Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Project Number: 52167-001 December 2020

Regional: TAPI Gas Pipeline Project (Phase 1)

Pakistan: Executive Summary

Prepared by the TAPI Pipeline Company Limited for the Asian Development Bank.

This environmental and social impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. C-PAK-TAPI-ESIA-REP-0001-07

TAPI Pipeline Company Limited

ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY –

09/12/2020

NAFTEC MAB Environmental Specialized Technologies for Consultancy & Studies LLC Petroleum Engineering PO Box 95811 Dubai, UAE PO Box 93957, Abu Dhabi, UAE T: +971 (4) 343 4223 T: +971 (2) 666 9979 F: +971 (4) 343 4117 F: +971 (2) 666 8858 ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY C-PAK-TAPI-ESIA-REP-0001-07 TABLE OF CONTENTS 09/12/2020

REVISION

07 09.12.2020 Draft – Issue for Review Jacobs NAFTEC/MAB PMC/TPCL 06 24.07.2020 Draft – Issue for Review Jacobs NAFTEC/MAB PMC/TPCL 05 18.12.2019 Draft – Issue for Review Jacobs NAFTEC/MAB PMC/TPCL 04 23.11.2018 Draft – Issue for Review Jacobs NAFTEC/MAB ILF/TPCL 03 28.09.2018 Draft – Issue for Review Jacobs NAFTEC/MAB ILF/TPCL 02 07.09.2018 Draft – Issue for Review Jacobs NAFTEC/MAB ILF/TPCL 01 22.06.2018 Draft – Issue for Review Jacobs NAFTEC/MAB ILF/TPCL Rev. Date Issue, Modification Prepared Checked Approved

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TABLE OF CONTENTS DEFINITIONS...... XXIV ABBREVIATIONS...... XXV ES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... ES-1 ES.1 Introduction ...... ES-1 ES.2 Project Justification and Alternatives Assessment ...... ES-3 ES.3 Project Description ...... ES-3 Project Overview ...... ES-3 Project Location...... ES-4 Project Feasibility Corridor and Right of Way...... ES-4 Project Schedule ...... ES-4 Phase I Project Components and Activities...... ES-5 Phase II Project Components and Activities...... ES-5 ES.4 Legal, Regulatory, and Administrative Analysis...... ES-5 ES.5 Impact Assessment Methodology ...... ES-7 Project Area of Influence...... ES-7 Impact Assessment Criteria ...... ES-7 ES.6 Baseline Conditions and Impact Assessment Results ...... ES-8 ES.6.1 Overview...... ES-8 ES.6.2 Project Setting ...... ES-8 ES.6.3 Climate, Meteorology, and Ambient Air Quality...... ES-8 ES.6.4 Noise and Vibration...... ES-11 ES.6.5 Physical Environment...... ES-13 ES.6.6 Ecology and Biodiversity ...... ES-15 ES.6.7 Socio-economics and Community Health...... ES-18 ES.6.8 Cultural Heritage ...... ES-23 ES.6.9 Landscape and Visual Amenity...... ES-25 ES.6.10 Climate Change...... ES-27 ES.6.11 Transboundary Impacts ...... ES-29 ES.6.12 Cumulative Impacts...... ES-29 ES.7 Stakeholder Engagement...... ES-31 ES.8 Environmental and Social Management Framework and System...... ES-33 REFERENCES...... ES-35 1 INTRODUCTION...... 1-1 1.1 Project Overview ...... 1-1 1.2 Project Proponent Contacts ...... 1-2 1.3 Project Proponent Commitments ...... 1-4 1.4 ESIA Process...... 1-4 1.4.1 ESIA Process per IFC PS Requirements ...... 1-4 1.4.2 ESIA Process per National Legislation...... 1-6 1.5 Purpose of the ESIA Report...... 1-8 1.6 Structure of the ESIA Report...... 1-8 1.7 Limitations in the ESIA Study ...... 1-9 REFERENCES...... 1-10 2 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION AND ALTERNATIVES ASSESSMENT ...... 2-1 2.1 Project Objectives and Value ...... 2-1 2.2 Project Alternatives...... 2-2 2.2.1 Methodology...... 2-3 2.2.2 Route and Project Alternatives ...... 2-7 2.2.3 Comparison and Selection of Alternatives...... 2-7 2.2.4 Description of the Selected Alternative...... 2-8 2.3 Construction Alternatives ...... 2-9

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2.3.1 Crossings...... 2-9 2.3.2 Special Sections...... 2-12 REFERENCES...... 2-13 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 3-1 3.1 Overview...... 3-1 3.1.1 Project Overview ...... 3-1 3.1.2 Project Location...... 3-1 3.1.3 Project Feasibility Corridor and Right of Way...... 3-2 3.1.4 Project Schedule ...... 3-3 3.2 Project Design Philosophy ...... 3-5 3.3 Applicable Codes and Standards...... 3-5 3.4 Quantitative Risk Assessment...... 3-6 3.5 Phase I Project Components...... 3-7 3.5.1 Pipeline...... 3-7 3.5.2 Above Ground Installations...... 3-8 3.5.3 Access Roads...... 3-10 3.6 Phase I Project Activities...... 3-10 3.6.1 Phase I Construction...... 3-10 3.6.2 Phase I Commissioning/Start-up ...... 3-29 3.6.3 Phase I Operation ...... 3-30 3.6.4 Phase I Decommissioning...... 3-41 3.7 Phase II Project Components...... 3-41 3.8 Phase II Project Activities...... 3-42 3.8.1 Phase II Construction...... 3-42 3.8.2 Phase II Commissioning/Start-up ...... 3-44 3.8.3 Phase II Operation ...... 3-45 3.8.4 Phase II Decommissioning...... 3-47 REFERENCES...... 3-48 4 LEGAL, REGULATORY, AND ADMINISTRATIVE ANALYSIS...... 4-1 4.1 Overview...... 4-1 4.2 National Policy and Legal Framework ...... 4-1 4.2.1 Constitutional Provision...... 4-1 4.2.2 National Policy Framework ...... 4-2 4.2.3 National Legal and Regulatory Framework ...... 4-5 4.2.4 Provincial Legal and Regulatory Framework...... 4-14 4.2.5 National Environmental Assessment Regulations and Procedures. 4-21 4.3 International Conventions, Treaties, and Agreements ...... 4-28 4.4 International Policies, Guidelines, and Standards ...... 4-31 4.4.1 IFC Performance Standards and EHS Guidelines ...... 4-31 4.4.2 ADB Environmental and Social Assessment Guidelines ...... 4-37 4.4.3 AIIB Environmental and Social Safeguards...... 4-38 4.4.4 Equator Principles ...... 4-40 REFERENCES...... 4-41 5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 5-1 5.1 Overview...... 5-1 5.2 Definition of Project Area of Influence...... 5-1 5.3 Impact Assessment Criteria ...... 5-3 5.3.1 Overview...... 5-3 5.3.2 Impact Identification ...... 5-3 5.3.3 Impact Evaluation...... 5-4 5.3.4 Summary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Matrix..... 5-19 5.3.5 Mitigation Measures and Recommendations ...... 5-19 5.3.6 Residual Impact Significance...... 5-20

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5.3.7 Cumulative Impact Assessment...... 5-20 5.3.8 Transboundary Impacts ...... 5-21 5.4 Limitations...... 5-21 5.4.1 Political, Security, and Transparency Background...... 5-21 5.4.2 General Security and Communication Issues ...... 5-22 5.4.3 Remoteness and Accessibility ...... 5-22 5.4.4 Engagement with Government Officials ...... 5-22 5.4.5 Obtaining Local Village Level Cooperation and Permissions...... 5-23 5.4.6 Engagement with Women...... 5-23 REFERENCES...... 5-24 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE 6.1 Project Setting and Current Land Use ...... 6.1-1 6.1.1 Overview...... 6.1-1 6.1.2 Remote Sensing Assessment...... 6.1-4 6.1.3 Sensitivity Mapping ...... 6.1-12 6.1.4 Under Development / Future Projects in Surrounding Areas ...... 6.1-19 REFERENCES...... 6.1-20 6.2 Climate, Meteorology, and Ambient Air Quality ...... 6.2-1 6.2.1 Overview...... 6.2-1 6.2.2 Approach to Secondary Baseline Data Collection (Desktop Study)6.2-1 6.2.3 Approach to Primary Baseline Data Collection (Field Survey)...... 6.2-2 6.2.4 Limitations in Baseline Data Collection...... 6.2-7 6.2.5 Weather Baseline ...... 6.2-8 6.2.6 Air Quality Baseline...... 6.2-40 6.2.7 Conclusion...... 6.2-46 6.2.8 Summary of Uncertaintities...... 6.2-47 REFERENCES...... 6.2-48 6.3 Noise and Vibration ...... 6.3-1 6.3.1 Overview...... 6.3-1 6.3.2 Approach to Secondary Baseline Data Collection (Desktop Study)6.3-1 6.3.3 Approach to Primary Baseline Data Collection (Field Survey)...... 6.3-2 6.3.4 Limitations in Baseline Data Collection...... 6.3-8 6.3.5 Baseline Noise Climate ...... 6.3-9 6.3.6 Terrestrial Environment Components Likely to be Affected ...... 6.3-14 6.3.7 Conclusion...... 6.3-15 REFERENCES...... 6.3-17 6.4 Physical Environment...... 6.4-1 6.4.1 Overview...... 6.4-1 6.4.2 Approach to Secondary Baseline Data Collection (Desktop Study)6.4-2 6.4.3 Approach to Primary Baseline Data Collection (Field Survey)...... 6.4-2 6.4.4 Limitations in Baseline Data Collection...... 6.4-6 6.4.5 Topography and Geomorphology ...... 6.4-7 6.4.6 Soil and Sub-Surface Geology...... 6.4-9 6.4.7 Groundwater Resources ...... 6.4-16 6.4.8 Surface Water Resources...... 6.4-21 6.4.9 Erosion and Sedimentation...... 6.4-28 6.4.10 Flood Risk...... 6.4-29 6.4.11 Conclusion...... 6.4-34 REFERENCES...... 6.4-37 6.5 Ecology and Biodiversity ...... 6.5-1 6.5.1 Key Terms ...... 6.5-1 6.5.2 Overview...... 6.5-2 6.5.3 Approach to Secondary Baseline Data Collection (Desktop Study)6.5-3 6.5.4 Approach to Primary Baseline Data Collection (Field Survey)...... 6.5-3 6.5.5 Limitations in Baseline Data Collection...... 6.5-12

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6.5.6 National and Regional Level Ecology and Biodiversity ...... 6.5-12 6.5.7 Local Level Ecology and Biodiversity ...... 6.5-20 6.5.8 Ecosystem Services...... 6.5-54 6.5.9 Conclusion...... 6.5-55 REFERENCES...... 6.5-56 6.6 Socio-economics and Community Health...... 6.6-1 6.6.1 Overview...... 6.6-1 6.6.2 Approach to Secondary Baseline Data Collection (Desktop Study)6.6-1 6.6.3 Approach to Primary Baseline Data Collection (Field Survey)...... 6.6-1 6.6.4 Historical and Political Overview...... 6.6-13 6.6.5 Governance and Administration...... 6.6-13 6.6.6 Planning and Development...... 6.6-14 6.6.7 Potentially Affected Provinces Overview ...... 6.6-15 6.6.8 Demography...... 6.6-19 6.6.9 Tribal People in Pakistan ...... 6.6-31 6.6.10 Vulnerable Groups ...... 6.6-34 6.6.11 Human Rights...... 6.6-38 6.6.12 Economic Profile ...... 6.6-39 6.6.13 Land Use ...... 6.6-47 6.6.14 Land Tenure ...... 6.6-48 6.6.15 Health Profile...... 6.6-50 6.6.16 Educational Profile ...... 6.6-59 6.6.17 Access, Services, and Infrastructure ...... 6.6-62 6.6.18 Ecosystem Services...... 6.6-71 6.6.19 Conclusion...... 6.6-72 REFERENCES ...... 6.6-74 6.7 Cultural Heritage...... 6.7-1 6.7.1 Overview...... 6.7-1 6.7.2 Approach to Secondary Baseline Data Collection (Desktop Study)6.7-1 6.7.3 Approach to Primary Baseline Data Collection (Field Survey)...... 6.7-2 6.7.4 Historic and Cultural Heritage Context ...... 6.7-4 6.7.5 Cultural Heritage Tangible Assets – Desktop Review Results...... 6.7-8 6.7.6 Cultural Heritage Tangible Assets – Field Survey Results...... 6.7-9 6.7.7 Cultural Heritage Intangible Assets...... 6.7-22 6.7.8 Conclusion...... 6.7-23 REFERENCES...... 6.7-25 6.8 Landscape and Visual Amenity...... 6.8-1 6.8.1 Overview...... 6.8-1 6.8.2 Approach to Secondary Baseline Data Collection (Desktop Study)6.8-1 6.8.3 Approach to Primary Baseline Data Collection (Field Survey)...... 6.8-1 6.8.4 Regional Landscape...... 6.8-2 6.8.5 Local Landscape ...... 6.8-2 6.8.6 Visual Amenity...... 6.8-5 6.8.7 Limitations in Baseline Data Collection...... 6.8-5 6.8.8 Conclusion...... 6.8-5 REFERENCES...... 6.8-7 6.9 Climate Change...... 6.9-1 6.9.1 Overview...... 6.9-1 6.9.2 Approach to Secondary Baseline Data Collection (Desktop Study)6.9-2 6.9.3 Approach to Primary Baseline Data Collection (Field Survey)...... 6.9-3 6.9.4 Climate Summary...... 6.9-3 6.9.5 Emissions Summary...... 6.9-8 6.9.6 Conclusion...... 6.9-10 REFERENCES...... 6.9-12

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7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 7.1 Introduction ...... 7.1-1 7.2 Ambient Air Quality...... 7.2-1 7.2.1 Overview...... 7.2-1 7.2.2 Identification of Potential Air Quality Impacts ...... 7.2-1 7.2.3 Approach to Impact Assessment ...... 7.2-2 7.2.4 Phase I Construction...... 7.2-7 7.2.5 Phase I Commissioning/Start-up and Operation ...... 7.2-17 7.2.6 Phase I Decommissioning...... 7.2-23 7.2.7 Phase I Emergency Scenario ...... 7.2-23 7.2.8 Phase II Construction...... 7.2-31 7.2.9 Phase II Commissioning/Start-up and Operation ...... 7.2-39 7.2.10 Phase II Decommissioning...... 7.2-43 7.2.11 Phase II Emergency Scenario ...... 7.2-43 REFERENCES...... 7.2-50 7.3 Noise and Vibration ...... 7.3-1 7.3.1 Overview...... 7.3-1 7.3.2 Identification of Potential Noise and Vibration Impacts ...... 7.3-1 7.3.3 Approach to Impact Assessment ...... 7.3-3 7.3.4 Phase I Construction...... 7.3-8 7.3.5 Phase I Commissioning/Start-up ...... 7.3-19 7.3.6 Phase I Operation ...... 7.3-23 7.3.7 Phase I Decommissioning...... 7.3-27 7.3.8 Phase II Construction...... 7.3-30 7.3.9 Phase II Commissioning/Start-up ...... 7.3-33 7.3.10 Phase II Operation ...... 7.3-33 7.3.11 Phase II Decommissioning...... 7.3-37 REFERENCES...... 7.3-39 7.4 Physical Environment Impacts ...... 7.4-1 7.4.1 Overview...... 7.4-1 7.4.2 Identification of Potential Physical Environment Impacts...... 7.4-1 7.4.3 Phase I Construction...... 7.4-7 7.4.4 Phase I Commissioning/Start-up ...... 7.4-23 7.4.5 Phase I Operation ...... 7.4-27 7.4.6 Phase I Decommissioning...... 7.4-30 7.4.7 Phase II Construction...... 7.4-31 7.4.8 Phase II Commissioning/Start-up and Operation ...... 7.4-35 7.4.9 Phase II Decommissioning...... 7.4-35 REFERENCES...... 7.4-36 7.5 Ecology and Biodiversity ...... 7.5-1 7.5.1 Identification of Potential Ecology and Biodiversity Impacts ...... 7.5-1 7.5.2 Phase I Construction...... 7.5-2 7.5.3 Phase I Commissioning/Start-up ...... 7.5-16 7.5.4 Phase I Operation ...... 7.5-18 7.5.5 Phase I Decommissioning...... 7.5-20 7.5.6 Phase II Construction...... 7.5-21 7.5.7 Phase II Commissioning/Start-up ...... 7.5-27 7.5.8 Phase II Operation ...... 7.5-27 7.5.9 Phase II Decommissioning...... 7.5-28 7.5.10 Ecosystem Service Impacts...... 7.5-29 REFERENCES...... 7.5-30 7.6 Socio-economics and Community Health...... 7.6-1 7.6.1 Overview...... 7.6-1 7.6.2 Identification of Potential Socio-economic and Community Health Impacts ...... 7.6-1 7.6.3 Phase I Construction...... 7.6-3

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7.6.4 Phase I Commissioning/Start-up and Operation ...... 7.6-42 7.6.5 Phase I Decommissioning...... 7.6-49 7.6.6 Phase II Construction...... 7.6-50 7.6.7 Phase II Commissioning/Start-up and Operation ...... 7.6-67 7.6.8 Phase II Decommissioning...... 7.6-70 REFERENCES...... 7.6-72 7.7 Archaeology and Cultural Heritage ...... 7.7-1 7.7.1 Identification of Potential Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Impacts ...... 7.7-1 7.7.2 Phase I Construction...... 7.7-3 7.7.3 Phase I Commissioning/Start-up ...... 7.7-6 7.7.4 Phase I Operation ...... 7.7-6 7.7.5 Phase I Decommissioning...... 7.7-7 7.7.6 Phase II Construction...... 7.7-8 7.7.7 Phase II Commissioning/Start-up ...... 7.7-9 7.7.8 Phase II Operation ...... 7.7-9 7.7.9 Phase II Decommissioning...... 7.7-11 REFERENCES...... 7.7-12 7.8 Landscape and Visual Amenity...... 7.8-1 7.8.1 Identification of Potential Landscape and Visual Amenity Impacts. 7.8-1 7.8.2 Phase I Construction...... 7.8-2 7.8.3 Phase I Commissioning/Start-up ...... 7.8-8 7.8.4 Phase I Operation ...... 7.8-8 7.8.5 Phase I Decommissioning...... 7.8-12 7.8.6 Phase II Construction...... 7.8-15 7.8.7 Phase II Commissioning/Start-up ...... 7.8-18 7.8.8 Phase II Operations...... 7.8-18 7.8.9 Phase II Decommissioning...... 7.8-20 7.9 Climate Change ...... 7.9-1 7.9.1 Identification of Potential Climate Change Impacts...... 7.9-1 7.9.2 Phase I Construction...... 7.9-2 7.9.3 Phase I Operation ...... 7.9-5 7.9.4 Phase II Construction...... 7.9-11 7.9.5 Phase II Operation ...... 7.9-13 REFERENCES...... 7.9-17 7. 7UDQVERXQGDU\,PSDFWV...... 7.-1 7. ,QWURGXFWLRQ ...... 7.-1 7. 3RWHQWLDO7UDQVERXQGDU\,PSDFWV7.-1 REFERENCES...... 7.9-17 8 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ...... 8-1 8.1 Methodology and Approach ...... 8-5 8.2 Cumulative Impact Assessment...... 8-5 8.2.1 Ambient Air Quality...... 8-5 8.2.2 Noise and Vibration ...... 8-6 8.2.3 Physical Environment ...... 8-8 8.2.4 Ecology and Biodiversity ...... 8-10 8.2.5 Socio-economics and Community Health ...... 8-11 8. Cultural Heritage ...... 8-12 8. Landscape and Visual Amenity ...... 8-12 8.2. Climate Change ...... 8-13 REFERENCES ...... 8-14 9 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS ...... 9-1 9.1 Overview ...... 9-1 9.2 Phase I Construction Impacts ...... 9-1 ESIA_Pakistan P a g e vii ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY C-PAK-TAPI-ESIA-REP-0001-07 TABLE OF CONTENTS 09/12/2020

