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Us-India Atomic Energy Cooperation

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Us-India Atomic Energy Cooperation 1 109TH CONGRESS "!S. PRT. 2d Session COMMITTEE PRINT 109–61 U.S.-INDIA ATOMIC ENERGY COOPERATION: STRATEGIC AND NONPROLIFERATION IMPLICATIONS A COMPILATION OF STATEMENTS BY WITNESSES BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION APRIL 26, 2006 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations Available via World Wide Web: http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 27–347 PDF WASHINGTON : 2006 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 18:11 May 09, 2006 Jkt 025358 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5012 Sfmt 5012 27347.TXT SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2 COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana, Chairman CHUCK HAGEL, Nebraska JOSEPH R. BIDEN, Jr., Delaware LINCOLN CHAFEE, Rhode Island PAUL S. SARBANES, Maryland GEORGE ALLEN, Virginia CHRISTOPHER J. DODD, Connecticut NORM COLEMAN, Minnesota JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Ohio RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin LAMAR ALEXANDER, Tennessee BARBARA BOXER, California JOHN E. SUNUNU, New Hampshire BILL NELSON, Florida LISA MURKOWSKI, Alaska BARACK OBAMA, Illinois MEL MARTINEZ, Florida KENNETH A. MYERS, JR., Staff Director ANTONY J. BLINKEN, Democratic Staff Director (II) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 18:11 May 09, 2006 Jkt 025358 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 27347.TXT SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2 CONTENTS Page Letter of Introduction .............................................................................................. v Lugar, Hon. Richard G., U.S. Senator from Indiana, Chairman, Senate Com- mittee on Foreign Relations ................................................................................ 1 Biden, Hon. Joseph R., Jr., U.S. Senator from Delaware, Ranking Member, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations ............................................................ 3 Carter, Hon. Ashton B., Co-Director, Preventive Defense Project, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University ....................................... 7 Perry, Hon. William J., Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford Univer- sity, Stanford, California ..................................................................................... 17 Gallucci, Hon. Robert L., Dean, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Washington, DC .......................................................... 19 Tellis, Dr. Ashley J., Senior Associate, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC ....................................................................................... 23 Lehman, Hon. Ronald F., II, Director, Center for Global Security Research, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA .............................. 31 Einhorn, Hon. Robert J., Senior Adviser, International Security Program, Center for Strategic & International Studies, Washington, DC ...................... 35 Milhollin, Dr. Gary, Director, Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, Washington, DC ................................................................................................... 45 Cohen, Dr. Stephen P., Senior Fellow, The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC .......................................................................................................................... 53 Material Relating to the Committee’s November 2, 2005 Hearing, ‘‘U.S.- Indian Nuclear Energy Cooperation: Security and Nonproliferation Im- plications’’ Responses to Senator Lugar’s Questions to the Hon. R. Nicholas Burns, Under Secretary for Political Affairs, and the Hon. Robert G. Joseph, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Department of State, Washington, DC Responses of Under Secretaries Burns and Joseph ....................................... 57 Responses of Under Secretary Burns ............................................................. 66 Responses of Under Secretary Joseph ............................................................ 68 (III) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 18:11 May 09, 2006 Jkt 025358 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5905 Sfmt 5905 27347.TXT SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 18:11 May 09, 2006 Jkt 025358 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5905 Sfmt 5905 27347.TXT SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2 LETTER OF INTRODUCTION May 8, 2006. Dear Colleagues: DEAR COLLEAGUE: On April 26, the Committee on Foreign Rela- tions held a hearing titled ‘‘U.S.-Indian Nuclear Energy Coopera- tion: Strategic and Nonproliferation Implications.’’ Given the ongo- ing committee consideration of this U.S.-Indian Civilian Nuclear Agreement, we wish to make the testimony of all our witnesses available to the entire Senate. Additionally, the answers to initial questions for the record that were posed some months ago are in- cluded. On our first panel, which focused on the strategic dynamics of the U.S.-India nuclear agreement, the witnesses included: former Secretary of Defense William J. Perry; former Assistant Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter; Robert Gallucci, Dean of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University; and Dr. Ashley Tellis from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Members of the second panel, which considered the issue of the nonproliferation implications of nuclear cooperation between the United States and India, included: Dr. Ronald Lehman, Direc- tor of the Center for Global Security Research at Lawrence Liver- more National Laboratory and formerly the head of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency; Mr. Robert Einhorn, Senior Ad- visor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and for- merly Assistant Secretary of State for Nonproliferation; Dr. Gary Milhollin, Director of the Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Con- trol; and Dr. Stephen Cohen, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Insti- tution. We believe that their testimony can be helpful in preparing members for subsequent Senate consideration of the U.S.-Indian Civilian Nuclear Agreement. Sincerely, RICHARD G. LUGAR, Chairman. JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Ranking Member. (V) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 18:11 May 09, 2006 Jkt 025358 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6602 Sfmt 6602 27347.TXT SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 18:11 May 09, 2006 Jkt 025358 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 6602 Sfmt 6602 27347.TXT SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2 OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. RICHARD G. LUGAR U.S. SENATOR FROM INDIANA, CHAIRMAN, SENATE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS APRIL 26, 2006 The Foreign Relations Committee meets today to continue its ex- amination of the U.S.-India Civilian Nuclear Agreement. On April 5, the committee met in open session with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. On March 29, we examined the agreement in closed session with Under Secretaries Nick Burns and Bob Joseph. Today, we will have the opportunity to hear the views of eight es- teemed experts from outside the U.S. government. Some months ago, I submitted 82 questions related to the agree- ment to the State Department as an initial step toward estab- lishing a dialogue that would help Congress make an informed de- cision. The State Department provided answers to those 82 ques- tions. After the hearing with Secretary Rice, I submitted about 90 additional questions for the record. The Ranking Member and sev- eral other members of the committee also submitted questions after the hearing. We appreciate the administration’s attention to these questions as the committee carefully works through the intricacies of the nuclear agreement with India. The committee is cognizant of how valuable a closer relationship with India could be for the United States. At our last hearing, many members commented on the importance of improving ties with India. Our nations share common democratic values, and the potential of our economic engagement is limitless. Energy cooperation between the United States and India is par- ticularly important. India’s energy needs are expected to double by 2025. The United States has an interest in expanding energy co- operation with India to develop new technologies, cushion supply disruptions, cut green house gas emissions, and prepare for declin- ing global fossil fuel reserves. The United States’ own energy prob- lems will be exacerbated if we do not forge energy partnerships with India, China, and other nations experiencing rapid economic growth. That is why I have introduced S. 2435, the Energy Diplo- macy and Security Act, which would encourage international en- ergy dialogues and advance a broad range of energy diplomacy goals. But even as we pursue closer ties with India, we must examine the implications and risks of initiating a cooperative nuclear rela- tionship. India has not signed the Nuclear Non-proliferation Trea- (1) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 18:11 May 09, 2006 Jkt 025358 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 27347.TXT SFRELA2 PsN: SFRELA2 2 ty; it has built and tested nuclear weapons; and it has declared its intention to continue its nuclear weapons programs and the pro- duction of fissile material. If Congress approves this agreement, we will be establishing a new course after decades of declining any co- operation with India’s nuclear program. Consequently, our com- mittee has spent much time probing the details of the U.S.-India Civilian Nuclear Agreement. Among many questions, we are attempting to evaluate the poten- tial benefits of drawing India into a deeper relationship with the International Atomic Energy Agency and placing more Indian
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