waters according to the WFD

Parameter Rivers Lakes Transitional waters Coastal waters Thermal conditions 3 monthly 3 monthly 3 monthly 3 monthly Oxygenation 3 monthly 3 monthly 3 monthly 3 monthly Salinity 3 monthly 3 monthly 3 monthly Nutrient status 3 monthly 3 monthly 3 monthly 3 monthly Acidification status 3 monthly 3 monthly Priority substances Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Other pollutants 3 monthly 3 monthly 3 monthly 3 monthly

8.4.3 Hydromorphological Quality workers – see Carvalho et al. [2006]), but in the OECD Elements ú¯÷ëúą ąÈ¯ ¥ë佫¯ä¥¯ ÝËãËąþ ÷ú¯þ¯äą¯« —ú¯ —ä ëú«¯ú of magnitude apart. This illustrates why there is so zËąÈąÈ¯¯ě¥¯÷ąËëäëºúËĕ¯úÁëĖƈĖÈË¥ÈËþãëäËąëú¯« much uncertainty in classifying water bodies. The continuously), hydromorphological assessments —Ëã뺥ݗþþ˽¥—ąËëäËþąëË«¯äąËºĝąÈ¯ãëþą÷ú뤗¤Ý¯ need only be made once in every 6-year river class for each waterbody in terms of ecology, physico- basin management planning cycle (Tab. 8.4.3-1). chemistry and chemistry, but what is actually However, monitoring of shallow macroinvertebrate ÷úë«Ċ¥¯«¤ĝąÈ¯¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëä÷ú륯þþËþ—º—¥¯ƒĕ—ÝĊ¯ communities as a biological quality element (possibly ¥Ý—þþƈþ¯¯n?i*ƙƗƘƚƉļ also aquatic vegetation) will usually involve an assessment of substrate type(s) to ensure that different iȯ ¥ëäþ¯ùĊ¯ä¥¯þ ëº ãËþ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëä Ċ䫯ú ąÈ¯ habitats are monitored on a proportional basis. WFD may be very costly in terms of unnecessary measures having to be implemented or, WJDFWFSTB, in terms of waterbodies failing to be given the level of 8.5 6ODFSUBJOUZBOEUIF3JTLPG.JT protection required. $MBTTJĬDBUJPO The greater the number of parameters/metrics used yëÝݯäĖ¯Ë«¯ú—ä«?¯ú¯Ú¯þƈƘƠƟƙƉ÷ú¯þ¯äą¯«—Ýą¯ú䗱Ëĕ¯ to classify a water body, the greater the chance of ąúë÷ÈË¥þą—ąĊþ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëäþĝþą¯ãþąëąÈëþ¯ĊþĊ—ÝÝĝ ąÈ—ąĖ—ą¯ú¤ë«ĝ¤¯Ëäåݗþþ˽¯«¥ëúú¯¥ąÝĝļiÈËþúËþÚëº ú¯º¯úú¯«ąë—þąÈ¯Nƈ½ě¯«¤ëĊ䫗úĝƉ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëä ãËþ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëäËþĊ䫯úþąëë«ËäąÈ¯z)ĻþË䥯Ëą scheme, based on the probability of a lake belonging ú¯ùĊËú¯þąÈ—ąŖ¯þąËã—ą¯þëºąÈ¯ݯĕ¯Ý뺥ë佫¯ä¥¯—ä« to each trophic status class. Of the three middle precision of the results provided by the monitoring classes (oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic), the programmes’ be given in river basin management maximum probability of any water body being placed plans (Annex V, Paragraph 1.3). This has not been in the ‘correct’ class is 60-70 % (Fig. 8.5-1), whether the attempted for any of the waterbodies covered in this ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëä þ¥È¯ã¯ Ëþ ¤—þ¯« ëä ¥ÈÝëúë÷ÈĝÝ݃B or report – there are much more immediate challenges ąëą—Ý ÷Èëþ÷ÈëúĊþ ¥ë䥯äąú—ąËëäļ 2ä ąÈ¯ þ—㯠N in terms of developing methods and expanding the report, a simple model/linear correlation linking proposed monitoring programmes to cover all fresh total phosphorus and chlorophyll-B concentrations and tidal water bodies in each of the three countries was presented (as has been done by numerous other – but this subject will need to be tackled in the future.

Table 8.4.3-1 Monitoring frequencies for hydromorphological quality elements in surface waters, according to the WFD

Parameter Rivers Lakes Transitional waters Coastal waters Continuity 6 yearly Hydrology Continuously Monthly Morphology 6 yearly 6 yearly 6 yearly 6 yearly

80 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar x Drin River, including its tributaries, the Black Drin and White Drin x Gëú—§—]Ëĕ¯ú x Ċä—Ĺëחä—]Ëĕ¯úƈëĊąÁëĖëºA—Ú¯ Shkodra/Skadar to the Adriatic Sea)

Within the CSBL project, the sub-basins of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar have been chara- ¥ą¯úËþ¯« —¥¥ëú«Ëäà ąë ąÈ¯ ú¯ùĊËú¯ã¯äąþ ëº ää¯ě 22 of the WFD. The initial characterisation has been restricted to surface water bodies of the three lakes and the major tributaries of Lakes Prespa and Ohrid.

On the base of former research and current monitoring ÷úëÃú—ãã¯þĻ ąÈ¯ iz* Ëä¥ëú÷ëú—ą¯« ¤ËëÝëÃË¥—ÝĻ physico-chemical and chemical quality elements, to develop a robust WFD-aware programme. Sampling and analytical methods, as well as evaluation ÷ú륯«Ċú¯þ Ė¯ú¯ ú¯½ä¯« —ä« ȗúãëäËĢ¯« «ĊúËäà ąú—äþ¤ëĊ䫗úĝ ĖëúÚþÈë÷þ ëº ąÈ¯iz* ąë 㯯ą ąÈ¯ requirements of the WFD.

