AP Human Geography Summer Assignment.Pdf

Welcome to AP Human Geography! I am looking forward to working with you in the upcoming school year as we explore the major themes in Human Geography.

Your summer assignment includes the following three parts. Please be sure to complete the reading/notes (step 1) before starting the Sense of Place Assignment referenced below (part 2).

1 Reading, This is Geography • Read the attached PDF selection from your textbook introducing you to the study of Human Geography (pages 2-5 AND pages 14-19), and take handwritten notes.

• Notetaking Tips:

• Look for the main ideas and supporting details/examples— write these down in your notes

• Do NOT directly copy from the textbook word for word. Read at least one paragraph or section at a time, and then determine the key ideas/examples and write these down in your own words.

• Please complete your notes by hand. Do not take notes on your computer as they will not be accepted. Research shows better retention/learning when notes are taken via hand.

• You may format your notes however you like (e.g. Cornell, outline format, graphic organizers, etc.)

• We will have an open notes test on the second day of school on this material.

2 Complete the Sense of Place Assignment. See page 3 for the assignment

1 3 Map Work:

• Memorize the 50 states of the United States. Go to https://lizardpoint.com/geography/usa-quiz.php to use an online quiz program to test yourself.

• Memorize the AP Human Geography World Regions maps—both “a big picture view” and “a closer look.” See page 4.

• Memorize the following oceans, significant lines of latitude & longitude, and continents:

OCEANS: Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, Southern

SIGNIFICANT LINES OF LATITUDE & LONGITUDE: Prime Meridian, Equator, International Date Line, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle, Antarctic Circle

CONTINENTS: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America

• We will have a map test the second day of school on the above information.

All web links and samples of the Sense of Place assignment can be found at the following site: https://sites.google.com/bsmschool.org/aphumangeographyvroman/home

Should you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to email me. I will be checking email periodically throughout the summer. Once again, welcome to AP Human Geography!

Mrs. Vroman

2 Sense of Place Assignment AP Human Geography

Directions: Create a 7-10-page document in Google Presentation that conveys a sense of place for a location of your choosing.

Definition of Sense of Place

No two places on earth are exactly alike; each place has characteristics that make it unique. In geography, geographers use place to define this uniqueness. Place refers to the physical and human aspects of a location. Physical characteristics include landforms, bodies of water, climate, soils, natural vegetation, and animal life. The human characteristics of a place come from human ideas and actions. They include bridges, houses, and parks as well as land use, density of population, culture, language patterns, religion, architecture, and political systems.

The concept of “place” aids geographers to compare and contrast two places on Earth. For example, it helps to distinguish Antarctica from the Sahara Desert. One is a cold desert while the other is a hot one. While Antarctica has research stations and penguins, the Sahara has nomadic tribes and camels. Thus, in this way, the “place” theme of geography elaborates a clear picture of a place in the minds of people.1

Guidelines

1. Choose a place with which you are familiar and think of the qualities or characteristics that make it unique. Some examples: your bedroom, your favorite vacation spot, a relative or friends house, your church, your hometown, your elementary school etc. Any place you have a special connection to will work. 2. Create your document in Google Presentation • Page 1 - identify the location by name and on a map. Please include your name. • Pages 2-10-Create pages with a combination of text and visuals that capture the unique physical and human characteristics of the chosen place.

Submission: Please upload to the assignment to the class PSL drop box by August 24th.

Grading

Points Description (7-10 page document, including map, pictures, and text)

13-15 Finished product is excellent. Sense of place is clearly and effectively communicated with a strong combination of visuals and text. The uniqueness of the chosen place is clearly communicated. It is attractive, easy to read, uses correct grammar/spelling, and demonstrates a thorough understanding of the topic.

10-12 Finished product is average to good. Sense of place is communicated, but the overall effort could be better. The unique characteristics of the chosen place may be unclear or lacking at times. It is visually appealing, but parts are difficult to read or follow.

