DOCSLIB.ORG

TACR: PRC: Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Development

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TACR: PRC: Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Development Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 43356 / TA 7402 Capacity Development Technical Assistance (CDTA) January 2012 People’s Republic of China: Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Development (Financed by the Climate Change Fund) Prepared by: Team Leader: Jorge Servert; Co-Team Leader: Wang Zhifeng; International Technical Expert: Diego Martinez; International Financial Expert: Zhu Li; Coordinator: Hu Jicai; National Technical Experts: Ma Chongfan, Huan Dongfeng, Lu Zhenwu, Zhang Suhua, Lin Bao, lui Huaiquan, Chen Changzheng. Revisions: Revision Date Comment Signatures Originated Checked Approved by by by ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank AEBIOM – European Biomass Association AEEG – Gas and Electric Energy Authority ARRA – American Recovery and Reinvestment Act CAPEX – Capital Expenditures CAS – Chinese academy of Sciences CHEC – China Huadian Engineering Company CO – Coordinator CNRS – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CRS – Power Towers or Central Receiver Systems CSIRO – Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CSP – Concentrating Solar Thermal CSP – Concentrating Solar Power CTL – Co-Team Leader DE – Dish/engine Systems DLR – Germany's national research center for aeronautics and space DNI – Direct Normal Irradiation DSG – Direct Steam Generation EA – Environmental Analyst EEC – Energy Economist EGEC – European Geothermal Energy Council EIRF – Environmental Impact Registration Form EIS – Environmental Impact Statement ENEA – Ente Nazionale per l’Energia, l’Ambiente e le Nuove Tecnologie EPC – Engineering, Procurement and Construction EPCM – Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Management EPIA – European Photovoltaic Industry Association EREC – European Renewable Energy Council EREF – European Renewable Energies Federation ESHA – European Small Hydropower Association ESTELA – European Solar Thermal Electricity Association ESTIF – European Solar Thermal Industry Federation EUBIA – European Biomass Industry Association EU-OEA – European Ocean Energy Association EUREC – Agency - European Association of Renewable Energy Research Centers EWEA – European Wind Energy Association FA – Financial Analyst FIT – Feed In Tariff FLG – Federal Loan Guarantee GDP – Gross Domestic Product GHG – Greenhouse Gas GME – Gestore del Mercato Elettrico GW – Gigawatt ha – hectare HTF – Heat Transfer Fluid HVAC – High Voltage Alternating Current HVDC – High Voltage Direct Current IEA – International Energy Agency IRENA – International Renewable Energy Agency ISCCS – Integrated Solar Combined Cycle System ISES – International Solar Energy Society ISO – International Standard Organization ITC – Investment Tax Credit ITE – International Technical Expert (ITE) ITL – International Team Leader JEDI – Job and Economic Development Impact kWe – electric kilowatt kWh – kilowatt-hour kW – thermal kilowatt LCOE – Leveraged cost of Electricity LF – Linear Fresnel reflector system MENA – Middle East and North Africa MGP – Mercato del Giorno Prima MITC – Manufacturing Investment Tax Credit MOST – Ministry of Science and Technology MTC – Manufacturing Tax Credit MW – Megawatt MWe – Electric Megawatt MWh – Megawatt per Hour MWt – Thermal Megawatt NDRC – National Development and Reform Commission NEA – National Energy Administration NREL – National Renewable Energy Laboratory NSI – Nevada Solar One NTE – National Technical Expert OECD – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OPEX – Operational expenditure O&M – Operation and Management costs PPA – Power Purchase Agreement PPP – Power Purchase Price PPPa – Public Private Partnership PRC – People's Republic of China PROTERMOSOLAR – Spanish association of thermo-electric industry PSA – Plataforma Solar de Almería PSI – Paul Scherrer Institute PT – Parabolic Troughs PTC – Parabolic-trough collector PV – Photovoltaic RE – Renewable Energy REC – Renewable Energy Certificate REN21 – Renewable Energy Policy network for 21st Century CNY – Renminbi R&D – Research and Development SDPC – State Development and Planning Commission SDS – Social Development