Supported by experts from universities, research institutions and administrative bodies of all three ¥ëĊäąú˯þĻ ąÈ¯ iz* «ËĕË«¯« ąÈ¯ ݗگþ —ä« ąÈ¯Ëú tributaries into water bodies based on their physical characteristics. Based on the monitoring results 'JHVSF 1SPCBCJMJUZEJTUSJCVUJPOGPSUSPQIJDDBUFHPSJFTCBTFEPODIMPSPQIZMMaBOE 뤹—Ë䯫Ļ ąÈ¯ iz* —þþ¯þþ¯« ąÈ¯ ÷ú¯þþĊú¯þ —ä« UPUBMQIPTQIPSVTDPODFOUSBUJPOT BDDPSEJOHUPUIF0&$%DMBTTJöDBUJPOTDIFNF(Vollenweider impacts on the water bodies. and Kerekes 1982) To be able to manage and report on the water environment, Lake Prespa has been divided into three, Lake Ohrid into two and Lake Shkodra/Skadar 9 Summary and Outlook Ëäąë ½ĕ¯ Ė—ą¯ú ¤ë«Ë¯þļ )ĊúąÈ¯úãëú¯Ļ Ė—ą¯úƒú¯Ý—ą¯« protected areas (usually designated under other 9.1 Summary Ċúë÷¯—äËú¯¥ąËĕ¯þƉȗĕ¯¤¯¯äË«¯äąË½¯«Ļąë¯äþĊú¯ they are managed in a way that meets their needs. The WFD requires anthropogenic pressures on the A main part of the initial characterisation has been water environment to be assessed and managed in the assessment of pressures and impacts on the water an integrated way across all waters. The Directive ¯äĕËúëäã¯äąļiȯ—þþ¯þþã¯äąË«¯äąË½¯«Ė—ą¯ú¤ë«Ë¯þ sets out a planning cycle, which consists of the at risk of failing the environmental objectives set out characterisation of river basin districts, the in the Directive. The results will be used to inform implementation of environmental monitoring future environmental monitoring and identify those programmes, the setting of environmental objectives water bodies for which greater protection may be and the elaboration of a river basin management required. plan, including a programme of measures to achieve ąÈ¯¯äĕËúëäã¯äą—Ýë¤×¯¥ąËĕ¯þƈ¯ļÃļ2úËþÈZƙƗƗƜƉ The following point source pressures were examined for their impacts in the three sub-basins: iȯ úËä ]Ëĕ¯ú —þËä ¯ěą¯ä«þ ąÈúëĊÃÈ *ú¯¯¥¯Ļ ݤ—ä˗ĻG—¥¯«ëä˗Ļ?ëþëĕë—ä«Gëäą¯ä¯Ãúëļ¤ëĊą x Waste water treatment plant at Resen (Lake 1.5 million people rely on the water resources of Prespa, Macedonia) the basin for a range of uses, such as drinking water x Waste water treatment plant at Pogradec þĊ÷÷ÝĝĻ ąëĊúËþãĻ —ÃúË¥ĊÝąĊú¯Ļ ½þȯú˯þĻ Ëä«Ċþąúĝ —ä« (Lake Ohrid, Albania) hydropower. The Drin River Basin is an intercon- nected hydrological system comprising the trans- x Untreated waste water discharged from boundary sub-basins of: Zë«ÃëúË¥— ƈGëäą¯ä¯ÃúëƉ Ëäąë ąÈ¯ Gëú—§— river as the main tributary of lake Shkodra/ x Lake Prespa Skadar x Lake Ohrid x Lake Shkodra/Skadar x Untreated waste water from the city of Shkodra (Albania)

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 81 x Smaller point sources of untreated waste —þþ¯þþã¯äąļ*¯ä¯ú—ÝÝĝĻĖ¯ąÝ—ä«Ýëþþ—ä««¯Ãú—«—ąËëä and storm water discharges (all countries) enhance the vulnerability of aquatic ecosystems to adverse impacts such as inputs of nutrients aËÃä˽¥—äą Ëä«Ċþąú˗Ý ÷ëËäą þëĊú¥¯þ ú¯ã—Ëä ąë ¤¯ and organic pollutants from surrounding land. Ë«¯äąË½¯«ļ iȯ ã—Ëä ÷—úą ëº Ëä«Ċþąú˗Ý Ė—þą¯ Ė—ą¯ú Therefore, changes to the shoreline (especially of is discharged into the public sewer system. Potential Lakes Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar) should be taken þëĊú¥¯þ—ú¯ݗ䫽ÝÝþËą¯þƈþëÝË«—ä«þÝĊ«Ã¯Ė—þą¯Ɖ—ä« into account in future assessments. industrial waste disposal sites (steelworks, mines etc.). An essential conclusion of the initial characterisation Agriculture in the catchment area is the main diffuse is that environmental pressures may be national in source of pollution, especially concerning the use of origin, yet have a transboundary impact on water fertilizers and pesticides. The steeply sloping land in status. Transboundary cooperation between national parts of the sub-catchments increases land erosion and competent authorities and research institutions has causes the discharge of nutrients applied as fertilizer improved, joint monitoring programmes have been ËäąëąÈ¯ݗگþļiȯ—úąË½¥Ë—ݯþąĊ—úĝëºąÈ¯a—ą¯þڗ]Ëĕ¯ú agreed and information/knowledge swapped. The (Macedonia) has been responsible for the discharge of ÷ú륯þþ —Ýþë Ëäºëú㯫 ąÈ¯ úËä ëú¯ *úëĊ÷ ĖËąÈ nutrient-rich sediments into Lake Ohrid for the last ĖÈË¥ÈąÈ¯iz*þȗú¯þã¯ã¤¯úþ—䫯ě÷¯úąËþ¯ļ ½ĕ¯«¯¥—«¯þļ)ĊúąÈ¯úãëú¯ĻäĊąú˯äąÝ뗫þºúëãÈëĊþËäà and touristic sites without sewer system are part of the diffuse pollution. 9.3 Next Steps

