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Home , 130 Cedar Street, 3 World Trade Center, 5 World Trade Center, 7 World Trade Center, 90 West Street, Deutsche Bank Building

1.Introduction

The original idea for a world trade center in is generally credited to David Rockefeller, one of industrialist John D. Rockefeller's many grandsons. In fact, the idea was proposed soon after World War II, a decade before Rockefeller ever got involved, but he was who actually got the ball rolling.

In the 1950s and '60s, while serving as chairman of Chase Bank, Rockefeller was dedicated to revitalizing . He hoped to energize the with new construction, in much the same way his father revitalized in the 1930s with Rockefeller Center. As part of his plan, David Rockefeller proposed a complex dedicated to international trade, to be constructed at the east end of . Rockefeller believed that the trade center, which would include office and space, an exhibit hall, a securities and exchange center and numerous shops, would be just the thing to spur economic growth in the area.

The original World Trade Center featured landmark twin towers(1 WTC and 2 WTC), which opened on April 4, 1973.

The North Tower (left), with antenna spire, is 1 WTC. The South Tower (right) is 2 WTC

33 2.Contruction of the World Trade Center

The construction of the World Trade Center was conceived as an urban renewal project, spearheaded by David Rockefeller, to help revitalize Lower Manhattan. On September 20, 1962, the Port Authority announced the selection of as lead architect, and & Sons as associate architects. Originally, Yamasaki submitted to the Port Authority a concept incorporating twin towers, but with each building only 80 stories tall. Yamasaki remarked that the "obvious alternative, a group of several large buildings, would have looked like a housing project." To meet the Port Authority's requirement to build 10 million square feet (930,000 m²) of office space, the buildings would each need to be 110 stories tall. A major limiting factor in building heights is ; the taller the building, the more elevators are needed to service the building, requiring more space-consuming banks. Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system that included sky lobbies, which are floors where people can switch from a large-capacity express elevator, which goes only to the sky lobbies, to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section (the local elevators can be stacked within the same elevator shaft)

44 Demolition work began on March 21, 1966, to clear thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings in for construction of the World Trade Center. Groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on August 5, 1966.

(WTC model )

The topping out ceremony of 1 WTC (North Tower) took place on December 23, 1970, while 2 WTC's ceremony (South Tower) occurred later on July 19, 1971.The first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970; the South Tower accepted tenants in January 1972. When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed, the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million. The ribbon cutting ceremony was on April 4, 1973.

Over 200,000 tons of steel, 425,000 cubic yards of concrete, a total of 10,000 workers and 7 years, 2 buildings were created known as the World Trade Centers. It's more than its signature twin towers: it was a complex of seven buildings on 16-acres with its own (10048). The twin towers consist of 110 floors, and were ranked as the tallest buildings in the world until the Sears Towers was built in 1974. The towers were built downtown-lower Manhattan Development Association by Chase Manhattan Bank chairman David Rockefeller who believed that the towers would benefit the . Although the towers were a complete accomplishment 60 workers died during the construction. There were 43,600 windows and 99 elevators that can carry about 55 people with a 10,000 pound capacity and can travel up to 27 feet per second. The towers contained 430 businesses from 26 different countries and held up to 5,000 office workers. It had 6 basements and 3 Subway railway stations. Five different channel news stations were also in the Towers along with medical centers and banks.

5 3.

The September 11 attacks (also referred to as September 11, September 11th, or 9/11) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks launched by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda upon the in and the , D.C. area on September 11, 2001.

Four passenger airliners were hijacked by 19 al-Qaeda terrorists so they could be flown into buildings in suicide attacks. Two of those planes, Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. Within two hours, both towers collapsed with debris and the resulting fires causing partial or complete collapse of all other buildings in the WTC complex, as well as major damage to ten other large surrounding structures. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into (the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense), leading to a partial collapse in its western side. The fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, was targeted at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., but crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after its passengers tried to overcome the hijackers.