Specialist SEGS – Solar Energy Generating System SEIA – Solar Energy Industries Association SERC – State Electricity Regulatory Commission S – State Economic and Trade Commission SNLA – Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque SPC – State planning commission SPM – Suspended Particle Matter SRFU – Solar Research Facilities Unit SSPS – Small Solar Power Systems SWOT – Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats TA – Technical Assistance TEIAR – Tabular environmental Impact Assessment Report TES – Thermal energy storage TGP – Treasury Grant Programs WACC – Weighted Average Cost of Capital WREN – World Renewable Energy Congress INDEX 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (KEY FINDINGS) 10 1.1 Outputs 10 1.2 Key findings 10 2 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 16 2.1 Project Background & rationale 16 2.2 Scope of the Technical Assistance 17 3 TASK 1: ROAD MAP FOR CSP DEVELOPMENT IN GANSU AND QINGHAI 20 3.1 Key Findings 20 3.2 Road map rationale 20 3.3 Background and situation analysis 20 3.3.1 The solar concentrating technologies 20 3.3.2 Worldwide current situation 24 3.3.3 People´s Republic of China (PRC) 25 3.3.3.1 People´s Republic of China energy mix 25 3.3.3.2 Gansu and Qinghai energy mix 26 3.4 Strategic analysis 26 3.4.1 SWOT 27 3.4.2 Benchmarks 28 3.4.3 Risk, mitigation and contingency 29 3.4.3.1 Risks associated to regulation 29 3.4.3.2 Risks associated to population and society 31 3.4.3.3 Risks associated to manufacturing industry 31 3.4.3.4 Risks associated to investors 33 3.4.3.5 Risks associated to weather: 35 3.4.3.6 Risks associated to plants needed supplies 36 3.4.3.7 Risks associated to grid 37 3.4.4 Barriers 38 3.4.5 Potential barriers 38 3.5 CSP deployment: electricity generation, cumulative installed capacity, value proposition & share on the national energy mix by 2040 39 3.5.1 CSP developing scenario in PRC 39 3.5.2 Business-as-Usual scenario (BAU) 43 3.5.3 Intermediate Scenario 44 3.5.4 Proactive Scenario 45 3.5.5 Deployment 2012-2017 46 3.5.6 Deployment 2017-2022 47 3.5.7 Deployment 2022-2027 47 3.5.8 Deployment 2027-2032 48 3.6 Toward competitiviness, grid parity, cost for society. 48 3.6.1 Introduction 48 3.6.2 Investment reduction 49 3.6.3 Operation and maintenance costs 50 3.6.4 Financial hypothesis 50 3.6.5 Cost for society 51 3.7 Key actions to promote and support CSP 54 3.8 Action plan 55 3.8.1 Actions for National, regional and local government 55 3.8.2 Actions for Utilities and National State Grid 58 3.8.3 Actions for financial institutions 60 3.8.4 Actions for Universities and Research Centers 60 3.8.5 Technologies and R&D 60 4 PILOT PROJECT 1 MWE DAHAN TOWER PLANT 63 4.1 Background 63 4.2 Key Findings and lessons learned 64 4.3 Pilot MW-scale project review 64 4.3.1 Background information 64 4.3.2 Project funding 64 4.3.3 Main research tasks 65 4.3.4 Stakeholders in the pilot project 65 4.3.5 Major barriers in implementation 66 4.4 1MW Dahan tower plant review 66 4.4.1 Location 66 4.4.2 System design 67 4.4.3 Equipment procurement 67 4.4.4 Stakeholders in the pilot project 67 4.4.5 Status of Dahan tower plant 68 4.5 Economic and financial analysis on 1MWe Dahan tower plant 70 4.5.1 Economic analysis 71 4.5.2 Levelized Cost of Electricity 71 4.5.3 Financial analysis 72 4.5.4 Return on Equity based on Cash Flow 72 4.5.5 Suggested power purchase price 72 4.6 Measures to promote the CSP development 72 4.6.1 Cost reduction 72 4.6.2 Political incentives 73 5 SITE SELECTION & PREFEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT FOR 50 MW DEMO CSP PLANTS IN GANSU AND QINGHAI 74 5.1 Background 74 5.2 Key Findings 74 5.3 Rationale of a CSP project in Gansu and Qinghai 75 5.4 Project sites description (Site selection rationale description) 76 5.4.1 Qualitative multi-criteria analysis 77 5.4.2 Technical Criteria 77 5.5 Socio-Economic Criteria 77 5.5.1 Environmental Criteria 78 5.5.2 Site Selection for Gansu 78 5.5.3 Site Selection for Qinghai 78 5.5.4 Gansu 79 5.5.5 Qinghai 79 5.6 Prefeasibility assessment 80 5.6.1 Technical 80 5.6.2 Economical and Financial Analysis 82 5.6.2.1 Economic Assessment 82 5.6.2.2 Financial Assessment 83 5.6.3 Social analysis 88 5.6.4 Possible social impacts 88 5.6.5 Land used 89 5.6.6 Demographic impact 89 5.6.7 Involuntary resettlement 89 5.6.8 Economic impact 89 