All of the lakes appear to be suffering to some extent Within the CSBL project, it is planned to determine and in some parts at least from eutrophication. hydromorphological conditions of the lakes. The While it makes sense that the focus of nutrient current state monitoring programmes in the three control measures from urban areas should be the countries should be supported by and aligned with maintenance and upgrading of the waste water activities of other donors, such as UNDP12—ä«H2y13. treatment system, alternative solutions should also —þ¯«ëä¯ěËþąËäÃþąĊ«Ë¯þƈ¥ë䱗ãË䗱¯«ݗä«Ļݗ䫽ÝÝþĻ be looked at. These include the banning of high- Ëä«Ċþąú˗Ý þËą¯þ ¯ą¥ļƉĻ þ÷¯¥Ë½¥ ÷ëÝÝĊą—äąþ —ä« ÷úËëúËąĝ ÷Èëþ÷ÈëúĊþ ƈaiZZƒ¤—þ¯«Ɖ «¯ą¯úïäąþļ 2ä þë㯠substances have to be investigated in water as well as European countries, these may contribute up to 40 in sediments. Moreover, an economic analysis of all % of the phosphorus load to sewer. relevant water uses in the sub-basins is necessary.

þą—¤ÝËþÈËäà ąĝ÷¯ƒþ÷¯¥Ë½¥ ú¯º¯ú¯ä¥¯ ¥ëä«ËąËëäþ ºëú 9.2 3FTVMUTPGUIF*OJUJBM the three lakes remains one of the major challenges Characterisation to be addressed. This requires a thorough review and assessment of available data, including historic The investigations of the biological quality surveys and inventories. elements ‘phytoplankton’ (mainly unicellular algae), Ŗ㗥úë÷Èĝą¯þŘ ƈ¯ã¯úïäąĻ þĊ¤ã¯úï« ëú Á뗱Ëäà The results of the investigations undertaken for the plants) and ‘benthic macroinvertebrates’ (bottom- initial characterisation should be transferred into dwellers) has shown the harmful impact of excess national data management systems. Cooperation with nutrient supply to all three lakes. Only one water ąÈ¯ 2Z ƈ2äþąúĊã¯äą ºëú Zú¯ƒ¥¥¯þþËëä þþËþą¯ä¥¯Ɖ body of Lake Ohrid and Lake Prespa are probably project14 in Macedonia and the Worldbank project15 not at risk of failing their environmental objectives. in Albania has to be strengthened. Furthermore, the All other water bodies are at risk. results are essential for the development of the river basin management plan for the wider Drin River The results of the physico-chemical investigations —þËäĻ—þ¯äĕËþ—﫤ĝ*)16. ȗĕ¯ ¥ëä½ú㯫 ąÈ¯ ¥ëúú¯Ý—ąËëä ¤¯ąĖ¯¯ä ąÈ¯ discharge of nutrients (especially phosphorus) and Finally, a programme of measures as the operational eutrophication especially in Lake Prespa, but also in component of the river basin management plan has Lake Shkodra/Skadar. to be elaborated in each country. Within this process, active involvement of the public is necessary to Further information is needed to derive index-based increase the acceptance of the measures and ensure conclusions on the ecological state of the lakes using the achievement of good water status in all three ąÈ¯¤ËëÝëÃË¥—ÝùĊ—ÝËąĝ¯Ý¯ã¯äą½þÈļ2ąȗþąÈ¯ú¯ºëú¯ lakes. only tentatively been considered in the assessment 12 Restoration of Prespa Lake Ecosystem. of the initial characterization. 13 Assessment of Ecological Status According to the Water Framework Directive – 2äą¯ú¥—Ýˤú—ąËëä—ãëäÃz¯þą¯ú䃗ÝڗäëĊäąú˯þļ 14 i¯¥ÈäË¥—Ý þþËþą—䥯 ºëú aąú¯äÃąÈ¯äËäà ąÈ¯ 2äþąËąĊąËëä—Ý —÷—¥ËąË¯þ ºëú Hydromorphological mapping of the lakeshores ÷÷úëěËã—ąËëä—ä«2ã÷ݯã¯äą—ąËëäëºäĕËúëäã¯äą—ÝA¯ÃËþݗąËëäËäąÈ¯ú¯— of Water Management. has never been done in any of the lake riparian 15 Water Cadastre in Albania. countries and could not, hence, be considered in the 16 䗤ÝËäà iú—äþ¤ëĊ䫗úĝ ëë÷¯ú—ąËëä —ä« 2äą¯Ãú—ą¯« z—ą¯ú ]¯þëĊú¥¯þ Management in the Extended Drin River Basin.