0-9 Finished product does not meet expectations. Sense of place is not clearly communicated. It is incomplete or lacking in parts. Uniqueness of place is not conveyed or is only partly conveyed. Minimal visuals; grammar mistakes are common.

1 https://www.worldatlas.com/the-five-themes-in-geography.html and https://www.csustan.edu/sites/default/files/TeacherEd/FacultyStaff/betts/Handouts/PDFs/Five%20Themes%20of%20Geography.pdf 3

AP Human Geography World Regions

4 LOCAUONS IN THIS CHAPTER 1 2 3 4 Why Is Geography Why Is Each Point Why Are Different Why Are Some Actions a Science? on Earth Unique? Places Similar? Not Sustainable? Prehistoric humans were the first people Geographers understand why each place Many features are organized in a regular Distinctive to geography is the importance to make maps. Contemporary tools enable on Earth is in some ways unique. Each area manner across space. Some regularities given to connections between human cartographers-and anyone else who has or region on Earth also possesses a unique are global in scale, whereas others have activities and the physical environment. combination of features. •Mississippi, p. 35 access to electronic devices-to make distinctive local character. Some human activities are sustainable, precise maps. but others are not.

( Workt's longest plac; na~;,p.~ 3 CH APT E R 1 This Is Geography 5 KEY ISSUE to reach other places lends excitement to the discipline of 1 geography-and geographic training raises the understand• 2?0 s90Miles BELGIUM O 5 .10Miles ~ 250 SOOKilometers :J. Population per ing of other spaces to a level above that of casual sightseeing. O 5 10Kilometers sq. kilometer GERMANY Ill above 480 Why Is Geography 60-480 Introducing Geography below 60 a Science? To introduce human geography, we will concentrate on two main features of human behavior: culture and economy. The first half of the book explains why the most important cultural GERMANY ~ Introducing Geography features, such as major languages, religions, and ethnicities, ~ Cartography: The Science are arranged as they are across Earth. The second half of the of Mapmaking book looks at the locations of the most important economic activities, including agriculture, manufacturing, and services. ATLANTIC ~ Contemporary Geographic Tools This chapter introduces basic concepts that geographers OCEAN employ to address their "where" and "why" questions. To ~ Interpreting Maps explain where things are, one of geography's most impor• ~ The Geographic Grid tant tools is a map. Ancient and medieval geographers cre• ated maps to describe what they knew about Earth. Today, N accurate maps are generated from electronic data. LEARNING OUTCOME 1.1.1 Geographers employ several basic concepts to explain why every place on Earth is in some ways unique and in 10Miles Summarize differences between geography and history. • FIGURE 1-2 REGION Luxembourg is part of the region of Europe. 5 10Kilometers other ways related to other locations. Many of these con• cepts are commonly used English words, but they are given that affect humanity's occupation of Earth are A FIGURE 1-4 SPACE The space occupied by Luxembourgers is Thinking geographically is one of the oldest human activi• particular meaning by geographers. primarily houses built close together in cities in the southern half of the ties. Perhaps the first geographer was a prehistoric human To explain why every place is unique, geographers have global in scale, such as climate change and depletion country. of energy supplies. At the same time, local-scale who crossed a river or climbed a hill, observed what was on two basic concepts: the other side, returned home to tell about it, and scratched processes-such as preservation of distinctive cultural located in the world region of Europe (Figure 1-2). Luxem• the route