6 Flight paths of hijacked planes-September 11 attacks

Within 30 minutes of two planes hitting the World Trade Center twin towers, American Airlines Flight 77 departed Dulles International Airport bound for . The Boeing 757 was hijacked and crashed, loaded with 10,000 gallons of fuel, at 345 mph into the west side of the Pentagon. The five-story Pentagon is made up of five pentagonal structures arranged in concentric rings. These rings surround a five-acre open courtyard and are connected by 10 spike-like corridors. The plane took out light poles in the parking lot, hit the ground just outside the outermost ring of the Pentagon, turned up on its wing, and penetrated the E ring (outermost) midway between corridors 4 and 5 as shown below.

The Pentagon after the attack

7 Along with the 110-floor Twin Towers, numerous other buildings at the were destroyed or badly damaged, including WTC buildings 3 through 7 and St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church.The North Tower, South Tower, the Marriott Hotel (3 WTC) and 7 WTC were completely destroyed. The U.S. Customs House (6 World Trade Center), , , and both pedestrian bridges connecting buildings were severely damaged. The Building on 130 Liberty Street was partially damaged and demolished later. The two buildings of the World Financial Center also suffered damage.

The across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned as uninhabitable because of toxic conditions inside the office tower, and was deconstructed. The Borough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall at 30 West was condemned due to extensive damage in the attacks, and is being rebuilt. Other neighboring buildings including and the suffered major damage but have been restored. World Financial Center buildings, , the Millenium Hilton, and had moderate damage and have since been restored. Communications equipment on top of the North Tower was also destroyed, but media stations were quickly able to reroute signals and resume broadcasts.

The attacks resulted in the deaths of 2,996 people, including the 19 hijackers and 2,977 victims. The victims included 246 on the four planes (from which there were no survivors), 2,606 in New York City in the towers and on the ground, and 125 at the Pentagon. Nearly all of the victims were civilians; 55 military personnel were among those killed at the Pentagon.

8 4. Attacks on the Twin Towers

On September 11, 2001, Islamist terrorists hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 and crashed it into the northern façade of the North Tower at 8:46:40 a.m., the aircraft striking between the 93rd and 99th floors.

Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03:11 a.m., a second team of terrorists crashed the similarly hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower, striking it between the 77th and 85th floors.

The damage caused to the North Tower by Flight 11 destroyed any means of escape from above the impact zone, trapping 1,344 people.Flight 175 had a much more off-centered impact compared to Flight 11, and a single stairwell

9 was left intact; however, only a few people managed to pass through it successfully before the tower collapsed. Although the South Tower was struck lower than the North Tower, thus affecting more floors, a smaller number, fewer than 700, were killed instantly or trapped.

At 9:59 a.m., the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes. The fire caused steel structural elements, already weakened from the plane impact, to fail. The North Tower collapsed at 10:28 a.m., after burning for approximately 102 minutes. At 5:20 p.m.[ on September 11, 2001, started to collapse with the crumble of the east penthouse, and it collapsed completely at 5:21 p.m. owing to uncontrolled fires causing structural failure.

The , a Marriott hotel, was destroyed during the collapse of the two towers. The three remaining buildings in the WTC plaza were extensively damaged by debris and later were demolished. The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned owing to the uninhabitable toxic conditions inside; it was deconstructed, with work completed in early 2011. The Borough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall at 30 was also condemned owing to extensive damage in the attacks and is slated for deconstruction.