82 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar 10 References

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Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 83 A (2007) Eutrophication of ancient Lake Ohrid: aąļ?ËúËÝ—ä«G¯ąÈë«ËĊþĻaÚë÷ׯĻG—¥¯«ëä˗ *Ý뤗Ý Ė—úãËäà —ã÷Ý˽¯þ «¯ąúËã¯äą—Ý ¯ºº¯¥ąþ Patceva S, Mitic V (2006) Phytoplankton composition of of increased nutrient inputs. Limnology and Lake Prespa and its response to eutrophication in Oceanography 52(1): 338–353 ąÈ¯ݗþą½ºąĝĝ¯—úþļëÝݯ¥ąËëäëºZ—÷¯úþ¯ĕëą¯« Melzer A (1999) Aquatic macrophytes as tools for lake ąë¥—«¯ãË¥?ËúËÝGË¥¯ĕþÚËĿƙƠƠƔƚƗƠ management. Hydrobiologia 396: 181–190 Z—ą¥¯ĕ— aĻ GËąË¥yĻ =ëú«—äëþÚË GĻy¯Ýחäëþڗƒa—ú—½Ýëþڗ Melzer A, Schneider S (2001) Submerse Makrophyten als E (2009) Trophic state of Lake Ohrid. = 2äą 2ä«Ëڗąëú¯ä «¯ú H›Èúþąëº»¯Ý—þąĊäà Ëä a¯¯äļ Environmental Application and Science 4(3): 2äĿaą¯Ë䤯úÃĻ—Ýã—äëzĻ?ݗ÷÷¯ú/ĻzËÝÚ¯ä 310–316 R-D (eds) Handbuch angewandte Limnologie. PetcoviĘaƈƘƠƟƘƉZÈĝąë÷ݗäÚąëäļ2äĿ?—ú—ã—ä*Ļ¯¯ąëä ¥ë㯫y¯úݗÃþïþ¯ÝÝþ¥È—ºąĻA—ä«þ¤¯úÃĻ?—÷y222ƒ AM (eds) The biota and limnology of Lake Skadar. 1.2.1: 1–13 Prosveta, Beograd, p 163–189 GË¥¯ĕþÚË ? ƈƘƠƝƠƉ ùĊ—ąË¥ y¯Ã¯ą—ąËëä ëº ąÈ¯ NÈúË« —ä« Z¯ąÚ뺺 a ƈƘƠƘƗƉ A— Áëú¯ —ùĊ—ąËùĊ¯ ¯ą —ÝÃëÝëÃËùĊ¯ «¯ Prespa Lake. Acta Museum of Natural History, la Macedoine du S.-O. Philippoli. 2ã÷úËã¯ú˯ aÚë÷ׯĻi2ĻHëƛĿƝƘƒƟƗ Christo Danoff, Plovdiv GËąË¥y ƈƘƠƟƜƉ 2äÁĊ¯ä¥¯ ëº ąÈ¯ —äąÈúë÷ëïäË¥ º—¥ąëú ëä Rakaj M (2008) Phytoplankton and periphyton the phytoplankton changes in Lake Ohrid. MASA, communities as indicators of trophic state of aÚë÷ׯyëÝļy2ƈƘƒƙƉĿƜƘƔƜƛ A—Ú¯aÈÚë«ú—ļ2äĿZú륯¯«ËäÃëºąÈ¯2äą¯ú䗱Ëëä—Ý Mitic V (1993) Seasonal and spatial distribution of the Conference on Biological and Environmental phytoplankton in the pelagic zone of Lake Ohrid. Sciences, 26–28 September, FNS, Tirana, Albania, Ecology and Environmental Protection 1(1-2): p 568 7–10 Rakaj M (2010) Biological water quality of Lake Shkodra GËąË¥yƈƘƠƠƝƉ¯—úÝëäÃËäĕ¯þąË׹ËëäþëºąÈ¯÷Èĝąë÷ݗäÚąëä based on the diatoms and Cyanobacteria in the pelagic zone of Lake Prespa. First ¤ËëËä«Ë¥—ąëú þ÷¯¥Ë¯þļ 2äĿ Zú륯¯«ËäÃþ ëº ąÈ¯ ƛth Conference of Macedonian Biologists, Ohrid 2äą¯ú䗱Ëëä—Ý a¥Ë¯äąË½¥ ë亯ú¯ä¥¯ AzN2aļ Mitic V, Novevska V, Lokoska L, Naumoski T (1997): Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology. Ohrid, Republic Pelagic phytoplankton and primary productivity of Macedonia, 25–29 May, p 286 ëº Zú¯þ÷— A—Ú¯ļ 2äĿ Zú륯¯«ËäÃþ 2äą¯ú䗱 ]—Ú맯ĕ˦  = ƈƙƗƘƚƉ Phytoplankton Protocol – aĝã÷ śiëĖ—ú«þ 2äą¯Ãú—ą¯« ëäþ¯úĕ—ąËëä —ä« iú—äþ¤ëĊ䫗úĝ GëäËąëúËäà ZúëÃú—ãļ *2† aA Sustainable Development of Transboundary Project (see USB card) G—¥úë—ä«GË¥úëZú¯þ÷—A—Ú¯ŜĻ?ëú¨´Ļݤ—ä˗Ļ÷ ]—Ú맯ĕ˦ƒH¯«ëĕ˦ =Ļ /ëÝݯúą / ƈƙƗƗƜƉ ZÈĝąë÷ݗäÚąëä 97 community and chlorophyll-B as trophic state MvV (2000) Circular on target values and intervention indices of Lake Skadar. Environ Sci Pollut Res values for soil remediation. Dutch Target and 12(3): 146–152 2äą¯úĕ¯äąËëäy—ÝĊ¯þĻƙƗƗƗƈąÈ¯H¯ĖĊą¥ÈAËþąƉļ RistiĘ J, Vizi O (1981) Synoptic survey of the dominant Annexes. Ministerie van Volkshulsvesting, 㗥úë÷Èĝą¯þ Ëä A—Ú¯ aڗ«—úļ 2äĿ ?—ú—ã—ä *Ļ Ruimtelijke Ordeningen Milieubeheer Beeton AM (eds) The biota and limnology of Lake http://www.esdat.net/Environmental%20 Skadar. Prosveta, Beograd, p 117–124 aą—ä«—ú«þĹĊą¥Èŗää¯ěaƖ2ƙƗƗƗĊą¥ÈŢƙƗ Royal Haskoning (2006) Lake Shkoder transboundary Environmental%20Standards.pdf Accessed 8 diagnostics analysis. Final Report commissioned April 2015 by the World Bank H¯ĢËúËĻ*ïþþݯúzƈƙƗƗƝƉ¯ą¯úãË䗱Ëëäëºȯ—ĕĝã¯ą—Ýþ a¥Èä¯Ë«¯ú aĻ —ú— GĻ úËÚþ¯äiĻ *ëú¯þڗ Ļ 2ã¯úËĻ in water and sediments of Drini river, Buna River ?Ċ÷¯ AĻ AëÚëþڗ iĻ Z—ą¥¯ĕ— aĻ iú—×—äëĕþڗ aĻ —ä«A—Ú¯aÈÚë«ú—ļ2äĿ2äą¯ú䗱Ëëä—Ýë亯ú¯ä¥¯ iú—×—äëĕþÚËaĻi—ݯĕþڗGĻy¯Ýחäëþڗƒa—ú—½Ýëþڗ ëäz—ą¯ú N¤þ¯úĕ—ąËëä —ä« 2äºëúã—ąËëä aĝþą¯ã E (2014) Eutrophication impacts littoral for Decision Support, Ohrid, Republic of biota in Lake Ohrid while water phosphorus Macedonia concentrations are low. Limnologica (44): 90–97 Hëĕ¯ĕþڗyĻi—þ¯ĕþڗNƈƙƗƗƠƉZú¯ÝËãËä—úĝ2äĕ¯þąË׹Ëëäþ Schneider S, Melzer A (2003) The trophic index of of mutual relations between the Rotifera and 㗥úë÷Èĝą¯þ ƈi2GƉ Ɣ ä¯Ė ąëëÝ ºëú Ëä«Ë¥—ąËäà ëú×äëąúë÷ÈË¥—¥ą¯ú˗ËäA—Ú¯NÈúË«ļAzN2a trophic state of running waters. 2äą¯ú䗱Ëëä—Ý 2010 Review of Hydrobiology 88: 49–67 OECD (1982) Eutrophication of waters. Monitoring, a¥ÈĎąą  ƈƘƠƛƜƉ ˯ ZÁ—äĢ¯äĖ¯Ýąĕëä Hëú«—ݤ—ä˯äĻ «¯þ assessment and control. Organization for westlichen Montenegro und der westlichen Šar. Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris Manuskript, Übersee-Museum, Bremen Patceva S (2001) The phytoplankton and the chlorophyll-B Shehu A, Lazo P (2008) Distribution of heavy metals in as indicators of the trophic state of the water different fractions of waters and sediments in the littoral and pelagic region of Lake Ohrid. of Shkodra Lake using electrothermal atomic G—þą¯úiȯþËþĻnäËĕ¯úþËąĝaąļ?ËúËÝ—ä«G¯ąÈë«ËĊþ absorption spectrometry. [Full reference not Skopje, Macedonia (in Macedonian) available during time of printing] Patceva S (2005) Comparative analysis of the Skarbøvik E, Perovic A, Shumka S, Nagothu US (2014) phytoplankton community and the trophic state Nutrient inputs, trophic status and water of Lakes Ohrid and Prespa. PhD thesis, University management challenges in the transbundary