in the dirt. The second geographer may have been • A place is a specific point on Earth, distinguished by a and economic activities-are increasingly important. bourg plays a major role at a global scale, as one of the prin• a friend or relative who followed the dirt drawing to reach particular characteristic. Every place occupies a unique • Space refers to the physical gap or interval between cipal headquarters of the European Union, which unites the other side. location, or position, on Earth's surface. two objects. Geographers observe that many objects 28 countries (Figure 1-3a). At the same time, Luxembourg, like The word geography, .invented by the ancient Greek • A region is an area of Earth defined by one or more are distributed across space in a regular manner, for other places, has a distinctive local scale; one example is the scholar Eratosthenes, is based on two Greek words. Geo distinctive characteristics. Geographers divide the discernible reasons. availability of distinctive local products not available elsewhere . means "Earth," and graphy means "to write." Geography is world into a number of regions, such as North America • Connection refers to relationships among people (Figure 1-3b). The space occupied by Luxembourg has distinc• the study of where things are found on Earth's surface and and Latin America. and objects across the barrier of space. Geographers tive features; for example, most people live in the south of the reasons for the locations. Human geographers ask two the country, whereas the north is sparsely inhabited (Figure To explain why different places are interrelated, geogra• are concerned with the various means by which simple questions: Where are people and activities found on connections occur. 1-4). Connections between Luxembourg and other places Earth? Why are they found there? phers have three basic concepts: are provided by road, rail, and river (Figure 1-5). In his framework of all scientific knowledge, the Ger• • Scale is the relationship between the portion of Earth Luxembourg can be used to illustrate the five concepts. The City of Luxembourg is a place located on a hillside man philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) compared being studied and Earth ~s a whole. Geographers study PAUSE & REFLECT 1.1.1 geography and history: a variety of scales, from local to global. Many processes perched above the Alzette River (Figure 1-1). The City of Luxembourg is the capital of the country of Luxembourg, What are the principal connections from your hometown to other places? Geographers . . . : Historians ... T FIGURE 1-1 PLACE The place of the City of Luxembourg is atop a T FIGURE 1-3 SCALE (a) Regional scale: high-rise buildings in the identify the location of identify the dates of important hill overlooking the Alzette River. background house offices of the European Union; (b) Local scale: important places and explain events and explain why human T FIGURE 1-5 CONNECTION Luxembourg is connected to other places vendor at farmers' market sells food products made in Luxembourg. why human activities are activities follow one another in Europe by train. European Union offices are in the background. located beside one another. chronologically. (a) (b) ask where and why. ask when and why. organize material spatially. organize material chronologically. recognize that an action at recognize that an action at one one point on Earth can result point in time can result from from actions at another point, past actions that can in turn which can consequently affect future ones. affect conditions elsewhere. History and geography differ in one especially impor• tant manner: A geographer can drive or fly to another place to study Earth's surface, whereas a historian cannot travel to another time to study other eras firsthand. This ability