10 The World Trade Center on fire with the Statue of Liberty in the foreground

In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed in the attacks, as over 50,000 people could be inside the towers. Ultimately, 2,753 death certificates (excluding those for hijackers) were filed relating to the 9/11 attacks in New York, including one filed for Felicia Dunn-Jones, who was added to the official death toll in May 2007; Dunn-Jones died five months later from a lung condition linked to exposure to dust during the collapse of the World Trade Center. Three other victims were then added to the official death toll by the city medical examiner's office: Dr. Sneha Anne Philip, who was last seen the day before the attacks; Leon Heyward, a man who developed lymphoma and subsequently died in 2008 as a result of dust ingestion during the events following the attacks to the Twin Towers; and Jerry Borg, who died in December 2010 of pulmonary sarcoidosis determined in June 2011 to be the result of dust from the attacks. Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment bank on the 101st –105th floors of , lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer, while Marsh & McLennan Companies, located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93 –101 (the location of Flight 11's impact), lost 295 employees, and 175 employees of Aon Corporation were killed. In addition, 343 of the dead were New York City firefighters, 84 were Port Authority employees, of whom 37 were members of the Port Authority Police Department, and another 23 were New York City Police Department officers. Ten years after the attacks, only 1,629 victims have been identified.Of all the people who were still in the towers when they collapsed, only 20 were pulled out.

11 The

The Falling Man is a photograph taken by photographer Richard Drew, of a man falling from the North Tower of the World Trade Center at 9:41:15 a.m. during the September 11 attacks in New York City. The subject of the image, whose identity remains uncertain, was one of the people trapped on the upper floors of who either fell searching for safety or jumped to escape the fire and smoke. At least 200 people fell or jumped to their deaths that day; officials could not recover or identify the bodies of those forced out of the buildings prior to the collapse of the towers. Officially, all deaths in the attacks except those of the hijackers were ruled to be homicides due to blunt trauma (as opposed to suicides). The New York City medical examiner's office said it does not classify the people who fell to their deaths on September 11 as "jumpers": "A 'jumper' is somebody who goes to the office in the morning knowing that they will commit suicide... These people were forced out by the smoke and flames or blown out."

The incredible moment captured from 2 different angles*

12 5. The after effects of 9/11

Other affected buildings

Many of the surrounding buildings were also either damaged or destroyed as the towers fell. 5 WTC suffered a large fire and a partial collapse of its steel structure. Other buildings destroyed include St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, Marriott World Trade Center (Marriott Hotel 3 WTC), South Plaza (4 WTC), and U.S. Customs (6 WTC). The World Financial Center buildings, 90 West Street, and suffered fires. The Deutsche Bank Building, the Verizon Building, and World Financial Center 3 suffered impact damage from the towers' collapse, as did 90 West Street. One Liberty Plaza survived structurally intact but sustained surface damage including shattered windows. 30 West Broadway was damaged by the collapse of 7 WTC. The Deutsche Bank Building, which was covered in a large black "shroud" after September 11 to cover the building's damage, was deconstructed because of water, mold, and other severe damage caused by the neighboring towers' collapse.

The cleanup

The cleanup was a massive operation coordinated by the City of New York Department of Design and Construction. On September 22, a preliminary cleanup plan was delivered by Controlled Demolition, Inc. (CDI) of Phoenix, Maryland.[88] It involved round-the-clock operations, many contractors and subcontractors, and cost hundreds of millions of dollars.[89] The large pile of debris left on the site burned for three months, resisting attempts to extinguish the blaze until the majority of the rubble was finally removed from the site.[90][91] By early November, with a third of the debris removed,

13 officials began to reduce the number of firefighters and police officers assigned to recovering the remains of victims, in order to prioritize the removal of debris. This caused confrontations with firefighters.[92] In 2007, the demolition of the surrounding damaged buildings was still ongoing as new construction proceeded on the World Trade Center's replacement, 1 World Trade Center.