84 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar lake Skadar/Shkodra, Western Balkans. Arch Biol ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëäƒþ¥È¯ã¯þ Accessed 10 September Sci, Belgrade, 66 (2): 667–681 2015 a÷ËúÚëĕþÚˆĻ2ÝË¥ƒë¯ĕ—Ļi—ݯĕþÚËiĻZ—ÝÝĊ¥ËĻ?—÷¯«—äË n?i* ƈƙƗƘƚƉ G¯ąÈë« þą—ą¯ã¯äą ºëú ąÈ¯ ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëä ƈƙƗƘƙƉiȯ½þÈëºZú¯þ÷—ļH—ąËëä—Ý—ä«näËĕ¯úþËąĝ ëº þĊúº—¥¯ Ė—ą¯ú ¤ë«Ë¯þĻ ĕƚļ ƈƙƗƘƙ ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëä Aˤú—úĝaąļ?ÝËã¯äąNÈúË«þÚËĻaÚë÷ׯ release) https://www.gov.uk/government/ aą—äÚëĕ˦ a ƈƘƠƝƗƉ The Balkan Lake Ohrid and its living Ċ÷Ý뗫þĹþĝþą¯ãĹĊ÷Ý뗫þŗąą—¥Èã¯äąƖ«—ą—Ĺ world. W Junk, Den Haag, Monogr Biol 9 ½Ý¯ĹƙƠƗƜƗƝĹA2iƖƜƞƝƠƖ¯«ƛ¯ƙ¤ļ÷«º Accessed 10 September 2015 aą—äÚëĕ˦ƒ=ëĕ—äëĕ˦ aĻ aąë×Úëþڗ  ƈƙƗƗƘƉ Ëĕ¯úþËąĝ ëº —ùĊ—ąË¥þä—Ëݺ—Ċä—ƈ*—þąúë÷뫗ĻGëÝÝĊþ¥—ƉËäąÈ¯ UNDP (2008) Economic analysis – Prespa Park Project. Republic of Macedonia from the bibliographic Draft Report «—ą¯ëºąÈ¯ÈËąÈ¯úąëą—ěëäëãË¥Ëäĕ¯þąË׹Ëëäþļ2äĿ UNDP (2012) Prespa Lake watershed management plan. 75 years Maced Mus Nat His, Skopje: 125–136 United Nations Development Program, Skopje, cĊä«Ë¦ Ļ ]—«Ċ×Úëĕ˦  ƈƙƗƘƙƉ aąĊ«ĝ ëä ºú¯þÈĖ—ą¯ú Macedonia Accessed 17 May 2015 oligochaeta of Montenegro and their use as UNDP (2013) Breaking new grounds in conservation in indicators in water quality assessment. Natura the Republic of Macedonia: The economic case Montenegrina 11: 117–383 for long-term protection of the Ezerani Nature Talevska M (1996) Characters of macrophytic vegetation Park. Ceroni M of Lake Ohrid. Protection from pollution in ną¯úãïÈÝ / ƈƘƠƜƟƉ †Ċú y¯úĕëÝÝÚëããäĊäà «¯þ Lake Ohrid. Unpublished study supported by the quantitativen Phytoplankton – Methodik. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung GËąą¯ËÝ2äąy¯úAËãäëÝëÃ˯ĿƘƔƚƟ Talevska M (2001) Qualitative composition of macrophytic y¯ãË¥ĻG—ݯäëĕË¥Ļ]—ÚË¥iĻ?ëþąË¥HĻ=—ä¥Ë¥aąëחäëĕË¥ ĕ¯Ã¯ą—ąËëä ºúëã A—Ú¯ Zú¯þ÷—ļ 2äĿ ƚƗth Annual B (2014) Chemometrical tools in the study of the ë亯ú¯ä¥¯ ëº ąÈ¯ ĊÃëþݗĕ z—ą¯ú ZëÝÝĊąËëä retention behavior of azole antifungals. Journal Control Society “Water pollution control 2001”. of Chromatographic Science 52(2): 95–102. doi: Arangelovac, SR Jugoslavija: 213–218 10.1093 Talevska M (2013) Preliminary researches of aquatic y¯ãË¥ GĻ ]ëĊþþ¯—Ċ Ļ Ċ A—Ëäà *Ļ A¯äþ Z ƈƙƗƘƛƉ ĕ¯Ã¯ą—ąËëä Ëä ú¯¯« ¤¯«þ ºúëã A—Ú¯þ Zú¯þ÷—ļ 2äĿ Distribution and fate of metals in the Abstracts of the 5th 2äą¯ú䗱Ëëä—Ý aĝã÷ëþËĊã Gëäą¯ä¯ÃúËä ÷—úą ëº A—Ú¯ aڗ«—úļ 2äą¯úä = of the Ecologists of the Republic of Montenegro Sediment Res 29: 357–367 ƈ2aGƜƉļiËĕ—ąĻGëäą¯ä¯ÃúëĿƘƛƝƔƘƛƞ y¯Ýחäëþڗƒa—ú—½ÝëþڗĻ=ëú«—äëþÚËGĻaą—½ÝëĕiĻaą¯ºëĕ— Talevska M, Trajanovska S (2004) Lake Ohrid macrophyte M (2011) Study of organochlorine pesticide ĕ¯Ã¯ą—ąËëäļ 2äĿ A—Ú¯þ NÈúË« —ä« Zú¯þ÷— ú¯þË«Ċ¯þ Ëä Ė—ą¯úĻ þ¯«Ëã¯äą —ä« ½þÈ ąËþþĊ¯ Ëä monitoring program. 