4 CH APT E R 1 This Is Geography 15

KEY ISSUE and the combination of features that make each place on preferred a hilltop site for easy defense from attack. Others have 2 1/2 lMlle Earth distinct. located settlements near convenient river-crossing points to fa• o 1/2 lKilometer Geographers describe a feature's place on Earth by iden• cilitate communication with people in other places. tifying its location, the position that something occupies Humans have the ability to modify the characteristics Why Is Each Point on Earth's surface. In doing so, they consider three ways to of a site. Central Boston is more than twice as large today as identify location: place name, site, and situation. it was during colonial times (Figure 1-17). Colonial Boston on Earth Unique? was a peninsula connected to the mainland by a very nar• PLACE NAMES CAMBRIDGE row neck. During the nineteenth century, a dozen major projects filled in most of the bays, coves, and marshes. A ..,, Place: A Unique Location Because all inhabited places on Earth's surface-and many major twentieth-century landfill project created Logan Air• uninhabited places-have been named, the most straight• port. Several landfill projects continue into the twenty-first ..,, Region: A Unique Area forward way to describe a particular location is often by re• century. The central areas of New York and Tokyo have also ferring to its place name. A toponym is the name given to ..,, Culture Regions been expanded through centuries of landfilling in nearby a place on Earth. bodies of water, substantially changing these sites. A place may be named for a person, perhaps its founder LEARNING OUTCOME 1.2.1 or a famous person with no connection to the commu• 11111 Land in 1800 Identify the distinctive features of a place, including nity, such as George Washington. Some settlers select place Landfill 1803-1860 Landfill 1878-1883 SITUATION toponym, site, and situation. names associated with religion, such as St. Louis and St. Old Landfill 1922 Harbor Situation is the location of a place relative to other places. Paul, whereas other names derive from ancient history, Situation is a valuable way to indicate location, for two such as Athens, Attica, and Rome, or from earlier occupants Place was defined at the beginning of the chapter as a spe• reasons: of the place. £ FIGURE 1-17 CHANGING SITE OF BOSTON The site of Boston has cific point on Earth distinguished by a particular char• A place name may also indicate the origin of its set• been altered by filling in much of Boston Harbor. Colonial Boston was • Finding an unfamiliar place. Situation helps us acteristic. Every place occupies a unique location, or tlers. Place names commonly have British origins in North a peninsula connected to the mainland by a very narrow neck. During find an unfamiliar place by comparing its location position, on Earth's surface. Although each place on Earth the nineteenth century, a dozen major projects filled in most of the America and Australia, Portuguese origins in Brazil, Span• with a familiar one. We give directions to people by is in some respects unique, in other respects it is similar bays, coves, and marshes. A major twentieth-century landfill project ish origins elsewhere in Latin America, and Dutch origins in referring to the situation of a place: "It's down past to other places. The interplay between the uniqueness of created Logan Airport. Several landfill projects continue into the South Africa. Some place names derive from features of the the courthouse, on Locust Street, after the third traffic each place and the similarities among places lies at the twenty-first century. physical environment. Trees, valleys, bodies of water, and light, beside the yellow-brick bank." We identify heart of geographic inquiry into why things are found other natural features appear in the place names of most important buildings, streets, and other landmarks to where they are. languages (Figure 1-16). SITE direct people to the desired location. The Board of Geographical Names, operated by the U.S. The second way that geographers describe the location • Understanding the importance of a place. Situation Place: A Unique Location Geological Survey, was established in the late nineteenth of a place is by site, which is the physical character of a helps us understand the importance of a location. Many century to be the final arbiter of names on U.S. maps. In place. Important site characteristics include climate, water locations are important because they are accessible Humans possess a strong sense of place-that is, a feeling recent years the board has been especially concerned with sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and eleva• to other places. For example, because of its situation, for the features that contribute to the distinctiveness of a removing offensive place names, such as those with racial tion. The combination of physical features gives each place Istanbul is a center for the trading and distribution of particular spot on Earth-perhaps a hometown, vacation or ethnic connotations. a distinctive character. goods between Europe and Asia (Figure 1-18). Istanbul is destination, or part of a country. Describing the features of Site factors have always been essential in selecting locations situated along the Bosphorus strait, which connects the a place is an essential building block for geographers to ex• PAUSE & REFLECT 1.2.1 for settlements, although people have disagreed on the attri• Mediterranean and Black seas. The Bosphorus is especially plain similarities, differences, and changes across Earth. Ge• butes of a good site, depending on cultural values. Some have What is the origin of the toponym of your hometown? important route for ships traveling to and from Russia. ographers think about where particular places are located

• FIGURE 1-16 WORLD'S LONGEST PLACE NAME This place in New Zealand is recognized as the world's longest one-word place name. It (a) translates from the Maori language as "The summit where Tamatea, the man with the big knees, the climber of mountains, the land-swallower • FIGURE 1-18 SITUATION OF ISTANBUL Istanbul is situated along the Bosphorus, a waterway between the Black and Mediterranean seas. who travelled about, played his nose flute to his loved one." Europe lies to the west and Asia to the east. (a) Satellite image of Istanbul; (b) Istanbul looking east from Asia toward Europe.