9.3 Phase I Commissioning/Start-up Impacts...... 9-5 9.4 Phase I Operation Impacts...... 9-6 9.5 Phase I Decommissioning Impacts...... 9-8 9.6 Phase II Construction Impacts ...... 9-9 9.7 Phase II Commissioning/Start-up Impacts...... 9-11 9.8 Phase II Operation Impacts...... 9-12 9.9 Phase II Decommissioning Impacts...... 9-14 9.10 Transboundary Impacts...... 9-15 9.11 Cumulative Impacts...... 9-16 10. PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 10-1 10.1 Objectives and Scope...... 10-1 10.2 Environmental and Social Management Framework Outline ...... 10-1 10.2.1 Overview...... 10-1 10.2.2 Relevant Project Documents ...... 10-1 10.3 Policies, Principles, Legal Requirements, Guidelines, and Standards...... 10-2 10.3.1 Environmental and Social Policies and Principles...... 10-2 10.3.2 National Environmental Assessment Regulations and Procedures 10-3 10.3.3 National Policy Framework ...... 10-10 10.3.4 National Legal and Regulatory Framework ...... 10-14 10.3.5 Provincial Legal and Regulatory Framework...... 10-22 10.3.6 International Conventions, Treaties, and Agreements ...... 10-30 10.3.7 International Policies, Guidelines, and Standards...... 10-33 10.4 Environmental and Social Management, Mitigation, and Enhancement Measures ...... 10-43 10.5 Individual Environmental and Social Management Plans...... 10-43 10. %XGJHW...... 10-4 REFERENCES...... 10-45 11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ...... 11-1 11.1 Introduction ...... 11-1 11.2 Objectives ...... 11-2 11.3 ESMS Elements...... 11-2 11.4 Policies and Policy Objectives...... 11-2 11.4.1 Code of Conduct...... 11-3 11.4.2 Environmental Policy ...... 11-3 11.4.3 Social Policy...... 11-3 11.4.4 Health and Safety Policy...... 11-3 11.5 Identification of Risks and Impacts...... 11-3 11.6 Management Programs...... 11-4 11.7 Organizational Capacity and Competency...... 11-4 11.7.1 Internal Interfaces ...... 11-5 11.7.2 Roles, Responsibilities, and Authorities to Implement the ESMP .... 11-6 11.7.3 Communication and Training...... 11-12 11.8 Emergency Preparedness and Response ...... 11-13 11.9 Stakeholder Engagement...... 11-15 11.10 External Communications and Grievance Mechanisms ...... 11-15 11.10.1Communication Process ...... 11-16 11.10.2External Communication Protocol...... 11-17 11.11 Ongoing Reporting to Affected Communities ...... 11-18 11.12 Monitoring and Review...... 11-18 11.12.1Definition...... 11-18 11.12.2Monitoring Tools...... 11-18 11.12.3Compliance Auditing and Review ...... 11-21 11.12.4Monitoring of EPC Contractor and Subcontractor Activities...... 11-22 11.12.5Corrective and Preventative Action...... 11-23 11.12.6Continual Improvement...... 11-24

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11.12.7Management of Change...... 11-24 REFERENCES...... 11-26

12 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION...... 12-2 12.1 Introduction ...... 12-2 12.2 Engagement Conducted Prior to ESIA ...... 12-3 12.2.1 National Level Engagement...... 12-3 12.2.2 Provincial Level Engagement ...... 12-3 12.2.3 District Level Engagement ...... 12-5 12.3 ESIA Engagement...... 12-6 12.3.1 Limitations in the ESIA Engagement Process...... 12-6 12.3.2 Approach to ESIA Data Collection...... 12-7 12.3.3 Engagement Program ...... 12-9 12.3.4 ESIA Scoping Engagement - Union Council Meetings...... 12-10 12.3.5 ESIA Scoping Engagement - FGD...... 12-13 12.3.6 ESIA Scoping Engagement - Household Surveys ...... 12-15 12.3.7 ESIA Scoping Engagement - NGO Meetings...... 12-16 12.3.8 Post ESIA Preliminary Disclosure Meetings...... 12-18 12.4 Plans for Subsequent and Ongoing Engagement ...... 12-19 12.5 Summary and Conclusion ...... 12-20 12.6 Grievance Mechanism...... 12-20 12.6.1 Grievance Status...... 12-22 REFERENCES...... 12-23 13 CONCLUSION ...... 13-1 13.1 Introduction ...... 13-1 13.2 The ESIA Process and Applicable Standards and Guidance...... 13-1 13.3 Main Findings ...... 13-3 13.3.1 Ambient Air Quality Findings...... 13-3 13.3.2 Noise and Vibration Findings ...... 13-5 13.3.3 Physical Environment Findings...... 13-6 13.3.4 Ecology and Biodiversity Findings ...... 13-8 13.3.5 Socio-economics and Community Health Findings...... 13-10 13.3.6 Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Findings ...... 13-13 13.3.7 Landscape and Visual Amenity Findings...... 13-14 13.3.8 Climate Change Findings...... 13-15 13.3.9 Transboundary Impact Assessment Findings ...... 13-16 13.3.10Cumulative Impact Assessment Findings...... 13-17 13.3.11Stakeholder Engagement Findings...... 13-17 13.4 Implementation of Mitigation Measures ...... 13-18 13.5 Final Statement...... 13-19 REFERENCES...... 13-20

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TABLES Table 3-1: Contract Milestone Schedule ...... 3-3 Table 3-2: Key Codes and Standards...... 3-5 Table 3-3: Construction Approach ...... 3-11 Table 3-4: Key Equipment Requirements for a Typical Main Spread...... 3-19 Table 3-5: Proposed Location of Construction Camps and Pipe Yards ...... 3-22 Table 3-6: Phase I Construction Water Needs...... 3-25 Table 3-7: Typical Wastes Generated during Construction of the Pipeline ...... 3-28 Table 3-8: Phase I Operation Water Needs ...... 3-37 Table 3-9: Phase II Construction Water Needs...... 3-44 Table 3-10: Phase II Operation Water Needs ...... 3-47 Table 4-1: National Policy Framework...... 4-2 Table 4-2: National Legislative Framework ...... 4-5 Table 4-3: Province Legislative Framework...... 4-14 Table 4-4: Province Legislative Framework ...... 4-15 Table 4-5: International Conventions, Treaties, and Agreements to Which Pakistan Is Signatory...... 4-28 Table 4-6: Overview of IFC Performance Standards ...... 4-32 Table 4-7: Overview of AIIB Environmental and Social Safeguards...... 4-38 Table 5-1: Environmental and Social Project Areas of Influence...... 5-1 Table 5-2: Definition of Factors Underpinning the Impact Assessment...... 5-4 Table 5-3: Definition of Probability of Environmental and Social Impacts ...... 5-6 Table 5-4: Definition of Severity of Environmental and Social Impacts ...... 5-6 Table 5-5: Definition of Sensitivity for the Main Groups of Receptors ...... 5-8 Table 5-6: Definition of Magnitude of Environmental and Social Impacts ...... 5-12 Table 5-7: Determination of Environmental and Social Impact Significance ...... 5-18 Table 5-8: Example Impact Significance Assessment Table ...... 5-19 Table 5-9: Scoring Criteria for the Summary ESIA Matrix...... 5-19 Table 5-10: Example of the Summary ESIA Matrix...... 5-19 Table 6.1-1: List of Districts and Tehsils Affected by the Project...... 6.1-2 Table 6.2 1: VOC Parameters...... 6.2-4 Table 6.2 2: Baseline Air Quality Monitoring Locations...... 6.2-5 Table 6.2 3: Meteorological Stations Along the Pipeline Route...... 6.2-9 Table 6.2 4: Mean Monthly Temperatures at PMD Stations Along the Pipeline Route in Balochistan...... 6.2-10 Table 6.2 5: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity at PMD Stations Along the Pipeline Route in Balochistan...... 6.2-13 Table 6.2 6: Mean Monthly Precipitation at PMD Stations Along the Pipeline Route in Balochistan...... 6.2-13 Table 6.2 7: Mean Monthly Wind Speeds at WMO Stations Along the Pipeline Route in Balochistan...... 6.2-16 Table 6.2 8: Mean Monthly Temperatures at PMD Stations Along the Pipeline Route in Punjab ...... 6.2-27 Table 6.2 9: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity at PMD Stations Along the Pipeline Route in Punjab ...... 6.2-30 Table 6.2 10: Mean Monthly Precipitation at PMD Stations Along the Pipeline Route in Punjab ...... 6.2-30 Table 6.2 11: Mean Monthly Wind Speeds at WMO Stations Along the Pipeline Route in Punjab ...... 6.2-32 Table 6.2 12: WRF 2016 Meteorological Conditions...... 6.2-38 Table 6.2 13: Air Quality Standards...... 6.2-41 Table 6.2 14: Air Quality Monitoring Results for 24-hour Average Measurement ...... 6.2-43 Table 6.2-15: Comparison of Air Quality Monitoring Results Against the Relevant Air Quality Standards...... 6.2-44

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Table 6.3-1: NNSR Classification ...... 6.3-1 Table 6.3-2: Baseline Noise Monitoring Locations...... 6.3-5 Table 6.3-3: Applicable Noise Limit Criteria ...... 6.3-9 Table 6.3-4: Baseline Noise Levels Measured...... 6.3-10 Table 6.3-5: Baseline Noise Level and Sensitivity at NNSRs ...... 6.3-13 Table 6.3-6: NNSRs within Distance Bands from Pipeline Route Centerline for Construction, Commissioning/Start-up, and Decommissioning Noise Assessment...... 6.3-14 Table 6.3-7: NNSRs near Proposed AGIs for Construction, Commissioning/Start-up, Operation, and Decommissioning Noise Assessment ...... 6.3-15 Table 6.4-1: Indicative Physical Environment Survey Areas...... 6.4-3 Table 6.4-2: Summary of Topographical Conditions Along the Pipeline Route...... 6.4-8 Table 6.4-3: Geological Units Along the Pipeline Route ...... 6.4-10 Table 6.4-4: Summary of Anticipated Geological Conditions Along the Pipeline Route ..6.4-10 Table 6.4-5: Soil Orders Typical of Pakistan ...... 6.4-15 Table 6.4-6: Number of River and Stream Crossings by Spread and Classification...... 6.4-24 Table 6.4-7: Number Canal Crossings by Spread and Classification...... 6.4-24 Table 6.4-8: Active Zone Assessment of Major River Crossing in Punjab ...... 6.4-26 Table 6.4-9: Indicative Values for Scour Calculation...... 6.4-29 Table 6.5-1: Biodiversity Survey Locations ...... 6.5-5 Table 6.5-2: Ecoregions Intersected by the Pipeline Route ...... 6.5-13 Table 6.5-3: Number of Protected Areas in Balochistan and Punjab ...... 6.5-15 Table 6.5-4: Habitat Type by Survey Location ...... 6.5-21 Table 6.5-5: Habitat Information for the 500 m Pipeline Corridor in Balochistan...... 6.5-21 Table 6.5-6: Habitat Information for the 500 m Pipeline Corridor in Punjab ...... 6.5-22 Table 6.5-7: Habitat Information for the 500 m Pipeline Corridor in Balochistan and Punjab ...... 6.5-23 Table 6.5-8: Pakistan Species Numbers by Group ...... 6.5-31 Table 6.5-9: IUCN Red List Threatened Species with Distributions that Overlap the Pipeline Route or are Unknown...... 6.5-32 Table 6.5-10: Plants Observed during the Ecological Survey in Balochistan...... 6.5-35 Table 6.5-11: Plants Observed during the Ecological Survey in Punjab ...... 6.5-37 Table 6.5-12: Summary of Plant Life Forms in Balochistan ...... 6.5-40 Table 6.5-13: Summary of Plant Life Forms in Punjab...... 6.5-40 Table 6.5-14: Summary of Plant Life Forms in Balochistan and Punjab ...... 6.5-40 Table 6.5-15: Species Counts and Abundance by Group and Survey Location ...... 6.5-41 Table 6.5-16: Fauna Biodiversity Index by Survey Location ...... 6.5-41 Table 6.5-17: IUCN Red List Threatened Species Observed in the Survey Corridor ...... 6.5-41 Table 6.5-18: Critical Habitat Analysis Summary ...... 6.5-43 Table 6.5-19: CR and EN Species with a Distribution that Overlaps the Pipeline Route or the Distribution Has Not Been Clarified...... 6.5-46 Table 6.5-20: Length of Pipeline Route through Seven Avibase Regions...... 6.5-47 Table 6.5-21: CR and EN Bird Species Observed in Avibase Regions Transected by the Pipeline Route...... 6.5-47 Table 6.5-22: CR and EN Bird Species Observed in Provinces Transected by the Pipeline Route...... 6.5-48 Table 6.6-1: Summary of Meetings with Relevant Provincial Authorities ...... 6.6-3 Table 6.6-2: Summary of Focus Group Discussions in the Provinces...... 6.6-4 Table 6.6-3: Distribution of Household Surveys ...... 6.6-12 Table 6.6-4: Overview of Provinces Affected by the Project...... 6.6-15 Table 6.6-5: District and Tehsil Level Population in Punjab - Population Census 2017...6.6-19 Table 6.6-6: District and Tehsil Level Population in Balochistan - Population Census 2017 ...... 6.6-20 Table 6.6-7: Age Distribution at National and Provincial Levels ...... 6.6-21 Table 6.6-8: Age and Gender Distribution within the PAI...... 6.6-22 Table 6.6-9: Population by Gender in Divisions in Punjab – Population Census 2017....6.6-23 Table 6.6-10: Population by Gender in Districts in Punjab – Population Census 2017....6.6-24

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Table 6.6-11: Population by Gender in Divisions in Balochistan - Population Census 2017 ...... 6.6-24 Table 6.6-12: Population by Gender in Districts in Balochistan - Population Census 2017 ...... 6.6-24 Table 6.6-13: Household Size in Provinces Affected by the Project...... 6.6-26 Table 6.6-14: Population by Ethnicity in Provinces Affected by the Project ...... 6.6-30 Table 6.6-15: Population by Religion in Districts in Punjab ...... 6.6-31 Table 6.6-16: Population by Religion in Districts in Balochistan ...... 6.6-31 Table 6.6-17: Population by Gender and Primary Occupation ...... 6.6-40 Table 6.6-18: Percent of Farmplots by Primary Crop Type...... 6.6-42 Table 6.6-19: Percent of Farmplots by Types of Land Preparation ...... 6.6-43 Table 6.6-20: Percent of Farmplots by Types of Irrigation Water Source ...... 6.6-44 Table 6.6-21: Percent of Farmplots by Irrigation Method...... 6.6-44 Table 6.6-22: Percent of Households by Breakdown of Farm Labor...... 6.6-44 Table 6.6-23: Average Livestock Holdings per Household ...... 6.6-45 Table 6.6-24: Percent of Livestock Holdings by Use...... 6.6-45 Table 6.6-25: Percentage Breakdown of Labor by Relation ...... 6.6-46 Table 6.6-26: Percent of Population by Employment Status ...... 6.6-47 Table 6.6-27: Land Use Classification in Pakistan ...... 6.6-47 Table 6.6-28: Disease Incidence in the PAI over the Previous 6 Months...... 6.6-53 Table 6.7-1: Cultural Heritage Sites Identified during the Survey in the Balochistan Province ...... 6.7-10 Table 6.7-2: Cultural Heritage Sites Identified during the Survey in the Punjab Province ...... 6.7-15 Table 6.9-1: Climate Station Locations...... 6.9-1 Table 6.9-2: GHG Emissions for Pakistan...... 6.9-10 Table 7.2-1: Potential Phase I Air Quality Impacts...... 7.2-1 Table 7.2-2: Potential Phase II Air Quality Impacts...... 7.2-2 Table 7.2-3: Description of AERMOD Modelling Grids and Receptors ...... 7.2-4 Table 7.2-4: Magnitude Criteria for Assessment of Air Pollutants ...... 7.2-5 Table 7.2-5: Ground-Level Concentrations of NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 at Worst-Case Sensitive Receptors during Phase I Construction...... 7.2-10 Table 7.2-6: AQPAK01: Impact from NO2 and SO2 Generated during Phase I Construction ...... 7.2-14 Table 7.2-7: AQPAK02: Impact from PM10 and PM2.5 Generated during Phase I Construction ...... 7.2-15 Table 7.2-8: AQPAK02: Residual Impact from PM10 and PM2.5 Generated during Phase I Construction...... 7.2-17 Table 7.2-9: Ground-Level Concentration of NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 at Worst-Case Sensitive Receptors during Phase I Operation ...... 7.2-20 Table 7.2-10: AQPAK03: Impact from NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 Generated during Phase I Commissioning/Start-up and Operation ...... 7.2-23 Table 7.2-11: Ground-Level Concentration of NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5. at Worst-Case Sensitive Receptors during Phase I Emergency Scenario ...... 7.2-26 Table 7.2-12: AQPAK04: Impact from NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 Generated during Phase I Emergency Scenario...... 7.2-29 Table 7.2-13: Ground-Level Concentration of NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 at Worst-Case Sensitive Receptors during Phase II Construction...... 7.2-33 Table 7.2-14: AQPAK05: Impact from NO2 and SO2 Generated during Phase II Construction ...... 7.2-36 Table 7.2-15: AQPAK06: Impact from PM10 and PM2.5 Generated during Phase II Construction ...... 7.2-37 Table 7.2-16: AQPAK06: Residual Impact from PM10 and PM2.5 Generated during Phase II Construction...... 7.2-39 Table 7.2-17: Ground-Level Concentration of NO2 at Worst-Case Sensitive Receptors during Phase II Commissioning/Start-up and Operation...... 7.2-41