5.6.9 Employment and income 89 5.6.10 Social acceptance issue 89 5.6.11 Environmental Impact 90 5.6.12 EIA requirements for the Project 90 5.6.13 Soil erosion 90 5.6.14 Biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resources management 90 5.6.15 Pollution prevention and abatement 91 5.6.16 Management of hazardous materials and pesticide use 91 5.6.17 Greenhouse gas emissions 91 5.6.18 Health and safety 91 5.6.19 Induced and cumulative impacts 91 5.6.20 Physical cultural resources 92 5.6.21 Conclusions and recommendations 92 5.6.22 Risk analysis 92 5.7 Suggestions on CSP incentive policies 94 5.7.1 Tariff or electricity price set up 94 5.7.2 Supply information and promote training 94 5.7.3 Policy 94 5.7.4 New technologies 95 5.7.5 Value chain development 95 5.7.6 International cooperation 95 5.7.7 Promote the development of High Voltage Direct Current lines 95 6 ASSESSMENT AND STRENGTHENING OF INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY 97 6.1 Background 97 6.2 Key Findings 97 6.2.1 Catalogue of capacities needed for CSP 98 6.2.2 Institution capacities needed for CSP 99 6.2.3 Assessment of institutional capacities in PRC 100 6.2.3.1 Overview of CSP development in PRC 100 6.2.3.2 Institution capacity existing in PRC 101 6.2.4 Gap Identification 109 6.3 Formulation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Can Brazil Replicate China's Successful Solar Industry?
    Can Brazil replicate China’s successful solar industry? He Nuoshu and Fabio Couto Jr. A solar power station in Xuzhou, Jiangsu province, southeast China (Image: Zhiyong Fu / Greenpeace) China’s booming solar market offers many lessons for other emerging economies This report examines the shared experiences of China and Brazil in both nations’ efforts to develop domestic solar industries. The report, which synthesises two articles and includes policy recommendations borrowed from the Chinese experience, first appeared on Diálogo Chino and is published in partnership with Instituto Clima e Sociedade (ICS). History China’s solar power sector started to boom in recent years – not only in manufacturing, but also in domestic installations – thanks to strong government backing and a favourable policy environment. The rate of growth has stunned the world, as has the falling cost, beating expectations even of industry insiders. By the end of 2015, China had 43 gigawatts of installed solar power, and had overtaken Germany, another country that saw strong industrial policy supporting solar power, as the global leader. Last year, eight of the top-10 solar PV module manufacturers were Chinese. But the history is a longer one. The Chinese government has supported research and development (R&D) on solar PV since the 1950s, mainly for its uses in space. A PV module manufacturing industry developed during the 1990s. It remained small and of variable quality but became a crucial part of providing energy access to remote communities. The Brightness Programme, launched in 1996, was the first national policy to bring electricity access to off-grid areas of western China using renewable energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Energies for the 21St Century
    THE collEcTion 1 w The atom 2 w Radioactivity 3 w Radiation and man 4 w Energy 5 w Nuclear energy: fusion and fission 6 w How a nuclear reactor works 7 w The nuclear fuel cycle 8 w Microelectronics 9 w The laser: a concentrate of light 10 w Medical imaging 11 w Nuclear astrophysics 12 w Hydrogen 13 w The Sun 14 w Radioactive waste 15 w The climate 16 w Numerical simulation 17 w Earthquakes 18 w The nanoworld 19 w Energies for the 21st century © French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, 2010 Communication Division Head Office 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex - www.cea.fr ISSN 1637-5408. w Low-carbon energies for a sustainable future FROM RESEARCH TO INDUSTRY 19 w energies for the 21st century InnovatIng for nuclear energy DomestIcatIng solar power BIofuel proDuctIon DevelopIng BatterIes anD fuel cells thermonuclear fusIon 2 w contents century © Jack Star/PhotoLink st Innovating for nuclear ENERgY 6 The beginnings of nuclear energy in France 7 The third generation 8 Generation IV: new concepts 10 DEveloping batteries and fuel cells 25 Domesticating solar Lithium-ion batteries 26 pOwer 13 A different