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Natural Enemies and Mortality Factors of the Coffee View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Texas A&amp;M Repository NATURAL ENEMIES AND MORTALITY FACTORS OF THE COFFEE LEAFMINER Leucoptera coffeella (GUÉRIN-MÉNÈVILLE) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYONETIIDAE) IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO A Dissertation by J. REFUGIO LOMELI FLORES Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2007 Major Subject: Entomology NATURAL ENEMIES AND MORTALITY FACTORS OF THE COFFEE LEAFMINER Leucoptera coffeella (GUÉRIN-MÉNÈVILLE) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYONETIIDAE) IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO A Dissertation by J. REFUGIO LOMELI FLORES Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, Julio S. Bernal Committee Members, James B. Woolley Robert A.Wharton Roel R. Lopez Carlos E. Bográn Juan F. Barrera Head of Department, Kevin M. Heinz December 2007 Major Subject: Entomology iii ABSTRACT Natural Enemies and Mortality Factors of the Coffee Leafminer Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Ménèville) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) in Chiapas, Mexico. (December 2007) J. Refugio Lomeli Flores, B.S.; M.S., Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Julio S. Bernal Through field surveys and laboratory experiments, this study assessed in part the impacts of host plant, natural enemies, and weather variables on coffee leafminer Leucoptera coffeella distribution and abundance at two elevations and two rainfall levels in coffee farms in Chiapas, Mexico. In addition, a checklist of Neotropical coffee leafminer parasitoids was assembled from field collections and literature review. Coffee leafminer field incidence was positively correlated with leaf nitrogen content and age, but in laboratory experiments coffee leafminers grew larger, developed faster, and had higher survivorship on leaves with moderate (2.9±0.01%) versus low (2.5±0.04%) or high (3.4±0.01%) nitrogen level, and on tough versus soft leaves. Ovipositional preference was not generally for leaves that maximized offspring performance. Coffee leafminer incidence was higher during the rainy versus dry season, and at low versus high elevation. Shade cover reduced ambient temperatures within coffee farms, but did not significantly affect coffee leafminer incidence. iv The coffee leafminer predator complex included 16 morphospecies, ~88% of them ants (Formicidae), and contributed >58% of real mortality. Predation rates were higher at high versus low elevation, and under high versus low rainfall. Predation was the main source of coffee leafminer mortality throughout the year, and was highest during the rainy season, when coffee leafminer incidence was highest. Neotropical coffee leafminer parasitoids included 23 species of Eulophidae and seven of Braconidae. In Chiapas, 22 larval parasitoid morphospecies were collected. Egg and pupal parasitoids were not recovered. Parasitism accounted for <10% of real mortality, and rates were 8-10-fold higher at low versus high elevation. Parasitism rates were not significantly influenced by temperature or rainfall. Coffee leafminer oviposited mostly during the night, and less under low versus high temperatures. Average monthly temperature minima, which occur during the night, were generally lower at high (~18 oC) versus low (~20 oC) elevation farms. The incidence and abundance of coffee leafminer may differ between elevations due to differences in temperature, because at high elevation lower temperatures likely reduced coffee leafminer oviposition, and may have increased its mortality rate as a consequence of longer development time and exposure to natural enemies. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Dr. Julio S. Bernal for his permanent support, patience, and friendship. These years in his lab were full of new knowledge and ways to improve not only my academic performance but also the way to do the things right. I also want to thank my committee members: Dr. James Woolley, Dr. Robert Wharton, Dr. Roel Lopez, Dr. Juan F. Barrera, and Dr. Carlos Bográn for their guidance and support throughout my research. I thanks my friends and colleagues at the Bernal Lab: Andrea Joyce, James Butler, Veronica Manriquez, Rodrigo Diaz, Aldo Gardea, Brad Hopkins, Melissa Layton, and especially Pat and Alan Gillogly for their help, support and friendship. I would like to say thank you to all my classmates, colleagues, staff, and faculty in the Department of Entomology for making my time at Texas A&M a great experience. I thanks my friends and colleagues at El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (Joel Herrera M., Enrique López P., Román Montes, Guillermo López G., and Heber García) for their help during the development of experiments in Chiapas, Mexico. I also thank Federico Ochoa (Alpujarras), Alejandro Alvarez (La Gloria), Humberto Prada (El Encanto), Joaquín Erhlich (Lindavista) for permission granted to work on their farms. I thanks “Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Caña de Azúcar” (Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas, Mexico), for the climatic data provided. I also thank CONACyT (Grant 91539) and Colegio de Postgraduados for funding my research. Thanks to Dr. Eduardo Aranda Delgado (Terranova Lombricultores, Xalapa, Veracruz) for lending me his vi coffee leafminer parasitoid collection. I thanks Dr. James Woolley and Dr. Robert Wharton (TAMU) for their help in the identification of coffee leafminer parasitoids, and to Dr. Jorge Valenzuela (Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico) for the identification of ants. I thanks the editors of Bulletin of Entomological Research, The Canadian Entomologist, Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, CAB International, Florida Entomologist, NRC Research Press (Canada), International Society of Hymenopterists, and to Mr. Lonny D. Coote (Wildlife Enforcement Division, CWS Environment Canada), and Drs. Chao- Dong Zhu (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Gordon Gordh, (Center for Plant Health Science & Technology, USDA, APHIS, USA), Michael E. Schauff (Plant Sciences Institute Beltsville, MD, USA), Christer Hansson (Lund University, Sweden), John La Salle (Australian National Insect Collection), Mike Gates (Natural Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA), Eduardo Mitio Shimbori (Universidade Federal de Säo Carlos, Brazil), and Alejandro Gonzalez (Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León) for the permission granted to use the figures in chapter IV. I also wish to express my gratitude to my parents, Rigoberto and Josefina, my brothers, sisters and their families, whose support was unconditional throughout all my life. Finally, but not least, I would like to say thank you hundreds of times to my wife (Elena Vera-Villagran) and my little daughter (Elenita Lomeli-Vera) for their patience, encouragement, and support during these years living together in the United States, and for making my life full of love. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION................................................................................ 1 Coffee leafminer distribution and biology .................................... 4 Host plant effects on coffee leafminer ........................................... 5 Coffee leafminer natural enemies .................................................. 7 Effects of weather on coffee leafminer .......................................... 9 Dissertation objectives and goals ................................................... 10 II HOST PLANT EFFECTS AND SELECTION IN A MONOPHAGOUS INSECT: COFFEE LEAFMINER Leucoptera coffeella (GUÉRIN- MÉNÈVILLE) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYONETIIDAE) .......................... 12 Introduction.................................................................................... 12 Materials and methods ................................................................... 16 Results............................................................................................ 25 Discussion...................................................................................... 39 III IMPACT OF NATURAL ENEMIES ON COFFEE LEAFMINER Leucoptera coffeella (LEPIDOPTERA: LYONETIIDAE) POPULATION DYNAMICS.............................................................. 46 Introduction.................................................................................... 46 Materials and methods ................................................................... 48 Results............................................................................................ 55 Discussion...................................................................................... 68 viii CHAPTER Page IV COFFEE LEAFMINER Leucoptera coffeella (LEPIDOPTERA: LYONETIIDAE) PARASITOIDS IN THE NEOTROPICAL REGION 75 Introduction...................................................................................
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