Mammalian Diversity and Matses Ethnomammalogy in Amazonian Peru Part 4: Bats
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MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY AND MATSES ETHNOMAMMALOGY IN AMAZONIAN PERU PART 4: BATS PAÚL M. VELAZCO, ROBERT S. VOSS, DAVID W. FLECK, AND NANCY B. SIMMONS BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY AND MATSES ETHNOMAMMALOGY IN AMAZONIAN PERU PART 4: BATS PAÚL M. VELAZCO Department of Biology, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA; Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy), American Museum of Natural History ROBERT S. VOSS Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy), American Museum of Natural History DAVID W. FLECK Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History NANCY B. SIMMONS Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy), American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 451, 199 pp., 39 figures, 72 tables Issued August 27, 2021 Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 2021 ISSN 0003-0090 CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................3 Introduction . 3 Material and Methods ................................................................6 Bat Inventory Sites and Capture Methods ............................................6 Taxonomic Methods ...............................................................8 Ethnographic and Linguistic Methods ...............................................9 Systematic Accounts ................................................................10 Emballonuridae ..................................................................10 Noctilionidae ....................................................................27 Phyllostomidae ..................................................................31 Carolliinae ....................................................................31 Desmodontinae . .38 Glossophaginae . .40 Glyphonycterinae ..............................................................46 Lonchophyllinae . 49 Micronycterinae ...............................................................55 Phyllostominae ................................................................65 Rhinophyllinae ................................................................85 Stenodermatinae . 89 Furipteridae.................................................................... 123 Thyropteridae .................................................................. 125 Vespertilionidae . 130 Molossidae .................................................................... 139 Matses Names for and Knowledge of Bats ............................................ 149 Discussion ....................................................................... 151 Inventory Completeness ......................................................... 151 Taxonomic Composition and Biogeography ........................................ 156 Community Composition and Trophic Structure ................................... 158 Matses Knowledge and Linguistic Recognition of Bat Diversity ....................... 161 Acknowledgments................................................................. 162 References........................................................................ 164 Appendix 1. Gazetteer .............................................................. 184 Appendix 2. Expected Species........................................................ 187 Appendix 3 Geographic Distribution of Bat Species from the Yavarí-Ucayali Interfluvial Fauna .. 189 Appendix 4. Natural History Monologs about Bats ...................................... 191 2 ABSTRACT In this report, the fourth of our monographic series on mammalian diversity and Matses ethno- mammalogy in the Yavarí-Ucayali interfluvial region of northeastern Peru, we document the occur- rence of 98 species of bats, including 11 emballonurids, 2 noctilionids, 66 phyllostomids, 1 furipterid, 4 thyropterids, 7 vespertilionids, and 7 molossids. New species based on specimens collected in this region (Peropteryx pallidoptera, Micronycteris matses, Hsunycteris dashe, Sturnira giannae, and Thyrop tera wynneae) have already been described elsewhere, but noteworthy distributional and taxonomic results newly reported here include the first specimen of Diclidurus isabella from Peru and the diag- nosis of Glossophaga bakeri as a species distinct from G. commissarisi. Lists of examined voucher specimens, identification criteria, essential taxonomic references, and summaries of natural history observations are provided for all species. Original natural history information reported herein includes numerous observations of roosting behavior obtained by indigenous Matses collaborators. We assess the Yavarí-Ucayali bat inventory for completeness and conclude that more species remain to be discovered in the region, where as many as 116 species might be expected. Most of the “missing” species (those expected based on geographic criteria but not actually observed) are aerial insectivores, a guild that is notoriously difficult to sample by mistnetting. Of the 98 species in the observed regional fauna, only 71 are known to occur sympatrically at Jenaro Herrera, by far the best-sampled locality between the Yavarí and Ucayali rivers. Faunal comparisons with extralimital inventories (e.g., from Brazil, Ecuador, and French Guiana) suggest that frugivorous bats are substantially more speciose in western Amazonia than in eastern Amazonia, a result that is consistent with previous suggestions of an east-to-west gradient in the trophic structure of Amazonian mammal faunas. As previously reported, the Matses have only a single name for “bat,” but they recognize the existence of many unnamed local species, which they distinguish on the basis of morphology and behavior. However, by contrast with the well-documented accuracy of Matses observations about primates and other game species, recorded Matses monologs about bat natural history contain numerous factual errors and ambiguities. Linguistic underdifferentiation of bat diversity and inac- curate natural history knowledge are both explained by cultural inattention to small, inedible, and inoffensive nocturnal fauna. INTRODUCTION collected specimens, and to assess the extent of Matses knowledge of mammalian natural history This report is the fourth installment of a based on recorded interviews and other ethno- monographic series on mammalian diversity and graphic methods. ethnomammalogy in a sparsely inhabited region The introductory report in this series (Voss of lowland rainforest between the Yavarí and and Fleck, 2011) summarized current knowledge Ucayali rivers in northeastern Peru. Like others about the physical geography, climate, and veg- in this series (Voss and Fleck, 2011, 2017; Voss et etation of the Yavarí-Ucayali interfluve (figs. 1, al., 2019), the present monograph is based on 2), provided background information about the specimens and observations collected over many indigenous cultures of the region, and analyzed decades, and on ethnobiological research with taxonomic and ethnographic data on primates. A the Matses, a Panoan-speaking group of indige- second report (Voss and Fleck, 2017) provided nous Amazonians with intact traditional knowl- equivalent taxonomic and ethnographic treat- edge of the local fauna (Fleck and Harder, 2000). ments for the larger mammals (Xenarthra, Car- The primary objectives of these monographs are nivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, Sirenia), to document the species richness of the regional and a third (Voss et al., 2019) treated the regional mammalian fauna through taxonomic analysis of marsupial fauna (Didelphimorphia). In this 3 4 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 451 FIG. 1. The Yavarí-Ucayali interfluve (shaded) in relation to surrounding geographical features of western Amazonia. RNAM = Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo-Mishana. report we turn to bats (Chiroptera), by far the Hice et al., 2004), but the taxonomic analysis most speciose mammalian clade in our region. of collected specimens is scarcely less chal- As is now widely recognized, exhaustively lenging. Neotropical bat taxonomy is an active inventorying local bat faunas anywhere in the field of research, especially with respect to forested Neotropical lowlands is a logistically species delimitation and nomenclature. As a daunting enterprise (Voss and Emmons, 1996; result, many widespread “species” have been Simmons and Voss, 1998; Sampaio et al., 2003; found to be complexes of genetically distinct 2021 VELAZCO ET AL.: MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY AND MATSES ETHNOMAMMALOGY IN PERU 5 FIG. 2. Faunal inventory sites and other collecting localities within the Yavarí-Ucayali interfluve (see appendix 1 for geographic coordinates). EBMS = Estación Biológica Madre Selva, EBQB = Estación Biológica Quebrada Blanco. but phenotypically similar taxa, so numerous documenting species identifications.1 As in previ- familiar epithets are now applied more nar- ous faunal monographs, we also compile natural rowly than before, and unfamiliar names have history information associated with collected speci- replaced them in local faunal lists. Addition- mens, although some of this information has ally, phylogenetic analyses have resulted in already been published (Voss et al., 2016). Matses several changes in generic usage (especially in knowledge about bats was discussed by Fleck et al. the family Phyllostomidae), and the subfamil- (2002), but we summarize additional ethnographic ial nomenclature of phyllostomids has been observations in a section that follows the taxo- radically transformed (Baker et al., 2016; Cir- nomic accounts. Lastly, we address biogeographic