3rd Report, Hydrobiological Lake Ohrid (Macedonia/Albania). Macedonian 2äþąËąĊą¯ĻNÈúË«ĻG—¥¯«ëä˗ĿƝƘƔƝƠ Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Tocko M (1971) Makrozoobentosot i ciprinidite na 30(2): –163–179 Ohridskoto i Prespanskoto Ezero. Studija za y¯Ýחäëþڗƒa—ú—½ÝëþڗĻaą—½ÝëĕiƈƙƗƘƙƉëã÷—úËþëäëº hidrobioloskite karakteristiki na Ohridsko- the presence of DDT metabolites in sediments Prespanskiot region. Hidrobioloski zavod, Ohrid —ä« ½þÈ ºúëã A—Ú¯þ NÈúË«Ļ Zú¯þ÷— —ä« ë×ú—äļ Trajanovska S, Melovski L, Hristovski S (2004) Acta zool bulg, Suppl 4: 211–218 Determination of biomass in the stoneworts yëÝݯäĖ¯Ë«¯ú ]Ļ ?¯ú¯Ú¯þ = ƈƘƠƟƙƉ Ċąúë÷ÈË¥—ąËëä ëº ($IBSB þ÷÷ļƉ ¤¯Ýą ëº ąÈ¯ A—Ú¯ NÈúË«ļ 2äĿ waters. Monitoring, assessment and control. Zú륯¯«ËäÃþ ëº ąÈ¯ 22 ëäÃú¯þþ ëº ¥ëÝëÃËþąþ ëº OECD Cooperative programme on monitoring ąÈ¯ ]¯÷Ċ¤ÝË¥ ëº G—¥¯«ëä˗ ĖËąÈ 2äą¯ú䗱Ëëä—Ý of inland waters (Eutrophication control), Participation, Ohrid, Macedonia, 25–29 October Environment Directorate, OECD, Paris 2003. Macedonian Ecological Society, Skopje, Watzin M, Puka V, Naumoski T (eds) (2002) Lake Ohrid and Macedonia: 262–267 its watershed – State of the environment report. n?i* ƈƙƗƗƜƉ ݗþþ˽¥—ąËëä þ¥È¯ã¯þ Ëä úËĕ¯ú ¤—þËä Lake Ohrid Conservation Project, Tirana, Albania ÷ݗääËäÃĿ —ä ëĕ¯úĕ˯Ėļ n? i¯¥ÈäË¥—Ý «ĕËþëúĝ and Ohrid, Macedonia *úëĊ÷ëäąÈ¯z—ą¯ú)ú—ã¯ĖëúÚËú¯¥ąËĕ¯ z¯ąĢ¯Ý ]*Ļ AËÚ¯äþ * ƈƙƗƗƗƉ AËãäëÝëÃË¥—Ý —ä—Ýĝþ¯þļ ƚrd http://www.wfduk.org/sites/default/files/ ¯«äĻa÷úËäïúĻH¯ĖëúÚ Media/Characterisation %20of %20the %20 z2a] ƈƙƗƘƙƉ Nĕ¯úĕ˯Ė —ä« ¥ëã÷—úËþëä ëº 㗥úë÷Èĝą¯ water %20environment/Overview %20of %20 survey methods used in European countries and ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëä ŢƙƗþ¥È¯ã¯þ ŢƙƗËä ŢƙƗúËĕ¯ú a proposal of harmonized common sampling ŢƙƗ¤—þËä ŢƙƗ÷ݗääËäà ŢƙƗƖ)Ëä—ÝƖƗƘƗƞƗƜļ÷«º ÷úëąë¥ëÝ ąë ¤¯ Ċþ¯« ºëú z2a] Ċ䥯úą—Ëäąĝ Accessed 17 May 2015 exercise including a relevant common species n?i* ƈƙƗƗƞƉ ]¯¥ëãã¯ä«—ąËëäþ ëä þĊúº—¥¯ Ė—ą¯ú list. http://www.wiser.eu/results/deliverables ¥Ý—þþ˽¥—ąËëä þ¥È¯ã¯þ ºëú ąÈ¯ ÷Ċú÷ëþ¯þ ëº ąÈ¯ Accessed 10 October 2014 Water Framework Directive (alien species list updated Oct 2008, Nov 2008, June 2009). n? i¯¥ÈäË¥—Ý «ĕËþëúĝ *úëĊ÷ ëä ąÈ¯ z—ą¯ú Framework Directive http://www.wfduk.org/ resources%20/recommendations-surface-water-

