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Conséquences De L'exposition De L'insecte Modèle Aedes Aegypti Aux

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Conséquences De L'exposition De L'insecte Modèle Aedes Aegypti Aux THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES Spécialité : Biodiversité, Écologie, Environnement Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006 Présentée par Sophie PRUD’HOMME Thèse dirigée par Stéphane REYNAUD et codirigée par Jean-Philippe DAVID préparée au sein du Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine dans l'École Doctorale Chimie et Sciences du Vivant Conséquences de l’exposition de l’insecte modèle Aedes aegypti aux polluants des eaux de surface : Des mécanismes moléculaires à la dynamique des populations Thèse soutenue publiquement le 18/12/2015 devant le jury composé de : Mme Claire VOURC’H Professeure à l’Université Grenoble Alpes, Présidente Mme Gaelle LE GOFF Chargée de recherche à l’INRA de Sophia Antipolis, Rapporteur M. Alain GEFFARD Professeur à l’Université de Reims, Rapporteur M. Jean LAROCHE Professeur à l’Université de Brest, Examinateur M. Vincent LAUDET Professeur à l’Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Examinateur M. Fabien PIERRON Chargé de recherche au CNRS, UMR5805, Bordeaux - Examinateur M. Stéphane REYNAUD Maitre de conférences à l’Université Grenoble Alpes – Directeur de thèse M. Jean-Philippe DAVID Chargé de recherche au CNRS, UMR5553, Grenoble – Co-directeur de thèse « Si les moustiques étaient des abeilles, ils ramèneraient du sang à la ruche, et la reine ferait du boudin » Philippe Geluck SOMMAIRE Liste des abréviations .................................................................................................................................................... 7 Liste des tableaux ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 Liste des figures ...........................................................................................................................................................11 Avant propos................................................................................................................................................................13 Remerciements .............................................................................................................................................................15 I. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................17 La pollution des eaux de surface ................................................................................................................19 Nouvelles approches en écotoxicologie ....................................................................................................21 I.2.1 Réalisme des conditions des études en écotoxicologie ..............................................................21 I.2.2 Étude du mode d’action des polluants .........................................................................................25 I.2.3 Les changements d’échelle en écotoxicologie .............................................................................27 Écotoxicologie des insectes aquatiques.....................................................................................................29 I.3.1 Écologie et sensibilité des insectes aquatiques ............................................................................29 I.3.2 Modèles d’insectes aquatiques en écotoxicologie .......................................................................31 I.3.3 Le moustique Aedes aegypti comme modèle d’insecte aquatique ...........................................34 État des connaissances sur les polluants étudiés .....................................................................................37 I.4.1 Ibuprofène ........................................................................................................................................37 I.4.2 Bisphénol A ......................................................................................................................................47 I.4.3 Benzo[a]pyrène .................................................................................................................................54 Problématique et objectifs de la thèse .......................................................................................................61 II. Effets des polluants sur les traits d’histoire de vie des populations ..........................................................65 II.1 Objectifs de l’étude ...................................................................................................................................67 II.2 Démarche expérimentale et méthodologies adoptées .........................................................................67 II.2.1 Conditions d’élevage en laboratoire ..............................................................................................67 II.2.2 Dispositif expérimental de l’étude à court terme ........................................................................72 II.2.3 Dispositif expérimental de l’étude à long terme .........................................................................76 II.2.4 Mesure et analyse des traits d’histoire de vie ...............................................................................78 II.2.5 Mesure et analyse de la tolérance des populations aux insecticides .........................................81 II.3 Résultats ......................................................................................................................................................82 II.3.1 Concentration en polluants dans les milieux d’exposition ........................................................82 II.3.2 Impact à court terme de l’exposition aux polluants sur les traits d’histoire de vie des populations .......84 II.3.3 Impact des polluants sur les traits d’histoire de vie des populations après 6 générations d’exposition ..94 II.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................... 105 II.4.1 Conséquences à court terme de l’exposition aux polluants sur le cycle de vie des individus .............. 105 II.4.2 Conséquence de l’exposition multigénérationnelle aux polluants ......................................... 109 II.4.3 Impact des polluants en mélange sur le développement des individus ................................ 111 II.4.4 Conséquences de la contamination des milieux sur la capacité vectorielle des individus . 112 II.4.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 113 III. Mécanismes moléculaires de l’impact trans-générationnel de l’ibuprofène ............................................ 115 III.1 Objectifs de l’étude ............................................................................................................................ 117 III.2 Démarche expérimentale .................................................................................................................. 117 III.3 Méthodologies adoptées ................................................................................................................... 119 III.3.1 Élevage des populations étudiées ............................................................................................... 119 III.3.2 Etudes des traits d’histoire de vie ............................................................................................... 122 III.3.3 Mesures des ressources métaboliques par RMN-HRMAS .................................................... 123 III.3.4 Dynamique des ecdysteroïdes au cours de la maturation des œufs ...................................... 127 III.3.5 Étude de la transcription des gènes ........................................................................................... 129 III.4 Résultats .............................................................................................................................................. 138 III.4.1 Impacts de l’ibuprofène sur les traits d’histoire de vie des populations de moustiques .... 138 III.4.2 Impact de l’ibuprofène sur les réserves métaboliques ............................................................ 140 III.4.3 Impact de l’ibuprofène sur de la vitellogénèse ......................................................................... 142 III.4.4 Impact de l’ibuprofène sur le profil transcriptionnel des individus ...................................... 144 III.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................... 162 III.5.1 Impacts de l’ibuprofène sur les individus exposés .................................................................. 163 III.5.2 Impacts de l’ibuprofène sur les individus de la descendance non exposée ......................... 167 III.5.3 Origines de l’impact trans-générationnel de l’ibuprofène ...................................................... 178 III.5.4 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 182 IV. Synthèse générale et perspectives de recherche .................................................................................... 185 IV.1 Rappel des objectifs de la thèse ........................................................................................................... 187 IV.2 Rappel des principaux résultats ...........................................................................................................
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