14 16 THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE CH APT E R 1 This Is Geography 17

formal region, characterized with equal intensity through• the center, more people are watching a station originat• Region: A Unique Area out the state by a government that passes laws, collects At least 50% of households ing in another city. That place is the boundary between the watching NBC affiliate at the LEARNING OUTCOME 1.2.2 taxes, and issues license plates. The formal region of Mon• node of the region nodal regions of the two TV market area_s. Similarly, a de• tana has clearly drawn and legally recognized boundaries, TV market region partment store attracts fewer customers from the edge of Identify the three types of regions. .r..--..· :~ and everyone living within them shares the status of being a trading area, and beyond that edge, customers will most subject to a common set of laws. likely choose to shop elsewhere. The "sense of place" that humans possess may apply to a In other kinds of formal regions, a characteristic may New technology is breaking down traditional func• larger area of Earth rather than to a specific point. Region be predominant rather than universal. For example, we can tional regions. TV stations are broadcast to distant places by was defined at the beginning of the chapter as an area of distinguish formal regions within the United States charac• cable, satellite, or Internet. Through the Internet, custom• Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics. terized by a predominant voting for Republican candidates, ers can shop at distant stores. Geographers identify three types of regions: formal, func• although Republicans do not get 100 percent of the votes in tional, and vernacular. these regions-nor in fact do they always win (Figure 1-19). VERNACULAR REGION A particular place can be included in more than one re• A cautionary step in identifying formal regions is the gion, depending on how the region is defined. The designa• need to recognize the diversity of cultural, economic, and A vernacular region, or perceptual region, is an area tion "region" can be applied to any area larger than a point environmental factors, even while making a generalization. that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. and smaller than the entire planet. Geographers most often Problems may arise because a minority of people in a region Such regions emerge from people's informal sense of place apply the concept at one of two scales: speak a language, practice a religion, or possess resources rather than from scientific models developed through geo• different from those of the majority. People in aregion may graphic thought. • Several neighboring countries that share important play distinctive roles in the economy and hold different po• FIGURE 1-20 FUNCTIONAL REGION Designated market areas As an example of a vernacular region, Americans fre• (DMAs) within Iowa are examples of functional regions. In several of features, such as those in Latin America. sitions in society based on their gender or ethnicity. quently refer to the South as a place with environmental the functional regions, the node-the TV station-is in an adjacent and cultural features perceived to be quite distinct from • Many localities within a country, such as those in state. Functional regions frequently overlap the formal regions southern California. those of the rest of the United States (Figure 1-21). Many FUNCTIONAL REGION delineated by state or national boundaries. The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region. of these features can be measured. Environmentally, the A region derives its unified character through the A functional region, also called a nodal region, is an South is a region where the last winter frost occurs in March cultural landscape-a combination of cultural features area organized around a node or focal point. The charac• and rainfall is more plentiful in winter than in summer. such as language and religion, economic features such as ag• teristic chosen to define a functional region dominates Geographers often use functional regions to display in• Cultural features include relatively high adherence to the riculture and industry, and physical features such as climate at a central focus or node· and diminishes in importance formation about economic areas. A region's node may be a Baptist religion and preference for Republican presidential and vegetation. The southern California region can be dis• outward. The region is tied to the central point by trans• shop or service, with the boundaries of the region marking candidates, relatively low rates of high school graduation, tinguished from the northern California region, for example. portation or communications systems or by economic or the limits of the trading area of the activity. People and ac• and joining the Confederacy during the Civil War. The contemporary cultural landscape approach functional associations. tivities may be attracted to the node, and information may in geography-sometimes called the regional studies flow from the node to the surrounding area. PAUSE & REFLECT 1.2.2 approach-was initiated in France by Paul Vidal de la An example of a functional region is the reception area What environmental and cultural features might help Blache (1845-1918) and Jean Brunhes (1869-1930). It was of a TV station. A TV station's signal is strongest at the cen• to define the region of the U.S. Midwest? later adopted by several American geographers, including ter of its service area (Figure 1-20). At some distance from Carl Sauer (1889-1975) and Robert Platt (1880-1950). Sauer defined cultural landscape as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group. "Culture is the agent, the natural area Number of definitions of South the medium, the cultural landscape is the result." 