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Table 7.2-18: AQPAK07: Impact from NO2 Generated during Phase II Commissioning/Start- up and Operation ...... 7.2-43 Table 7.2-19: Ground-Level Concentration of NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 at Worst-Case Sensitive Receptors during Phase II Emergency Scenario ...... 7.2-46 Table 7.2-20: AQPAK08: Impact from NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 Generated during Phase II Emergency Scenario...... 7.2-48 Table 7.3-1: Potential Phase I Noise and Vibration Impacts...... 7.3-1 Table 7.3-2: Potential Phase II Noise and Vibration Impacts...... 7.3-2 Table 7.3-3: Baseline Noise Level and Sensitivity for NNSRs...... 7.3-6 Table 7.3-4: Noise Levels from ROW Preparation (Along Pipeline Route) ...... 7.3-9 Table 7.3-5: NPAK01: Impact from ROW Preparation (Along Pipeline Route) ...... 7.3-10 Table 7.3-6: Noise Levels from Pipeline Construction ...... 7.3-11 Table 7.3-7: NPAK02: Impact from Pipeline Construction ...... 7.3-12 Table 7.3-8: Noise Levels from Pipeline Crossings Construction...... 7.3-13 Table 7.3-9: NPAK03: Impact from Pipeline Crossings Construction...... 7.3-14 Table 7.3-10: Noise Levels from AGI (OS and MS) Construction...... 7.3-14 Table 7.3-11: NPAK04: Impact from AGI (OS and MS) Construction ...... 7.3-15 Table 7.3-12: NPAK05: Impact from AGI (OS and MS) Vibration Construction Works....7.3-16 Table 7.3-13: NPAK06: Impact from Increased Road Traffic Movements...... 7.3-17 Table 7.3-14: Noise Levels from Pipeline Commissioning/Start-up...... 7.3-19 Table 7.3-15: NPAK07: Impact from Pipeline Commissioning/Start-up...... 7.3-21 Table 7.3-16: Noise Levels from AGI (OS and MS) Normal Operation ...... 7.3-23 Table 7.3-17: NPAK08: Impact from AGI (OS and MS) Normal Operation ...... 7.3-24 Table 7.3-18: Noise Levels from AGI (OS and MS) Emergency Scenario ...... 7.3-25 Table 7.3-19: NPAK09: Impact from AGI (OS and MS) Emergency Scenario ...... 7.3-26 Table 7.3-20: Noise Levels from Pipeline Decommissioning...... 7.3-27 Table 7.3-21: Noise Levels from AGI (OS and MS) Decommissioning ...... 7.3-28 Table 7.3-22: NPAK10: Impact from Pipeline and AGI (OS and MS) Decommissioning.7.3-29 Table 7.3-23: Noise Levels from AGI (CS) Construction ...... 7.3-30 Table 7.3-24: NPAK11: Impact from AGI (CS) Construction ...... 7.3-31 Table 7.3-25: NPAK12: Impact from AGI (CS) Vibration Construction Works ...... 7.3-31 Table 7.3-26: NPAK13: Impact from Increased Road Traffic Movements...... 7.3-32 Table 7.3-27: Noise Levels from AGI (CS and CS+OS) Normal Operation ...... 7.3-33 Table 7.3-28: NPAK14: Impact from AGI (CS and CS+OS) Normal Operation ...... 7.3-34 Table 7.3-29: Noise Levels from AGI (CS and CS+OS) Emergency Scenario ...... 7.3-35 Table 7.3-30: NPAK15: Impact from AGI (CS and CS+OS) Emergency Scenario ...... 7.3-35 Table 7.3-31: NPAK16: Impact from Vibration during Normal Operation ...... 7.3-36 Table 7.3-32: Noise Levels from AGI (CS) Decommissioning ...... 7.3-37 Table 7.3-33: NPAK17: Impact from AGI (CS) Decommissioning...... 7.3-38 Table 7.4-1: Potential Phase I Physical Environment Impacts ...... 7.4-3 Table 7.4-2: Potential Phase II Physical Environment Impacts ...... 7.4-5 Table 7.4-3: PEPAK01: Impact on Soil Characteristics, Subsurface Structures, Stability, and Productivity due to Construction Activities ...... 7.4-9 Table 7.4-4: PEPAK02a: Impact on Drainage Characteristics and Natural Water Flow due to Trenching Outside Watercourse Areas ...... 7.4-10 Table 7.4-5: PEPAK02b: Impact on Surface Water Resource Quality due to Trenching Outside Watercourse Areas ...... 7.4-10 Table 7.4-6: PEPAK03a1: Impact on Drainage Characteristics and Natural Water Flow at Watercourse Crossings (Open-cut Technique)...... 7.4-12 Table 7.4-7: PEPAK03a2 Impact on Drainage Characteristics and Natural Water Flow at Watercourse Crossings (Pipe Bridge Technique)...... 7.4-12 Table 7.4-8: PEPAK03a3: Impact on Drainage Characteristics and Natural Water Flow at Watercourse Crossings (HDD Technique)...... 7.4-12 Table 7.4-9: PEPAK03b1: Impact on Surface Water Resource Quality at Watercourse Crossings (Open-cut Technique)...... 7.4-13

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Table 7.4-10: PEPAK03b2: Impact on Surface Water Resource Quality at Watercourse Crossings (Pipe Bridge Technique)...... 7.4-13 Table 7.4-11: PEPAK04: Impact on Surface Water Resources Quality due to Frac-out during HDD...... 7.4-13 Table 7.4-12: PEPAK05: Impact on Flood Risk ...... 7.4-14 Table 7.4-13: PEPAK06: Impact on Soil, Groundwater, and Surface Water due to Accidental Spills / Leakages...... 7.4-15 Table 7.4-14: PEPAK07: Impact on Water Resource Use and Quality due to Dewatering ...... 7.4-16 Table 7.4-15: PEPAK08: Impact on Water Availability due to Consumption of Freshwater Resources...... 7.4-17 Table 7.4-16: PEPAK09a: Impact on Water Availability due to Hydrotesting...... 7.4-23 Table 7.4-17: PEPAK09b: Impact on Water Quality due to Hydrotesting...... 7.4-24 Table 7.4-18: PEAFG09c Impact on Soil Quality due to Hydrotesting ...... 7.4-25 Table 7.4-19: PEPAK10: Impact on Soil, Groundwater, and Surface Water due to Accidental Spills / Leakages...... 7.4-28 Table 7.4-20: PEPAK11: Impact on Karez Systems / Irrigation Pattern due to Permanent ROW ...... 7.4-29 Table 7.4-21: PEPAK12: Impact on Soil Characteristics, Subsurface Structures, Stability, and Productivity due to Construction Activities ...... 7.4-31 Table 7.4-22: PEPAK13: Impact on Soil, Groundwater, and Surface Water due to Accidental Spills / Leakages...... 7.4-31 Table 7.4-23: PEPAK14: Impact on Water Resource Use and Quality due to Dewatering ...... 7.4-32 Table 7.4-24: PEPAK15: Impact on Water Availability due to Consumption of Freshwater Resources...... 7.4-32 Table 7.4-25: PEPAK16: Impact on Soil, Groundwater, and Surface Water due to Accidental Spills / Leakages...... 7.4-35 Table 7.5-1: Potential Phase I Ecology and Biodiversity Impacts...... 7.5-1 Table 7.5-2: Potential Phase II Ecology and Biodiversity Impacts...... 7.5-2 Table 7.5-3: Estimates of Phase I Direct Land Impact from Various Project Components 7.5-4 Table 7.5-4: EPAK01: Impact from Direct Loss of Habitat and Degradation...... 7.5-5 Table 7.5-5: EPAK02: Impact from Direct Loss of Fauna Species ...... 7.5-9 Table 7.5-6: EPAK03a: Impact to Rivers from River Crossings Using HDD ...... 7.5-10 Table 7.5-7: EPAK03b: Impact to Rivers from River Crossings Using Open-cut and Pipe Bridge Methods...... 7.5-12 Table 7.5-8: EPAK04: Indirect Impacts to Flora and Fauna ...... 7.5-14 Table 7.5-9: Summary of Critical Habitat and Potential Critical Habitat by Province ...... 7.5-15 Table 7.5-10: EPAK05: Impact to Critical Habitat ...... 7.5-16 Table 7.5-11: EPAK06: Impact from Hydrotesting ...... 7.5-17 Table 7.5-12: EPAK07: Impact from Operational Noise / Light / Activity ...... 7.5-19 Table 7.5-13: EPAK08: Impact from Direct Land Disturbance and Other Stressors...... 7.5-20 Table 7.5-14: Estimates of Phase II Direct Land Impact from Compressor Stations ...... 7.5-22 Table 7.5-15: EPAK09: Impact from Direct Loss of Habitat and Degradation...... 7.5-22 Table 7.5-16: EPAK10: Impact from Direct Loss of Fauna Species ...... 7.5-25 Table 7.5-17: EPAK11: Indirect Impacts to Flora and Fauna ...... 7.5-26 Table 7.5-18: EPAK12: Impact to Critical Habitat ...... 7.5-27 Table 7.5-19: EPAK13: Impact from Operational Noise / Light / Activity ...... 7.5-28 Table 7.5-20: EPAK14: Impact from Direct Land Disturbance and Other Stressors...... 7.5-29 Table 7.6-1: Potential Phase I Socio-economic and Community Health Impacts ...... 7.6-1 Table 7.6-2: Potential Phase II Socio-economic and Community Health Impacts ...... 7.6-2 Table 7.6-3: SEPAK01: Impact Associated with Physical Displacement Resulting in Resettlement of Households ...... 7.6-4 Table 7.6-4: Indicative Land Use Analysis of the PAI and ROW Corridors...... 7.6-9 Table 7.6-5: SEPAK02: Impact Associated with Economic Displacement of Income- producing Farms and Businesses ...... 7.6-10

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Table 7.6-6: SEPAK03: Impact to Persons Reliant on Ecosystem Services, Specifically Land- based Resources...... 7.6-14 Table 7.6-7: SEPAK04: Impact to Persons Reliant on Ecosystem Services, Specifically Water Supplies for Local Communities ...... 7.6-17 Table 7.6-8: SEPAK05: Impact to Permanent (Non-nomadic) Populations due to Construction Noise...... 7.6-19 Table 7.6-9: SEPAK06: Impact Associated with Increased Demand for Services and Infrastructure...... 7.6-21 Table 7.6-10: SEPAK07: Impact Associated with Increased Risk of H&S Incidences and Communicable Diseases...... 7.6-24 Table 7.6-11: SEPAK08: Impact Associated with Increased Risk of Road Traffic Incidents and Injuries...... 7.6-30 Table 7.6-12: SEPAK09: Impact on Facilities, Workers, and Neighboring Community Members due to Inter-ethnic and Sectarian Tension/Conflict...... 7.6-31 Table 7.6-13: Construction Labor Estimates by Spread ...... 7.6-32 Table 7.6-14: SEPAK10: Impact Associated with Employment and Economic Development ...... 7.6-34 Table 7.6-15: SEPAK11: Impact Associated with Access Restrictions on IP/Nomadic Communities ...... 7.6-37 Table 7.6-16: SEPAK 12: Impact on Vulnerable Groups including Women, People with Disabilities, and Human Rights Issues...... 7.6-39 Table 7.6-17: SEPAK13: Impact Associated with Abstraction of Hydrotesting Water on Communities ...... 7.6-43 Table 7.6-18: SEPAK14: Impact Associated with Noise from Pipeline Commissioning/Start- up ...... 7.6-44 Table 7.6-19: SEPAK15: Impact Associated with Employment and Economic Development ...... 7.6-46 Table 7.6-20: SEPAK16: Impact Associated with Increased Risk of H&S Incidents due to Accidental Leaks and Ruptures...... 7.6-47 Table 7.6-21: SEPAK17: Impact Associated with Attacks on the Pipeline or Associated Facilities ...... 7.6-48 Table 7.6-22: SEPAK18: Impact on Permanent Populations due to Decommissioning Noise ...... 7.6-50 Table 7.6-23: SEPAK19: Impact Associated with Physical Displacement Resulting in Resettlement of Households ...... 7.6-51 Table 7.6-24: SEPAK20: Impact Associated with Economic Displacement of Income- producing Farms and Businesses ...... 7.6-53 Table 7.6-25: SEPAK21: Impact to Persons Reliant on Ecosystem Services, Specifically Land-based Resources...... 7.6-54 Table 7.6-26: SEPAK22: Impact to Persons Reliant on Ecosystem Services, Specifically Water Supplies for Local Communities ...... 7.6-56 Table 7.6-27: SEPAK23: Impact to Permanent (Non-nomadic) Populations due to Construction Noise...... 7.6-57 Table 7.6-28: SEPAK24: Impact Associated with Increased Demand for Services and Infrastructure...... 7.6-59 Table 7.6-29: SEPAK25: Impact Associated with Increased Risk of H&S Incidences and Communicable Diseases...... 7.6-61 Table 7.6-30: SEPAK26: Impact Associated with Increased Risk of Road Traffic Incidents and Injuries...... 7.6-63 Table 7.6-31: SEPAK27: Impact on Facilities, Workers, and Neighboring Community Members due to Inter-ethnic and Sectarian Tension / Conflict...... 7.6-64 Table 7.6-32: SEPAK28: Impact Associated with Employment and Economic Development ...... 7.6-65 Table 7.6-33: SEPAK29: Impact on Vulnerable Groups including Women, People with Disabilities, and Human Rights Issues...... 7.6-67

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Table 7.6-34: SEPAK30: Impact Associated with Employment and Economic Development ...... 7.6-68 Table 7.6-35: SEPAK31: Impact Associated with Increased Risk of H&S Incidents due to Accidental Leaks and Ruptures...... 7.6-69 Table 7.6-36: SEPAK32: Impact Associated with Attacks on Associated Facilities ...... 7.6-70 Table 7.6-37: SEPAK33: Impact of Permanent Populations due to Decommissioning Noise ...... 7.6-71 Table 7.7-1: Potential Phase I Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Impacts...... 7.7-1 Table 7.7-2: Potential Phase II Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Impacts...... 7.7-2 Table 7.7-3: ACPAK01: Impact of Pre-construction Activities on Archaeology and Cultural Heritage...... 7.7-4 Table 7.7-4: ACPAK02: Impact of Commissioning/Start-up Activities on Archaeology and Cultural Heritage...... 7.7-6 Table 7.7-5: ACPAK03: Impact of Operation Activities on Archaeology and Cultural Heritage ...... 7.7-7 Table 7.7-6: ACPAK04: Impact of Decommissioning Activities on Archaeology and Cultural Heritage...... 7.7-8 Table 7.7-7: ACPAK05: Impact of Pre-construction Activities on Archaeology and Cultural Heritage...... 7.7-8 Table 7.7-8: ACPAK06: Impact of Commissioning/Start-up Activities on Archaeology and Cultural Heritage ...... 7.7-9 Table 7.7-9: ACPAK07: Impact of Operation Activities on Archaeology and Cultural Heritage ...... 7.7-10 Table 7.7-10: ACPAK08: Impact of Decommissioning Activities on Archaeology and Cultural Heritage...... 7.7-11 Table 7.8-1: Potential Phase I Landscape and Visual Amenity Impacts ...... 7.8-1 Table 7.8-2: Potential Phase II Landscape and Visual Amenity Impacts ...... 7.8-2 Table 7.8-3: LVPAK01: Impact of Pre-Construction Activities on the Landscape of Chaman ...... 7.8-3 Table 7.8-4: LVPAK02: Impact of Pre-Construction Activities on the Landscape of the Sulaiman Mountains ...... 7.8-3 Table 7.8-5: LVPAK03: Impact of Pre-Construction Activities on the Landscape of the Sulaiman Piedmont...... 7.8-3 Table 7.8-6: LVPAK04: Impact of Pre-Construction Activities on the Landscape of the Indus Plain ...... 7.8-4 Table 7.8-7: LVPAK05: Impact of Construction Activities on the Landscape of Chaman .. 7.8-4 Table 7.8-8: LVPAK06: Impact of Construction Activities on the Landscape of the Sulaiman Mountains...... 7.8-5 Table 7.8-9: LVPAK07: Impact of Construction Activities on the Landscape of the Sulaiman Piedmont...... 7.8-5 Table 7.8-10: LVPAK08: Impact of Construction Activities on the Landscape of the Indus Plain ...... 7.8-6 Table 7.8-11: LVPAK09: Impact due to Operation of Pipeline on the Landscape of Chaman ...... 7.8-8 Table 7.8-12: LVPAK10: Impact due to Operation of Pipeline on the Landscape of the Sulaiman Mountains ...... 7.8-8 Table 7.8-13: LVPAK11: Impact due to Operation of Pipeline on the Landscape of the Sulaiman Piedmont...... 7.8-9 Table 7.8-14: LVPAK12: Impact due to Operation of Pipeline on the Landscape of the Indus Plain...... 7.8-9 Table 7.8-15: LVPAK13: Impact due to Operation of Phase I AGIs on the Landscape of the Sulaiman Mountains ...... 7.8-10 Table 7.8-16: LVPAK14: Impact due to Operation of Phase I AGIs on the Landscape of the Sulaiman Piedmont...... 7.8-10 Table 7.8-17: LVPAK15: Impact due to Operation of Phase I AGIs on the Landscape of the Indus Plain ...... 7.8-10

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Table 7.8-18: LVPAK16: Impact of Decommissioning Activities on the Landscape of Chaman ...... 7.8-12 Table 7.8-19: LVPAK17: Impact of Decommissioning Activities on the Landscape of the Sulaiman Mountains ...... 7.8-13 Table 7.8-20: LVPAK18: Impact of Decommissioning Activities on the Landscape of the Sulaiman Piedmont...... 7.8-13 Table 7.8-21: LVPAK19: Impact of Decommissioning Activities on the Landscape of the Indus Plain ...... 7.8-13 Table 7.8-22: LVPAK20: Impact of Pre-Construction Activities on the Landscape of the Sulaiman Mountains ...... 7.8-16 Table 7.8-23: LVPAK21: Impact of Construction Activities on the Landscape of the Sulaiman Mountains...... 7.8-16 Table 7.8-24: LVPAK22: Impact due to Operation of Phase II AGIs on the Landscape of the Sulaiman Mountains ...... 7.8-19 Table 7.8-25: LVPAK23: Impact of Decommissioning Activities on the Landscape of the Sulaiman Mountains ...... 7.8-20 Table 7.9-1: Potential Phase I Climate Change Impacts ...... 7.9-1 Table 7.9-2: Potential Phase II Climate Change Impacts ...... 7.9-2 Table 7.9-3: Potential GHG Sources and Predicted Emissions during Phase I Construction ...... 7.9-3 Table 7.9-4: Construction CO2e for Phase I in Comparison with IFC PS3 Threshold...... 7.9-4 Table 7.9-5: CCPAK01: Impact from GHG Emissions ...... 7.9-4 Table 7.9-6: CCPAK02: Climate Change Impacts on Pipeline Integrity ...... 7.9-6 Table 7.9-7: CCPAK03: Climate Change Impacts on Pipeline Instability due to Scour ..... 7.9-7 Table 7.9-8: CCPAK04: Climate Change Impacts on Pipeline Instability due to Channel Migration ...... 7.9-8 Table 7.9-9: CCPAK05: Climate Change Impacts on Pipeline Instability due to Buoyancy ...... 7.9-8 Table 7.9-10: CCPAK06: Climate Change Impacts on Pipeline Instability due to Changes in Soils...... 7.9-9 Table 7.9-11: Potential GHG Sources and Predicted Emissions during Phase I Operation ...... 7.9-9 Table 7.9-12: Total Annual Output of CO2e for Phase I Operation in Comparisons with IFC PS3 Threshold ...... 7.9-9 Table 7.9-13: CCPAK07: Impact from Phase I Operation GHG Emissions ...... 7.9-10 Table 7.9-14: Potential GHG Sources and Predicted Emissions during Phase II Construction ...... 7.9-11 Table 7.9-15: Construction CO2e for Phase II in Comparison with IFC PS3 Threshold...7.9-12 Table 7.9-16: CCAFG08: Impact from GHG Emissions...... 7.9-12 Table 7.9-17: CCPAK09: Climate Change Impacts on CS Capacity or Cessation of Operations...... 7.9-14 Table 7.9-18: CCPAK10: Climate Change Impacts on Cooling Compressor Performance ...... 7.9-14 Table 7.9-19: Potential GHG Sources and Predicted Emissions during Phase II Operation ...... 7.9-15 Table 7.9-20: Total Annual Output of CO2e for Phase II Operation in Comparison with IFC PS3 Threshold ...... 7.9-15 Table 7.9-21: CCAFG11: Impact from Phase II Operation GHG Emissions ...... 7.9-15 Table 7.10-1: T-AQPAK01: Transboundary Air Quality Impact during Operation ...... 7.10-3 Table 7.10-2: T-NPAK01: Transboundary Noise Impact during All Project Phases...... 7.10-4 Table 7.10-3: T-PEPAK01: Transboundary Physical Environment Impact during Construction ...... 7.10-5 Table 7.10-4: T-PEPAK02: Transboundary Physical Environment Impact during Commissioning/Start-up ...... 7.10-6 Table 7.10-5: T-EPAK01: Transboundary Impacts Associated with the Loss of Habitat for Migratory Species during All Project Phases ...... 7.10-7