Health effects

The collapse of the World Trade Center produced enormous clouds of dust that covered Manhattan for days. On September 18, 2001, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a statement assuring the public that the air in Manhattan was "safe to breathe".[93] In a report published in 2003, however, the EPA's inspector general found that the agency did not at that time have sufficient data to make such a statement. In fact, the collapse of the World Trade Center resulted in serious reductions in air quality and is likely the cause of many respiratory illnesses among first responders, residents, and office workers in lower Manhattan. Asbestosis is such an illness, and would have been present in the dust.[94] In 2011 significant long term medical and psychological effects were found among first responders including elevated levels of asthma, sinusitis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease and posttraumatic stress disorder

The thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the collapse of the Twin Towers contained more than 2,500 contaminants, including known carcinogens. Subsequent debilitating illnesses among rescue and recovery workers are said to be linked to exposure to these carcinogens. The Bush administration ordered the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue reassuring statements regarding air quality in the aftermath of the attacks,

14 citing national security; however, the EPA did not determine that air quality had returned to pre-September 11 levels until June 2002. Health effects also extended to residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown. Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust, and the victims' names will be included in the World Trade Center memorial.[102] Approximately 18,000 people have been estimated to have developed illnesses as a result of the toxic dust. There is also scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have negative effects on fetal development. A notable children's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working nearby. A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all those studied had impaired lung functions, and that 30 –40% were reporting little or no improvement in persistent symptoms that started within the first year of the attack. Years after the attacks, legal disputes over the costs of illnesses related to the attacks were still in the court system. On October 17, 2006, a federal judge rejected New York City's refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers, allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the city.[106] Government officials have been faulted for urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly after the attacks. Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the EPA in the aftermath of the attacks, was heavily criticized by a U.S. District Judge for incorrectly saying that the area was environmentally safe.Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging financial industry personnel to return quickly to the greater Wall Street area. Some Americans, alarmed at the prospect of flying, instead traveled by car. This resulted in an estimated 1,595 additional highway deaths in the ensuing year.

15 Economic Aftermath

Major economic effects arose from the September 11 attacks, with initial shock causing global stock markets to drop sharply. The attacks themselves caused approximately $40 billion in insurance losses, making it one of the largest insured events ever The attacks had a significant economic impact on United States and world markets.The stock exchanges did not open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17. Reopening, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8921, a record-setting one-day point decline. By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1,369.7 points (14.3%), at the time its largest one-week point drop in history. In 2001 dollars, U.S. stocks lost $1.4 trillion in valuation for the week. In New York City, about 430,000 job-months and $2.8 billion dollars in wages were lost in the three months after the attacks. The economic effects were mainly on the economy's export sectors.The city's GDP was estimated to have declined by $27.3 billion for the last three months of 2001 and all of 2002. The U.S. government provided $11.2 billion in immediate assistance to the Government of New York City in September 2001, and $10.5 billion in early 2002 for economic development and infrastructure needs. Also hurt were small businesses in Lower Manhattan near the World Trade Center, 18,000 of which were destroyed or displaced, resulting in lost jobs and their consequent wages. Assistance was provided by Small Business Administration loans, federal government Community Development Block Grants, and Economic Injury Disaster Loans. Some 31,900,000 square feet (2,960,000 m2) of Lower Manhattan office space was damaged or destroyed. Many wondered whether these jobs would return, and if the damaged tax base would recover. Studies of the economic effects of 9/11 show the Manhattan office real-estate market and office employment were less affected than first feared, because of the financial services industry's need for face-to-face interaction. North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry. The September 11 attacks also led indirectly to the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as additional homeland security spending, totaling at least $5 trillion.