11116 2 or less People, activities, and environment display similarities .. 5 and regularities within a region and differ in some way from --- Confederate states those of other regions. A region gains uniqueness from pos• High school graduation sessing not a single human or environmental characteristic rate below 80% Voted Republican for but a combination of them. Not content to merely identify President, 2000, 2004, these characteristics, geographers seek relationships among 2008, and 2012 them. Geographers recognize that in the real world, charac• - Winter precipitation exceeds 21 inches teristics are integrated. -- More than 50% Baptist - - - Last freeze before March 30 FORMAL REGION Presidential elections of 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 1111 Democrat won all four 1111 Each party won A formal region, also called a uniform region, is an ~ FIGURE 1-21 Republican won all four at least once VERNACULAR REGION area within which everyone shares in common one or more The South is popularly distinctive characteristics. The shared feature could be a ._ FIGURE 1-19 FORMAL REGION The U.S. presidential election map distinguished as a distinct cultural value such as a common language, an economic ac• is divided into formal regions based on party preference. The South vernacular region within the tivity such as production of a particular crop, or an envi• and Plains states typically give a majority to the Republican candidate United States, according to a ronmental property such as climate. In a formal region, the and the Northeast and West Coast states typically give a majority to the number of factors. Democratic candidate. Although Republican George W. Bush won in selected characteristic is present throughout. 2000 and 2004 and Democrat Barack Obama won in 2008 and 2012, Some formal regions are easy to identify, such as coun• 40 of the 50 states (as well as the District of Columbia) gave a majority tries or local government units. Montana is an example of a to the same party in all four elections. 18 THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE CH APT E R 1 This Is Geography 19 Culture Regions Baltimore neighborhoods, life expectancy is less than 70 years. The distribution of life expectancy LEARNING OUTCOME 1.2.3 in Baltimore displays a strong spatial .association Describe two geographic definitions of culture. with income. The areas with the highest income (downtown and north side) are also the areas with the highest life expectancy (Figure 1-24b). In thinking about why each region on Earth is distinctive, • Crime. The spatial association between crime and geographers refer to culture, which is the body of custom• income is neither very strong nor very weak (Figure ary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together l-24c). The crime rate is relatively low in the high• constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people. Ge• income northern neighborhoods, but it is not relatively ographers distinguish groups of people according to im• low in the high-income downtown neighborhoods. portant cultural characteristics, describe where particular • Liquor stores. Baltimore, like many other cultural groups are distributed, and offer reasons to explain _. FIGURE 1-22 CULTURAL DIVERSITY Languages, religions, and communities, tries to disperse liquor stores evenly the observed distribution. cultures mix in a Jerusalem street market. In everyday language, we think of culture as a collec• across the city on the basis of the number of residents in each neighborhood (Figure l-24d). However, tion of novels, paintings, symphonies, and other works possesses these cultural and physical characteristics as a a liquor store in existence when the current law produced by talented individuals. A person with a taste for , product of its common traditions and heredity, As addressed went into effect is allowed to continue to operate. these intellectual outputs is said to be "cultured." Intellectu• in Chapter 7, geographers find that problems of conflict and It is called a nonconforming liquor store because ally challenging culture is often distinguished from popular inequality tend to occur in places where more than one eth• it does not conform to current law but was legal culture, such as TV. Culture also refers to small living organ• nic group inhabits and seeks to organize the same territory. isms, such as those found under a microscope or in yogurt. when originally opened. The presence of a large number of nonconforming liquor