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 85 11 Annexes

11.1 List of national contributing specialists

Name E-mail address Main area(s) of contribution Albania Adhami, Emirjeta [email protected] Physico-chemistry Bacu, Ariola [email protected] Chlorophyll-a analysis Beqiraj, Sajmir [email protected] Macroinvertebrates Kashta, Lefter [email protected] Macrophytes Koçu (Deçka), Ermira [email protected] Water legislation Palluqi, Arian [email protected] Fish and fisheries Pambuku, Arben [email protected] Physico-chemistry Rakaj, Marash [email protected] Phytoplankton Saliaga, Vjola [email protected] Water administration Shumka, Spase [email protected] Fish and fisheries Macedonia Gusheska, Dafina [email protected] Zooplankton Ilik-Boeva, Dushica [email protected] Fish and fisheries Ivanovski, Aleksandar [email protected] Protected areas Kostoski, Goce [email protected] Zooplankton Lokoska, Lence [email protected] Microbiology Mirta, Ylber [email protected] Water legislation and administr. Patceva, Suzana [email protected] Phytoplankton, Chl.-a analysis Spirkovski, Zoran [email protected] Fish and fisheries Talevska, Marina [email protected] Macrophytes Talevski, Trajche [email protected] Fish and fisheries Tasevska, Orhideja [email protected] Zooplankton Trajanovska, Sonja [email protected] Macrophytes Trajanovski, Sasho [email protected] Macroinvertebrates Veljanoska-Sarafiloska, Elizabeta [email protected] Physico-chemistry Montenegro Djuranović, Zorica [email protected] Water legislation and administr. Djurašković, Pavle [email protected] Physico-chemistry Hadžiablahović, Sead [email protected] Macrophytes Mrdak, Danilo [email protected] Fish and fisheries Pavićević, Ana [email protected] Macroinvertebrates Peruničić, Jelena [email protected] Water abstraction, tourism Rakočević, Jelena [email protected] Phytoplankton

86 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar 11.3 -JTUPG0SHJOBM3FQPSUT$PNQJMFEJO ‡ Biological quality elements the Volume of Annexes  Phytoplankton

Bacu A (2013) Preliminary report on quantitative chlorophyll-Bevaluation at Lake Shkodra/Skadar Sub-Basin the lakes of Prespa and Ohrid during the campain of July 2013. Report for Albania. ‡ Chemical and physico-chemical quality elements Bacu A (2013) Report on quantitative evaluation of chlorophyll-B and trophic *aƈƙƗƘƛƉ=ëËäąËäą¯Ãú—ą¯«ãëäËąëúËäà state at the lakes of Prespa and Ohrid programme in three lakes. Final report for during the campaign of October 2013. Albania. Report for Albania.

Djuraskovic P (2013) Report of Bacu A (2014) Comprehensive report on physical-chemical and microbiological phytoplankton analysis based on pigment investigations of Skadar Lake water content and tentative assesments of water and sediment quality. Final Report for quality sampling campaigns of 2013-2014 Montenegro. for Lakes Ohrid and Prespa. Report for Albania.

‡ Biological quality elements Patceva S (2014a) Chlorophyll-Bof Lake  Phytoplankton Ohrid. Final Report for Macedonia.

]—Ú맯ĕ˦=—ä«]—Ú—×GƈƙƗƘƛƉ Phytoplankton of Skadar Lake. Final ‡ Macrophytes Report. Talevska M and Trajanovska S (2014) Final  Macrophytes report for Macedonia by the Department of Hydrobotany. /—«Ĥ˗¤Ý—Èëĕ˦aƈƙƗƘƛƉG—¥úë÷Èĝą¯þëº Skadar Lake. Final Report for Montenegro.  Macroinvertebrates

?—þÈą—A—ä«]—Ú—×GƈƙƗƘƛƉG—¥úë÷Èĝą¯þ Trajanovski S (2014) Macroinvertebrates of lakes Prespa and Shkodra. Final Report investigations. Final Report for Macedonia. for Albania.  Fish

 Macroinvertebrates a÷ËúÚëĕþÚˆĻ2ÝËÚƒë¯ĕ—Ļ?—÷¯«—äËĻ Z—ĕ˦¯ĕ˦ƈƙƗƘƛƉG—¥úëĢë뤯äąÈëþëº Flloko A, Palluqi A, Talevski T (2014) Fish Skadar Lake - Report for Montenegro Monitoring and Fisheries: Lake Ohrid. Final Report.  Fish

Gú«—Ú—ä«GËÝëĀ¯ĕ˦ƈƙƗƗƛƉ)ËþÈ Monitoring and Fisheries: Skadar/Shkodra Lake Prespa Sub-Basin Lake. Final Report. ‡ Chemical and physico-chemical quality elements

*aƈƙƗƘƛƉ=ëËäąËäą¯Ãú—ą¯«ãëäËąëúËäà Lake Ohrid Sub-Basin programme in three lakes. Final Report for ‡ Chemical and physico-chemical Albania. quality elements y¯Ýחäëþڗƒa—ú—½ÝëþڗƈƙƗƘƛ¤ƉZÈĝþË¥ëƒ *aƈƙƗƘƛƉ=ëËäąËäą¯Ãú—ą¯«ãëäËąëúËäà chemical investigations of the water of programme in three lakes. Final Report for A—Ú¯Zú¯þ÷——ä«]Ëĕ¯ú*ëݯã—ļ)Ëä—Ý Albania. Report for Macedonia.

y¯Ýחäëþڗƒa—ú—½ÝëþڗƈƙƗƘƛ—ƉZÈĝþË¥ëƒ chemical investigations of the water of ‡ Biological quality elements Lake Ohrid and main tributaries. Final  Phytoplankton Report for Macedonia.