16 Tourism in New York City plummeted, causing massive losses in a sector which employed 280,000 people and generated $25 billion per year. In the week following the attack, hotel occupancy fell below 40%, and 3,000 employees were laid off. Tourism, hotel occupancy and-in particular-flying also fell drastically across the nation. The reluctance to fly may have been due to increased fear of a repeat attack. Suzanne Thompson, Professor of Psychology at Pomona College, conducted interviews of 501 people who were not direct victims of 9/11. From this, she concluded that "Most participants felt more distress (65 percent) and a stronger fear of flying (55 percent) immediately after the event than they did before the attacks." The Federal Reserve issued a statement, saying it was "open and operating. The discount window is available to meet liquidity needs.".[4] The Federal Reserve added $100 billion in liquidity per day, during the three days following the attack, to help avert a financial crisis. Federal Reserve Governor Roger W. Ferguson, Jr., the only Governor in Washington, D.C. on the day of the attacks[citation needed], has described in detail this and the other actions that the Fed undertook to maintain a stable economy and offset potential disruptions arising in the financial system. Gold prices spiked upwards, from $215.50 to $287 an ounce in London trading. Oil prices also spiked upwards.[6] Gas prices in the United States also briefly shot up, though the spike in prices only lasted about one week. Currency trading continued, with the United States dollar falling sharply against the Euro, British pound, and Japanese yen.The next day, European stock markets fell sharply, including declines of 4.6% in Spain, 8.5% in Germany,and 5.7% on the London Stock Exchange. Stocks in the Latin American markets also plunged, with a 9.2% drop in Brazil, 5.2% drop in Argentina, and 5.6% decline in Mexico, before trading was halted.

17 6. 9/11 conspiracy theories

9/11 conspiracy theories dispute the widely accepted account that the September 11 attacks were perpetrated solely by al-Qaeda without any detailed advance knowledge on the part of any government agency. Proponents of these conspiracy theories claim there are inconsistencies in the official conclusions, or evidence which was overlooked.[3] In a 2008 global poll of 16,063 people in 17 countries, majorities in only nine countries believe al Qaeda was behind the attacks. 46% of those surveyed believed al-Qaeda was responsible for the attacks, 15% believed the U.S. government was responsible, 7% believed was and another 7% believed some other perpetrator, other than al-Qaeda, was responsible. The poll found that respondents in the Middle East were especially likely to name a perpetrator other than al-Qaeda. The most prominent conspiracy theory is that the collapse of the Twin Towers and 7 World Trade Center were the result of a controlled demolition rather than structural failure due to impact and fire.Another prominent belief is that the Pentagon was hit by a missile launched by elements from inside the U.S. governmentor that a commercial airliner was allowed to do so via an effective standdown of the American military. Possible motives claimed by conspiracy theorists for such actions include justifying the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq as well as geostrategic interests in the Mideast, such as pipeline plans launched in the early 1990s by Unocal and other oil companies.Other conspiracy theories revolve around authorities having advance knowledge of the attacks and deliberately ignoring or helping to assist the attackers. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the technology magazine Popular Mechanics have investigated and rejected the claims made by 9/11 conspiracy theories.[ The civil engineering community accepts that the impacts of jet aircraft at high speeds in combination with subsequent fires, not controlled demolition, led to the collapse of the Twin Towers. This also was the conclusion of the 9/11 Commission, chaired by Governor Thomas Kean.

18 7.National September 11 Memorial & Museum

The National September 11 Memorial & Museum (branded as 9/11 Memorial and 9/11 Memorial Museum) is the principal memorial and museum commemorating the September 11 attacks of 2001, which killed approximately 3,000 people, and the World Trade Center bombing of 1993, which killed six.[3] The memorial is located at the World Trade Center site, on the former location of the Twin Towers, which were destroyed during the attacks. The World Trade Center Memorial Foundation was renamed the National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center in 2007.[4] The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was American architect of Handel Architects, a New York- and San Francisco-based firm. Arad worked with landscape firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design which calls for a forest of trees with two square pools in , where the Twin Towers once stood.[5]

In August 2006, the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began heavy construction on the memorial and museum.[6] The design is consistent with the original master plan that called for the memorial to be 30 feet below street level (originally 70 feet) in a piazza. The design was the only finalist to throw out Libeskind's requirement that buildings overhang the footprints. A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the

19 World Trade Center to remember both the victims and those involved in rescue. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center is a non-profit corporation with the mission to raise funds for, program, own and operate the memorial and museum at the World Trade Center site. On September 11, 2011, a dedication ceremony was held at the memorial, commemorating the tenth anniversary of the attacks. The memorial officially opened to the public on September 12, 2011, while the museum has yet to open. Three months after opening, the memorial had been seen by over 1 million visitors.[7] In 2012, Tuesday's Children, a non-profit family service organization that has made a commitment to individuals directly impacted by 9/11 and to those who have lost loved ones to terrorism around the globe, has partnered with the 9/11 Memorial to offer private tours to family members of 9/11 victims and First Responders.