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Table 8-1: Projects that May Have a Potential Cumulative Impact within Pakistan ...... 8-2 Table 8-2: C-AQPAK01: Cumulative Ambient Air Quality Impact during all Project Phases 8-6 Table 8-3: C-NPAK01: Cumulative Noise Impact during Construction, Commissioning/Start- up, and Decommissioning ...... 8-7 Table 8-4: C-NPAK02: Cumulative Noise Impact during Operation and Emergency Scenario ...... 8-8 Table 8-5: C-PEPAK01: Cumulative Impact on Soil, Groundwater, and Surface Water Resources during Construction and Commissioning/Start-up...... 8-9 Table 8-6: C-PEPAK02: Cumulative Impact on Karez Systems / Irrigation Pattern during Operation ...... 8-10 Table 8-7: C-EPAK01: Cumulative Ecology Impact during all Project Phases...... 8-11 Table 8-8: C-SEPAK01: Cumulative Impact Relating to Land Take, Increase in Works, Economic Displacement, and Livelihood during all Project Phases...... 8-12 Table 9-1: Summary of Project Impacts during Phase I Construction ...... 9-1 Table 9-2: Summary of Project Impacts during Phase I Commissioning/Start-up ...... 9-5 Table 9-3: Summary of Project Impacts during Phase I Operation...... 9-6 Table 9-4: Summary of Project Impacts during Phase I Decommissioning...... 9-8 Table 9-5: Summary of Project Impacts during Phase II Construction ...... 9-9 Table 9-6: Summary of Project Impacts during Phase II Commissioning/Start-up ...... 9-11 Table 9-7: Summary of Project Impacts during Phase II Operation ...... 9-12 Table 9-8: Summary of Project Impacts during Phase II Decommissioning...... 9-14 Table 9-9: Summary of Transboundary Project Impacts...... 9-15 Table 9-10: Summary of Cumulative Project Impacts...... 9-16 Table 10-1: National Policy Framework...... 10-10 Table 10-2: National Legislative Framework ...... 10-14 Table 10-3: Punjab Province Legislative Framework...... 10-23 Table 10-4: Balochistan Province Legislative Framework ...... 10-24 Table 10-5: International Conventions, Treaties, and Agreements to which Pakistan is Signatory...... 10-30 Table 10-6: Overview of IFC Performance Standards ...... 10-35 Table 10-7: Overview of AIIB Environmental and Social Standards...... 10-41 Table 11-1: Key Positions, Roles, and Responsibilities...... 11-6 Table 11-2: Lines of Communication...... 11-14 Table 11-3: Checklist for Site Environmental Inspections (SAMPLE) ...... 11-19 Table 12-1: District Level Meetings Summary...... 12-5 Table 12-2: Stakeholder Groups...... 12-8 Table 12-3: Distribution of Union Council Meetings ...... 12-10 Table 12-4: Summary of Issues and Comments Raised at Union Council Meetings...... 12-12 Table 12-5: Distribution of Villages Engaged with by District and Province ...... 12-13 Table 12-6: Focus Group Categories ...... 12-14 Table 12-7: Summary of Issues and Comments Raised at FGDs...... 12-14 Table 12-8: Community Perceptions of the TAPI Project from the Household Survey .....12-15 Table 12-9: Summary of NGO Meetings ...... 12-16

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FIGURES Figure ES-1: Pakistan Section of the TAPI Project ...... ES-2 Figure 1-1: Pakistan Section of the TAPI Project...... 1-3 Figure 1-2: ESIA Process per IFC PS Requirements...... 1-5 Figure 1-3: ESIA Approval Process in Pakistan ...... 1-7 Figure 2-1: Previous Route Alternatives Considered in 2003 and 2015...... 2-6 Figure 3-1: Pakistan Section of the TAPI Project ...... 3-4 Figure 3-2: Pipeline Construction – Regular Working Strip...... 3-14 Figure 3-3: Schematic of a Typical Open-Cut of Small Watercourse ...... 3-15 Figure 3-4: Schematic of a Typical Open-Cut of Large Watercourse ...... 3-15 Figure 3-5: Typical Crossing Drawing – Open-Cut of Small Watercourse...... 3-16 Figure 3-6: Typical Crossing Drawing – Open-Cut Large Watercourse ...... 3-16 Figure 3-7: Schematic of a Typical Pipe Bridge ...... 3-17 Figure 3-8: Schematic Sequence of HDD Method ...... 3-18 Figure 3-9: Typical Compressor Station ...... 3-42 Figure 4-1: EIA Submission and Approval Process in Pakistan ...... 4-23 Figure 4-2: Punjab EPA Environmental Approval for the TAPI Project ...... 4-27 Figure 4-3: Balochistan EPA Environmental Approval for the TAPI Project...... 4-28 Figure 4-4: ESIA Process as Presented in IFC Performance Standards ...... 4-36 Figure 5-1: Combination of Factors and Determination of Impact Significance ...... 5-6 Figure 6.1-1: Overview of Spreads 1 to 5...... 6.1-3 Figure 6.1-2: Spread 1 Land Use Classification...... 6.1-7 Figure 6.1-3: Spread 2 Land Use Classification...... 6.1-8 Figure 6.1-4: Spread 3 Land Use Classification...... 6.1-9 Figure 6.1-5: Spread 4 Land Use Classification...... 6.1-10 Figure 6.1-6: Spread 5 Land Use Classification...... 6.1-11 Figure 6.1-7: Spread 1 Potentially Sensitive Areas...... 6.1-14 Figure 6.1-8: Spread 2 Potentially Sensitive Areas...... 6.1-15 Figure 6.1-9: Spread 3 Potentially Sensitive Areas...... 6.1-16 Figure 6.1-10: Spread 4 Potentially Sensitive Areas...... 6.1-17 Figure 6.1-11: Spread 5 Potentially Sensitive Areas...... 6.1-18 Figure 6.2-1: Locations of Potential Air Quality Receptors and Baseline Sampling Locations ...... 6.2-6 Figure 6.2-2: Mean Monthly Temperatures at PMD Station...... 6.2-10 Figure 6.2-3: Mean Monthly Temperatures at Zhob PMD Station ...... 6.2-11 Figure 6.2-4: Mean Monthly Temperatures at Sibbi PMD Station ...... 6.2-11 Figure 6.2-5: Mean Monthly Temperatures at Chhor PMD Station...... 6.2-12 Figure 6.2-6: Mean Monthly Temperatures at Barkhan PMD Station...... 6.2-12 Figure 6.2-7: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity and Precipitation at Quetta PMD Station 6.2-14 Figure 6.2-8: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity and Precipitation at Zhob PMD Station ..6.2-14 Figure 6.2-9: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity and Precipitation at Sibbi PMD Station ..6.2-15 Figure 6.2-10: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity and Precipitation at Chhor PMD Station ...... 6.2-15 Figure 6.2-11: Mean Monthly Precipitation at Barkhan PMD Station ...... 6.2-16 Figure 6.2-12: Annual Windrose at Quetta WMO Station – 1987 to 1998...... 6.2-17 Figure 6.2-13: Annual Windrose at Quetta WMO Station – 1999 to 2014...... 6.2-18 Figure 6.2-14: Annual Windrose at Quetta WMO Station – 2015 to 2017...... 6.2-19 Figure 6.2-15: Annual Windrose at Zhob WMO Station – 1987 to 2002 ...... 6.2-20 Figure 6.2-16: Annual Windrose at Zhob WMO Station – 2003 to 2014 ...... 6.2-21 Figure 6.2-17: Annual Windrose at Zhob WMO Station – 2015 to 2017 ...... 6.2-22 Figure 6.2-18: Annual Windrose at Sibbi WMO Station – 2001 to 2012...... 6.2-23 Figure 6.2-19: Annual Windrose at Sibbi PMD Station – 2013 to 2017...... 6.2-24 Figure 6.2-20: Annual Windrose at Barkhan WMO Station – 1987 to 2003 ...... 6.2-25

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Figure 6.2-21: Annual Windrose at Barkhan WMO Station – 2004 to 2015 ...... 6.2-26 Figure 6.2-22: Annual Windrose at Barkhan WMO Station – 2016 to 2017 ...... 6.2-27 Figure 6.2-23: Mean Monthly Temperatures at PMD Station ...... 6.2-28 Figure 6.2-24: Mean Monthly Temperatures at Multan PMD Station ...... 6.2-28 Figure 6.2-25: Mean Monthly Temperatures at Sahiwal PMD Station...... 6.2-29 Figure 6.2-26: Mean Monthly Temperatures at Bahawalnager PMD Station ...... 6.2-29 Figure 6.2-27: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity and Precipitation at Dera Ghazi Khan PMD Station ...... 6.2-30 Figure 6.2-28: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity and Precipitation at Multan PMD Station ...... 6.2-31 Figure 6.2-29: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity and Precipitation at Sahiwal PMD Station ...... 6.2-31 Figure 6.2-30: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity and Precipitation at Bahawalnager PMD Station ...... 6.2-32 Figure 6.2-31: Annual Windrose at Multan WMO Station – 1987 to 1998...... 6.2-33 Figure 6.2-32: Annual Windrose at Multan WMO Station – 1999 to 2011...... 6.2-34 Figure 6.2-33: Annual Windrose at Multan WMO Station – 2012 to 2017...... 6.2-35 Figure 6.2-34: Annual Windrose at Bahawalnager WMO Station – 1998 to 2010 ...... 6.2-36 Figure 6.2-35: Annual Windrose at Bahawalnager WMO Station – 2011 to 2017 ...... 6.2-37 Figure 6.2-36: WRF 2016 – Mean Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperatures ...... 6.2-38 Figure 6.2-37: WRF 2016 – Windrose...... 6.2-39 Figure 6.2-38: WRF 2016 – Relative Humidity and Precipitation...... 6.2-40 Figure 6.3-1: Baseline Noise Monitoring Locations...... 6.3-7 Figure 6.3-2: Baseline Weekday and Weekend LAeq,1hr for the Daytime ...... 6.3-11 Figure 6.3-3: Baseline Weekday and Weekend LAeq,1hr for the Night-Time...... 6.3-12 Figure 6.4-1: Physical Environment Survey Areas...... 6.4-4 Figure 6.4-2: Pipeline Route Superposed on the Topography of Pakistan...... 6.4-7 Figure 6.4-3: Major Tectonic Regions of Pakistan ...... 6.4-12 Figure 6.4-4: Active Faults (Yellow) Along the Pipeline (Red) ...... 6.4-12 Figure 6.4-5: System within Southern Asia ...... 6.4-14 Figure 6.4-6: Seismicity Along the Pipeline Route ...... 6.4-15 Figure 6.4-7: Hydrogeological Map of Pakistan...... 6.4-17 Figure 6.4-8: Cross-Section of a Typical Karez...... 6.4-18 Figure 6.4-9: Basin ...... 6.4-23 Figure 6.4-10: Major Crossings Along the Pipeline Route in Balochistan ...... 6.4-25 Figure 6.4-11: Major Crossings Along the Pipeline Route in Punjab...... 6.4-25 Figure 6.4-12: Dams and Barrages in the Indus River Basin...... 6.4-26 Figure 6.4-13: Pipeline Route Superposed on the Flood Map of Pakistan...... 6.4-30 Figure 6.4-14: Pipeline Route Superposed on Flood Zones and Affected Districts ...... 6.4-31 Figure 6.5-1: Proposed and Executed Biodiversity Survey Locations ...... 6.5-6 Figure 6.5-2: Ecology Survey Locations and Ecoregions ...... 6.5-7 Figure 6.5-3: Ecoregions and Important Biological Resources Along the Pipeline Route6.5-19 Figure 6.5-4: Potential Distribution of Dryomys niethammeri...... 6.5-51 Figure 6.5-5: Potential Distribution of Platanista minor ...... 6.5-52 Figure 6.5-6: Typical Landscape of the Juniper Zone ...... 6.5-54 Figure 6.6-1: Villages and Communities Visited in the Punjab Province ...... 6.6-5 Figure 6.6-2: Villages and Communities Visited in the Balochistan Province ...... 6.6-6 Figure 6.6-3: Villages and Communities Visited in Killa Abdallah, Loralai, Pishin and Ziarat Districts (Balochistan Province)...... 6.6-7 Figure 6.6-4: Villages and Communities Visited in Barkhan, Loralai, Musa Khel, Pishin, Ziarat Districts (Balochistan Province) and (Punjab Province) ..... 6.6-8 Figure 6.6-5: Villages and Communities Visited in Barkhan, Loralai, Musa Khel Districts (Balochistan Province) and Dera Ghazi Khan, Multan, Muzafargarh, Vehari, and Khanewal Districts (Punjab Province) ...... 6.6-9

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Figure 6.6-6: Villages and Communities Visited in Musa Khel District (Balochistan Province) and Dera Ghazi Khan, Multan, Muzafargarh, Vehari, and Khenewal Districts (Punjab Province)...... 6.6-10 Figure 6.6-7: Villages and Communities Visited in Bahawalnagar, Okara, Pakpattan, Sahiwal, Vehari, and Khanewal Districts (Punjab Province) ...... 6.6-11 Figure 6.6-8: Population by Age Group in Pakistan ...... 6.6-21 Figure 6.6-9: Age Categories by Gender in the Punjab PAI ...... 6.6-25 Figure 6.6-10: Age Categories by Gender in the Balochistan PAI...... 6.6-25 Figure 6.6-11: Household Size in the Punjab PAI ...... 6.6-27 Figure 6.6-12: Household Size in the Balochistan PAI ...... 6.6-27 Figure 6.6-13: Ethnicities in the Punjab PAI...... 6.6-30 Figure 6.6-14: Household Members with a Disability...... 6.6-38 Figure 6.6-15: Types of Land Tenure in the Punjab PAI...... 6.6-49 Figure 6.6-16: Types of Land Tenure in the Balochistan PAI ...... 6.6-50 Figure 6.6-17: Healthcare Facilities Used in the Punjab PAI ...... 6.6-57 Figure 6.6-18: Household Survey Access to Healthcare in Punjab PAI ...... 6.6-57 Figure 6.6-19: Healthcare Facilities Used in the Balochistan PAI...... 6.6-58 Figure 6.6-20: Household Survey Access to Healthcare Balochistan PAI...... 6.6-58 Figure 6.6-21: Educational Attainment Level in the Punjab PAI ...... 6.6-60 Figure 6.6-22: Educational Attainment Level in the Balochistan PA...... 6.6-61 Figure 6.6-23: Drinking Water Sources in the Punjab PAI ...... 6.6-63 Figure 6.6-24: Drinking Water Sources in the Balochistan PAI ...... 6.6-64 Figure 6.6-25: Sanitation Types Used in the Punjab PAI...... 6.6-65 Figure 6.6-26: Sanitation Types Used in the Balochistan PAI ...... 6.6-65 Figure 6.6-27: Frequency of Road Traffic Accidents in Punjab HH Village ...... 6.6-68 Figure 6.6-28: Frequency of Road Traffic Accidents in Balochistan HH Village...... 6.6-69 Figure 6.6-29: Waste Disposal in Punjab ...... 6.6-70 Figure 6.6-30: Waste Disposal Balochistan...... 6.6-70 Figure 6.6-31: Resources Collected by Households in Punjab PAI...... 6.6-72 Figure 6.6-32: Resources Collected by Households in Balochistan PAI ...... 6.6-72 Figure 6.7-1: Field Survey Results in the Balochistan Province ...... 6.7-11 Figure 6.7-2: Photo of Khojak Tunnel...... 6.7-12 Figure 6.7-3: Photo of Inzargai Karez...... 6.7-13 Figure 6.7-4: Field Survey Results in the Punjab Province...... 6.7-17 Figure 6.7-5: Photo of Tomb of Hazrat Shah Yousaf (Chak No. 60/10R)...... 6.7-18 Figure 6.7-6: Photo of Naqiba Abad Archaeological Mound...... 6.7-19 Figure 6.7-7: Tomb of Hazrat Shah Yousaf (Chak No. 60/10R) – Proximity to the Project ...... 6.7-20 Figure 6.7-8: Naqiba Abad Archaeological Mound – Proximity to the Project...... 6.7-21 Figure 6.8-1: Broad Rocky Slopes of the Sulaiman Mountains ...... 6.8-2 Figure 6.8-2: Infrastructure Elements Along the Sulaiman Mountain Valleys ...... 6.8-3 Figure 6.8-3: Sulaiman Mountain Valleys...... 6.8-3 Figure 6.8-4: Visually Distinct Tracks Among the Natural Rocky Floor Plain ...... 6.8-2 Figure 6.8-5: Agricultural Landscape of the Indus Plain ...... 6.8-4 Figure 6.8-6: Presence of Existing Industry within the Indus Plain...... 6.8-5 Figure 6.9-1: Climate Station Locations and Pipeline Route (Green in Pakistan and Red in )...... 6.9-2 Figure 6.9-2: Observed and Projected Year 2070 Annual Maximum Temperatures ...... 6.9-4 Figure 6.9-3: Observed and Projected Year 2070 Annual Minimum Temperatures ...... 6.9-4 Figure 6.9-4: Observed and Projected Year 2070 Annual Precipitation...... 6.9-5 Figure 6.9-5: Baseline Annual Average Maximum Temperatures ...... 6.9-5 Figure 6.9-6: Projected Annual Average Maximum Temperatures for Year 2070 ...... 6.9-6 Figure 6.9-7: Baseline Annual Average Minimum Temperatures ...... 6.9-6 Figure 6.9-8: Projected Annual Average Minimum Temperatures for Year 2070 ...... 6.9-7 Figure 6.9-9: Baseline Annual Precipitation ...... 6.9-7 Figure 6.9-10: Projected Changes in Annual Precipitation for Year 2070 ...... 6.9-8

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Figure 7.2-1: Worst-Case Sensitive Receptors near AGIs Along the Pipeline Route ...... 7.2-12 Figure 7.2-2: Contoured Ground-Level Concentrations of NO2 1-hour Averaging Period, during Construction of PAK-OS01...... 7.2-13 Figure 7.2-3: Contoured Ground-Level Concentrations of NO2 1-hour Averaging Period, during Operation of PAK-OS01 ...... 7.2-22 Figure 7.2-4: Contoured Ground-Level Concentrations of NO2 1-hour Averaging Period, during Emergency Scenario at PAK-OS01 ...... 7.2-28 Figure 7.2-5: Affected Sensitive Receptors near Phase I AGIs Along the Pipeline Route ...... 7.2-30 Figure 7.2-6: Contoured Ground-Level Concentrations of NO2 24-hour Averaging Period, during Construction of PAK-CS01...... 7.2-35 Figure 7.2-7: Contoured Ground-Level Concentrations of NO2 24-hour Averaging Period, during Emergency Scenario at PAK-CS01 ...... 7.2-47 Figure 7.2-8: Affected Sensitive Receptors near Phase II AGIs Along the Pipeline Route ...... 7.2-49 Figure 7.4-1: Pipeline River Crossing Protection Measures ...... 7.4-7 Figure 7.5-1: Biodiversity Survey Locations ...... 7.5-8 Figure 7.6-1: Household Water Supply Sources ...... 7.6-16 Figure 7.6-2: Nomadic Indigenous Groups on Land ...... 7.6-36 Figure 10-1: EIA Submission and Approval Process in Pakistan ...... 10-5 Figure 10-2: Punjab EPA Environmental Approval for the TAPI Project ...... 10-9 Figure 10-3: Balochistan EPA Environmental Approval for the TAPI Project...... 10-10 Figure 10-4: ESIA Process as Presented in IFC Performance Standards ...... 10-39 Figure 11-1: Development Process of ESMS...... 11-1 Figure 11-2 External Interfaces...... 11-5

Figure 12-1: Grievance Mechanism...... 12-21

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APPENDICES APPENDIX A – Access Roads APPENDIX B1 – Legal Regulatory Gap Analysis APPENDIX B2 – Field Work Action Plan APPENDIX C1 – Air Quality Baseline APPENDIX C2 – Noise and Vibration Baseline APPENDIX C3 – Physical Environment Baseline APPENDIX C4 – Ecology and Biodiversity Baseline APPENDIX D1 – Air Quality Impact Assessment APPENDIX D2 – Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment APPENDIX E – TPCL Policies and Supporting Documents APPENDIX F – Environmental and Social Management Frameworks APPENDIX G – Water Sampling APPENDIX H – Environmental and Social Management Plan