application for Thermal solar power 15 each battery 27 Photovoltaic solar power 16 Hydrogen: an energy carrier 29 Concentrated solar power 19 Thermonuclear fusion 31 BIOFUEL production 20 Tokamak research 33 Biomass 21 ITER project 34 Energies for the 21 2nd generation biofuels 22 Designed and produced by: MAYA press - Printed by: Pure Impression - Cover photo: © Jack Star/PhotoLink - Illustrations : YUVANOE - 09/2010 Low-carbon energies for a sustainable future 19 w Energies for the 21st century w> IntroIntroDuctIon 3 The depletion of fossil resources and global warming are encoura- ging the development of research into new energy technologies (on the left, Zoé, France’s first nuclear reactor, on the right, the national institute for solar power).
    [Show full text]
  • Fulfilling the Promise of Concentrating Solar Power Low-Cost Incentives Can Spur Innovation in the Solar Market
    AGENCY/PHOTOGRAPHER ASSOCIATED PRESS ASSOCIATED Fulfilling the Promise of Concentrating Solar Power Low-Cost Incentives Can Spur Innovation in the Solar Market By Sean Pool and John Dos Passos Coggin June 2013 WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG Fulfilling the Promise of Concentrating Solar Power Low-Cost Incentives Can Spur Innovation in the Solar Market By Sean Pool and John Dos Passos Coggin May 2013 Contents 1 Introduction and summary 3 6 reasons to support concentrating solar power 5 Concentrating solar power is a proven zero-carbon technology with high growth potential 6 Concentrating solar power can be used for baseload power 7 Concentrating solar power has few impacts on natural resources 8 Concentrating solar power creates jobs Concentrating solar power is low-cost electricity 9 Concentrating solar power is carbon-free electricity on a budget 11 Market and regulatory challenges to innovation and deployment of CSP technology 13 Low-cost policy solutions to reduce risk, promote investment, and drive innovation 14 Existing policy framework 15 Policy reforms to reduce risk and the cost of capital 17 Establish an independent clean energy deployment bank 18 Implement CLEAN contracts or feed-in tariffs Reinstate the Department of Energy’s Loan Guarantee Program 19 Price carbon Policy reforms to streamline regulation and tax treatment 20 Tax reform for capital-intensive clean energy technologies Guarantee transmission-grid connection for solar projects 21 Stabilize and monetize existing tax incentives 22 Further streamline regulatory approval by creating an interagency one-stop shop for solar power 23 Regulatory transparency 24 Conclusion 26 About the authors 27 Endnotes Introduction and summary Concentrating solar power—also known as concentrated solar power, concen- trated solar thermal, and CSP—is a cost-effective way to produce electricity while reducing our dependence on foreign oil, improving domestic energy-price stabil- ity, reducing carbon emissions, cleaning our air, promoting economic growth, and creating jobs.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Solar Community Energy Storage for Supporting Hawaii's 100% Renewable Energy Goals Erin Takata [email protected]
    The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Master's Projects and Capstones Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects Spring 5-19-2017 Analysis of Solar Community Energy Storage for Supporting Hawaii's 100% Renewable Energy Goals Erin Takata [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/capstone Part of the Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Oil, Gas, and Energy Commons, and the Sustainability Commons Recommended Citation Takata, Erin, "Analysis of Solar Community Energy Storage for Supporting Hawaii's 100% Renewable Energy Goals" (2017). Master's Projects and Capstones. 544. https://repository.usfca.edu/capstone/544 This Project/Capstone is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Projects and Capstones by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This Master's Project Analysis of Solar Community Energy Storage for Supporting Hawaii’s 100% Renewable Energy Goals by Erin Takata is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: Master of Science in Environmental Management at the University of San Francisco Submitted: Received: ...................................……….. ................................………….