20 8.Conclusion September 11, 2001, will be remembered as one of the most horrible and unbelievable days ever experienced in the United States. The events of this day certainly affect every American, and likely affect every person in the world in some way. Our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deadly terrorist acts. The victims were in airplanes or in their offices as secretaries, businessman and women, military and federal workers. Thousands of lives were suddenly ended by despicable acts of terror. John Updike pictures of New York, September 11, 2001, and A week after September 11, 2001 have a special message that brings us back to the remembrance of the attacks. Therefore, I believe that the attack on September 11, 2001 was a devastating day in American history. Not only did it kill many innocent people and destroy buildings and air planes, it ruined our economy and put us into a never ending war. Two hours on that Tuesday morning are having enormous ripple effects on the last 11 years since then.

President George W. Bush said : “Time is passing. Yet, for the United States of America, there will be no forgetting September the 11th. We will remember every rescuer who died in honor. We will remember every family that lives in grief. We will remember the fire and ash, the last phone calls, the funerals of the children.”

21 References

a. Inside 9/11 : Zero Hour, National Geographic Channel documentary, 2005 b. "1 World Trade Center (Freedom Tower)". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. Retrieved 2011- 09-04. c. a b c 9/11 Commission Report, pp. 4–14. d. a b "The Attack Looms". 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Retrieved 2011-09-01. e. See, for example, news coverage by CNN: "Breaking News Videos from CNN.com". CNN. f. "Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. February 19, 2002. g. "Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 175" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. February 19, 2002. h. "Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 77" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. February 19, 2002. i. Snyder, David (April 19, 2002). "Families Hear Flight 93's Final Moments". . Retrieved 2011-09-01. j. "Text of Flight 93 Recording". Fox News. April 12, 2006. Retrieved 2011-09-01. k. "The Flight 93 Story". . Retrieved 2011-09-21.

22 Bibliography

 "The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States".National Commission O Terrorist Attacks (Cosimo, Inc). July 30, 2010. ISBN 978-1-61640-219-8.

 Atkins, Stephen E (2011). The 9/11 Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.ISBN 978-1-59884-921-9.

 Bolton, M. Kent (2006). U.S. National Security and Foreign Policymaking After 9/11: Present at the Re-creation. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5900-4.

 Caraley, Demetrios (2002). September 11, terrorist attacks, and U.S. foreign policy. Academy of Political Science. ISBN 978-1-884853-01-2.

 Chernick, Howard (2005). Resilient city: the economic impact of 9/11. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0-87154-170-3.

 Damico, Amy M; Quay, Sara E. (2010). September 11 in Popular Culture: A Guide. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-35505-9.

 Hampton, Wilborn (2003). September 11, 2001: attack on New York City. Candlewick Press. ISBN 978-0-7636-1949-7.

 Langley, Andrew (2006). September 11: Attack on America. Compass Point Books. ISBN 978-0-7565-1620-8.

23 Contents

1.Introduction ...... 2

2.Contruction of the World Trade Center...... 3

3. September 11 Attacks...... 4

4. Attacks on the Twin Towers...... 9

The Falling Man...... 12

5. The after effects of 9/11...... 13

Other affected buildings...... 13

The cleanup...... 13

Health effects...... 14

Economic Aftermath...... 16

6. 9/11 conspiracy theories...... 18

7. National September 11 Memorial & Museum...... 19

8.Conclusion...... 21

9.References...... 22

10.Bibliography...... 23

24 25