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DEFINITIONS Company : TAPI Pipeline Company Limited (TPCL) Consultant : ILF Beratende Ingenieure GmbH or ILF Consulting Engineers (ILF) ESIA Contractor : Specialized Technologies for Petroleum Engineering (NAFTEC) and MAB Environmental Consultancy and Studies LLC (MAB) ESIA Process : Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study for the Afghanistan and Pakistan portions of the TAPI Pipeline Project ESIA Team : Jacobs Engineering Group (Jacobs) and local subcontractors undertaking fieldwork TAPI Project : – Afghanistan – Pakistan – India (TAPI) Gas Pipeline Project The Project : The Pakistan section of the TAPI Project

ESIA_Pakistan P a g e xxiv ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY C-PAK-TAPI-ESIA-REP-0001-06 ABBREVIATIONS 24/07/2020

ABBREVIATIONS < less than > : more than ≥ : more than or equal to °C : degree Celsius µm : micrometer 3D : three-dimensional 4WD : four-wheel drive ADB : Asian Development Bank AGI : Above Ground Installations AIIB : Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank AP : Affected Persons AQS : Air Quality Standard ASME : American Society of Mechanical Engineers BAP : Biodiversity Action Plan BAT : Best Available Technique BCC : Back-up Control Center BCE : Before Common or Current Era bcfd : billion cubic feet per day bcm : billion cubic meter BHU : Basic Health Unit BMP : Biodiversity Management Plan BS : Block Valve Station BSI : British Standards Institution CABI : Center for Agriculture and Bioscience Internationa CadnaA : Computer Aided Noise Abatement CAPA : Corrective and Preventative Action CAPP : Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers CBD : Climate Change Division CC : climate change CCMP : Climate Change Management Plan CESMP : Construction Environmental and Social Management Plan CFP : Chance Find Procedure CHMP : Cultural Heritage Management Plan CITES : Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CKMSD : Conctracted Key Milestones Dates CLO : Community Liaison Officer CMS : Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals CNG : compressed natural gas CO : carbon monoxide

CO2 : carbon dioxide COC : Chain or Custody CP : cathodic protection CPEC : China-Pakistan Economic Corridor CR : Critically Endangered CS : Compressor Station

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CV : Curricula Vitae dBA : A-weighted decibel DEFRA : Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs DHQ : District Headquarter Hospitals E&S : environmental and social EA : Environment Agency EBA : Endemic Bird Area EHS : Environmental, Health, and Safety EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EMP : Environmental Management Plan EMRP : Emergency Management and Response Plan EN : Endangered EOO : extent of occurance EP : Equator Principles EPA : Environmental Protection Agency EPC : Engineering, Procurement, and Construction EPI : Expanded Program on Immunization EPRP : Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan ESAP : Environmental and Social Management Action Plan ESD : emergency shutdown ESF : AIIB Environmental and Social Framework ESIA : Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF : Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP : Environmental Social Management Plan ESMS : Environmental and Social Management System ESS : AIIB Environmental and Social Standard FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FEED : Front-End Engineering and Design FGD : Focus Group Discussion FID : Financial Investment Decision FPIC : Free, Prior, and Informed Consent FSS : Fail-Safe Systems GCM : general circulation model GDP : gross domestic product GHG : greenhouse gas GIIP : good international industry practice GOP : Government of Pakistan H&S : Health and Safety ha : hectare HASP : Health and Safety Plan HDD : horizontal directional drilling HDD EMP : Horizontal Directional Drilling Environmental Management Plan HEMP : Hydrotest Environmental Managment Plan HGV : heavy goods vehicle

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HMMP : Hazardous Materials Management Plan HSE : health, safety and environment Hydrotest EMP : Hydrotest Environmental Management Plan IBA : Important Bird Area ICP : Informed Consultation and Participation IEC : International Electrotechnical Commission IEE : Initial Environmental Examination IEMA : Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment IFC : International Finance Corporation IFC PS : IFC Environmental and Social Performance Standards IFI : international financing institution IGO : Inter-governmental organization ILF : ILF Beratende Ingenieure GmbH or ILF Consulting Engineers ILO : International Labor Organization IP : Indigenous People IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISO : International Organization for Standardization IUCN : International Union for Conservation of Nature Jacobs : Jacobs Engineering Group km : kilometer km2 : square kilometer km3 cubic kilometer KP : Kilometer Point KPI : Key Performance Indicator L : liter LAA : Land Acquisition Act LAP : Land Acquisition Plan LARP : Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan LCC : Local Control Center LCP : Local Content Plan LG Act : Local Government Act LGC : Local Government Commissions LGO : Local Government Ordinance LIDAR : light detection and ranging LNG : liquefied natural gas LNTP : Limited Notice to Proceed LPG : liquefied petroleum gas LRP : Livelihood Restoration Plan LV : low voltage LVIMP : Landscape and Visual Impact Management Plan m : meter m/s : meter per second m2 : square meter m3 : cubic meter m3/s : cubic eter per second

ESIA_Pakistan P a g e xxvii ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY C-PAK-TAPI-ESIA-REP-0001-06 ABBREVIATIONS 24/07/2020

MAB : MAB Environmental Consultancy and Studies LLC masl : meter above sea level MCC : Main Control Center MCH : Mother and Child Health Center mg/L : milligram per liter mg/Nm3 : milligram per normal cubic meter mL : milliliter mm : millimeter mm/s : millimeter per second mm/yr : millimeter per Year MMO : Marine Mammal Observation MOE : Pakistan Ministry of Environment MS : Metering Station MW : megawatt N/A : not applicable NAFTEC : Specialized Technologies for Petroleum Engineering NCCP : National Climate Change Policy NCS : National Conservation Strategy NDT : non-destructive testing NEAP : National Environmental Action Plan NEP : National Environmental Policy NEQS : National Environmental Quality Standards NFP : National Forest Policy NGO : Non-Governmental Organizations NNG : Night Noise Guidelines NNSR : Nearest Noise Sensitive Receptor No. : number NO : nitrogen monoxide

NO2 : nitrogen dioxide

NOX : nitrogen oxides NOAA : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOC : Non-Objection Certificate NRP : National Resettlement Policy NTP : Notice to Proceed OGRA : Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority OS : Offtake Station OSHA : Occupational Safety and Health Administration PA : Protected Area PAI : Project Area of Influence Pak-EPA : Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency PATA : Provincially Administered Tribal Areas PC : Project Contribution PCRWR : Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources PCS : Process Control Systems PEC : Predicted Environmental Concentration PEL : permissible exposure limit

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PEPA : Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PEQS : Punjab Environmental Quality Standards PESCO : Peshawar Electic Supply Company PIPS : Pakistan Institue for Peace Studies PKR : Pakistan Rupee PLRA : Punjab Land Records Authority

PM10 : particulate matter up to 10 µm in diameter

PM2.5 : particulate matter up to 2.5 µm in diameter PMC : Project Management Consultant PMD : Pakistan Meteorological Department ppb : parts per billion PPE : personal protective equipment ppm parts per million PPV : peak particle velocity PSC : Process Control Systems PSPA : Punjab Social Protection Authority PWPA : Punjab Women Protection Authority QRA : Quantitative Risk Assessment RAP : Resettlement Action Plan RHC : Rural Health Centers RNR : renewable natural resources ROW : Right of Way SCADA : Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCS : Station Control System SEA : Strategic Environmental Assessment SECP : Sediment and Erosion Control Plan SEP : Stakeholder Engagement Plan SLM : Sound Level Meter

SO2 : sulphur dioxide SPRP : Spill Prevention and Response Plan SPS : ADB Safeguard Policy Statement SR : ADB Safeguard Requirements SS : Scraper Station STD : sexually transmitted diseases SVM : Support Vector Machine TAPI : Turkmenistan – Afghanistan – Pakistan – India TB : tuberculosis TBM : tunnel boring machine

tCO2e : tonne of CO2 equivalent TDS : total dissolved solids TP : Tribal People TPCL : TAPI Pipeline Company Limited THQ : Tehsil Headquarter Hospitals TUCO : Turbo Compressor Units UK HSE : United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive UN : United Nations UNDP : United Nations Development Program UNEP : United Nations Environment Program

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UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UN FCCC : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNICEF : United Nations International Children’s Fund US : United States UV : ultraviolet UXO : unexploded ordnance VOC : volatile organic complounds VU : Vulnerable WCMP : Watercourse Crossing Management Plan WHO : World Health Organization WMO : World Meteorological Organization WRF : Weather Research and Forecasting Model WWF : World Wide Fund for Nature

ESIA_Pakistan P a g e xxx ES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ES.1 Introduction

This is the Executive Summary (ES) of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report produced for the Pakistan portion of the Turkmenistan- Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Gas Pipeline Project (the TAPI Project). The ESIA report has been developed to identify the potential environmental and social (E&S) impacts of the Pakistan portion of the TAPI Project (the Project). This ES provides an overview of the ESIA report, summarizing the significant findings and detailing the recommended actions.

The TAPI Project aims to export up to 33 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas annually over a 30-year period through an 1,814-kilometer (km) pipeline from Turkmenistan to Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. The length of the Pakistan portion of the TAPI Project is 817 km. In November 2014, with the collaboration of the four state-owned gas companies, TAPI Pipeline Company Limited (TPCL) was incorporated with the main objective of implementing the TAPI Project.

The implementation of the TAPI Project is divided into three main phases, as follows:

1. Natural gas source development; 2. Turkmenistan portion of the TAPI Project; and 3. Afghanistan and Pakistan portion of the TAPI Project.

The Pakistan portion of the Project will be developed in two Phases. Phase I will include pipeline construction, along with development of some associated facilities (such as Block Valve Stations [BSs] and Offtake Stations [OSs]); whereas, Phase II will primarily include the construction of Compressor Stations (CSs). Figure ES-1 presents the facilities that will be constructed in both Phases along with existing features such as roads and waterways.

The security situation in Pakistan, difficult terrain, and remoteness of certain sections of the Project area has affected the quantity and quality of baseline data available during field data collection, which in turn has limited the analysis possible in certain areas. The ESIA Team has made every effort to overcome these limitations, where possible.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-1 Figure ES-1: Pakistan Section of the TAPI Project

Source: Jacobs, 2020

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-2 ES.2 Project Justification and Alternatives Assessment

The TAPI Project is supported by the governments of Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India and is therefore financially stable. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been instrumental in the TAPI Project’s progress to date, serving as the TAPI secretariat since 2003 and, more recently, as the transaction advisor. Pakistan is expected to purchase 42% of the gas (approximately 14 bcm) and, together with Afghanistan, will benefit from transit fees for the pipeline and from the long-term energy security provided by the TAPI Project.

The energy shortage in Pakistan has contributed to poor air quality and associated high incidences of death due to a combination of emissions from old generators, solid fuel burning for cooking, and vehicle traffic in urban areas. Although the TAPI pipeline runs through areas with challenging topography and unstable security situation, gas power generation features prominently in the assessment of future Pakistan’s energy scenarios. Gas is a relatively environmentally friendly energy source, especially when compared to other fossil fuels such as oil and coal. The supply of gas could catalyze clean development projects that contribute to economic development in the TAPI region.

From two original alternative routes (the Northern and Southern Route Corridors), the southern route option was selected as the northern passage would lead to significant additional costs and environmental impacts. The current pipeline route is designed to avoid urban areas as much as possible, and to run through sparsely populated areas to minimize the impact on human life and settlements. Based on routing constraints, a centerline of a 500-meter (m) route corridor was defined.

A No-Project alternative would hinder the TAPI region benefitting from natural gas as an accessible and relatively clean source of energy and would hamper regional economic development. Alternative energy source options would not be comparable with the TAPI Project in terms of volume, reach, and security of energy delivery.

ES.3 Project Description

Project Overview

The Afghanistan and Pakistan portion of the TAPI Project will be developed in two Phases. Phase I aims to pressurize gas at the last CS located in Turkmenistan and to deliver gas free-flow (reduced flow) to Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India without any additional gas compression in Afghanistan or Pakistan. BSs, Scraper Stations (SSs), Metering Stations (MSs), and OSs along the pipeline are within the scope of Phase I. Phase II aims to finalize the full-scale Project to fulfil the full flow gas delivery contract and will include the construction and operation of new CSs (ILF, 2017).

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-3 Project Location

The pipeline corridor enters Pakistan northeast of Chaman, to run north of Quetta city and cross the Sulaiman Mountains before reaching the Indus Plain area. Within the Indus Plain, the route bypasses the Dera Ghazi Kahn city (north) and Multan city (south). It crosses the Indus River, , and the River just before reaching the Pakistan-India border.

The Punjab part of the corridor is extensively covered by agricultural lands and is more populated than the Balochistan part of the corridor. Most of the Balochistan part of the corridor is dry, barren and sparsely vegetated, with some spots of natural vegetation and limited lands used for agriculture, with many scattered settlements.

Project Feasibility Corridor and Right of Way

A feasibility corridor of 500 m is considered for a potential change in the alignment of the pipeline routing. For the purpose of the ESIA report, it has been assumed that the pipeline routing runs down the center of this 500 m corridor.

A permanent Right of Way (ROW) width or safety zone of 18 m either side of the pipeline (15 m safety distance + 3 m half of installation corridor) will be established during the operation phase of the Project. The resulting total width of the permanent ROW is 36 m. To provide access, a 4 m wide service road accessible for four-wheel drive (4WD) vehicles is recommended within this permanent ROW in remote areas. The land in the permanent ROW will be leased from the government and land use restrictions will apply, including prohibition of all physical settlements of any kind. The economic restrictions of land within the permanent ROW, in terms of agricultural uses, have not yet been confirmed with the government; however, it is likely that certain agricultural activities, including grazing and hay-making, may be able to continue across the majority of the ROW, while ploughing and deep-rooted crops will not be allowed.

Project Schedule

Project approval is scheduled for Q4, 2021. According to the preliminary EPC schedule, the construction time for Phase I will be approximately 36 months. To meet this schedule, the construction phase will be separated into spreads, which will be constructed in parallel. Phase II is scheduled to start with updating the FEED in Q2, 2022.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-4 Phase I Project Components and Activities

The 56-inch diameter pipeline will be constructed from 12 m long line pipes of high- grade steel. The following Above Ground Installations (AGIs) will be constructed as part of Phase I:

· Offtake Stations PAK-OS01 and PAK-OS02; · Scraper Stations PAK-SS02 and PAK-SS04; · Metering Station PAK-MS01, combined with Scraper Station PAK-SS03; and · Approximately 36 BSs to enhance pipeline safety.

It is estimated that a total of approximately 40,670 m of new roads will be created for the Project and approximately 85,840 m of existing roads will need to be upgraded. A number of the proposed new roads will be routed through natural vegetated and cultivated / planted land. Most of the access roads will be removed following construction and the land will be reinstated to previous conditions; however, depending on the needs of the local communities, certain access roads may be left in place. Discussions are ongoing with local authorities.

Construction camps and pipe yards are expected to be collocated where possible for security reasons. One combined Construction Main Camps and pipe yard location and two Satellite (Fly) Camps will be provided for each of the five spreads (that is, a total of five Construction Main Camps and ten Fly Camps will be established in Pakistan for the Project).

The Phase I Project comprises construction, commissioning/start-up, operation, and decommissioning phases.

Phase II Project Components and Activities

In order to manage the pressure within the pipeline to transport the natural gas through the pipeline, two CSs (PAK-CS01 and PAK-CS02) will be constructed along the pipeline route in Phase II of the Project. The footprint of each CS is approximately 94 hectares (ha).

The Phase II Project also comprises construction, commissioning/start-up, operation, and decommissioning phases.

ES.4 Legal, Regulatory, and Administrative Analysis

The ESIA report follows a process in compliance with Pakistan legislation (national and provincial), relevant international conventions, treaties, and agreements to which Pakistan is signatory, and international policies, guidelines, and standards on impact assessment.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-5 A number of national laws, regulations, and policies are considered to be of relevance to the Project, the most prominent of which in relation to ESIA development are:

· The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 – States that no project involving construction activities can be undertaken unless an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (as required) is conducted and a report is submitted to the federal or provincial Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); · The Pakistan EPA Review of IEE and EIA Regulations 2000 (the National Regulations 2000) – Provides the necessary details on the preparation, submission, and review of the IEE and the EIA; and · The Punjab EPA Review of IEE and EIA Regulations 2016 – Following devolution of power to provinces, EIA requirements at provincial level reflect the Pakistan regulations, prescribed specifically under Section 12 of the Punjab Environmental Protection Act and Section 15 of the Balochistan Environmental Protection Act. This is further developed in the Punjab EPA Review of IEE and EIA Regulations 2016.

Although the TAPI Project falls under the list of projects requiring only an IEE (Schedule I, oil and gas transmission systems), an EIA has been developed due to the following reasons:

· Cross-provincial coverage, which may require involvement of provincial and federal EPAs due to its national importance and environmental issues, in their complexity and variety, which are often inter-sectoral and regional. However, under devolution of powers approval lies with the provincial EPAs; · Magnitude, scale, and cost of the Project, including but not limited to its likely resource requirements and impacts. It is important to note that the Punjab EPA has listed oil and gas transmission systems having cost more than Pakistan Rupee (PKR) 100 million under Schedule II of its Draft EIA Regulations 2016; and · ROW located within, or close to, environmentally sensitive areas and protected forests, especially in Balochistan Province.

The Balochistan and Punjab EPAs are the main stakeholders for issuance of the Non- Objection Certificate for the Project following consideration of the EIA.

International policies, guidelines and standards are followed during the ESIA Process. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) Environmental and Social Performance Standards (PS) and the World Bank/IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines have been referenced since they were deemed the most stringent standards among other good international industry practices (GIIP). The Asian Development Bank (ADB) Safeguard Policy Statement (2009), Safeguard Requirements (2009, and support operations manual, and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) Environmental and Social Standards (2016) are also relevant to the Project. Where multiple standards exist for a single topic, the most stringent standards are applied.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-6 Early on in the project process, a gap analysis was performed comparing national legislative requirements with the IFC PSs. Areas of divergence were identified with information presented on the measures to be undertaken by the Project to ensure compliance with both national legislation and IFC guidance.

ES.5 Impact Assessment Methodology

Project Area of Influence

The Project Area of Influence (PAI) provides the spatial context within which the potential impacts have been assessed in the ESIA report and represents the area that is likely to be affected by all components of the Project. These include unplanned but predictable developments, indirect Project impacts, and cumulative impacts. Each E&S receptor addressed in the ESIA report has a different PAI, depending on the area in which impacts could potentially occur.

Impact Assessment Criteria

The impact assessment assumes that impacts are evaluated in respect to the receptors on which they act, and the effect and consequences can vary significantly according to the receptor. The impacts are described in the following factors:

· Effect; · Action; · Duration (permanence); · Reversibility; · Spatial Extent; · Probability; · Severity; and · Cumulative potential.

Each impact is assessed for all factors, all potentially affected sensitive receptors, and the final significance for each phase of the Project (construction, commissioning/start- up, operation, decommissioning). Each impact is rated as having a Negligible, Low, Medium, or High significance. Based on the significant impacts identified, an ESIA matrix is developed to rank the impacts per Project phase before further mitigation measures are implemented. The matrix indicates the sources of impacts, duration (permanence), spatial extent, reversibility, and cumulative potential to score and concisely summarize the effects of the Project.

Mitigation measures are proposed for Medium and High significance impacts with the aim of minimizing the identified potential significance of those impacts. When an impact is considered of Negligible or Low significance, or is Positive of any significance level, recommendations are provided, where applicable, but it is generally managed through the Project’s standard management procedures.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-7 The Project has been analyzed in relation to its proximity to other proposed projects in the form of a cumulative impact assessment. And, as the TAPI Project spans multiple countries, there is the potential for some Project activities to generate transboundary impacts. The Pakistan-Afghanistan borders define the transboundary impact boundaries and any changes in baseline conditions extending across these boundaries is considered a transboundary impact.