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Developments in Heat Transfer Fluids Used for Solar
    enewa f R bl o e ls E a n t e n r e g Journal of y m a a n d d n u A Srivastva et al., J Fundam Renewable Energy Appl 2015, 5:6 F p f p Fundamentals of Renewable Energy o l i l ISSN: 2090-4541c a a n t r i DOI: 10.4172/2090-4541.1000189 o u n o s J and Applications Review Article Open Access Recent Developments in Heat Transfer Fluids Used for Solar Thermal Energy Applications Umish Srivastva1*, RK Malhotra2 and SC Kaushik3 1Indian Oil Corporation Limited, RandD Centre, Faridabad, Haryana, India 2MREI, Faridabad, Haryana, India 3Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India Abstract Solar thermal collectors are emerging as a prime mode of harnessing the solar radiations for generation of alternate energy. Heat transfer fluids (HTFs) are employed for transferring and utilizing the solar heat collected via solar thermal energy collectors. Solar thermal collectors are commonly categorized into low temperature collectors, medium temperature collectors and high temperature collectors. Low temperature solar collectors use phase changing refrigerants and water as heat transfer fluids. Degrading water quality in certain geographic locations and high freezing point is hampering its suitability and hence use of water-glycol mixtures as well as water-based nano fluids are gaining momentum in low temperature solar collector applications. Hydrocarbons like propane, pentane and butane are also used as refrigerants in many cases. HTFs used in medium temperature solar collectors include water, water- glycol mixtures – the emerging “green glycol” i.e., trimethylene glycol and also a whole range of naturally occurring hydrocarbon oils in various compositions such as aromatic oils, naphthenic oils and paraffinic oils in their increasing order of operating temperatures.
    [Show full text]
  • Clean Energy Development in China --The Real Potential and Real Challenge
    Clean energy development in China --the real potential and real challenge Include a relevant picture or December 04, Tsinghua University event theme banner to make the slide more interesting Lixiao ZHANG, Professor School of Environment Beijing Normal University Today’s Topics 1 The resource potential and development status of China’s CE 2 Renewability of biomass energy in China 3 MFA/LCA/EA of wind power development in China Clean energy development in China Date and Location Pre-talk questions Why for clean production and recycling? What’s the difference between the concepts of clean energy, renewable energy, non-fossil energy? Do you think or believe clean energy will play a big role in future energy mix in China as well as at worldwide? Clean energy development in China Date and Location Changes of focus for sustainable development in China Xu, 2019 Clean energy development in China Date and Location Cleaner production and clean energy Clean energy development in China Date and Location Cleaner production and clean energy Clean energy development in China Date and Location The resource potential and development status of China’s CE Clean energy development in China Date and Location Clean energy family Hydroenergy Wind Energy Solar Energy Biomass Energy Geothermal Energy Nuclear energy Clean energy development in China Date and Location The resource potentialGLOBAL WIND ATLAS estimation MEAN WIND POWER DENSITY MAP CHINA Hydro energy resource Wind resource Solar resource Technical exploitation Explored capacity Type This map is printed using the Global Wind Atlas online application website (v.3.0) owned by the Technical University of Denmark.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison Between Concentrated Solar Power and Gas-Based Generation in Terms of Economic and Flexibility-Related Aspects in Chile
    energies Article Comparison between Concentrated Solar Power and Gas-Based Generation in Terms of Economic and Flexibility-Related Aspects in Chile Catalina Hernández Moris 1 , Maria Teresa Cerda Guevara 1,* , Alois Salmon 1 and Alvaro Lorca 2 1 Fraunhofer Chile Research Foundation, Santiago 7820436, Chile; [email protected] (C.H.M.); [email protected] (A.S.) 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, UC Energy Research Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The energy sector in Chile demands a significant increase in renewable energy sources in the near future, and concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies are becoming increasingly competitive as compared to natural gas plants. Motivated by this, this paper presents a comparison between solar technologies such as hybrid plants and natural gas-based thermal technologies, as both technologies share several characteristics that are comparable and beneficial for the power grid. This comparison is made from an economic point of view using the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) metric and in terms of the systemic benefits related to flexibility, which is very much required due to the current decarbonization scenario of Chile’s energy matrix. The results show that the LCOE of the four hybrid plant models studied is lower than the LCOE of the gas plant. A solar hybrid plant configuration composed of a photovoltaic and solar tower plant (STP) with 13 h of storage Citation: Hernández Moris, C.; and without generation restrictions has an LCOE 53 USD/MWh, while the natural gas technology Cerda Guevara, M.T.; Salmon, A.; Lorca, Á.G.