stores indicates Agriculture is a term for the growing of living material at a CULTURE: WHAT PEOPLE TAKE CARE OF much larger scale than in a test tube. that a neighborhood has more liquor stores than The second element of culture of interest to geographers is The origin of the word culture is the Latin cultus, which is considered appropriate. Figure 1-24d shows production of material wealth-the food, clothing, and shel• means "to care for." Culture is a complex concept because the distribution of nonconforming liquor stores. ter that humans need in order to survive and thrive. All peo• "to care for" something has two very different meanings: Comparing this map with Figure l-24a shows that the ple consume food, wear clothing, build shelter (Figure 1-23), (b) distribution of nonconforming liquor stores is closely • To care about-to adore or worship something, as in and create art, but different cultural groups obtain their • FIGURE 1-23 DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES spatially associated with lower-income neighborhoods. the modern word cult. wealth in different ways. (a) U.S. suburb; (b) Khayelitsha, the largest and fastest-growing Geographers divide the world into regions of devel• township in South Africa. • To take care of-to nurse or look after something, as in oped countries and regions of developing countries. Vari• the modern word cultivate. KEY ISSUE ous shared characteristics-such as per capita income, Figure 1-24 displays the distribution of four features in 2 Geography looks at both of these facets of the concept level of education, and life expectancy-distinguish devel• Baltimore City: Why Is Each Point on Earth oped regions and developing regions. These differences are of culture to see why each region in the world is unique. • Income. The highest-income neighborhoods are in reviewed in Chapter 9. Unique? downtown Baltimore and on the north side, and the Possession of wealth and material goods is higher in de• lowest-income neighborhoods are in west and east CULTURE: WHAT PEOPLE CARE ABOUT veloped countries than in developing countries because of v' Location is identified through name, site, and Baltimore (Figure 1-24a). Geographers study why the customary idea_s, beliefs, and the different types of economic activities carried out in the situation. • Life expectancy at birth. As explained in Chapter 2, values of a people produce a distinctive culture in a particu• two types of countries. Most people in developing countries v' Regions can be formal, functional, or vernacular. lar place. Especially important cultural values derive from a are engaged in agriculture, whereas most people in devel• this measures the number of years that a baby born group's language, religion, and ethnicity. These three cul• oped countries earn their living through performing ser• this year is expected to live. In downtown Baltimore v' Culture encompasses what people care about tural traits are both an excellent way of identifying the loca• vices in exchange for wages. This fundamental economic and in north-side neighborhoods, babies are expected and what people take care of. tion of a culture and the principal means by which cultural difference between developed and developing regions is to live at least 77 years, whereas in western and eastern values become distributed around the world. discussed in more detail in Chapters 10 through 13. (a) (d) Language is a system of signs, sounds, gestures, and marks that have meanings understood within a cultural PAUSE & REFLECT 1.2.3 group. People communicate the cultural values they care Describe differences that you see between U.S. and about through language, and the words themselves tell South Africa suburbs in Figure 1-23. something about where different cultural groups are lo• cated (Figure 1-22). The distribution of speakers of different languages and reasons for the distinctive distribution are discussed in Chapter 5. SPATIAL ASSOCIATION Religion is an important cultural value because it is the A region gains meaning through its unique combination of principal system of attitudes, beliefs, and practices through features. The presence of some of these features may be co• which people worship in a formal, organized way. As dis• incidental, but others are related to each other. Spatial as• Life expectancy cussed in Chapter 6, geographers look at the distribution sociation occurs within a region if the distribution of one Annual income at birth (years) _ 1111 above 80 of religious groups around the world and the different ways 1111 above $60,000 feature is related to the distribution of another feature. Spa• 1111 $40,000-$60,000 111173-80 Liquor stores that the various groups interact with their environment. tial association is strong if two features have very similar dis• below $40,000 below 73 • nonconforming Ethnicity encompasses a group's language, religion, and tributions, and spatial association is weak if two features have other cultural values, as well as its physical traits. A group very different distributions. • FIGURE 1-24 SPATIAL ASSOCIATION IN BALTIMORE (a) Income, (b) life expectancy at birth, (c) crime, (d) nonconforming liquor stores.