ES.6 Baseline Conditions and Impact Assessment Results

ES.6.1 Overview

The following sections provide a summary of the E&S baseline conditions and impact assessment findings. Unless otherwise stated, the residual impacts following implementation of mitigation measures are considered to be of Low significance.

ES.6.2 Project Setting

No existing land use maps were publicly available at the time of drafting the ESIA report; therefore, a remote sensing exercise was undertaken to better characterize the Project Study Area where the greatest direct potential impacts may occur. Sensitivity mapping was also undertaken to identify areas that may be particularly sensitive to the Project, directly or indirectly, based on the environmental, social, and cultural assets present.

ES.6.3 Climate, Meteorology, and Ambient Air Quality

Baseline

The climate in Pakistan is considered to be continental, characterized by extreme variations of temperature, both seasonally and daily. There are four pronounced seasons with different general temperature and precipitation characteristics; however, the onset and duration of each season may vary according to the location within the country. Data obtained from nine Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) stations and six World Meteorological Organization (WMO) stations have been used to characterize the climate and meteorology baseline along the pipeline route. Separate discussions of Balochistan and Punjab are presented in the ESIA report.

Large sections of the pipeline route will run through rural areas where air pollution sources are limited to small-scale industrial and agricultural activities. Natural emission sources are expected to correspond to high concentrations of suspended particles in areas with predominantly dry weather, in arid conditions and strong winds.

Baseline air quality monitoring surveys were conducted at 15 locations along the pipeline route. Monitoring results were compared against the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Ambient Air (2010) and World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values (2000 and 2005). No exceedances of the NEQS for

nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter up to 2.5 micrometers

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-8 (µm) in diameter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), and carbon monoxide (CO) were observed. One monitoring location exceeded the NEQS for 24-hour average concentration of

particulate matter up to 10 µm in diameter (PM10). Exceedances of the WHO guideline

for PM10 were observed at all monitoring locations, and for PM2.5 at five monitoring locations.

Phase I Impact Assessment

Air dispersion modelling using AERMOD was undertaken based on the preliminary design and descriptions available at the time of this assessment. Considering the temporary nature of construction in any specific area, potential associated impacts are all short-term. Due to the uncertainty associated with baseline data collected through a short-term monitoring survey, following international guidelines (IFC, 2007a), the Project contribution (PC) in terms of magnitude of impact has been assessed based on its predicted contribution to ambient air quality in relation to the Air Quality Standard (AQS) in a degraded (baseline > AQS) or non-degraded (baseline < AQS) airshed, to allow additional, future sustainable development within the same airshed.

Following a conservative approach, it is assumed that all the diesel engines will be in

operation at the same time. The total 24-hour NO2 concentrations from modelling results and the limited measured background are within the 24-hour NEQS of 80 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) at all sensitive receptors near PAK-OS01,

PAK-OS02, PAK-OS03, and PAK-MS01. The Project-related 24-hour SO2 contribution to ambient air quality is only up to 2% of the AQS at all the sensitive receptors modelled. The overall magnitude of impact is Medium and the significance

of impact is determined to be Medium for NO2 and SO2 generated during construction.

Estimated PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations associated with dust generated during construction and exhaust emissions are high near the construction areas but tend to decrease rapidly as one moves further away from the source. However, the total 24-

hour PM10 modelled concentrations and baseline concentrations exceed the NEQS and WHO guideline of 150 µg/m3 and 50 µg/m3, respectively, at the four worst-case

sensitive receptors. The total 24-hour PM2.5 concentrations (estimated from the PM10 modelled concentrations) and baseline concentrations exceed both the NEQS and WHO guideline of 35 µg/m3 and 25 µg/m3, respectively, at all the sensitive receptors near PAK-OS01, PAK-OS02, PAK-OS03, and PAK-MS01. Therefore, the overall magnitude of impact is High and the pre-mitigation impact significance is High.

Construction sites that implement good dust suppression techniques and well- maintained vehicles typically do not cause violations of air quality criteria offsite. With

mitigation, a reduction of up to 90% of the PC to ambient concentrations of PM10 is expected. However, assuming 90% reduction following mitigation, ten isolated sensitive receptors (namely, Karbala Branch Lower and Khushdil Khan Canal near PAK-OS01, Zainpur near PAK-OS02, and Charnu, Awanwali, Arani, Bheni Awanwali, Jagga Banwan, Dunamammewala, and Thath near PAK-MS01) may still experience

PC of PM10 greater than 25% of the AQS, but within the NEQS and WHO guidelines.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-9 Based on the degraded airshed approach for PM10, this would result in the impact being classified as High significance for only these sensitive receptors; whereas, for most of the affected area, the magnitude of impact would be Low and the significance of impact Low. Therefore, the overall residual impact magnitude at all sensitive receptors is Very Low and the overall residual significance is Low.

The mitigation measures are presented in Section 7.2. Ambient Air Quality Impact Assessment and form the basis of the Air Quality Management Framework, which will be developed into a plan by the EPC Contractor.

The impact from NO2, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5 generated during Phase I commissioning/start-up and operation is predicted to have a Low magnitude and Medium significance, based on emissions from non-CS AGIs. It is proposed to remove

fired heaters from the design, which will significantly reduce nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions significantly, and to undertake a Best Available Techniques (BAT) assessment of the design of AGIs. However, following a conservative approach, the residual impact significance is considered to remain Medium.

Phase II Impact Assessment

A similar assessment was undertaken for CS construction in Phase II, with modelling

results showing all sensitive receptors are within the 24-hour NEQS for total NO2

concentrations and within both NEQS and WHO guideline for total SO2 concentrations. Therefore, the overall magnitude of impact is Medium and the significance of impact is Medium. The mitigation measures proposed are the same as those proposed for Phase I.

The significance of PM10 impacts during construction was assessed as High. With the application of recommended mitigation measures, a reduction by up to 90% of the PC

to ambient concentrations of PM10 is expected. This would result in a substantial

reduction of PM10 emissions and consequently a Very Low magnitude of impact, which would lead to a residual impact of Low significance for all receptors. However, three isolated sensitive receptors (namely, Karbala Branch Lower and Khusdil Khan Canal near PAK-CS01, and Saghrai Lahar near PAK-CS02) may still experience

short-term PC of PM10 greater than 25% of the AQS. For the majority of receptors, the overall magnitude of impact is Very Low and the significance of impact is Low.

During commissioning/start-up and operation, none of the receptors are expected to experience PC greater than 25% of the respective AQS; therefore, the magnitude of impact is considered Low and of Medium significance.

Detailed engineering should perform a BAT analysis to select the best technologies

that could be included in the design of the AGIs to minimize the NOx emissions, including the removal of the fired heaters from the design.

The mitigation measures are presented in Section 7.2. Ambient Air Quality Impact Assessment and form the basis of the Air Quality Management Framework, which will be developed into a plan by the EPC Contractor.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-10 ES.6.4 Noise and Vibration

Baseline

Noise measurements were conducted at some of the proposed AGI locations and a number of different settlement types (isolated dwellings, small villages, and towns), which are considered as representative of the Nearest Noise Sensitive Receptors (NNSR) to the proposed pipeline route and AGIs. Short-term attended baseline noise survey was undertaken at 17 monitoring locations within Pakistan. Three non- consecutive 15-minute spot measurements were recorded within a 1-hour period during the daytime (06:00 to 22:00) and night-time (22:00 to 06:00) periods on weekday and weekend days at every monitoring location during a single site visit.

No vibration baseline surveys were undertaken as there are no specific source of vibration to monitor within the PAI.

The daytime noise limit of 55 A-weighted decibel (dBA) was met at the majority of the monitoring locations, while the night-time noise limit of 45 dBA was exceeded at all of the locations. At a few locations, the noise limit criteria were met, but only during the weekends.

Phase I Impact Assessment

The impact assessment has identified the potential noise and vibration impacts from the Project at the NNSRs within Pakistan. The assessment is presented in line with the requirements of the relevant noise environmental guidance contained in the NEQS for Noise (Pak-EPA, 2010a), the Punjab Environmental Quality Standards (PEQS) for Noise (Government of the Punjab, 2016a), and the World Bank/IFC EHS Guidelines for Noise Management (IFC, 2007b).

Impacts from noise will occur during construction and commissioning/start-up activities. These activities will be limited to daytime hours where the noise limit applicable to the NNSRs is of 55 dBA, in line with the NEQS for Noise (Pak-EPA, 2010a), PEQS for Noise (Government of the Punjab, 2016a) and, World Bank/IFC EHS Guidelines (IFC, 2007b). These activities have the potential to temporarily increase the existing noise levels at the locations of the works and the NNSRs, thus the impacts have resulted to be mostly Medium significance for noise and Low for vibration. Increases in road traffic noise were considered to have a Negligible significance impact.

Mitigation measures have been set out within the assessment to minimize the effect of noise and maintain the noise levels at the fence line and NNSR at the minimum level practicable. Significance of the impacts is anticipated to be minimized through careful planning and by adopting GIIP measures onsite. These activities will be moving along the pipeline route and therefore can be classified as temporary with reduced impact significance. In addition, provided that clear and early communication with local residents is offered to make them aware of these activities and give any advice based on health and safety (H&S) risks involved, nuisance is expected to be

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-11 reduced to a minimum. It is recognized that there will be challenges encountered in attempting to reduce some of the construction noise levels through mitigation, in particular due to the small distance between the receptors and activities (that is, for the identified settlement within 10 m from the pipeline corridor and AGIs). Some activities can be controlled to some extent by the provision of temporary noise barriers or enclosures, but this may not be practicable in all instances. In addition, construction works should avoid certain sensitive time periods such as night-time hours, Fridays, and holiday periods in areas where the distance between receptors and activities is small. Together with the short-term and temporary duration of the works and provided that clear and early communication with local residents is offered, residual impact would be reduced to Low significance.

Pipeline commissioning/start-up activities, including hydrotesting, will be carried out at specific locations along the pipeline route. The locations where the hydrotesting is undertaken will be a minimum of 500 m from settlements, wherever practical. While hydrotesting would be within the recommended noise level during the daytime period, these activities at night time would exceed the recommended night-time limit by more than 5 dBA under worst-case conditions, resulting in a High magnitude and Medium significance impact, if unmitigated. With mitigation measures, this is expected to reduce to Low significance.

Phase I operation and decommissioning impacts were regarded as Medium significance, and an emergency scenario as Low significance.

The mitigation measures are presented in Section 7.5. Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment and form the basis of the Noise and Vibration Management Framework, which will be developed into a plan by the EPC Contractor.

Phase II Impact Assessment

A similar assessment was undertaken for Phase II construction activities, resulting in a Medium significance impact associated with construction noise impact and Negligible impacts associated with construction vibration and increase road traffic. The Medium significance impact would be mitigated to acceptable levels of noise using GIIP measures for construction management. Operational impacts were assessed to be of Medium significance for noise and Low significance for vibration. In an emergency scenario, a Medium significance impact is determined, reducing to Low with mitigation. Mitigation measures for Phase II are similar to those for Phase I.

The mitigation measures are presented in Section 7.5. Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment and form the basis of the Noise and Vibration Management Framework, which will be developed into a plan by the EPC Contractor.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-12 ES.6.5 Physical Environment

Baseline

The Punjab part of the TAPI pipeline corridor is extensively covered by agricultural lands, trees and tree crops, and shrublands. Most of Balochistan is dry, barren and sparsely vegetated, with some spots with natural vegetation and limited lands used for agriculture, with many scattered settlements.

Drinking water in Pakistan comes from surface water and groundwater aquifers near rivers or canals. About 70% of water for drinking purposes comes from aquifers. Access to safe water is reported to be a problem in the country and in large areas that will be crossed by the TAPI pipeline, there is a significant shortage of drinking water.

Surface water is used extensively for agriculture and irrigation schemes contributing to the livelihood of Pakistan society. Pakistan possesses the world’s largest contiguous water basin that encompasses the Indus River and its tributaries, including three large reservoirs. Increased use of surface water resources will increase its value as a resource to the nearby communities. This would be associated with the reduced productivity of karezes and springs due to works associated with the Project.

A total of 148 water samples, including 136 from groundwater sources and 12 from surface water bodies, were collected and analyzed along the PAI. All 148 samples were recorded as suitable for drinking water based on the NEQS and PEQS for Drinking Water (Pak-EPA, 2010b and Government of the Punjab, 2016b). Some water samples were recorded to contain elevated turbidity and some were recorded to contain fecal coliforms and elevated salinity (chloride).

Phase I Impact Assessment

The Project has the potential to generate physical environment impacts during Phase I from excavation, potential spills, impacts to drainage, and use of the limited natural water resources. These are considered to be mostly of Low to Medium significance, except for the impact on existing karez systems within the PAI, which is considered to be an impact of High significance. In cases where the pipeline crosses a local drainage system that cannot be cut (for example, a traditional karez with historical value as a sustainable source of water supply), alternative engineering solutions (such as re-routing or alternative construction method) will be designed to avoid or control such potential interference, to the maximum extent feasible. When an existing local service will be cut and closed off or connected to a new drain collector, a suitable new discharge location will be identified and provided. All drainage cut-off works will commence immediately after the ROW clearing.

Low to High significance impacts on surface water quality, due to increased sediments and suspended particles at watercourse crossings, are anticipated depending on the proximity of construction activity to watercourse crossing.

Dewatering impacts on water resource use and quality, and water availability are assessed as Low magnitude but Medium significance.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-13 Following adoption of mitigation measures, residual impacts of Low significance are anticipated during the crossing of any river; the magnitude of impacts is considered negligible at streams, which are mostly of seasonal and ephemeral flow.

Flooding and seismic events may compromise the pipeline and cause safety risks. Those natural hazards are intrinsically related to the PAI and are not expected to be enhanced by Project activities. The route alignment has been optimized to avoid or minimize exposure to fault lines. Where fault zones are to be crossed, those sections of the pipeline will be specifically designed to ensure sufficient strength.

Hydrotesting may be related to impacts of Medium to High magnitude given the expected high volumes of water required, potentially affecting nearby receptors in terms of water availability. Given the medium to high sensitivity of the water receptors and the low probability of having an uncontrolled release or discharge, significance of the impact is considered to be Low.

By implementing the Construction Environmental and Social Management Plan (CESMP), including a Sediment and Erosion Control Plan (SECP), Watercourse Crossing Management Plan (WCMP), Spill Prevention and Response Plan (SPRP), Hazardous Material Management Plan (HMMP), Water Management Plan, and Waste Management Plan, and the associated mitigation measures identified for any potential significant impact prior to commencement of construction and commissioning/start-up works in Phase I, residual impacts are reduced to Low or Negligible significance.

Operational impacts, including impacts from accidental spills, are generally Low significance. However, impacts on karez systems / irrigation patterns are considered as High significance due to the high sensitivity of water resources in the country. The PAI will likely intersect traditional karezes, which will be cleared and closed within the permanent ROW, negatively affecting nearby groundwater use of rural villages. Local irrigation systems potentially crossed by the pipeline will be surveyed before works begin to explore any alternatives or propose different construction methods. Adopting the mitigation measures specified should reduce residual impacts to Low significance.

The mitigation measures are presented in Section 7.4. Physical Environment Impact Assessment and form the basis of the Water Management Framework, Waste Management Framework, Water Course Crossing Management Framework, Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) Environmental Management Framework, Sediment and Erosion Control Framework, Hydrotest Environmental Management Framework, Spill Prevention and Response Framework, Hazardous Materials Management Framework, Emergency Management and Response Framework, and other related frameworks, all of which will be developed into plans by the EPC Contractor.

Phase II Impact Assessment

The same impacts described for Phase I could potentially occur during Phase II, with the same effects but a different spatial extent. Potential impacts on soil characteristics

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-14 due to earthwork-related activities, are considered to be of Low to Medium significance. The significant impacts during construction have been identified to be water abstraction and dewatering activities, negatively affecting nearby groundwater and surface water use of rural villages where they are still using traditional karezes or shallow wells due to (temporary) dry-out of wells or surface water resources as main irrigation water. Significance of the impact is considered to be Low to Medium. Following adoption of mitigation measures, Low significance residual impacts are anticipated for the CSs.

By implementing the CESMP, including a SPRP, HMMP, Water Management Plan, Waste Management Plan, and the associated mitigation measures identified for any potential significant impact prior to commencement of construction works in Phases II, residual impacts are reduced to Low significance.

ES.6.6 Ecology and Biodiversity

Baseline

Approximately 53% of the pipeline route intersects natural habitat (dry temperate semi- evergreen forest [mainly juniper], dry sub-tropical semi-evergreen scrub forest, riverine forest, floodplain, tropical thorn forests/sandy desert, river, stream/nullah, lake/pond, and barren land and hills). The balance is modified habitat, mostly agriculture including crops, rangeland and orchards. Riverine forest and upland forest containing juniper are of note with respect to biodiversity value. Identified at baseline survey locations B3 to B5, juniper is protected in Pakistan by Royal decree. Multiple protected areas (national parks, biosphere reserves, Important Bird Areas, game reserves, and wildlife sanctuaries) are located along the route, but, with one exception (Thal Game Reserve), are offset from the pipeline by at least 5 km. The field survey indicated the Rivers Indus and Chenab, as well as other streams/nullahs, provide important habitat for migratory/congregatory bird species.

Four endangered species were observed during the field survey, namely, Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus], and Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor). The presence of critical habitat was assessed based on the thresholds by the IFC (2019). No critical habitat was identified for plants or birds. Critical habitat was identified for the Hog Deer (Axis porcinus), Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor), and Desert Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes). Potential critical habitat was identified for the Balochistan Forest Dormouse (Dryomys niethammeri) and Indian Narrow-Headed Softshell Turtle (Chitra indica). Juniper trees were identified as a high biodiversity value feature due to the Balochistan Forest Regulation (Amendment) Act 1974 requiring their protection.

There are crossings of major watercourses of ecological and economic importance. From an ecosystem service perspective, the track of the pipeline route through planted/cultivated areas will be an important economic consideration.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-15 The characterization of the baseline ecology and biodiversity within the 1 km PAI included a review of available secondary sources, a remote sensing exercise to define land cover types, and a field survey program that included habitat characterization along the pipeline and surveys for flora and fauna. Surveys were conducted at ten locations that were representative of the types of habitat along the route or in areas suspected to contain high biodiversity value features.

Phase I Impact Assessment

For direct land take and waterbody disturbance, it is estimated that there will be a permanent loss of 444 ha of natural habitat and 450 ha of modified habitat associated with AGIs and the ROW. The Indus River crossing will transect critical habitat and other parts of the line will intersect potential critical habitat.

Pre- and post-construction (operation) surveys to be undertaken as part of the Project’s adaptive Biodiversity Management Plan (BMP) will further inform the assessment with a classification assigned when sufficient data is obtained. While a final classification of habitat type is likely following further surveys, it is considered unlikely that sufficient data will be obtained to measure either a negative impact or positive benefit on the fauna species that trigger critical habitat classification. This is due to the species habitat range extending significantly further that the PAI and the PAI not being a breeding area. Proxies for impact and benefit measurement will therefore be flora of the ecosystem and retention of wild landscape free from hunting and introduced predators.

The mitigation measures are presented in Section 7.5. Ecology and Biodiversity Impact Assessment and form the basis of a Biodiversity Management Framework (BMF), which will be developed into a BMP by the EPC Contractor. The biodiversity offsetting mechanisms in the BMF have a Project objective of achieving Project Net Positive Biodiversity Benefit. The offsetting mechanisms in the BMF have been developed to be consistent with IFC good practice guidance. With this, the Project recognizes that for the objective of Net Positive Biodiversity Benefit to be achieved and maintained, it must be supported by, and aligned with, communities’ objectives (and capacity building in this regard) as it is the community who ultimately safeguards the habitat. The Net Positive Biodiversity Benefit objective has therefore been integrated into the Community Development Plan, Local Content Plan, and Human Resources / Workers Management Plan.