    [Show full text]
  • Desert Visions
    erts in just six hours could power all of cilitator, encouraging governments and humankind for one year. Knies started the funders to take on solar and wind power Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy projects. One of its ¿ rst reference proj- Corporation (TREC), which developed ects will be a 500-MW solar power plant the Desertec concept with scientists from developed in cooperation with the Mo- the German Aerospace Center. TREC be- roccan Agency for Solar Energy (MA- came the Desertec Foundation in 2009, SEN). The plant will use a combination and now Knies serves as chair of the su- of technologies: 400 MW of concentrated pervisory board. solar power (CSP) and 100 MW of pho- Desertec proponents see the initiative tovoltaics (PV). Eighty percent of the as a “win-win” scenario, with both prac- electricity generated will be exported to tical and idealistic bene¿ ts. European Europe, carried by the transmission line countries would get additional sources of now used to ferry electricity in the other Initiative Regional power to ful¿ l their goals for transition- direction from Spain. • Desert ing from fossil fuels to renewable elec- Dii is also working with the utility tricity. The MENA countries would gain company STEG Energie Renouvelable visions sources of sustainable power to support to examine the feasibility of building the needs of their growing populations, large-scale solar and wind projects and Corinna Wu as well as a valuable product for export. transmission lines in Tunisia. Egypt The economic stimulus would create jobs and Algeria are also talking with Dii to on both sides of the Mediterranean, and ¿ nd avenues of cooperation, according ater may be scarce in the Sa- the sharing of electricity across the grid to van Son.
    [Show full text]
  • Planning for the Energy Transition: Solar Photovoltaics in Arizona By
    Planning for the Energy Transition: Solar Photovoltaics in Arizona by Debaleena Majumdar A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved November 2018 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Martin J. Pasqualetti, Chair David Pijawka Randall Cerveny Meagan Ehlenz ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY December 2018 ABSTRACT Arizona’s population has been increasing quickly in recent decades and is expected to rise an additional 40%-80% by 2050. In response, the total annual energy demand would increase by an additional 30-60 TWh (terawatt-hours). Development of solar photovoltaic (PV) can sustainably contribute to meet this growing energy demand. This dissertation focuses on solar PV development at three different spatial planning levels: the state level (state of Arizona); the metropolitan level (Phoenix Metropolitan Statistical Area); and the city level. At the State level, this thesis answers how much suitable land is available for utility-scale PV development and how future land cover changes may affect the availability of this land. Less than two percent of Arizona's land is considered Excellent for PV development, most of which is private or state trust land. If this suitable land is not set-aside, Arizona would then have to depend on less suitable lands, look for multi-purpose land use options and distributed PV deployments to meet its future energy need. At the Metropolitan Level, ‘agrivoltaic’ system development is proposed within Phoenix Metropolitan Statistical Area. The study finds that private agricultural lands in the APS (Arizona Public Service) service territory can generate 3.4 times the current total energy requirements of the MSA.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Energy Justice Potential of Renewable Electricity
    Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Department of Social Sciences Publications Department of Social Sciences 8-11-2017 Renewable, ethical? Assessing the energy justice potential of renewable electricity Aparajita Banerjee Michigan Technological University Emily Prehoda Michigan Technological University Roman Sidortsov Michigan Technological University Chelsea Schelly Michigan Technological University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/social-sciences-fp Part of the Environmental Policy Commons Recommended Citation Banerjee, A., Prehoda, E., Sidortsov, R., & Schelly, C. (2017). Renewable, ethical? Assessing the energy justice potential of renewable electricity. AIMS Energy, 5(5), 768-797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/ energy.2017.5.768 Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/social-sciences-fp/108 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/social-sciences-fp Part of the Environmental Policy Commons AIMS Energy, 5(5): 768-797. DOI: 10.3934/energy.2017.5.768 Received: 28 April 2017 Accepted: 06 August 2017 Published: 11 August 2017 http://www.aimspress.com/journal/energy Review Renewable, ethical? Assessing the energy justice potential of renewable electricity Aparajita Banerjee, Emily Prehoda, Roman Sidortsov and Chelsea Schelly * Department of Social Sciences, Environmental and Energy Policy Program, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton MI 49930, USA * Correspondence: Email: [email protected]. Abstract: Energy justice is increasingly being used as a framework to conceptualize the impacts of energy decision making in more holistic ways and to consider the social implications in terms of existing ethical values. Similarly, renewable energy technologies are increasingly being promoted for their environmental and social benefits. However, little work has been done to systematically examine the extent to which, in what ways and in what contexts, renewable energy technologies can contribute to achieving energy justice.