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 99 Bacu A (2013) preliminary report on OTHER REPORTS quantitative chlorophyll-Bevaluation at the lakes of Prespa and Ohrid during the campain of July 2013. Report for Albania.

Bacu A (2013) Report on quantitative LAKE OHRID SUB-BASIN evaluation of chlorophyll-B and trophic Lokoska L (2014) Microbiological state at the lakes of Prespa and Ohrid 2äĕ¯þąË׹ËëäëºąÈ¯z—ą¯úëºA—Ú¯NÈúË« during the campaign of October 2013. and Tributaries: River Sateska, River Report for Albania ?ëþ¯Ýþڗ—ä«]Ëĕ¯úȯú—ĕ—ļFinal Report Bacu A (2014) Report on quantitative for Macedonia. evaluation of chlorophyll-B, trophic state determination and chemotaxonomy at the Lake Prespa during the campaign of April 2014. Report for Albania. LAKE PRESPA SUB-BASIN

Bacu A (2014) Comprehensive report on ?ëþąëþÚË*Ļ*Ċþ¯þڗĻi—þ¯ĕþڗNƈƙƗƘƛƉ phytoplankton analysis based on pigment †ëë÷ݗäÚąëäëºA—Ú¯Zú¯þ÷—ļ)Ëä—Ý]¯÷ëúą content and tentative assesments of water for Macedonia. quality sampling campaigns of 2013-2014 Lokoska L (2014) Microbiological for Lakes Ohrid and Prespa. Report for 2äĕ¯þąË׹ËëäþëºąÈ¯z—ą¯úëºA—Ú¯Zú¯þ÷— Albania. —ä«]Ëĕ¯ú*ëݯã—ļFinal Report for Patceva S (2014b) Phytoplankton of Lake Macedonia. Prespa. Final Report for Macedonia.

Rakaj M (2014) Phytoplankton of Macro Prespa Lake. Report for Albania.

 Macrophytes

?—þÈą—A—ä«]—Ú—×GƈƙƗƘƛƉG—¥úë÷Èĝą¯þ of lakes Prespa and Shkodra. Final Report for Albania.

Talevska M and Trajanovska S (2014) Final report for Macedonia by the Department of Hydrobotany.

 Macroinvertebrates

Beqiraj S (2014) Benthic intervertebrate fauna Lake Prespa. Final Report for Albania.

Trajanovski S (2014) Macroinvertebrates investigations. Final Report for Macedonia.

 Fish

2ÝËÚƒë¯ĕ—Ļa÷ËúÚëĕþÚˆĻi—ݯĕþÚËiĻ Shumka S, Aleksi P, Duma O (2014) Fish Monitoring and Fisheries: Lake Prespa. Final Report.

100 Initial Characterisation of Lakes Prespa, Ohrid and Shkodra/Skadar ϭϭ͘ϰ >ŝƐƚŽĨdĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůtŽƌŬŝŶŐ'ƌŽƵƉĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌt&DĞĞƟŶŐƐ

Technical Working Group – WFD Meetings 20–21 September 2012 1st Meeting Tirana 6 November 2012 2nd Meeting Tirana 19–20 March 2013 3rd Meeting Tirana 15 May 2013 4th Meeting Tirana 9–10 October 2013 5th Meeting Skopje 19–20 November 2013 6thG¯¯ąËäÃ×ëËäąÝĝĖËąÈiz*ëä)Ëþȯú˯þ Tirana 18–19 February 2014 7th Meeting Tirana 18–19 June 2014 8th Meeting Tirana 13 November 2014 A—Ċä¥ÈËäÃąÈ¯2ä˱˗Ýȗú—¥ą¯úËĢ—ąËëä]¯÷ëúą Podgorica 18 November 2014 A—Ċä¥ÈËäÃąÈ¯2ä˱˗Ýȗú—¥ą¯úËĢ—ąËëä]¯÷ëúą Skopje 19 November 2014 A—Ċä¥ÈËäÃąÈ¯2ä˱˗Ýȗú—¥ą¯úËĢ—ąËëä]¯÷ëúą Tirana 19–20 November 2014 9th Meeting including Planning Workshop Tirana 13–14 May 2015 10th Meeting Tirana 29–30 October 2015 11th Meeting Tirana

Other events Shkodra/Skadar 17–18 July 2013 Joined sampling for physico-chemical analysis Lake Calibration workshop on harmonization of methods 4–5 February 2013 and standards regarding sampling, transport and Podgorica analysis March 2014 Joined sampling for physico-chemical analyses Ohrid Lake H—ąËëä—ݯě÷¯úą㯯ąËäÃݤ—ä˗Ŀ¯½äËäÃú¯þ÷ëäþˤݯ March 2013 institutions for monitoring of parameters and indica- Tirana tors National expert meeting Macedonia and Montenegro: 13–14 May 2013 Exchanging on analysis of phytoplankton, chloro- Ohrid phyll-B and physico-chemical parameters 7 February 2014 Regional expert meeting on macrophytes Tirana 7 April 2014 Regional expert meeting on macrozoobenthos Tirana Regional expert meeting on harmonization of methods 25–27 April 2014 Podgorica for macrozoobenthos monitoring

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in South-Eastern Europe 101