Considering impacts during construction, commissioning/start-up, operation, and decommissioning, Medium to High significance levels have been assigned. Mitigation measures include minimizing impacts beyond infrastructure footprints, restoring soils and the native plant community in areas subject to temporary disturbance, utilizing methods that will minimize footprint of disturbance and sediment suspension when crossing waterways and associated riparian areas, implementing air quality and noise mitigation measures, minimizing the use of lights at night and using low-pressure sodium lights with shielding, and using designated roads only and speeds within defined limits. For unavoidable activities with high noise levels, it is recommended to

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-16 avoid sensitive points in the life cycle of ecological receptors near the activity. With mitigation measures, the significance level of the residual impacts is considered to range from Positive to Medium significance. The range between benefit and impact reflects the challenges and uncertainties in achieving a benefit through the measures outlined in the BMF and associated social management frameworks. In some Project areas, there may be a potential to create an overall net benefit compared to baseline when compensation is undertaken. Assuming the Project Net Positive Biodiversity Benefit is achieved, this would result in a Positive residual impact.

Phase II Impact Assessment

Phase II will involve habitat disturbance and related impacts, resulting in permanent (life of the Project) and temporary habitat loss and indirect effects. Indirect effects will include secondary effects such as the creation of edge and smaller patch sizes due to fragmentation and stressors such as dust, light, or noise. It is estimated that there will be a permanent loss of approximately 87 ha of natural habitat, which is mostly barren to sparsely vegetated desert/semi-desert habitats and approximately 70 ha of modified habitat, which is mostly in agricultural. These impacts have been assigned a significance level of Medium. The same construction phase mitigation measures and pre-construction survey requirements are recommended for Phase II, that have been stated for Phase I above. Following the implementation of these mitigation measures, the impacts would be smaller in scale. With the offsetting mechanisms outlined in the BMF and assuming that the Project Net Positive Biodiversity Benefit is achieved, this would result in a Positive residual impact.

During operation, noise and light could, to some extent, degrade habitat quality resulting in permanent (life of the Project) effects on ecological receptors. These potential impacts have been assigned a significance level of Medium. Mitigation measures include reducing light emitted and noise levels, the same as those recommended for Phase I. With implementation of the mitigation measures, the magnitude reduces to Low; however, the significance of the impact would remain Medium.

Impacts on critical habitat during Phase II are assessed as High significance, specifically in relation to PAK-CS02, which is located in the area along the route defined as potential critical habitat for the Balochistan Forest Dormouse (Dryomys niethammeri) and near field survey location B5, which was identified as critical habitat for the Desert Wolf (Canus lupus pallipes). The mitigation measure listed throughout Section 7.5 should be undertaken to reduce these impacts. Based on the information gathered to-date, a net positive impact on habitat for the Desert Wolf will be required. For the Balochistan Forest Dormouse, based on the pre-construction survey results and habitat classification review, natural habitat restoration will either be equal to greater than the area impacted and incorporated into the Project objective of Net Biodiversity Positive.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-17 The mitigation measures are presented in Section 7.5. Ecology and Biodiversity Impact Assessment and form the basis of the BMF, which will be developed into a plan by the EPC Contractor.

ES.6.7 Socio-economics and Community Health

Baseline

The general findings of the baseline indicate that the current socio-economic conditions in Pakistan are complex. There are political, infrastructure, economic, educational, security, and social conditions that the Project will need to navigate and accommodate. Data at all levels is often lacking, hence it is estimated and can be contradictory, and many data references are now quite dated.

The population of Pakistan is extremely young (nationally 31% aged under 14) and many of the potentially affected communities are located in impoverished rural areas, where most livelihoods are dependent on farming. Approximately 56% of the surveyed households in the Project-affected districts own livestock and 29% have crop land. The average holdings of only 3 to 4 buffalo or cattle per household suggest that the rearing of this livestock is not undertaken on a commercial basis. Rather, surveyed households in the Punjab Province claim that the livestock are used to supplement household food and generate income from trade. However, households in the Balochistan Province near exclusively rely on buffalo and cattle for household food.

Nomadic and semi-nomadic populations also seasonally migrate into, and from, both affected provinces. Key issues also include women’s rights, education, and child labor.

The pipeline route will pass through relatively low population density areas. A total of 148 villages were identified within the 500 m corridor of the pipeline route, based on public GIS data made available during Project inception. These villages were considered for stakeholder engagement as Project-affected communities. A survey of 1,459 households was completed within the 148 targeted villages, across 13 districts and 2 provinces. Households were selected as randomly as possible given security and logistical constraints. Within the PAI, 31% of the population surveyed was under 14 years’ old, and the average household size is 6.5 people.

Pakistan is an ethnically diverse country with multiple languages. There are over 60 languages spoken in Pakistan, with being the official national language and a symbol of national unity, which is understood by 80% of the Pakistani population. The following main ethnic groups are identified in Pakistan: Punjabi (44.7%), Pashtun (15.4%), Sindhi (14.1%), Saraiki (8.4%), Muhajir (7.6%), and Balochi (3.6%). Other ethnic minorities make up the remaining 6.3%. These data do not represent the tribal population. The term “indigenous people” is not acknowledged or used by authorities in Pakistan; therefore, the ESIA report refers to Tribal People instead.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-18 Throughout history, ethnic, linguistic, and religious minorities have not been provided adequate protection in Pakistan. The situation is exacerbated by influxes of refugees from neighboring India and Afghanistan. The household survey confirmed that vulnerable groups also include women, children, and people with disabilities. Poverty is a key factor to vulnerability with food insecurity an issue in all the households surveyed. National data show that about 44% of Pakistani children suffer from malnutrition and 58% suffer from stunting, indicating chronic malnutrition.

Agriculture contributes to 24.7% of Pakistan’s gross domestic product (GDP), and is the main source of employment in the PAI. However, the household survey showed that the majority of working age men are actively involved in a variety of livelihood activities, including farming (crops and small number of livestock) and natural resource collection. Women are primarily based in the home and, in many instances, not allowed to actively engage in livelihoods outside of the household.

Wide disparities exist between rural and urban areas, with better access to healthcare services in urban areas. Life expectancy at birth is currently 68.1 years. Pakistan ranks 23rd in the world for deaths of children under five, with 89 deaths out of every 1,000. The WHO health profile for Pakistan lists ischaemic heart disease as the biggest cause of death at 8.4%, followed by lower respiratory infections (7.8%), stroke (6.8%) and pre-term birth complications (5.8%). Malnutrition is a major contributor to illness in all provinces. Pakistan’s risk of major infectious diseases is classified as high, with the most prevalent being acute respiratory infection (51%), malaria (16%), diarrhea (15%), dysentery (8%), and scabies (7%). Diseases related to water, sanitation, and hygiene also account for 110 deaths of children under five every day.

Although there have been improvements in recent years, Pakistan is facing a decrease in per capita water availability due to the rapid increase in population. The water shortage and increasing competition for multiple uses of water has adversely affected the quality of water. A report by Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources indicates that 44% of the total population in Pakistan is without access to safe drinking water, with this reaching 90% for the rural population.

Road traffic accidents were noted in the household survey as a significant issue in the area, where 89% of respondents noted that they were aware of a traffic accident occurring within their village during the past year. Mobile phone usage in Pakistan is significantly higher than land line usage, with approximately 68% of the population having mobile phone subscriptions compared to 2% of the population with land line subscriptions. The relatively recent roll out of 3G and 4G services has greatly increased the use of mobile phones, with 90% of the population now living in areas with mobile phone coverage. Ecosystem services were important to the households, with a majority of people using firewood for fuel.

Land ownership in Pakistan includes state land, village common land, and private land. State land is owned by the relevant state ministry, department, or public entity with formalized ownership of the affected land. Village common land includes any village that is recognized by the state as owner of common or village land. Private

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-19 land is owned by people with full rights under the law, or similar legally recognized rights. The various classifications of tenure are defined as follows:

· Titleholders are defined as private land with documented title (Intiqal), which is a document from the Board of Revenue confirming land rights; · Tenants have some form of lease agreement to use the land, this may be documented or may be more informal; and · Traditional rights are normally recorded in the form of a Wajib-ul-Arz (village administrative papers).

The majority of households in both provinces in the PAIs regard themselves as title holders to their land. Traditional rights holder is the second highest classification with 20% in Punjab compared with 7% in Balochistan. There are more tenants in Punjab at 6%, and half of them replied that they have no rights. Across the household survey in the Punjab PAI, 10.7% of the respondents had no proof of tenure. Having no proof of tenure was lower in the Balochistan PAI at 7.0%.

Phase I Impact Assessment

The Project has the potential to generate socio-economic impacts during the different phases. The potential impacts are associated with land acquisition and physical displacement, economic displacement of farms and businesses, community and worker H&S, disruption to infrastructure, employment, and influx of workers. Clearance of unexploded ordnance (UXO) areas will be undertaken prior to construction; therefore, it is not covered in the scope of the ESIA.

A key socio-economic impact is resettlement of households resulting in physical displacement. This is a long-term, irreversible impact on approximately 135 households, primarily in the Punjab Province, based on the pipeline ROW being in the centerline of the 500 m corridor. Given the vulnerability of affected populations, resulting from low income levels and, dependence on natural resources as the main source of livelihoods, the sensitivity of receptors is high. Magnitude is High, in that it represents a fundamental change way of life. In September 2019, ILF held a ROW centerline finalization workshop following the receipt of high-resolution satellite imagery. One of the objectives of the centerline workshop was to adjust the ROW centerline within the 500 m corridor at locations where E&S constraints were identified in the ESIA. The proposed ROW adjustments from the centerline workshop are intended to avoid any physical displacement. On the basis that adjustments within the 500 m corridor avoid physical displacement, the probability of this impact occurring has been reduced to low, resulting in a Medium significance.

Economic displacement by the Project (approximately over 1,000 households) is likely to be extensive. The Project will result in the loss of land and ability to access land due to the acquisition of surface rights through which the pipeline and new access roads will extent. Given the predominance of agriculture and livestock production subsistence and trade in the PAI, households and businesses that are physically displaced were also likely to experience economic displacement effects. The Project

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-20 will actively consider adjustments to the pipeline to avoid physical displacement and to reduce economic displacement as far as possible. This has been assessed as a High significance impact, which, with adoption of the mitigation measures outlined, the residual impact should be of Medium significance.

With respect to any potential physical displacement of households and the loss of their land, TPCL has committed to undertaking a resettlement and compensation process that meets both national regulatory requirements and GIIP commitments. To support this process, a Preliminary Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP) has been prepared, which will be replaced by a Land Acquisition Plan (LAP) and a separate Livelihood Restoration Plan (LRP) prior to Project construction. Special consideration will be taken for those viewed as being severely affected or vulnerable prior to the commencement of Project construction.

Changes to the natural environment will result in impacts to the use of ecosystem services within the PAI. Ecosystem services are the benefits that people, including businesses, derive from ecosystems. These include the gathering of wild fruits and vegetables, firewood collection, access to water resources, sand used for construction, and collection of medicinal plants. This is considered a Medium significance impact. With mitigation implemented, the residual significance can be reduced to Low to Negligible.

Water withdrawal for hydrotesting of the pipeline may potentially occur from the Indus, Chenab, and Sutlej Rivers, although other sources such as groundwater wells may also be used. If abstraction is allowed to occur at low flow from the Sutlej River, it could reduce the availability of river water for irrigation, livestock and water, resulting in a High significance impact. Subject to adoption of mitigation measures and agreement of the appropriate agencies, this impact should be reduced to Low to Medium significance.

Noise impacts associated with construction are predicted to be of Medium magnitude and significance. Where applicable, mitigation can be applied but proactive outreach with potentially affected settlements is essential to reducing the disruption to local settlements. It is recommended that clear and early communication with local residents is provided along with schedule information in order to make them aware of the activities to be undertaken. Monitoring of the Project Grievance Mechanism must be conducted during construction to identify any complaints made in relation to noise impacts.

Noise impacts associated with commissioning/start-up activities are expected to exceed World Bank/IFC EHS Guidelines (IFC, 2007b) daytime baseline noise limit for residential premises for settlements located up to 300 m from the pipeline. This results in a Medium significance impact, which would be reduced to Low significance with proactive outreach/consultation with potentially impact communities. An increased risk of H&S incidents due to accidental leaks and ruptures during operation would result in a Medium significance impact. Impacts associated with attacks on the pipeline or associated facilities would have a High significance. Community

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-21 investment and consultation would reduce this to Medium, but would not eliminate the risk.

The Project will have a moderate beneficial impact on employment and economic development during Phase I operation, both in the PAI and in the wider geographical area. It is estimated that at least 25% of the Project workforce will be made up of local people, which is estimated to be between 625 and 750 local persons employed over the approximately 33 months required to construct the pipeline through all 5 spreads and other Phase I facilities. Operational estimates for the Pakistan portion of the pipeline are approximately 500 people, most of whom are likely to come from outside the local area due to the specialized education and skills required. Typically, 3.2 to 3.5 jobs in service and supply sectors are also created for each direct job generated during construction. If the documented measures are implemented, employment is assessed as having a positive direct and indirect impact on the local communities. Increased local demand would be generated on healthcare and other services along the PAI, but this is considered a Low Positive significance.

The transport of pipe sections and other construction materials will inevitably increase the road traffic and increase the risk of road traffic accidents and injuries. The significance is High, which can be reduced to Medium by implementing mitigation measures that increase driver and local user awareness, provide for emergency conditions, implement the traffic management plan, and monitor/improve proactive approaches based on lessons learned on previous spreads.

Pakistan is prone to frequent violence and social conflict, with this occurring regularly in Balochistan. The social structure is multi-ethnic as Pakistan is comprised of members of tribes and subtribes living in settlements. There is an active ethnic and religious discrimination and violence occurring among and between groups. Completing this Project will involve local and migratory staff potentially from various ethnic groups working together. Given the potential for ethnic groups to shift to areas where they have not been traditionally present and given the competition for space and resources, the Project may cause additional tension and conflict between tribes. There is existing conflict between certain tribes and a tradition of suppression of certain ethnic minorities. Additionally, the ethnic composition of workers and those housed in temporary camps that will be built along the pipeline may result in conflict within the Project workforce itself. This is regarded as temporary and is assessed as of Medium significance. Mitigation measures include: developing a Community Emergency Response Plan, developing a Human Resources / Workers Management Plan, implementing a workforce code of conduct, and implementing a Grievance Mechanism. This would reduce the residual impact significance to Medium.

During Phase I construction and potentially to a lesser degree in Phase II, there is the potential to restrict the access of nomadic Tribal People to their traditional routes if these intersect the pipeline. These populations have a unique and life-sustaining connection to land. Unlike the acquisition of surface rights to land discussed above, these nomadic communities use land seasonally; therefore, they will not be included

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-22 in the formal acquisition of rights. This is seen as a High significance impact. With the development and implementation of a Tribal People Management Plan, the residual impact significance should be reduced to Medium.

Also, during Phase I construction there are potential impacts to other vulnerable groups besides nomads. These groups would be affected more than the rest of the population, resulting in an overall Medium significance impact. A key mitigation measure is the development of a workforce and development strategy and community investment program, which would reduce this to Low significance.

The mitigation measures for the various impacts are presented in Section 7.6 Socio- economics and Community Health Impact Assessment and form the basis of a Human Resources / Workers Management Framework, Traffic Management Framework, Community Health and Safety Framework, Socio-Cultural Management Framework, Gender Management Framework, Human Rights Management Framework, Tribal People Management Framework, Nomadic People Seasonal Migration Management Framework, Influx Management Framework, and other associated frameworks, all of which will be developed into plans by the EPC Contractor.

Phase II Impact Assessment

During the construction of CSs in Phase II, there will be similar but generally reduced impacts compared with Phase I. Construction-related employment will be lower than for Phase I and fewer construction camps will be required. Associated increases in H&S incidents and communicable disease incidents will also be reduced. Other impacts are expected to be similar or lower than during Phase I as there is less area affected and very little, if any, displacement.

ES.6.8 Cultural Heritage

Baseline

While satellite imagery has been used to identify remote sites from the early centuries before the Common Era (BCE) until the 19th century, many of these areas were considered too dangerous for researchers to visit. Given the historical importance of Pakistan and its rich cultural heritage in combination with limited access, there are inevitably large numbers of cultural heritage sites that are undocumented. The official Pakistan Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas of 1997 shows Balochistan as having 27 monuments under federal government protection, while the Punjab has 233 under provincial government protection and 149 under federal government protection. During a field survey conducted for the Project, four key sites located within the 500 m corridor have been identified with the potential to be impacted by the Project:

· Khojak Tunnel in the Balochistan Province; · Inzargai Karez System in the Balochistan Province; · Tomb of Hazrat Shah Yousaf (Chak No. 60/10R) in the Punjab Province; and · Naqiba Abad Archaeological Mound in the Punjab Province.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-23 All of these sites have historic, architectural, contextual, and associative values, translating as them being important archaeological and cultural heritage.

The region is very rich in cultural heritage, and due to the Project footprint, additional tangible assets are likely to be encountered on the surface or within the shallow or deep subsurface. Due to the dry climate, buried organic material preserved is expected to be high in potential.

Although there are no known intangible cultural heritage assets recorded within the Project Study Area, regional and local intangible assets that may exhibit blurred, or non-visual and non-mappable boundaries, may overlap the Project Study Area, which may be indirectly impacted by the Project.

Phase I Impact Assessment

Phase I construction involves direct activities that could affect the soil and subsoil structure, such as corridor ground levelling, earthworks, pipeline facility construction, trenching for pipelines and associated structural and buried components, vehicle movements, and creation of access to areas that were previously inaccessible. These activities are considered to have a high potential of causing impacts on archaeological remains, where present, representing a High significance impact.

Avoidance of the four identified key sites within the ROW and PAI is recommended. Although the survey team identified only one karez system (the Inzargai Karez System) during the field effort, there is potential for a number of other karez systems to be present along the pipeline route. A pre-construction survey dedicated to investigating the Khojak Tunnel, the Inzargai Karez System, along with any as yet unidentified karez systems will be required. This will inform the need for any relevant re-routing or engineering solutions required as part of the detailed design process. Care will also be required during the pre-construction activities to ensure that the pipeline does not cross the path of the Khojak Tunnel or the Inzargai Karez System.

In relation to the Tomb of Hazrat Shah Yousaf and the Naqiba Abad Archaeological Mound, these sites should also be avoided by the pipeline route. There is ample flexibility within the 500 m corridor to strategize accordingly. It is recommended that caution must be taken to avoid any damage to these sites, including any indirect damage from vibration.

In the event that these sites cannot be avoided, the Project and their contractors must work with the relevant national authorities to understand whether affected sites can be reinstated following construction and the impact that this will have on the overall value of the site.

Should any artefacts be unearthed during the excavations of the pipeline, either known or unknown, the incident must be recorded fully, authorities contacted, and the discovery and its location must be documented.

The results of the cultural heritage survey should be considered for the pre- construction planning and management process, followed by a good management

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-24 and site-specific Chance Find Procedure (CFP) developed for the Project. The EPC Contractor shall also develop a Cultural Heritage Management Plan (CHMP) to define management measures for archaeological and cultural heritage impacts.

Phase II Impact Assessment

As the baseline field survey did not locate any archaeological sites within the proposed footprint of the CSs, the main impacts will relate to as-yet unidentified items that may be impacted upon because of movement and changes to soil, subsoil, and structure. The impacts that this will cause are considered to be of Low significance due to their low probability; however, it is recommended that a CFP be implemented to reduce potential impact from occurring.

The mitigation measures are presented in Section 7.7. Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment and form the basis of the Cultural Heritage Management Framework, CFP Framework, and related frameworks, which will be developed into plans by the EPC Contractor.

ES.6.9 Landscape and Visual Amenity

Baseline

The general findings of the baseline indicate two landscape regions with medium sensitivity and two landscape regions with high sensitivity in Pakistan.