    [Show full text]
  • LCOE Analysis of Tower Concentrating Solar Power Plants Using Different Molten-Salts for Thermal Energy Storage in China
    energies Article LCOE Analysis of Tower Concentrating Solar Power Plants Using Different Molten-Salts for Thermal Energy Storage in China Xiaoru Zhuang, Xinhai Xu * , Wenrui Liu and Wenfu Xu School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (W.L.); [email protected] (W.X.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 March 2019; Accepted: 8 April 2019; Published: 11 April 2019 Abstract: In recent years, the Chinese government has vigorously promoted the development of concentrating solar power (CSP) technology. For the commercialization of CSP technology, economically competitive costs of electricity generation is one of the major obstacles. However, studies of electricity generation cost analysis for CSP systems in China, particularly for the tower systems, are quite limited. This paper conducts an economic analysis by applying a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) model for 100 MW tower CSP plants in five locations in China with four different molten-salts for thermal energy storage (TES). The results show that it is inappropriate to build a tower CSP plant nearby Shenzhen and Shanghai. The solar salt (NaNO3-KNO3, 60-40 wt.%) has lower LCOE than the other three new molten-salts. In order to calculate the time when the grid parity would be reached, four scenarios for CSP development roadmap proposed by International Energy Agency (IEA) were considered in this study. It was found that the LCOE of tower CSP would reach the grid parity in the years of 2038–2041 in the case of no future penalties for the CO2 emissions.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Solar Energy Policy in China and India: a Comparative Study of the Potential for Energy Security and Sustainable Development
    Master thesis in Sustainable Development 237 Examensarbete i Hållbar utveckling Examining Solar Energy Policy in China and India: A Comparative Study of the Potential for Energy Security and Sustainable Development. Sarah Kok DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES INSTITUTIONEN FÖR GEOVETENSKAPER Master thesis in Sustainable Development 237 Examensarbete i Hållbar utveckling Examining Solar Energy Policy in China and India: A Comparative Study of the Potential for Energy Security and Sustainable Development. Sarah Kok Supervisor: Ashok Swain Evaluator: Gloria Gallardo Copyright © Sarah Kok and the Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University Published at Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (www.geo.uu.se), Uppsala, 2015 Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Background 3 2.1 Climate Change Background 3 2.2 Advantages of Renewable Energy 5 2.3 Advantages of Solar Energy 6 3. Solar Energy Policy and Deployment Background 7 4. The Chinese and Indian Context 8 4.1 The Context of Solar Energy Policy in China 9 4.2 The Solar Energy Sector in China 10 4.3 The Context of Solar Energy Policy in India 11 4.4 The Solar Energy Sector in India 12 5. Methodology 12 5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Case Studies 14 6. Justification 16 7. Policy Framework Assessment Criteria 18 7.1 Effectiveness 19 7.2 Efficiency 19 7.3 Equity 20 7.4 Institutional Feasibility 21 8. Results of the Comparative Case Studies 22 8.1 Case Study 1: Periods of Solar Energy Policy Development and Investment to Expand Domestic Installed Capacity 22 8.1.1 Analysis of Case Study
    [Show full text]