The first landscape with medium sensitivity is the City of Charman, which is situated within an open arid plain at the foot of the Sulaiman Mountains, interweaved by a web of fine perennial streams. The city has a built-up urbanized center of regular city blocks, surrounded by a sprawling suburban landscape of winding roads dividing irregular shaped blocks of villas. The second landscape with medium sensitivity is the Sulaiman Piedmont, which is an arid, hot alluvial plain at the foot of the mountain range, in which barren patches of land are fed by perennial wadis and streams.

The first landscape with high sensitivity is the Sulaiman Mountains area, comprising a landscape of dramatic vistas that is valued for its visual quality, taking in rocky, vegetated slopes and deep, steep-sided ravines and canyons. The second landscape with high sensitivity is the Indus Plain, comprising an expansive agricultural landscape whose internationally renowned character is driven by its land management, creating a vast north-south, east-west grid of green, arable fields. Infrastructure has a presence in the Indus Plain landscape, in the form of highways and canals, as do the sprawling cities of Dera Ghazi Khan and Multan. In some cases, these modern developments have developed as part of the grid land pattern, but in others they have not and are noticeable due to this cutting misalignment.

Phase I Impact Assessment

During Phase I construction, site clearance and installation of temporary roads and construction camps will introduce infrastructure into a rural landscape, which will have a degrading effect on the landscape with a Low to High significance given their severity

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-25 and probability. During Phase I operation, The AGIs will introduce industrial elements into the landscape in the form of OSs, BSs, SSs, and MSs. Though industry is not a common land use within the mountains, small-scale infrastructure elements are present along the valleys, which act as infrastructure corridors.

Although the impact of the construction phase cannot be mitigated fully, all impacts are temporary and fully reversible on the assumption that appropriate reinstatement operations occur. Residual impacts are therefore considered Low to High significance. Key mitigation measures include, dust control, noise control, high standards of construction site practice, appropriate lighting, and vegetation clearance on a minimum basis. Temporary tracks, construction camps, working areas, pipeline trench, and applicable areas of the ROW shall be reinstated back to alluvial topsoil, agricultural land, or rocky slope, with existing topsoil (or equivalent rocky layer) being returned as close as possible to its source and stored appropriately during construction. Commissioning/start-up phase activities, namely hydrotesting, are not relevant to potential impacts on the landscape character or visual amenity. Operational impacts are anticipated to be of Low significance.

Native plant communities shall be allowed to revegetate naturally to avoid noticeable changes in vegetation make-up across the landscape, leading to long-term landscape impacts. Exposed machinery, pipes, and buildings introduced into the landscape due to the AGIs shall be colored appropriately. Local materials shall be used to form buildings and around the periphery of AGIs. Lighting at AGIs shall only be used when required and shall be directed to minimize light pollution from direct shine and diffuse glare.

The mitigation measures are presented in Section 7.8. Landscape and Visual Amenity Impact Assessment and form the basis of the Landscape and Visual Impact Management Framework (LVMF) and related frameworks, which will be developed into plans by the EPC Contractor.

Phase II Impact Assessment

Construction of Phase II will introduce large-scale tall machinery into the landscape, along with active camps, visible laydown areas, and material storage. These will have a degrading effect on the landscape. These impacts are considered to be of High significance given their severity and probability. The same construction mitigation measures recommended for Phase I will apply to Phase II. This will reduce any residual impact during the construction phase to Medium significance.

During the operation phase, the CSs will be much larger installations than the other Phase I AGIs and will include a 45 m high vent stack, resulting in an impact of High significance. Measures that will be carried out to minimize impacts associated with the operation phase include ensuring exposed machinery, pipes, and buildings introduced into the landscape are colored appropriately to minimize their visual prominence within the surrounding landscape. The scale of the CSs means it is unlikely that the magnitude of impact will be reduced using color. Any screening

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-26 elements that are installed are likely to be as noticeable as the CS itself in such an open landscape, and therefore maintain the development’s visual prominence in the landscape. The associated impacts may be reduced by mitigation measures; however, they are still considered to be of Medium significance.

The mitigation measures are presented Section 7.8. Landscape and Visual Amenity Impact Assessment and form the basis of the LVMF and related frameworks, which will be developed into plans by the EPC Contractor.

ES.6.10 Climate Change

Baseline

Historical climate along the pipeline route varies substantially, with about 11 degrees Celsius (°C) temperature differentiation along the route and two-fold differences in annual precipitation from the driest to wettest location. Future climate is projected to be about 3.5 °C warmer. Annual precipitation is expected to decrease by up to 6% over about one third of the route, and increase by up to 13% over the remaining two thirds of the route. Regardless of changes to annual precipitation at a specific location, frequency and magnitude of extreme precipitation (especially that during monsoons) are expected to increase, causing increased frequency and magnitude of flood events.

Seasonal climate variation was evaluated at two locations, namely, Quetta and Multan. Annual frequency of very hot days (above 45 °C) at Quetta is expected to increase from 0 (historically) to 1 (by 2070), and at Multan is expected to increase from 6 (historically) to 19 (by 2070) with 3 days per year above 50 °C expected by 2070.

Of the historical and projected future climatic parameters evaluated, two have the most relevance with respect to pipeline infrastructure integrity and operations, namely, the frequency and magnitude of flood events (directly related to precipitation and temperature), and frequency of very hot days.

Greenhouse gases (GHG) trap heat in the atmosphere, which has the potential to lead to localized increases in temperature, depending on the concentration, abundance, and length of time in which the gas remains in the atmosphere. Depending on the level of temperature increase, there is the potential for a number of knock-on effects, including pressure on water supplies, decreased crop yields, increase in climate-related diseases, increased potential in coastal flooding, and loss of fauna and flora.

Phase I Impact Assessment

Phase I construction GHG emissions were estimated at 30,908 tonnes of carbon

dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) per annum, resulting in a High significance impact. This

was compared with the GHG emission criteria of 25,000 tCO2e per annum as set out

in IFC PS3 (2012a). Operations GHG was estimated at a worst-case of 12,648 tCO2e

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-27 per annum, resulting in a Medium significance impact when compared with the same IFC criteria.

During Phase I operation, impacts of historical and projected climate change on the Project include pipeline integrity and instability. Pipeline instability is due to scour, channel migration, buoyancy, and changes in soils. Of all the assessed impacts, only pipeline instability due to changes in soils indicated a High significant impact.

Recommendations and mitigation measures include the re-evaluation of the design during detailed design, considering the potential for increases in future scour due to projected increases in peak stream flows and the potential influence of climate change on channel migration, groundwater conditions, and soil stability. Where possible and through technology advances, the reduction of GHG emissions is recommended through the use of clean energy (renewable energy). Every five years, the climate risk assessment provided in the ESIA report should be updated based on the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) data, and a reassessment of the design considering the potential influence of climate change should be undertaken.

The residual impacts following the allowance for climate change risk for the 40-year operational phase of the Project and the requirements for emissions reduction during construction review would serve to reduce climate change impacts. However, significant uncertainty remains until the details design measures are defined.

Climate change mitigation measures are presented in Section 7.9 Climate Change Impact Assessment and form the basis of a Climate Change Management Framework in relation to emission reduction and climate risk and adaptation mitigation measures, which will be developed into a plan by the EPC Contractor.

Phase II Impact Assessment

Phase II construction GHG emissions were estimated at 6,994 tCO2e per annum, resulting in a Low significance impact when compared with IFC PS3 (2012a) criteria.

During operations, GHG emissions were estimated at 20,256 tCO2e per annum, resulting in a Medium significance impact when compared with the same IFC criteria. Mitigation to reduce GHG is the application of BAT.

Impacts of climate change on the CS operation have been assessed in relation to decreases in CS capacity or cessation of operations due to heat events affecting coolers, assessed as of Medium significance, and to effects of humidity and wind on cooling compressor performance, assessed as of Medium significance.

Design re-evaluation is suggested as a mitigation measure, together with similar mitigation measures to those proposed for Phase I. Climate change mitigation measures are presented in Section 7.9 Climate Change Impact Assessment and form the basis of a Climate Change Management Framework in relation to emission reduction and climate risk and adaptation mitigation measures, which will be developed into a plan by the EPC Contractor.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-28 ES.6.11 Transboundary Impacts

It is anticipated that some planned Project activities (such as operation of plant and equipment) have the potential to result in transboundary impacts given that they will be taking place close to, or across, national boundaries. Several activities with the potential to cause transboundary impacts have been identified, including:

· Changes in air quality (impacts on sensitive receptors); · Changes in noise levels (impacts on sensitive receptors); · Changes in surface water quality of river systems crossing more than one country; · Project activities resulting in impacts on migratory species, including birds; · Project activities resulting in impacts on biodiversity, flora, and fauna associated with the river crossings; and · Project activities resulting in labor team movement across international borders.

Potential transboundary impacts assessed in the ESIA report are associated with Phase I only. No transboundary impacts are anticipated during Phase II, based on the distance between the CSs proposed in Phase II and national borders,

Since the pipeline runs between Afghanistan and Pakistan and crosses through the Afghanistan and India borders, population or habitats in Afghanistan and India may be impacted by transboundary air quality effects resulting from the operation of the AGIs closest to the border. The Sohe residential receptor in Afghanistan, located just 1.1 km northeast of the starting point of the pipeline route at the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, is not expected to experience air quality impacts from the operation of the AGIs. Isolated dwellings south of Pacca Chishti in India, located approximately 1.9 km east if the finishing point of the pipeline route at the Pakistan-India border, is predicted

to experience relative low concentrations of NO2, with the short-term 1-hour NO2 concentrations estimated to be 13% of the WHO guideline value. This residential receptor represents the worst-case transboundary air quality impacts. In general, the impact during operation is expected to be of Medium significance at closest receptors beyond the Pakistan border, and Low significance at receptors located further away from the source.

Transboundary noise and physical environment impacts were assessed as of Negligible to Low significance.

A precautionary approach has assessed the transboundary impacts associated with the loss of habitat for migratory species to be of Medium significance. Preparation and implementation of a BMP, based on the mitigation measures provided in the ESIA, would potentially reduce this significance.

ES.6.12 Cumulative Impacts

The ESIA report has assessed potential Project impacts, which, when combined with impacts from other approved or planned developments in the region, can reasonably be expected to have a combined incremental or synergistic interaction or effect.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-29 A number of new infrastructure projects are planned within Pakistan, which are aimed at growing and stabilizing energy supply across the country, promoting economic and social development, and reducing poverty by rehabilitating, improving, and growing road network links. There is limited specific information on new projects and their impacts, which is considered a limitation to this cumulative assessment. However, a cumulative impact assessment has been completed where possible.

The Project, in combination with other planned projects within the region, has the potential to cumulatively impact the ambient air quality and noise levels in the area. While the estimated air emissions and noise generation from other projects are unknown, there is the potential for cumulative impacts. The construction of road schemes, transmission lines, and railway that will run parallel with the TAPI pipeline are also likely to generate a cumulative impact. The cumulative air quality impact during all Project phases is expected to have a High significance. The cumulative noise impact is expected to have a Medium significance during construction, commissioning/start-up, and decommissioning, and a Low significance during operation (including emergency scenarios).

Cumulative impacts on soil, groundwater, and surface water resources, especially during construction and commissioning/stat-up, have the potential for adverse effects. However, assuming adequate coordination between project developers, general standards of good practice, control under applicable legislation, and implementation of mitigation measures, the impact is considered to have a Low magnitude and a Low significance. A High significance cumulative impact on karez systems / irrigation pattern is expected during Project operation, due to additional loss of land available for traditional karez development.

The cumulative effect of development across numerous projects can result in a large total habitat area being lost or degraded. This can impact populations of various species, causing declines in numbers. Smaller populations and reduced genetic diversity can result in a shift in population status toward the direction of losing a species from the area, or, potential extinction. Impacts associated with the planned projects can ultimately negatively affect the ecology of other regions to which species annually migrate. All these factors resulting in a High significance cumulative impact on ecology and biodiversity.

The other projects identified in the region, particularly those adjacent to the pipeline, are likely to use the same local transportation routes as the Project, add to the land take during construction, and increase the number of workers in the area. This will lead to increased road usage, widespread disruption to livelihoods, and increase community H&S impacts from worker influx. There is potential for a cumulative positive effect on employment, particularly during the construction of these projects, if the projects use the local labor force for construction activities. Considering these factors, the impact is determined to be of Medium significance.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-30 ES.7 Stakeholder Engagement

Stakeholder engagement is an important part of the ESIA Process, allowing stakeholders to interact with the decision-making process, express their views whether positive or negative, and help in the development of appropriate mitigation measures and technical solutions.

Effective engagement involves sharing information and knowledge, seeking to understand and respond to the concerns of potentially impacted or affected individuals, and building relationships based on trust. Stakeholders are defined as individuals, groups, or organizations who have an interest in the Project, or who may be affected by it, directly or indirectly, positively or negatively.

ESIA engagement commenced by holding meetings with authorities at national and provincial levels. Other stakeholders, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international financing institutions (IFIs), inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), representatives of Project-affected communities, academics, and media representatives were also invited to attend these meetings, where possible. Separate meetings were held for NGOs and international organizations at national level, in order to allow these organizations an additional opportunity for engagement. In addition, international organizations that are active in the country, but not known to have an active local office, were provided with information about the Project and the ESIA Process via email and invited to offer comments and suggestions. Consultation meetings were held in all the 54 villages identified within the 500 m corridor, in addition to villages beyond that area where secondary impacts could occur. A total of 196 village meetings were held, with a total of 2,122 attendees. The Project was introduced and the ESIA and resettlement processes explained. The main issues and concerns of the local communities and other key stakeholders included the delivery of jobs to the local community, access to energy, appropriate compensation for land acquisition, infrastructure improvements, and physical displacement.

At district level, there was a strong emphasis on employment opportunities and community needs were also referred to by the majority of districts. Other issues raised included vulnerability of small landowners, damage to crops and trees, damage to infrastructure, loss of agricultural land, and vulnerability of widows.

Stakeholder engagement in the field was hampered by the security situation and cultural constraints, particularly in Balochistan where the law and order situation was continuously changing due to insurgent attacks and search/counterattack operations conducted by the armed forces. It is understood that widespread engagement with all members of society, including women and those directly impacted by the Project is a cornerstone of all GIIP developments. However, given the background of Pakistan and the issues noted with regard to women as a vulnerable group, the field effort for stakeholder engagement with vulnerable groups in Pakistan was understandably limited.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-31 Nine villages were identified as being within the 38 m construction ROW and 287 villages were within the 500 m corridor. Rather than conducting engagement activities in all villages in the PAI, it was decided to cluster village meetings by Union Councils. A Union Council is a local administrative unit and comprises of a large village and smaller surrounding villages. A total of 34 Union Council meetings were held, including 26 in Punjab (covering 117 villages) and 8 in Balochistan (covering 51 villages). A total of 46 Focus Group Discussions (FGD)s were also held in 18 villages, attended by 336 people (an average of 7.3 attendees per meeting). The FGD were conducted with the aim of obtaining a cross-section of the local community to include women, farmers, tenants, and village elders.

Meetings were also planned with vulnerable groups; however, given the cultural and security constraints, only meetings with women were possible, with seven meetings in Punjab (59 attendees) and six meetings in Balochistan (42 attendees). The term ‘vulnerable groups’ does not appear to be well understood in this cultural environment combined with the fact that minorities can tend to be ostracized in these communities; therefore, it was considered dangerous to draw attention to them. Thus, no separate FGDs were held for other vulnerable groups.

A good cross-section of the village communities attended the engagement meetings. Overall, stakeholders mostly asked questions about the Project and had concerns about compensation (for loss of land, houses, or crops), local village employment, and the schedule/time frame of the Project.

At village level, issues raised included local village employment (including young and illiterate people), potential for devaluation of land, damage to crops, trees, and infrastructure, land acquisition and compensation, damage to water channels, and the need for continued engagement with the communities.

Based upon consultation with the EPA and in line with EPA requirements, public hearings were undertaken in Balochistan in July 2019 and in Punjab in April 2019 to disclose findings of the Draft ESIA report. During the hearings, questions were raised regarding land acquisition, employment, safety and security, social welfare projects, and deforestation concerns and feedback was noted.

At this time no official grievances have been submitted to the Project. Concerns in relation to the Project are presented in Chapter 12. Stakeholder Engagement and Public Consultation, and additional information will be gathered as part of the ESIA disclosure process.

Plans for subsequent and ongoing engagement and a Grievance Mechanism are also outlined in Chapter 12. Future engagement to disclose the ESIA is planned in parallel with LARP (which will be replaced by a LAP and a separate LRP) disclosure to satisfy GIIP, which will be undertaken by TPCL and Project Management Team (or their contractors) at a detailed design stage.

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-32 ES.8 Environmental and Social Management Framework and System

The EPC Contractor shall establish and maintain an Environmental and Social Management Program for the Project, for managing, mitigating, or enhancing E&S impacts identified in this ESIA. The Environmental and Social Management Program shall consist of individual management plans that identify the specific management, mitigation, or enhancement measures for each key E&S aspect associated with the Project. The individual management plans shall be developed, implemented, and maintained according to the Project’s Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS) planning cycle.

To provide information and guidance for the EPC Contractor to develop the individual management plans, a Preliminary Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) has been developed as part of the ESIA report. The Preliminary ESMF includes individual management framework documents, which provide the specific framework within which detailed, Project-specific management plans shall be produced. As a minimum, the management, mitigation, and enhancement measures identified in the ESIA report shall be included in the relevant individual management plans. Additional measures based on GIIP, which may not be covered in the ESIA report, shall also be considered and implemented by the EPC Contractor.

A complete list of the specific management frameworks that will be made available to the EPC Contractor is provided as follows (most of these framework documents are provided in Appendix F of the ESIA report, except for those that are indicated as “still being developed”):

· Environment-focused: - Air Quality Management Framework; - Water Management Framework; - Waste Management Framework; - Noise and Vibration Management Framework; - Watercourse Crossing Management Framework; - Horizontal Directional Drilling Environmental Management Framework; - Sediment and Erosion Control Framework; - Hydrotest Environmental Management Framework; - Spill Prevention and Response Framework; - Hazardous Materials Management Framework; - Emergency Management and Response Framework; - Biodiversity Management Framework; - Climate Change Management Framework; and - Flooding Management Framework (still being developed); · Socio-economics and community health-focused: - Human Resources / Workers Management Framework; - Traffic Management Framework; - Community Health and Safety Framework; - Socio-Cultural Management Framework;

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-33 - Gender Management Framework; - Human Rights Management Framework; - Tribal People Management Framework; - Nomadic People Seasonal Migration Management Framework; - Cultural Heritage Management Framework; - Chance Finds Procedure Framework; - Influx Management Framework; - Landscape and Visual Impact Management Framework; - Cumulative Impacts Management Framework; - Local Content Framework; - Stakeholder Engagement Plan; - Community Development Framework (still being developed); - Land Acquisition and Compensation Framework (still being developed); - Livelihood Restoration Framework (still being developed); - Occupational Health and Safety Program (still being developed); and - Construction Camp Management Framework (still being developed).

ESIA_Pakistan_Executive_Summary Page ES-34 REFERENCES

Government of the Punjab, Law and Parliamentary Affairs Department, 2016a. Punjab Environmental Quality Standards for Noise.

Government of the Punjab, Law and Parliamentary Affairs Department. 2016b. Punjab Environmental Quality Standards for Drinking Water.

International Finance Corporation (IFC), 2007a. General Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines: Occupational Health and Safety.

International Finance Corporation (IFC), 2007b. World Bank Group. Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines. General EHS Guidelines: Environmental – Noise Management.

International Finance Corporation (IFC), 2012a. Performance Standard 3. Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention. January 1st https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/1f9c590b-a09f- 42e9-968c-c050d0f00fc9/PS3_English_2012.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=jiVQIwF.

International Finance Corporation (IFC), 2019. Guidance Note 6 - Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources.

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), 2010a. National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise.

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), 2010b. National Environmental Quality Standards for Drinking Water.

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